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88:, crest, midslope, and toeslope. The ridge or hilltop tends to accumulate organic matter that allows formation of an adequate thickness of soil. Steeper slope or crest sections tend to be freely drained, while at the bottom of slopes or toeslopes there is usually higher in moisture content and poor drainage. Toeslope soils are also known to be richer in clay and organic matter.
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A catena forms when the climate, including precipitation and evaporation, is the same for the whole slope, and when sufficient time has passed for equilibrium to be reached between the processes that bring materials in to a facet and the processes that take materials away. The result is a predictable
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and high relief favoring particle redistribution and therefore the formation of distinct soils in particle-source and particle-deposition zones along a slope. Catenas can also develop on low relief hillslopes, but because less potential energy is available, the redistribution of mass can be dominated
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The importance of a catena is the variation of soils across a small area such as a slope. Understanding the soils that make up a catena could facilitate the mapping of soils across a given region. Many fields of study are taken into consideration when studying catenas, which could help to understand
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The concept was developed in order to analyze the regular variation of soils across a slope. The example of this approach consists first in a structural component, the recurring pattern of certain soils in a landscape transect in which every chain element has its place in the chain, a soil has it in
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3 Brown, David J., Murray K. Clayton, and Kevin McSweeney, 2004. "Potential terrain controls on soil color, texture contrast and grain-size deposition for the original catena landscape in Uganda".
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Lesogo Khomo, Carleton R. Bern, Anthony S. Hartshorn, Kevin H. Rogers, Oliver A. Chadwick, 2013. "Chemical transfers along slowly eroding catenas developed on granitic cratons in southern Africa".
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Bern, C.R., Chadwick, O.A., 2010. "Quantifying colloid mass redistribution in soils and other physical mass transfers". In: Birkle, P., Torres-Alvarado, I.S. (Eds.),
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arrayed down a slope. Each soil type or "facet" differs somewhat from its neighbours, but all occur in the same climate and on the same underlying
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research station. The term catena (Latin: chain) was first coined by scientist
Geoffrey Milne to describe these soil-topography units.
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A catena can form on various underlying or parent materials and in different climates. On impermeable acid rocks such as metamorphic
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The term soil catena is used to describe the lateral variation in soils over a hillslope. The catena concept originated in central
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Gullies in wet peaty soil in
Scotland show where water has run off, before sinking into deeper soils at the bottom of the catena.
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Milne, G. (1947). "A soil reconnaissance journey through part of
Tanganyika Territory December 1935 to February 1936".
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Sommer, M., Halm, D., Weller, U., Zarei, M., Stahr, K., 2000. "Lateral podzolization in a granite landscape".
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which has continuous input and output processes. On a steeper slope in the middle of a catena, erosion (
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Conacher, A.J., Dalrymple, J.B., 1977. "The nine unit landsurface model and pedogeomorphic research".
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by subsurface flow of plasma, a combination of dissolved and suspended solids in soil water.
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can be the primary controls on the development of certain catenas with easily disaggregated
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A catena is a sequence of soils down a slope, created by the balance of processes such as
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458:. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 21. Soil Conservations Service, Washington DC.
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A toposequence of soils in tonalite grus in the
Southern California Peninsular Range
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Milne, G. (1936). "Normal erosion as a factor in soil profile development".
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on the flatter facets, and thinner, drier, somewhat less acidic peaty
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vary continuously along the slope. On a permeable basic rock such as
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on the steeper slopes, while the valley bottom may include alkaline
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by chemist W.S. Martin to describe a hill slope sequence at the
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Young, A. 1972. "The soil catena: a systematic approach". In
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Catenas are found to be a great location for the study of
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on the steeper facets. Thus the soil depth, acidity (
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565:Schaetzl, Randall J; Anderson, Sharon (2005).
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115:Cross Section of Dry Zone Catena of
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