Cat anatomy - Knowledge

1326: 1474:, a post-industrial common occurrence, is predicted to cause tumors in tissues and blood clots in urban cats, but contents found in studies are conclusively insignificant, given cats' size affecting microplastic particle size consumption and relatively low consumption in general in comparison to humans, which bears little to no effect on cats, including no accumulation over time. This study showed that feral cats get most of their daily energy from protein (52%) and fat (46%), with only a tiny bit from non-fiber carbohydrates (2%). A recent study on what domestic cats choose to eat showed that they like about 52% of their energy from protein, 36% from fat, and 12% from carbs. These results are roughly similar to those for feral cats, suggesting that both domestic and feral prefer a diet close to that of their wild ancestors, though feral cats rely on prey available in their environments and not just processed food. The types of food animals eat play a big role in keeping their stomach's 406: 1299: 1314: 594: 1396: 230: 798: 455: 532: 616: 560:

heart rate usually is between 150 and 180 bpm, more than twice that of a human, which averages 70 bpm. However, it has been monitored in the wild that cats are often running at higher daily temperatures in order to properly operate and when night falls we see a larger decrease in their body temperature when compared to other cats that might inhabit indoors. The reading on a group of stray cats that was observed in Australia showed a more robust circadian rhythm than a regular house cat.

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salt only in combination with freshwater to prevent dehydration. Mature adult cats become dehydrated when they don't consume 60ml/kg a day, which could lead to health issues involving the bladder and kidneys. Feral cats get most of their water from consuming prey which contain high amounts of water, so they don't actually have to rely on drinking from a water source themselves. The same method is applied to domestic cats, with hydration coming from canned wet foods.

3382: 4825: 3739: 1224:, a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fat. The pancreas releases enzymes that aid in digestion so that nutrients can be broken down and pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and travel to the rest of the body. The pancreas does not produce starch processing enzymes because cats do not eat a diet high in carbohydrates. Since the cat digests low amounts of glucose, the pancreas uses amino acids to trigger insulin release instead. 501:, cats have protractable claws. In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, " 3749: 607:

weight. It provides a little extra protection against kicks, which are common during cat fights as a cat will try to rake with its rear claws. In wild cats, the ancestors of domesticated felines, this pouch appears to be present to provide extra room in case the animal has the opportunity to eat a large meal and the stomach needs to expand. This stomach pouch also allows the cat to bend and expand, allowing for faster running and higher jumping.

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and alarms seem to have the largest impact on rising cortisol levels. High stress response in the body raises blood pressure and causes health issues in cats, such as cardiovascular functioning. A combination of this cardiovascular decline with other factors like obesity from inactive lifestyle and increased heat from urban heat affect can be dangerous for cats, shortening lifespan and quality of life.

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actions result in either the food being moved around or the food moving towards the distal portion of the stomach. The distal portion of the stomach undergoes rhythmic cycles of partial depolarization. This depolarization sensitizes muscle cells so they are more likely to contract. The stomach is not only a muscular structure, it also serves a chemical function by releasing

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acids are constantly being destroyed and not absorbed. Therefore, cats require a higher protein proportion in their diet than many other species. Cats are not adapted to synthesize niacin from tryptophan and, because they are carnivores, cannot convert carotene to vitamin A, so eating plants while not harmful does not provide them nutrients.

586:, and is the area by which a mother cat grips her kittens to carry them. As a result, cats tend to become quiet and passive when gripped there. This behavior also extends into adulthood, when a male will grab the female by the scruff to immobilize her while he mounts, and to prevent her from running away as the mating process takes place. 505:", or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, skin, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws can become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which can cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself. 1479:

good bacteria grow, and support the immune system. This is different from eating foods mainly made from plants and cooked at high temperatures, which might not have the same benefits; this could be observed in the aforementioned difference in nutrient make up between stray/feral cats and domesticated cats.

1200:, is the most posterior of the three. It is triangular shaped. Posterior to the acromiotrapezius and overlaps latissimus dorsi on the front. Its origin is the neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae and its insertion is the scapular fascia. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal and caudal region. 1469:

Cats are innately carnivores and have a genetic tendency to hunt. They carry this trait with them despite environment. Feral cats are domestic but are born and live without much human contact, unlike a pet. Feral cats are closer to pre-industrial cats' lifestyle. Feral cats live off of a natural diet

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Cats living in human settlements are prone to environmental factors that increase cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone that impacts physiological aspects of the cats, for example loud sounds and tight spaces, subjection to other animals, unfamiliar people and places. Loud noises such as cars

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Food then moves on to the jejunum. This is the most nutrient absorptive section of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system from the small intestine. From the jejunum, whatever food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum which connects to

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Toe tufts are commonly found on cats with medium to long coats. Clumps of fur that stick out at least 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) beyond the paw pad can be considered tufts. In addition to soft paw pads, toe tufts help a cat to silently stalk its prey by muffling excess noise. However, outdoor cats

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Cats are highly territorial, and secretion of odors plays a major role in cat communication. The nose helps cats to identify territories, other cats and mates, to locate food, and has various other uses. A cat's sense of smell is believed to be about fourteen times more sensitive than that of humans.

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prior to the formation of the permanent one. This dentition emerges seven days after birth and it is composed of 26 teeth with slight differences. The mouth will have smaller incisors, slender and strongly curved upper canines, vertical lower canines, and even smaller upper and lower molars. Although

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A stout and short muscle lying posterior to the acromiodeltoid. It lies along the lower border of the scapula, and it passes through the upper forelimb, across the upper end of muscles of the upper forelimb. It originates at the spine of the scapula and inserts at the deltoid ridge. Its action is to

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The primordial pouch, sometimes referred to as "spay sway" by owners who notice it once the cat has been spayed or neutered, is hereditary in some cats. It is located on a cat's belly. Its appearance is similar to a loose flap of skin that might occur if the cat had been overweight and had then lost

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if less than 37.5 °C (99.5 °F). For comparison, humans have an average body temperature of about 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute (bpm), and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average

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Cats are also able to jump from greater heights without serious injury, due to the efficient performance of their limbs and ability to control impact forces. In this case, hindlimbs are able to absorb more shock and energy in comparison to the forelimbs, when jumping from surface to surface, as well

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The stomach of the cat can be divided into distinct regions of motor activity. The proximal end of the stomach relaxes when food is digested. While food is being digested this portion of the stomach either has rapid stationary contractions or a sustained tonic contraction of muscle. These different

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The digestion system of cats begins with their sharp teeth and abrasive tongue papillae, which help them tear meat, which is most, if not all, of their diet. Cats naturally do not have a diet high in carbohydrates, and therefore, their saliva does not contain the enzyme amylase. Food moves from the

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Acromiotrapezius is the middle trapezius muscle. It covers the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the scapula. Its origin is the neural spines of the cervical vertebrae and its insertion is in the metacromion process and fascia of the clavotrapezius. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal, and

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is a muscle found in the pelvic limb. The Caudofemoralis acts to flex the tail laterally to its respective side when the pelvic limb is bearing weight. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending the

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balanced. Studies have found that having a consistent and varied diet helps with this. When animals eat whole prey, like small animals with bones complete, they are able to extract nutrients from all of the body parts, such as cartilage and collagen. These things can boost gut health, help certain

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Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible. Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water. They can tolerate high levels of

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Cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about 38 °C (100 °F), but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around 52 °C (126 °F), and can tolerate temperatures of up to 56 °C

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The short length of the digestive tract of the cat causes cats' digestive system to weigh less than other species of animals, which allows cats to be active predators. While cats are well adapted to be predators they have a limited ability to regulate catabolic enzymes of amino acids meaning amino

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There are some things that cats are not able to digest. For example, cats clean themselves by licking their fur with their tongue, which causes them to swallow a lot of fur. This causes a build-up of fur in a cat's stomach and creates a mass of fur. This is often thrown up and is better known as a

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The acromiodeltoid is the shortest of the deltoid muscles. It lies lateral to (to the side of) the clavodeltoid, and in a more husky cat it can only be seen by lifting or reflecting the clavodeltoid. It originates at the acromion process and inserts at the deltoid ridge. When contracted, it raises

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The pectoralis minor muscle is larger than the pectoralis major. However, most of its anterior border is covered by the pectoralis major. Its origins are ribs three–five, and its insertion is the coracoid process of the scapula. Its actions are the tipping of the scapula and the elevation of ribs

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Like dogs, cats have sensitive ears that can move independently of each other. Because of this mobility, a cat can move its body in one direction and point its ears in another direction. The rostral, caudal, dorsal, and ventral auricular muscle groups of each ear comprise fifteen muscles that are

364:). When angry or frightened, a cat will lay back its ears to accompany the growling or hissing sounds it makes. Cats also turn their ears back when they are playing or to listen to a sound coming from behind them. The fold of skin forming a pouch on the lower posterior part of the ear, known as 326:. The 5 papillae are filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and conical. A cat's sense of smell and taste work closely together, having a vomeronasal organ that allows them to use their tongue as scent tasters, while its longitudinal, transverse, and vertical intrinsic muscles aid in movement. 589:

This technique can be useful when attempting to treat or move an uncooperative cat; however, since an adult cat is heavier than a kitten, a pet cat should never be carried by the scruff, but should instead have its weight supported at the rump and hind legs, and at the chest and front paws.

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The serratus dorsalis is medial to both the scapula and the serratus ventralis. Its origin is via aponeurosis following the length of the mid-dorsal line, and its insertion is the dorsal portion of the last ribs. Its action is to depress and retracts the ribs during breathing.

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Cats have three eyelids. The cat's third eyelid is known as the nictitating membrane. It is located in the inner corner of the eye, which is also covered by conjunctiva. In healthy cats, the conjunctiva of the eyelids is not readily visible and has a pale, pink color.

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Cats are familiar and easily kept animals, and their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles those of other carnivorous mammals, but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats' descent from desert-dwelling species.

1008:. It extends from the vertebral border of the scapula to the mid-dorsal line. Its origin is from the neural spines of the first four thoracic vertebrae, and its insertion is at the vertebral border of the scapula. Its action is to draw the scapula to the dorsal. 788:

A cat's spine can rotate more than the spines of most other animals, and their vertebrae have a special, flexible, elastic cushioning on the disks, which gives it even more flexibility. A flexible spine also contributes to the speed and grace of cats.

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Free-roaming cats that are neutered have lower cortisol levels and less aggressive behavior than cats that are unneutered. There seems to be a relationship between stress and aggression with neutering status, possible evolutionary instinctual drive.

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The most posterior, flat, thin, and long strip of pectoral muscle is the xiphihumeralis. It is a band of parallel fibers that is found in felines but not in humans. Its origin is the xiphoid process of the sternum. The insertion is the humerus.

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The cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw. Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth, adapted to their preferred prey of small rodents.

432:", meaning that each foot does not step on the same spot as any other. Whether they walk fast or slowly, a cat's walk is considered symmetric because the right limbs imitate the position of the left limbs as they walk. This type of 421:(GRFs) at around two to three times their body weight per limb. But digitigrades have a higher GRF than other animals due to the increased weight on a smaller surface area, which would be about six times their body weight per limb. 3093:

Prata, Joana C.; Silva, Ana L. Patrício; da Costa, João P.; Dias-Pereira, Patrícia; Carvalho, Alexandre; Fernandes, António José Silva; da Costa, Florinda Mendes; Duarte, Armando C.; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (January 2022).

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pair specialize in cutting food and are parallel to the jaw. The incisors located in the front section of the lower and upper mouth are small, narrow, and have a single root. They are used for grasping and biting food.

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This muscle is the innermost abdominal muscle. Its origin is the second sheet of the lumbodorsal fascia and the pelvic girdle and its insertion is the linea alba. Its action is the compression of the abdomen.

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and deflecting it. It is crossed also by the rhomboideus capitis. Its origin is the mid-dorsal line of the neck and fascia. The insertion is the superior nuchal line and atlas. It raises or turns the head.

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of prey, such as rodents and birds, rather than store-bought foods. This affect is shown in fatty-acid content within the body, with street cats having significantly lower amounts consumed. Consumption of

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mouth through the esophagus and into the stomach. The gastrointestinal tract of domestic cats contains a small cecum and unsacculated colon. The cecum while similar to dogs, does not have a coiled cecum.

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The most anterior of the trapezius muscles, it is also the largest. Its fibers run obliquely to the ventral surface. Its origin is the superior nuchal line and median dorsal line and its insertion is the

393:(genetic makeup) of the cat. A cat's skin has the same color as the fur, but the color of the nose leather is probably dictated by a dedicated gene. Cats with white fur have skin susceptible to damage by 1421:

Cats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouths. Cats have minimal ability to sweat, with glands located primarily in their paw pads, and

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tend to lose their toe tufts due to excessive abrasion on the rougher outdoor surfaces. This is in distinct contrast to indoor cats, who spend most of their time walking on carpet or smooth floors.

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purposes, as it simplifies injections. In fact, the lives of cats with chronic kidney disease can sometimes be extended for years by the regular injection of large volumes of fluid subcutaneously.

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In the cat there are three thin flat muscles that cover the back, and to a lesser extent, the neck. They pull the scapula toward the mid-dorsal line, anteriorly, and posteriorly.

2205:"Remote sensing of physiological data: Impact of long term captivity on body temperature variation of the feral cat (Felis catus) in Australia, recorded via Thermochron iButtons" 1132:, is a broad triangular portion of the pectoralis muscle which is immediately below the pectoantebrachialis. It is smaller than the pectoralis minor muscle. Its origin is the 1066:

The intercostals are a set of muscles sandwiched among the ribs. They interconnect ribs, and are therefore the primary respiratory skeletal muscles. They are divided into the

417:, which means that they walk on their toes, just like dogs. The advantage of this is that cats (and other digitigrades) are more agile than other animals. Most animals have 568:

Cats possess rather loose skin, which allows them to turn and confront a predator or another cat in a fight, even when it has a grip on them. This is also an advantage for

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Sharp spines or papillae found in a cat's tongue. 5 types of papillae can be found in the dorsal aspect of the tongue: filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate, and conical.

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the large intestine. The first part of the large intestine is the cecum and the second portion is the colon. The large intestine reabsorbs water and forms fecal matter.

2360: 760:, used by the cat as a counterbalance to the body during quick movements. Between their vertebrae, they have elastic discs, useful for cushioning the jump landings. 2834: 2735: 839:

surface of the cat. Its fibers are extremely longitudinal, on each side of the linea alba. It is also traversed by the inscriptiones tendinae, or what others called

861:, originating from several fibers spanning the clavicle and scapula, converging to insert at the humerus. Anatomically, there are only two deltoids in the cat, the 1426:

only at very high temperatures (but may also pant when stressed). A cat's body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats' general lack of

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Food moves from the stomach into the small intestine. The first part of the small intestine is the duodenum. As food moves through the duodenum, it mixes with

87: 756:). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans. The caudal vertebrae form the 447:, like humans. This contributes to the cat's elasticity and ability to elongate and contract their back by curving it upwards or oscillating it along their 2789:

Adams, T.; Morgan, M. L.; Hunter, W. S.; Holmes, K. R. (1970). "Temperature Regulation of the Unanesthetized Cat During Mild Cold and Severe Heat Stress".

2569: 2962: 389:(the leathery part of the nose we see) is quite tough, to allow it to absorb rather rough treatment sometimes. The color varies according to the 2870:

Prentiss, Phoebe G. (1959). "Hydropenia in Cat and Dog: Ability of the Cat to Meet its Water Requirements Solely from a Diet of Fish or Meat".

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Cats are carnivores that have highly specialized teeth. There are four types of permanent dentition teeth that structure the mouth: twelve

869:. However, to conform to human anatomy standards, the clavobrachialis is now also considered a deltoid and is commonly referred to as the 1701: 818:(via aponeurosis), and its action is the compression of abdominal contents. It also laterally flexes and rotates the vertebral column. 74: 4636: 2824: 2727: 512:), and 4 on each hind foot. The dewclaw is located high on the foreleg, is not in contact with the ground and is non-weight bearing. 2767: 952:

of the skull. It arises from the side of the skull and inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible. It too, elevates the jaw.

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responsible for this ability. Most cats have straight ears pointing upward. Unlike with dogs, flap-eared breeds are extremely rare (

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Pectoantebrachialis muscle is just one-half-inch wide and is the most superficial in the pectoral muscles. Its origin is the

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the upper and lower molars are smaller than the ones that arise during permanent dentition, the similarities are striking.

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While domestic cats are able to swim, they are generally reluctant to enter water as it quickly leads to exhaustion.

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The premolar and first molar are located on each side of the mouth that together are called the carnassial pair. The

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In the female cat, the genitalia includes the uterus, the vagina, the genital passages and teats. Together with the

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The Splenius is the most superficial of all the deep muscles. It is a thin, broad sheet of muscle underneath the

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MacDonald, M. L.; Rogers, Q. R.; Morris, J. G. (1984). "Nutrition of the domestic cat, a mammalian carnivore".

2451: 1020:. Its origin is the superior nuchal line, and its insertion is at the scapula. Action draws scapula cranially. 134: 3209:"Cortisol levels and aggression in neutered and intact free-roaming female cats living in urban social groups" 4676: 4671: 3477: 1624: 405: 163: 4741: 4166: 3905: 3719: 3644: 3639: 3634: 2988:"Cardiovascular reactivity to emotional stress: The hidden challenge for pets in the urbanized environment" 1998:"Forelimb and hindlimb ground reaction forces of walking cats: Assessment and comparison with walking dogs" 945: 925: 921: 913: 130: 38: 1997: 368:, is usually prominent in a cat's ear. Its function is unknown, though it may assist in filtering sounds. 4805: 4691: 4186: 4054: 4004: 3649: 3434: 2140:"Normal Values For Dog and Cat Temperature, Blood Tests, Urine and other information in ThePetCenter.com" 1289:

In the male cat, the genitalia includes two testicles and the penis, which is covered with small spines.

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Wu, Xueqing; Pei, Baoqing; Pei, Yuyang; Wu, Nan; Zhou, Kaiyuan; Hao, Yan; Wang, Wei (18 August 2019).

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covers the neck and allows the cat to stretch the skin over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.

4784: 4641: 4059: 3757: 1857:"Position sensitivity of feline paraspinal muscle spindles to vertebral movement in the lumbar spine" 1731: 593: 4854: 4751: 4661: 4156: 3935: 3396: 339: 2726: 2474: 1074:. The origin and insertion are in the ribs. The intercostals pull the ribs backwards or forwards. 771:

bones, which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their heads.

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A laboratory guide for the dissection of the cat: An introduction to the study of anatomy (1895)

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Cao, Dong-Yuan; Pickar, Joel G.; Ge, Weiginq; Ianuzzi, Allyson; Khalsa, Partap S. (April 2009).

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is a great mass of mandibular muscle, and is also covered by a tough and shiny fascia. It lies

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Most cats have a total of 18 digits and claws: 5 on each forefoot (the 1st digit being the

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of a cat is between 38.3 and 39.0 °C (100.9 and 102.2 °F). A cat is considered

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The Rhomboideus capitis is the most cranial of the deeper muscles. It is underneath the

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provides a sense of touch on all four paws that is necessary for precise coordination.

1592: 1575: 1120:. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest. There is no human equivalent. 4759: 4706: 4263: 3984: 3957: 3940: 3872: 3846: 3748: 3598: 3532: 3510: 3418: 3364: 3344: 3266:

The cat; an introduction to the study of backboned animals, especially mammals (1881)

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Miao, Huaibin; Fu, Jun; Qian, Zhihui; Ren, Luquan; Ren, Lei (23 November 2017).

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and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night.

397:, which may cause cancer. Extra care is required when outside in the hot sun. 4843: 4828: 4736: 4721: 4626: 4559: 4508: 4478: 4458: 4353: 4243: 4121: 3890: 3613: 3550: 3455: 3450: 3371: 3329: 3232: 3185: 3121: 3071: 3011: 2941: 2236: 2082: 2021: 1996:

Corbee, R.J.; Maas, H.; Doornenbal, A.; Hazewinkel, H.A.W. (1 October 2014).

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Cats are also able to walk very precisely. Adult cats walk with a "four-beat

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Hilmer, Stefanie; Algar, Dave; Neck, David; Schleucher, Elke (1 July 2010).

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of the cat is involved in mating and provides a channel for newborns during

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covers the dorsal region of the cat and allows it to shake its skin. The

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Plantinga, Esther A.; Bosch, Guido; Hendriks, Wouter H. (October 2011).

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Plantinga, Esther A.; Bosch, Guido; Hendriks, Wouter H. (October 2011).

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is a great, powerful, and very thick muscle covered by a tough, shining

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comprises the anatomical studies of the visible parts of the body of a

1249: 4438: 4433: 4318: 4298: 4293: 4076: 3867: 3857: 3825: 3692: 3682: 3667: 3359: 1284: 1101: 764: 744:(humans have five because of their bipedal posture), and, except for 386: 1179:. Its action is to draw the clavicle dorsally and towards the head. 932:. Its action is the elevation of the mandible (closing of the jaw). 580:

The particularly loose skin at the back of the neck is known as the

376: 345: 112: 4651: 4646: 4573: 4498: 4393: 4283: 4111: 4044: 4034: 3900: 3840: 2986:

Cunha Silva, Carina; Fontes, Marco Antônio Peliky (1 August 2019).

2659:

Kahn, Cynthia M.; Line, Scott (2007). Hollander, Joseph Lee (ed.).

1272: 1233: 1176: 975: 929: 841: 768: 516: 486: 476: 444: 440: 390: 361: 281: 258: 2728:

US National Research Council Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition

1271:, or birth. The vagina is long and wide. Genital passages are the 523:

or polydactylism, which can result in five to seven toes per paw.

4601: 4544: 4443: 3311: 2842: 2543:"Cat Digestive System is integral to the absorption of nutrients" 1137: 1133: 1105: 836: 729: 509: 498: 273: 3768: 65: 4596: 4513: 4413: 4268: 4086: 3945: 3830: 2191:

Cat Health And Cat Metabolism Information For The Best Cat Care

1264: 1113: 1109: 909: 835:

This muscle is under the extensive aponeurosis situated on the

753: 741: 716: 458:

General locomotor patterns of a cat by Eadweard Muybridge, 1887

3092: 2104:

Danforth, C. H. (1947). "Heredity of Polydactyly in the Cat".

1995: 4383: 4373: 1260: 810:

This muscle's origin is the lumbodorsal fascia and ribs. Its

545: 349:

A cat's ear, which has special fur for sensing and protection

246: 2632:

Heide Schatten; Gheorghe M. Constantinescu (21 March 2008).

633:

Dorsal or thoracic bones (13 in number, each bearing a rib).

4731: 3967: 3962: 1221: 1117: 1041:

The serratus ventralis is exposed by cutting the wing-like

582: 429: 244:, which are similar to those of other members of the genus 2825:

US National Research Council Committee on Animal Nutrition

2625: 1580:

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

1275:

of the cat. They are short, narrow, and not very sinuous.

748:

and other shorter tailed cats, twenty-two or twenty-three

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

2736:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

2511:

Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System

2202: 338:. For kemonomimi, a feature of moe anthropomorphism, see 2367:. La Crosse, WI: University of Wisconsin. Archived from 1499: 1140:. Its action is to draw the forelimb towards the chest. 515:

Some cats can have more than 18 digits, due to a common

2788: 1806:

Pearcey, Gregory E. P.; Zehr, E. Paul (7 August 2019).

3157: 3043: 1650:

Hudson, Lola C.; Hamilton, William P. (12 June 2017).

1136:

and median ventral raphe, and its insertion is at the

409:

A cat's skeletal leg anatomy in its digitigrade stance

334:"Cat ears" redirects here. For the plant species, see 320:

and the dorsal aspect has 5 types of sharp spines, or

2691: 2508:

Stevens, C. Edward; Hume, Ian D. (25 November 2004).

3153: 3151: 3149: 2914:

Tatliağiz, Zeynep; Akyazi, İbrahim (30 April 2023).

1495: 2963:

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International

2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 1687:

Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine, Volume 6

1004:The rhomboideus is a thick, large muscle below the 752:(humans have three to five, fused into an internal 137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1854: 475:"Cat claw" redirects here. For the superhero, see 3146: 2985: 597:A pronounced primordial pouch in a male tabby mix 4841: 2582:Aronson, Lester R.; Cooper, Madeline L. (1967). 2492: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 1574:Orsini, Paul; Hennet, Philippe (November 1992). 1537: 1482: 1217:and other digestive enzymes to break down food. 2913: 2446:. Wm. C. Brown Publishers Dubuque, IA. p. 110, 767:are attached to the shoulders by free-floating 2475:"Introduction to the Digestive System of Cats" 1649: 3784: 3296: 3206: 2863: 2581: 2457: 2444:Anatomy of the Cat: Text and Dissection Guide 2417: 1748: 1702:"The Nose Knows Cats' Amazing Sense of Scent" 805: 526: 2687: 2685: 2422:. Freund Publishing House Ltd. p. 217. 2395:The Cat: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health 2097: 1678: 1573: 1413:(133 °F) if they have access to water. 298: 266: 2507: 2352: 1805: 1576:"Anatomy of the Mouth and Teeth of the Cat" 920:, which is its origin. It inserts into the 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3791: 3777: 3310: 3303: 3289: 2948: 2782: 2420:Structure, Function and Evolution of teeth 2285:"How to Give Subcutaneous Fluids to a Cat" 1936: 1399:Thermograph of various body parts of a cat 651:Caudal or tail bones (19 to 21 in number). 3175: 3129: 3111: 3061: 2931: 2682: 2570:The cat's genital system and reproduction 2418:Smith, Patricia; Tchernov, Eitan (1992). 2411: 2397:. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 1964: 1954: 1888: 1823: 1782: 1591: 1538:Reighard, Jacob; Jennings, H. S. (1901). 1416: 1045:. The said muscle is covered entirely by 215:Learn how and when to remove this message 197:Learn how and when to remove this message 3207:Finkler, H.; Terkel, J. (3 March 2010). 2869: 2658: 2565: 2563: 2103: 1693: 1394: 821: 796: 715: 614: 592: 530: 485: 453: 404: 375: 344: 257: 228: 90:of all important aspects of the article. 2920:Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences 2898: 2388: 2386: 2335:"What Is the Primordial Pouch in Cats?" 1243: 801:Diagram of the muscular system of a cat 4842: 4152:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana 3039: 3037: 2954: 2732:Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats 2662:The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet Health 2358: 2164: 2043:Armes, Annetta F. (22 December 1900). 1684: 1095: 1011: 891:raise and rotate the humerus outward. 86:Please consider expanding the lead to 3772: 3284: 2560: 2118:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105701 2042: 1622: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1433: 1036: 627:Cervical or neck bones (7 in number). 601: 2859:from the original on 15 August 2010. 2720: 2652: 2392: 2383: 2365:Zoolab: A Website for Animal Biology 1699: 1052: 948:to the zygomatic arch and fills the 135:adding citations to reliable sources 106: 59: 18: 3034: 2817: 2706:10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513 1254: 1203: 1182: 1143: 1123: 830: 443:are held by muscles rather than by 340:moe anthropomorphism § Animals 13: 4177:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy 2933:10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1278513 2359:Gillis, Rick, ed. (22 July 2002). 1556: 1464: 1450: 1442: 1128:The pectoralis major, also called 14: 4866: 4637:Congenital sensorineural deafness 4192:The International Cat Association 4147:American Cat Fanciers Association 3798: 3259: 2770:from the original on 3 March 2014 1736:cat-chitchat.pictures-of-cats.org 1544:. New York: H. Holt and Company. 1407: 1278: 1191: 1169: 1152: 1108:, and its insertion is in a flat 1077: 882:and rotates the humerus outward. 876: 316:The cat's tongue is covered in a 34:This article has multiple issues. 4824: 4823: 4172:Fédération Internationale Féline 3747: 3738: 3737: 3380: 2884:10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.3.625 2635:Comparative Reproductive Biology 1943:Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 1498: 1336: 1324: 1312: 1297: 994: 619:Diagram of the skeleton of a cat 111: 64: 23: 3200: 3086: 2979: 2907: 2833:(2nd ed.). Washington DC: 2752: 2575: 2535: 2472: 2436: 2327: 2302: 2277: 2264: 2243: 2196: 2184: 2158: 2132: 2067: 2036: 1989: 1930: 1905: 1848: 1188:hold the two scapula together. 1061: 964: 885: 494:Like nearly all members of the 122:needs additional citations for 78:may be too short to adequately 42:or discuss these issues on the 16:Anatomy of domesticated felines 2872:American Journal of Physiology 2514:. Cambridge University Press. 2229:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.05.002 1799: 1742: 1724: 1643: 1616: 1531: 999: 380:A cat's nose is highly adapted 88:provide an accessible overview 1: 3225:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.014 3004:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.05.014 2830:Nutrient Requirements of Cats 2791:Journal of Applied Physiology 1623:Brown, Sarah (3 March 2020). 1593:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50126-7 1524: 1483:Neutering and cortisol levels 1369:38.6 °C (101.5 °F) 1353: 935: 479:. For the plant species, see 3720:Standard anatomical position 3645:Glossary of plant morphology 3640:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy 3635:Anatomical terms of location 3164:British Journal of Nutrition 3050:British Journal of Nutrition 2958:Feline Behaviour and Welfare 2251:"Vaccinate Your Cat at Home" 2165:Publishing, Harvard Health. 2075:"Cats Claws further reading" 1359:Normal physiological values 1196:Spinotrapezius, also called 1161: 736:(humans have twelve), seven 7: 4806:List of longest-living cats 4687:Lower urinary tract disease 4667:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 4187:Southern Africa Cat Council 2803:10.1152/jappl.1970.29.6.852 2310:"Scruffing your dog or cat" 1689:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1491: 1116:of the proximal end of the 1090: 1023: 899: 763:Unlike human arms, a cat's 664:Scapula, or shoulder-blade. 645:Sacral bones (3 in number). 639:Lumbar bones (7 in number). 610: 10: 4871: 4162:Cat Aficionado Association 2955:Fraser, Andrew F. (2012). 2694:Annual Review of Nutrition 2442:Rosenzweig, L. J. (1990). 2209:Journal of Thermal Biology 2014:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.001 1861:Journal of Neurophysiology 1825:10.1152/physiol.00008.2019 1282: 1247: 848: 806:Internal abdominal oblique 792: 740:(humans have five), three 535:Two cats sharing body heat 527:Temperature and heart rate 474: 360:have one such exceptional 333: 233:Skeleton of a domestic cat 4819: 4793: 4750: 4642:Feline corneal sequestrum 4610: 4572: 4532: 4229: 4210: 4167:Cat Fanciers' Association 4137: 4003: 3926: 3881: 3806: 3758:Index of anatomy articles 3733: 3660: 3622: 3589: 3541: 3493: 3443: 3427: 3389: 3378: 3322: 3276:Anatomy of the cat (1902) 3213:Physiology & Behavior 3177:10.1017/S0007114511002285 3063:10.1017/S0007114511002285 2992:Physiology & Behavior 2638:. John Wiley & Sons. 2531:– via Google Books. 1389:16–40 breaths per minute 1379:120–140 beats per minute 1331:Male genitourinary system 1319:Male genitourinary system 973:muscles of a cat are the 955: 575: 311: 299:Deciduous dentition teeth 267:Permanent dentition teeth 4157:Canadian Cat Association 3407:morphological plasticity 3397:Bacterial cell structure 2547:cat-health-detective.com 2045:"Outline of Cat Lessons" 1455: 1130:pectoralis superficialis 857:lie just lateral to the 783: 774: 667:Sternum, or breast-bone. 470: 253: 4801:List of individual cats 2904:Merck Veterinary Manual 2393:Case, Linda P. (2003). 2193:. Highlander Pet Center 1917:Encyclopedia Britannica 1653:Atlas of Feline Anatomy 1550:10.5962/bhl.title.54000 1250:Cat § Reproduction 894: 661:Mandible, or lower jaw. 563: 400: 371: 329: 4677:Infectious peritonitis 4672:Immunodeficiency virus 3725:Transcendental anatomy 3630:Anatomical terminology 2002:The Veterinary Journal 1417:Temperature regulation 1400: 1072:internal subscapularis 802: 721: 713: 682:Carpal or wrist-bones. 676:Phalanges of the toes. 598: 536: 491: 459: 419:ground reaction forces 410: 381: 350: 263: 234: 4742:Viral rhinotracheitis 4717:Tritrichomonas foetus 4182:New Zealand Cat Fancy 4050:Cats in ancient Egypt 3402:cellular morphologies 2603:10.1002/ar.1091570111 2591:The Anatomical Record 1873:10.1152/jn.90976.2008 1685:August, John (2009). 1662:10.1201/9781315137865 1398: 822:Transversus abdominis 800: 719: 706:Femur, or thigh-bone. 691:Patella, or knee-cap. 618: 596: 534: 489: 463:as steer the cat for 457: 408: 379: 348: 261: 232: 4304:Colorpoint Shorthair 4202:World Cat Federation 3936:Cat–dog relationship 3673:Anatomical variation 3356:Microscopic anatomy 2760:"How do cats sweat?" 1956:10.1155/2019/3815612 1476:microbial population 1424:pant for heat relief 1306:genitourinary system 1285:Penis § Felidae 1244:Genitourinary system 814:is at the pubis and 709:Pelvis, or hip-bone. 131:improve this article 4504:Traditional Persian 4289:California Spangled 4259:Brazilian Shorthair 4055:Cultural depictions 4040:Cat-scratch disease 3688:Form classification 3556:Neanderthal anatomy 3414:Colonial morphology 3352:Comparative anatomy 3335:Superficial anatomy 3113:10.3390/ani12151979 2221:2010JTBio..35..205H 2106:Journal of Heredity 1360: 1096:Pectoantebrachialis 1012:Rhomboideus capitis 305:deciduous dentition 4424:Oriental Shorthair 4334:European Shorthair 4249:American Shorthair 4197:World Cat Congress 3703:History of anatomy 3390:Bacteria and fungi 2371:on 6 December 2006 2085:on 18 October 2016 2049:The School Journal 1767:10.1242/bio.024828 1712:on 6 December 2010 1656:. Teton NewMedia. 1541:Anatomy of the cat 1434:Water conservation 1401: 1358: 1198:thoracic trapezius 1037:Serratus ventralis 803: 734:thoracic vertebrae 726:cervical vertebrae 722: 714: 658:Cranium, or skull. 602:Primordial pouches 599: 537: 492: 460: 411: 382: 351: 264: 235: 4837: 4836: 4662:Hepatic lipidosis 4568: 4567: 4264:British Shorthair 3873:Tortoiseshell cat 3766: 3765: 3599:Amphibian anatomy 3591:Other vertebrates 3533:Arthropod cuticle 3511:Insect morphology 3506:Gastropod anatomy 3419:Lichen morphology 3345:brain morphometry 2972:978-1-78064-121-8 2852:978-0-309-03682-5 2745:978-0-309-08628-8 2734:. Washington DC: 2675:978-0-911910-99-5 2645:978-0-470-39025-2 2479:www.cathealth.com 1761:(12): 1889–1896. 1671:978-1-315-13786-5 1636:978-1-78240-857-4 1428:circadian rhythms 1393: 1392: 1215:hydrochloric acid 1053:Serratus Dorsalis 1006:trapezius muscles 985:cutaneous maximus 981:cutaneous maximus 859:trapezius muscles 697:Metatarsal bones. 679:Metacarpal bones. 395:ultraviolet light 303:A cat also has a 225: 224: 217: 207: 206: 199: 181: 105: 104: 57: 4862: 4827: 4826: 4811:Cats in folklore 4409:Norwegian Forest 4379:Kurilian Bobtail 4359:Japanese Bobtail 4339:Exotic Shorthair 4227: 4226: 4092:National Cat Day 3849: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3751: 3741: 3740: 3678:Anatomical plane 3576:Elephant anatomy 3473:Plant morphology 3384: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3253: 3252: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3179: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3115: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3065: 3041: 3032: 3031: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2505: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2146:on 13 March 2005 2142:. Archived from 2136: 2130: 2129: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2081:. Archived from 2079:Cat Talk 101.com 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2040: 2034: 2033: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1968: 1958: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1892: 1867:(4): 1722–1729. 1852: 1846: 1845: 1827: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1786: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1708:. Archived from 1697: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1595: 1586:(6): 1265–1277. 1571: 1554: 1553: 1535: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1365:Body temperature 1361: 1357: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1301: 1255:Female genitalia 1204:Digestive system 1183:Acromiotrapezius 1144:Pectoralis minor 1124:Pectoralis major 1043:latissimus dorsi 831:Rectus abdominis 750:caudal vertebrae 742:sacral vertebrae 738:lumbar vertebrae 728:like almost all 724:Cats have seven 650: 644: 638: 632: 626: 541:body temperature 220: 213: 202: 195: 191: 188: 182: 180: 139: 115: 107: 100: 97: 91: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4855:Felidae anatomy 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4815: 4789: 4752:Cats by country 4746: 4613: 4606: 4564: 4528: 4404:Neva Masquerade 4231: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4133: 4006: 3999: 3990:Righting reflex 3922: 3877: 3845: 3802: 3797: 3767: 3762: 3729: 3656: 3650:leaf morphology 3618: 3585: 3581:Giraffe anatomy 3537: 3501:Decapod anatomy 3489: 3485:Soil morphology 3468:Plant life-form 3439: 3423: 3385: 3376: 3318: 3309: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3205: 3201: 3170:(S1): S35–S48. 3156: 3147: 3091: 3087: 3056:(S1): S35–S48. 3042: 3035: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965:. p. 107. 2953: 2949: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2868: 2864: 2853: 2822: 2818: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738:. p. 292. 2725: 2721: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2667:Merck & Co. 2657: 2653: 2646: 2630: 2626: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2506: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2471: 2458: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2391: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2041: 2037: 1994: 1990: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1853: 1849: 1804: 1800: 1747: 1743: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1698: 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1391: 1390: 1387: 1385:Breathing rate 1381: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1280: 1279:Male genitalia 1277: 1256: 1253: 1245: 1242: 1205: 1202: 1193: 1192:Spinotrapezius 1190: 1184: 1181: 1171: 1170:Clavotrapezius 1168: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153:Xiphihumeralis 1151: 1145: 1142: 1125: 1122: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1084:caudofemoralis 1079: 1078:Caudofemoralis 1076: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1047:adipose tissue 1038: 1035: 1030:clavotrapezius 1025: 1022: 1018:clavotrapezius 1013: 1010: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 966: 963: 957: 954: 950:temporal fossa 937: 934: 918:zygomatic arch 901: 898: 896: 893: 887: 884: 878: 877:Acromiodeltoid 875: 863:acromiodeltoid 850: 847: 832: 829: 823: 820: 807: 804: 794: 791: 785: 782: 776: 773: 711: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 655: 653: 652: 646: 640: 634: 628: 621: 612: 609: 603: 600: 577: 574: 565: 562: 528: 525: 472: 469: 467:and breaking. 465:weight-bearing 449:vertebral line 402: 399: 373: 370: 366:Henry's pocket 357:Scottish Folds 331: 328: 313: 310: 300: 297: 268: 265: 255: 252: 223: 222: 205: 204: 119: 117: 110: 103: 102: 82:the key points 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4867: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4830: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4785:United States 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737:Toxoplasmosis 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692:Panleukopenia 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4558: 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4524:Turkish Van 4464:Selkirk Rex 4419:Ojos Azules 4309:Cornish Rex 4117:Library cat 4102:Working cat 4030:Cat massage 4025:Cat killers 4007:interaction 3918:Vaccination 3853:Bicolor cat 3715:Physiognomy 3566:Dog anatomy 3561:Cat anatomy 3463:Plant habit 2998:: 151–158. 2774:24 February 2700:: 521–562. 2572:. aniwa.com 2375:7 September 2339:Thenest.com 2319:26 February 2289:wikihow.com 2171:harvard.edu 2089:16 February 2059:12 November 1506:Cats portal 1269:parturition 1087:hip joint. 1000:Rhomboideus 732:, thirteen 556:hypothermic 539:The normal 521:polydactyly 238:Cat anatomy 187:August 2022 4850:Felinology 4844:Categories 4697:Giardiasis 4550:Highlander 4449:Ragamuffin 4389:Maine Coon 4369:Khao Manee 4349:German Rex 4239:Abyssinian 4139:Registries 4122:Ship's cat 4107:Bodega cat 3863:Calico cat 3808:Felinology 3623:Glossaries 3435:Structures 3316:morphology 2452:0697055795 2294:18 October 2256:18 October 1812:Physiology 1525:References 1514:Cat senses 1375:Heart rate 1354:Physiology 1283:See also: 1248:See also: 942:temporalis 936:Temporalis 816:linea alba 570:veterinary 481:Cat's claw 439:The cat's 434:locomotion 292:carnassial 157:newspapers 39:improve it 4760:Australia 4722:Roundworm 4657:Heartworm 4614:disorders 4574:Landraces 4560:Serengeti 4509:Tonkinese 4479:Singapura 4439:Pixie-bob 4434:Peterbald 4354:Himalayan 4319:Devon Rex 4294:Chartreux 4215:full list 4077:Feral cat 4060:fictional 4020:Cat cafés 4005:Human–cat 3896:Declawing 3868:Tabby cat 3858:Black cat 3826:Dwarf cat 3693:Gracility 3683:Body plan 3668:Allometry 3365:molecular 3360:histology 3233:0031-9384 3186:1475-2662 3122:2076-2615 3072:1475-2662 3028:153301091 3012:0031-9384 2942:2602-3490 2237:0306-4565 2022:1090-0233 1983:202101213 1881:0022-3077 1834:1548-9213 1775:2046-6390 1706:About.com 1700:Syufy F. 1602:0195-5616 1162:Trapezius 1102:manubrium 922:posterior 812:insertion 765:forelimbs 746:Manx cats 445:ligaments 441:vertebrae 413:Cats are 387:rhinarium 336:Cat's ear 284:and four 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517:mutation 503:kneading 477:Cat Claw 391:genotype 362:mutation 323:papillae 274:incisors 4794:Related 4545:Chausie 4469:Siamese 4444:Ragdoll 4429:Persian 4324:Donskoy 4279:Burmese 4097:Pet cat 3816:Anatomy 3543:Mammals 3521:Odonata 3516:Diptera 3312:Anatomy 3131:9367336 3100:Animals 2811:5485356 2714:6380542 2611:6030760 2274:in Cats 2217:Bibcode 1966:6721424 1890:2695637 1784:5769641 1626:The Cat 1610:1455572 1304:Female 1138:humerus 1134:sternum 1112:on the 1106:sternum 1104:of the 926:lateral 916:to the 914:ventral 849:Deltoid 837:ventral 793:Muscles 730:mammals 703:Fibula. 673:Radius. 546:febrile 519:called 510:dewclaw 499:Felidae 278:canines 276:, four 171:scholar 4765:Canada 4707:Rabies 4627:Asthma 4597:Sokoke 4592:Kellas 4587:Cyprus 4582:Aegean 4540:Bengal 4533:Hybrid 4514:Toyger 4494:Sphynx 4489:Somali 4414:Ocicat 4344:Foldex 4314:Cymric 4274:Bombay 4269:Birman 4211:Breeds 4087:Lolcat 3995:Senses 3946:Catnip 3911:senior 3883:Health 3831:Kitten 3753:Portal 3444:Plants 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