674:
693:
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494:
428:
369:
719:
523:
658:
646:, and Opteka also offered several versions, with the three latter of these brands still actively producing a number of catadioptric lenses for use in modern system cameras. Sony (formerly Minolta) offered a 500 mm catadioptric lens for their Alpha range of cameras. The Sony lens had the distinction of being the only reflex lens manufactured by a major brand to feature auto-focus (aside from the identical Minolta-manufactured lens that preceded Sony's production).
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In sub-aperture corrector designs, the corrector elements are usually at the focus of a much larger objective. These elements can be both lenses and mirrors, but since multiple surfaces are involved, achieving good aberration correction in these systems can be very complex. Examples of sub-aperture
351:
where a curved film plate or detector is mounted. The relatively thin and lightweight corrector allows
Schmidt cameras to be constructed in diameters up to 1.3 m. The corrector's complex shape takes several processes to make, starting with a flat piece of optical glass, placing a vacuum on one side
414:
in August 1940 and patented it in
February 1941. It used a spherically concentric meniscus and was only suitable as a monochromatic astronomical camera. In a later design he added a cemented doublet to correct chromatic aberration. Dmitri Maksutov built a prototype for a similar type of meniscus
480:
or Lurie–Houghton telescope is a design that uses a wide compound positive-negative lens over the entire front aperture to correct spherical aberration of the main mirror. If desired, the two corrector elements can be made with the same type of glass, since the
Houghton corrector's chromatic
439:
are the most commonly seen design that uses a meniscus corrector, a variant of the
Maksutov telescope. It has a silvered "spot" secondary on the corrector, making a long focal length but compact (folded optical path) telescope with a narrow field of view. This design idea appeared in Dmitri
594:
value is fixed to the overall designed focal ratio of the optical system (the diameter of the primary mirror divided into the focal length). The inability to stop down the lens results in the catadioptric lens having a short depth of field. Exposure is usually adjusted by the placement of
233:, a concave glass reflector with the silver surface on the rear side of the glass. The two surfaces of the reflector have different radii to correct the aberration of the spherical mirror. Light passes through the glass twice, making the overall system act like a
257:
that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image. This is usually done so that the telescope can have an overall greater degree of error correction than their all-lens or all-mirror counterparts, with a consequently wider aberration-free
318:
cameras. They work by combining a spherical mirror's ability to reflect light back to the same point with a large lens at the front of the system (a corrector) that slightly bends the incoming light, allowing the spherical mirror to image objects at
262:. Their designs can have simple all-spherical surfaces and can take advantage of a folded optical path that reduces the mass of the telescope, making them easier to manufacture. Many types employ “correctors”, a lens or curved mirror in a combined
514:" an optical group consisting of lens elements and sometimes mirrors designed to correct aberration, as well as Jones-Bird Newtonian telescopes, which use a spherical primary mirror combined with a small corrector lens mounted near the focus.
558:
effect of the convex secondary mirror which multiplies the focal length many times (up to 4 to 5 times). This creates lenses with focal lengths from 250 mm up to and beyond 1000 mm that are much shorter and compact than their
241:
use negative lenses with a reflective coating on the backside that are referred to as “Mangin mirrors”, although they are not single-element objectives like the original Mangin, and some even predate the Mangin's invention.
484:
The corrector is thicker than a
Schmidt-Cassegrain's front corrector, but much thinner than a Maksutov meniscus corrector. All the lens surfaces and the mirror's surface are spheroidal, greatly easing amateur construction.
285:
combined with a silver-backed negative lens (similar to a Mangin mirror). The first of these was the
Hamiltonian telescope patented by W. F. Hamilton in 1814. The Schupmann medial telescope designed by German optician
384:
market, having been mass-produced since the 1960s. The design replaces the
Schmidt Camera film holder with a Cassegrain secondary mirror, making a folded optical path with a long focal length and a narrow field of
419:, in October 1941 and patented it in November of that same year. His design corrected spherical and chromatic aberrations by placing a weak negative-shaped meniscus corrector closer to the primary mirror.
302:") in front of a spherical primary mirror. These designs take advantage of all the surfaces being "spherically symmetrical" and were originally invented as modifications of mirror based optical systems (
347:. The Schmidt camera is a wide-field photographic telescope, with the corrector plate at the center of curvature of the primary mirror, producing an image at a focus inside the tube assembly at the
229:
developed a catadioptric microscope in 1859 to counteract aberrations of using a lens to image objects at high power. In 1876 a French engineer, A. Mangin, invented what has come to be called the
571:, a major problem with reflective telescopes, is almost completely eliminated by the catadioptric system, making the image they produce suitable to fill the large focal plane of a camera.
554:. These lenses use some form of the cassegrain design which greatly reduces the physical length of the optical assembly, partly by folding the optical path, but mostly through the
455:. The combination of the corrector with the silvered secondary spot makes Maksutov–Cassegrains low-maintenance and ruggedized since they can be air-sealed and fixed in alignment (
673:
410:(1941). Wartime secrecy kept these inventors from knowing about each other's designs, leading to each being an independent invention. Albert Bouwers built a prototype
290:
near the end of the 19th century placed the catadioptric mirror beyond the focus of the refractor primary and added a third correcting/focusing lens to the system.
924:
950:
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607:. Finally, their most salient characteristic is the annular shape of defocused areas of the image, giving a doughnut-shaped 'iris blur' or
586:
Catadioptric lenses do, however, have several drawbacks. The fact that they have a central obstruction means they cannot use an adjustable
886:
Handbook of
Optical Systems, Survey of Optical Instruments, by Herbert Gross, Hannfried ZĂĽgge, Fritz Blechinger, Bertram Achtner, page 806
394:
The idea of replacing the complicated
Schmidt corrector plate with an easy-to-manufacture full-aperture spherical meniscus lens (a
352:
of it to curve the whole piece, then grinding and polishing the other side flat to achieve the exact shape required to correct the
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657:
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398:) to create a wide-field telescope occurred to at least four optical designers in early 1940s war-torn Europe, including
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There are several telescope designs that take advantage of placing one or more full-diameter lenses (commonly called a "
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507:
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119:
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William Tobin, The life and science of LĂ©on
Foucault: the man who proved the earth rotates William Tobin, page 214
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823:- Vladimir Sacek, telescope-optics.net, Notes on AMATEUR TELESCOPE OPTICS, CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPES, 10.2.1
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both offered several designs, such as 500 mm 1:8 and 1000 mm 1:11. Smaller companies such as
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348:
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so that the reflective or refractive element can correct the aberrations produced by its counterpart.
939:
202:. Other optical systems that use lenses and mirrors are also referred to as "catadioptric", such as
1016:
395:
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357:
237:. Mangin mirrors were used in searchlights, where they produced a nearly true parallel beam. Many
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336:
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46:
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Maksutov's 1941 notes and was originally developed in commercial designs by Lawrence Braymer (
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218:
323:. Some of these designs have been adapted to create compact, long-focal-length catadioptric
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Several companies made catadioptric lenses throughout the later part of the 20th century.
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Catadioptric combinations have been used for many early optical systems. In the 1820s,
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898:"Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescopes By Eduard Trigubov and Yuri Petrunin"
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are the earliest type of catadioptric telescope. They consist of a single-element
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Astronomy hacks By Robert Bruce Thompson, Barbara Fritchman Thompson, page 59
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10.1.2. Sub-aperture corrector examples: Single-mirror systems - Jones-Bird
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Houghton doublet corrector design equations – special case symmetric design.
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patent PDF, DISTRIBUTED BY: National Technical Information Service U. S
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developed several catadioptric lighthouse reflector versions of his
35:
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320:
180:
137:
175:). Catadioptric combinations are used in focusing systems such as
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caused by the primary mirror. The design has lent itself to many
132:
809:
Optical design fundamentals for infrared systems By Max J. Riedl
635:
627:
623:
619:
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27:
Optical system where refraction and reflection are combined
306:) to allow them to have an image plane relatively free of
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produced by a catadioptric lens, behind an in-focus light
431:
Light path in a meniscus telescope (Maksutov–Cassegrain)
874:
Lens design fundamentals, by Rudolf Kingslake, page 313
534:
Various types of catadioptric systems are also used in
339:, the first full-diameter corrector plate, was used in
818:
816:
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and sub-aperture corrector Maksutovs, which use as a "
380:
are one of the most popular commercial designs on the
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to control light transmission. This means the lens's
526:
Example of a catadioptric lens using rear surfaced "
813:
567:, a major problem with long refractive lenses, and
517:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
649:
993:
159:are combined in an optical system, usually via
502:corrector catadioptric telescopes include the
981:telescope-optics.net, CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPES
497:Light path in an Argunov Cassegrain telescope
212:
238:
663:500 mm catadioptric lens mounted on a
389:
293:
850:"11.5. Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope (SCT)"
488:
463:
330:
245:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
841:
599:on the front or rear of the lens. Their
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467:
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367:
269:
131:
14:
994:
876:a catadioptric non-monocentric design
847:
563:or telephoto counterparts. Moreover,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
682:F/8 catadioptric lens mounted on a
530:" (Minolta RF Rokkor-X 250mm f/5.6)
24:
372:Light path in a Schmidt–Cassegrain
25:
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986:Learning to love your Mirror Lens
974:
787:The Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
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703:
691:
672:
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518:Photographic catadioptric lenses
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955:
944:
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915:
45:needs additional citations for
962:R. E. Jacobson, Sidney F. Ray
890:
879:
867:
848:Sacek, Vladimir (2006-07-14).
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802:
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650:Gallery of catadioptric lenses
437:Maksutov–Cassegrain telescopes
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1:
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611:, caused by the shape of the
578:An example of 'iris blur' or
508:Klevtsov–Cassegrain telescope
378:Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes
757:Image-forming optical system
742:Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope
601:modulation transfer function
504:Argunov–Cassegrain telescope
264:image-forming optical system
7:
729:
724:Nikon 500mm f/8 reflex lens
404:Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov
149:catadioptric optical system
10:
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603:shows low contrast at low
213:Early catadioptric systems
1012:Photographic lens designs
964:The manual of photography
314:so they could be used as
406:(1941), K. Penning, and
396:meniscus corrector shell
390:Meniscus corrector shell
294:Full-aperture correctors
988:- from olympuszuiko.com
836:"Miscellaneous Musings"
762:List of telescope types
597:neutral density filters
538:known alternatively as
489:Sub-aperture correctors
481:aberration is minimal.
464:Houghton corrector lens
331:Schmidt corrector plate
251:Catadioptric telescopes
246:Catadioptric telescopes
239:Catadioptric telescopes
680:Minolta AF 500 mm
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18:Catadioptric telescope
698:Maksutov MC MTO-11CA
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304:reflecting telescopes
270:Catadioptric dialytes
219:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
135:
69:"Catadioptric system"
565:chromatic aberration
382:amateur astronomical
354:spherical aberration
280:refracting telescope
207:catadioptric sensors
54:improve this article
834:John J. G. Savard,
605:spatial frequencies
569:off-axis aberration
540:catadioptric lenses
1002:Optical telescopes
927:2011-06-04 at the
622:(under the Mirror-
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532:
499:
478:Houghton telescope
474:
433:
417:Maksutov telescope
412:meniscus telescope
374:
255:optical telescopes
189:optical telescopes
187:focusing systems,
145:
142:Maksutov telescope
711:Samyang 500mm f/8
626:and later Reflex-
423:Popular sub-types
364:Popular sub-types
337:Schmidt corrector
130:
129:
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16:(Redirected from
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900:. Archived from
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856:. Vladimir Sacek
854:Telescope Optics
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767:Ludwig Schupmann
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512:secondary mirror
358:Schmidt variants
341:Bernhard Schmidt
288:Ludwig Schupmann
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110:November 2023
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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453:1955 patent)
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449:John Gregory
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408:Dennis Gabor
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316:astrographic
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235:triplet lens
223:Fresnel lens
216:
204:surveillance
177:searchlights
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90:
83:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
630:names) and
457:collimation
349:prime focus
325:cassegrains
312:astigmatism
193:microscopes
996:Categories
908:2009-08-24
860:2009-07-05
774:References
747:Catoptrics
737:Astrograph
561:long-focus
185:lighthouse
173:catoptrics
157:reflection
153:refraction
80:newspapers
966:, page 95
752:Dioptrics
588:diaphragm
556:telephoto
283:objective
197:telephoto
181:headlamps
165:dioptrics
925:Archived
730:See also
592:F-number
402:(1940),
343:'s 1931
321:infinity
276:dialytes
183:, early
138:aperture
665:Yashica
644:Vivitar
640:Samyang
506:, the
447:), and
443:Questar
94:scholar
686:camera
636:Tamron
628:Nikkor
624:Nikkor
445:, 1954
200:lenses
195:, and
167:) and
161:lenses
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
632:Canon
620:Nikon
609:bokeh
580:bokeh
550:, or
385:view.
101:JSTOR
87:books
667:FX-3
544:CATs
476:The
335:The
308:coma
253:are
155:and
73:news
546:),
310:or
56:by
998::
852:.
815:^
642:,
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459:).
360:.
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147:A
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