Carriage - Knowledge

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Eventually, carriages or coaches were sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, chariots, coaches and/or carriages were a mark of status. The tobacco planters of the South were some of the first Americans to use the carriage as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grew in the southern colonies so did the frequency of carriages, coaches and wagons. Upon the turn of the 18th century, wheeled vehicle use in the colonies was at an all-time high. Carriages, coaches and wagons were being taxed based on the number of wheels they had. These taxes were implemented in the South primarily as the South had superior numbers of horses and wheeled vehicles when compared to the North. Europe, however, still used carriage transportation far more often and on a much larger scale than anywhere else in the world.

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two or three wheels; the chariot, rocking carriage, and baby carriage are two examples of carriages which pre-date the pageant wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, which allowed the wheels to turn. Whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages; they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles. Pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels. This allowed the horse to move freely and steer the carriage in accordance with the road or path.

40: 1157: 48: 374: 420:(though whether this was a Roman or medieval innovation remains uncertain). The "chariot branlant" of medieval illustrations was suspended by chains rather than leather straps as had been believed. Suspension, whether on chains or leather, might provide a smoother ride since the carriage body no longer rested on the axles, but could not prevent swinging (branlant) in all directions. It is clear from illustrations (and surviving examples) that the medieval suspended carriage with a round tilt was a widespread European type, referred to by any number of names (car, currus, char, chariot). 615: 1137: 366: 521:, a young English doctor who was driving a carriage about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients all over England. Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage. First, the front wheels were turned by a pivoting front axle, which had been used for years, but these wheels were often quite small and hence the rider, carriage and horse felt the brunt of every bump on the road. Secondly, he recognized the danger of overturning. 488:

been a fashionable concept (fast road travel for men) as much as any particular type of vehicle, and there is no obvious technological change that accompanied the innovation, either in the use of suspension (which came earlier), or the adoption of springs (which came later). As its use spread throughout Europe in the late 16th century, the coach's body structure was ultimately changed, from a round-topped tilt to the "four-poster" carriages that became standard everywhere by c.1600.

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century ("chars branlant" or rocking carriages), and was in widespread use by the 15th century. Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats (and especially by women), and could be elaborately decorated and gilded. These carriages were usually on four wheels and were drawn by two to four horses depending on their size and status. Wood and iron were the primary materials needed to build a carriage and carriages that were used by non-royalty were covered by plain leather.

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original feature of this modification was that instead of the usual practice of having to stop the carriage to retract the beam and so lose useful momentum the chain holding it in place is released (from the driver's position) so that it is allowed to rotate further in its backwards direction, releasing the axle. A system of "pendant-levers" and straps then allows the beam to return to its first position and be ready for further use.

1107: 464: 1738: 597:. The horses earn their keep by supporting the work of the Royal Household, particularly during ceremonial events. Horses pulling a large carriage known as a "covered brake" collect the Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniforms from St James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are driven to their audiences with the King and Queen in 1334: 232:, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC. Used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the Near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two standing passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The chariot was revolutionary and effective because it delivered fresh warriors to crucial areas of battle with swiftness. 933:) to the shoulder of the forwardmost horse. With a small pony and cart a whip of overall length of 7 or 8 feet might be appropriate, whereas driving a team of four horses might require an overall length of 17 feet. Driving whips are not "cracked" to make noise, but are a communication aid used by touching the lash on or near the shoulder of the horse. 424:

greased axles under the body of the coach, and did not necessarily have any suspension. The chassis was made from oak beam and the barrel shaped roof was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses.

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were things brought to a carriage but not part of it, however all of these words have blended together over time and are often used interchangeably to mean the smaller components or parts of a carriage or equipment. All the shiny metal fittings on a vehicle should be one color, such as brass (yellow)

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became an important post-town, and gave its name to the new vehicle type. The earliest illustrations of the Hungarian "Kochi-wagon" do not indicate any suspension, a body with high sides of lightweight wickerwork, and typically drawn by three horses in harness. Later models were considerably lighter

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of the 14th century. Historians debate the structure and size of pageant wagons; however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. The pageant wagon is significant because up until the 14th century most carriages were on

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Carriages and coaches began to disappear as use of steam propulsion began to generate more and more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal power as is evident by a newspaper article written in England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam". The article highlights

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developed a taste for Hungarian riding and took his carriage and driver back to Italy. Then rather suddenly, in around 1550, the "coach" made its appearance throughout the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages. However, the new "coach" seems to have

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retards the motion of the wheels. A London patent of 1841 describes one such apparatus: "An iron-shod beam, slightly longer than the radius of the wheel, is hinged under the axle so that when it is released to strike the ground the forward momentum of the vehicle wedges it against the axle". The

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changes a carriage's base from a rectangle to a triangle because the wheel on the inside of the turn is able to turn more sharply than the outside front wheel. Darwin suggested a fix for these insufficiencies by proposing a principle in which the two front wheels turn (independently of the front

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The coach had doors in the side, with an iron step protected by leather that became the "boot" in which servants might ride. The driver sat on a seat at the front, and the most important occupant sat in the back facing forwards. The earliest coaches can be seen at Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the

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familiar from the United States. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it very likely also employed the pivoting fore-axle in continuity from the ancient world. Suspension (on chains) is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th

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In 14th century England carriages, like the one illustrated in the Luttrell Psalter, would still have been a quite rare means of aristocratic transport, and they would have been very costly until the end of the century. They would have had four six-spoke six-foot high wheels that were linked by

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In the 21st century, horse-drawn carriages are occasionally used for public parades by royalty and for traditional formal ceremonies. Simplified modern versions are made for tourist transport in warm countries and for those cities where tourists expect open horse-drawn carriages to be provided.

601:; visiting heads of state are transported to and from official arrival ceremonies and members of the Royal Family are driven in Royal Mews coaches during Trooping the Colour, the Order of the Garter service at Windsor Castle and carriage processions at the beginning of each day of Royal Ascot. 536:

Carriage use in North America came with the establishment of European settlers. Early colonial horse tracks quickly grew into roads especially as the colonists extended their territories southwest. Colonists began using carts as these roads and trading increased between the north and south.

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used sprung wagons for overland journeys. It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as indicated by carriage parts found in excavations. In 2021 archaeologists discovered the remains of a ceremonial four wheel carriage, a pilentum, near the

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Moscow Kremlin, and they become a commonplace in European art. It was not until the 17th century that further innovations with steel springs and glazing took place, and only in the 18th century, with better road surfaces, was there a major innovation with the introduction of the steel

1190:. Modern high-technology carriages are made purely for competition by companies such as Bennington Carriages. in England. Terminology varies: the simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the US, but a "carriage" in Australia. 356:

Before the Han dynasty, the power of Chinese states and dynasties was often measured by the number of chariots they were known to have. A country of a thousand chariots ranked as a medium country, and a country of ten thousand chariots ranked as a huge and powerful country.

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English Pleasure Carriages: Their Origin, History, Varieties, Materials, Construction, Defects, Improvements, and Capabilities: With an Analysis of the Construction of Common Roads and Railroads, and the Public Vehicles Used on Them; Together with Descriptions of New

2656:'The kingslayer of a country of ten thousands chariots, must be the house of thousand chariots. The kingslayer of a country of thousand chariots, must be the house of hundred chariots.' Zhao Qi's note: ' Ten thousands chariots, is the son of heaven (King of Zhou).' 303:

During the Shang dynasty, members of the royal family were buried with a complete household and servants, including a chariot, horses, and a charioteer. A Shang chariot was often drawn by two horses, but four-horse variants are occasionally found in burials.

314:, which conquered the Shang ca. 1046 BCE, made more use of the chariot than did the Shang and "invented a new kind of harness with four horses abreast". The crew consisted of an archer, a driver, and sometimes a third warrior who was armed with a spear or 914:

Boot: Any of several box-like parts of a carriage used for storage of small items. A boot may be found under the coachman's seat, under the passenger's seat, or behind the body of the carriage between the rear wheels. This led to the use of the term

888:"We must not forget that the early railway carriages were basically mail-coaches on iron wheels, and the early motor-cars differed from the horse-drawn wagonette or coupe only in so far that there was no horse tied to it." —László Tarr in 1205:(International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. World championships are conducted in alternate years, including single-horse, horse pairs and four-in-hand championships. The 2206:

lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions.

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sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt or perchbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. A block of wood called a

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Many innovations were proposed, and some patented, for new types of suspension or other features. It was only from the 18th century that changes to steering systems were suggested, including the use of the

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Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a

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province show that the carriage had already developed into many different forms. The earliest archaeological evidence of chariots in China, a chariot burial site discovered in 1933 at Hougang,

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Carnegie Mellon University. A comprehensive overview, with photographs of horse-drawn carriages in use at the turn of the 19th century. Full text free to read, with free full text search.

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suggest that the western enemies of the Shang used limited numbers of chariots in battle, but the Shang themselves used them only as mobile command-vehicles and in royal hunts.

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A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a

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are a special category within carriages. They are carriages with four corner posts and a fixed roof. Two-wheeled war chariots and transport vehicles such as four-wheeled

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using leather, broadcloth, or plush fabrics. Elegant carriages might have upholstery-lined walls and ceilings, and button-tucked velvet seats trimmed with gold braid.

329:, use of long halberds up to 18 feet (5.49 m) long and pikes up to 22 feet (6.71 m) long, and the adoption of standard cavalry units, and the adaptation of 1710: 3464: 1293: 1768: 261:. It is thought the pilentum may have been used in ceremonies such as weddings. The find has been described as being "in an excellent state of preservation". 884:

were constructed by coachmakers using the same parts used in carriages and coaches, and some horse carriage terminology has survived in modern automobiles.

148:, then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century (probably derived from the 651:

forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an

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By Museums at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 1987. Long Island Digital Books Project, CONTENTdm Collection, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York.

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Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh V. Steam. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1823 (7 December 1895), pp. 1434–1435. BMJ Publishing Group

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intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a

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may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle.

4367: 659:(British) as well as windows in the doors, hence a "glass coach". On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called a 825: 4308: 4304: 1202: 1174:

host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles are usually carriages,

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Though the exact date of when the Chinese started to use carriages is largely unknown, early oracle bone inscriptions discovered in

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in London where a large selection of vehicles is in regular use. These are supported by a staff of liveried coachmen, footmen and

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for passengers. Second-hand private carriages were common public transport, the equivalent of modern cars used as taxis. Carriage

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were used throughout the 1800s, though abandoned in favor of candles in the late 1800s, as oil was messy. Lamps are mounted on

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are by leather strapping or, on those made in recent centuries, steel springs. Two-wheeled carriages are usually owner-driven.

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Coach-Makers' Illustrated Hand-Book, 1875: Containing Complete Instructions in All the Different Branches of Carriage Building

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drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events.

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from nomadic cavalry, which were more effective. Chariots would continue to serve as command posts for officers during the

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in a landau with footmen and a postillion, riding on the near wheel horse, controlling both teams of horses. Canada, 1939

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The medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top ("tilt") similar in appearance to the

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Wittelsbach State and Ceremonial Carriages: Coaches, Sledges and Sedan Chairs in the Marstallmuseum Schloss Nymphenburg

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in color, of good conformation and strong constitution. Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a

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Today, carriages are still used for day-to-day transport in the United States by some minority groups such as the

4388: 4273: 4146: 1827: 1506: 810:, which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the 55: 5350: 4446: 4184: 4014: 3934: 3098: 3062: 3006: 2424: 2399: 2282: 629:

Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type. The top cover for the body of a carriage, called the

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Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as

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axle) about a centre that lies on the extended line of the back axle. This idea was later patented in 1818 as

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connecting a pair of oxen, a wooden platform for passengers or cargo, and large steel rimmed wooden wheels.

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is a large two-wheeled cart pulled by oxen or buffalo. It includes a sturdy wooden pole between the oxen, a

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or nickel (white), and should match the buckle color of any harness used with the vehicle. Early bodies of

778:), consisting of the running gear and chassis. The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the 39: 3243: 1156: 47: 4338:

An Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy, Comprising Subjects Connected with the Interests of Every Individual

4002: 794:, is arranged to permit the front axle to turn independently of the fixed rear axle. In some carriages a 245: 4420: 3505: 2597:

Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China".

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The time traveller's guide to medieval England : a handbook for visitors to the fourteenth century

2059: 1994: 1715: 798:, bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows for a low body with large wheels. A guard called a 517:' substituted for the pivoting fore-axle, and on which the carriage turned. Another proposal came from 2824:

Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),

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Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),

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Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.),

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Whip socket: Tubular holder for a whip usually mounted on the dashboard or to the right of the driver.

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Permanent exhibit featuring carriages of the imperial era at the National Historical Museum of Brazil

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One of the great innovations in carriage history was the invention of the suspended carriage or the

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graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically. Four-wheeled wagons were used in

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In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many

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and in the US around the end of the 19th century, early cars (automobiles) were briefly called

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Carriages and Sleighs: 228 Illustrations from the 1862 Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee Catalog

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Simple metal sporting versions are still made for the sport known as competitive driving.

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American Carriages, Sleighs, Sulkies, and Carts: 168 illustrations from Victorian sources

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King-Hele, Desmond. "Erasmus Darwin's Improved Design for Steering Carriages—And Cars".

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leaned more to leatherwork and upholstery or referred to metal buckles on harness, and

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The University of Hong Kong Libraries, China–America Digital Academic Library (CADAL).

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A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a

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This article is about wheeled vehicle for humans moved by horses. For other uses, see

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Westermann, William Linn. "On Inland Transportation and Communication in Antiquity".

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Reconstruction of a Roman traveling carriage richly decorated with bronze fittings,

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The Hungarian coach spread across Europe, initially rather slowly, in part due to

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In some carriage types, the body is suspended from several leather straps called

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Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-round test of driving:

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Colonial Carriage Works – America's Finest Selection of Horse Drawn Vehicles.

4079:(Studies in Industry and Society), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 2898: 2758: 2222: 1964: 1921: 1675: 1671: 1658: 1417: 1304: 1284: 1074:

kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A range of stables, usually with

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and are removable for storage, daily wick trimming, or during daylight hours.

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Educational Technology Clearinghouse, University of South Florida. Drawings.

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The Classic Car-Nection: Yann Saunders, Cadillac Database. Drawings and text

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Piggott, Stuart (1970). "Copper Vehicle-Models in the Indus Civilization".

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Wagon, Chariot and Carriage: Symbol the Status in the History of Transport

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Bean, Heike, & Sarah Blanchard (authors), Joan Muller (illustrator),

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Patent 9020, 7 July 1841, awarded to Thomas Fuller, a coach-builder of

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indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track.

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All About Romance Novels – Carriages in Regency & Victorian Times.

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19th century American carriages: Their manufacture, decoration and use

3398:[Palace in Rogalin. Branch of the National Museum in Poznań]. 2952: 980:

directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A

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The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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Numerous varieties of horse-drawn carriages existed, Arthur Ingram's

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in British English for the main storage compartment of an automobile.

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The most complete working collection of carriages can be seen at the

540: 484: 3583: 2610: 1486: 939:: in cold weather, blankets for the driver and passengers and often 447: 5221: 4842: 4820: 4651: 4640: 4634: 4544: 4499: 2242: 1855: 1839: 1662: 1652: 1639: 1540: 1530: 1523: 1496: 1475: 958: 904: 812: 436: 326: 688:, usually elevated and small. When at the front, it is known as a 444:

and famous for a single horse being able to draw many passengers.

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Driving for Pleasure, Or The Harness Stable and its Appointments

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Vehicles, Harness, Saddles: Direct to you—on approval. (catalog)

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might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring.

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Wagons and Wagon-Graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe

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as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet.

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the death of the carriage as the main means of transportation.

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Appendix to Cadillac "Styling" section (coaching terminology).

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Carriage Driving: A Logical Approach Through Dressage Training

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Arlington Court & The National Trust's Carriage Collection

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behind the body. Some carriages have a moveable seat called a

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Jane Austen Society of North America. Illustrations and text.

4044:, Tempo International Publishing Company, 1st edition, 2004. 2572:"Pompeii: Archaeologists unveil ceremonial chariot discovery" 2237: 1939: 1887: 1871: 1433: 1187: 1183: 1127: 1062: 567: 278: 270: 181: 90: 4298:

Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution

3962:. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1959. 2859:

Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution

5000: 4800: 1522:. Musée du conservatoire breton de la voiture hippomobile ( 1213: 1175: 1086: 432: 202: 94: 4429:

Texas Transportation Museum, San Antonio. Photos and text.

4395:

The Kinross Carriageworks, Stirling (Scotland), 1802–1966.

4077:

The Carriage Trade: Making Horse-Drawn Vehicles in America

2545:(in German). Leibniz-Rechenzentrum München. Archived from 2096:

Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages

692:, a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A 325:(476–221 BCE). The main reasons were increased use of the 208:

Two-wheeled carriage models have been discovered from the

3396:"Pałac w Rogalinie. Oddział Muzeum Narodowego w Poznaniu" 3085: 2358:"Überlegungen zum Verkehr in der eisenzeitlichen Keltiké" 1160:

A 'marathon wagon' at the 2017 FEI European Championships

862: 321:

Massed-chariot warfare became all but obsolete after the

4417:

The Guild of Model Wheelwrights. Illustrations and text.

2636:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 1632:

Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca, San Martino, Udine.

1333: 956:. A person whose business was to drive a carriage was a 925:

Whip: A long whip composed of a stiff stick (called the

212:

including twin horse drawn covered carriages resembling

4042:

Wheels Across America: Carriage Art & Craftsmanship

3951:

Boyer, Marjorie Nice. "Mediaeval Suspended Carriages".

871:

referred to metal elements such as bolts and brackets,

4468: 3991:(Dover Pictorial Archives), Dover Publications, 2001. 3975:

Bristol Wagon & Carriage Illustrated Catalog, 1900

3190:"Museum of Carriages and Department of Court Uniforms" 3138:"MUHFIT – Museo Hístorico Fuerte Independencia Tandil" 3029: 1597:

of Carriages and Sleighs in the former Royal Stables,

1230:

Muhfit (Museo Histórico Fuerte Independencia Tandil),

570:. They are also still used in tourism as vehicles for 4362:

Galaxy of Images | Smithsonian Institution Libraries.

3739:"The Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in Blackstone, Va" 2955:. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 2 November 2003 2933:. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 30 October 2003 1449:, Musée de l'Attelage et du corbillard Yvan Quercy ( 1061:, which was often combined with accommodation for a 3608: 2826:

The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel

2708:

The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel

2680:

The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel

2155:Thrasher Carriage Collection at Allegany Museum in 2152:

Skyline Farm Carriage Museum, North Yarmouth, Maine

1380:— large collection of horse and oxen drawn vehicles 1219: 4120:Nelson Alan H. "Six-Wheeled Carts: An Underview". 3859:"Wade House - Wisconsin Historical Society - Home" 1963:Swingletree Carriage Collection of John Parker in 848:A horizontal wheel or segment of a wheel called a 2191: 655:. A closed carriage may have side windows called 491: 228:. The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the 5327: 4340:..., by Thomas Webster and William Parkes, 1855. 4141:Ryder, Thomas (author), Rodger Morrow (editor), 4070:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 2883:"Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh v. Steam" 2846:, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 1989. 1804: 1629:Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca di Codroipo. 696:might use a small platform at the rear called a 4293:. University of California. Hundreds of photos. 710:. Some seats had an attached backrest called a 4400:Lexique du cheval! Lexikon of Carriage driving 2788:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933. 2540: 4454: 2364:(in German). Universität Wien. Archived from 1657:Carriage exhibit of the Grand Ducal court at 1115:and driver adding character to period filming 377:A two-tiered carriage drawn by four elephants 4435:The New York Times, 29 October 1871, page 2. 4421:Science and Society Picture Library – Search 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2355: 1884:Tofaş Museum of Cars and Anatolian Carriages 1459:. Carriage room of the Count of Chambord in 1201:, an equestrian discipline regulated by the 1130:descending from a decorated wedding carriage 4311:ThinkQuest Library. Illustrations and text. 4009:(Reprint of both volumes). Astragal Press. 2596: 1485:Les Épesses, Musée de la voiture à cheval ( 845:may be used to hold a wheel on an incline. 264: 152: 4461: 4447: 4342:Book XXIII, Carriages. Google Book Search. 4280:Calisphere – A World of Digital Resources. 4256:University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 4143:The Coson Carriage Collection at Beechdale 2953:"Basic Carriage Gear Horse Drawn Vehicles" 2931:"Horse Carriage Parts Horse Drawn Vehicle" 4056:Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour 3924: 2979: 2906: 2862:. London: Martin Secker. pp. 204 ff. 2204:Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour 1644:Museo delle Carrozze del Quirinale, Rome. 1587:Hesse Museum of Carriages and Sleighs in 1529:Sacy-le-grand, Musée du cheval de trait ( 1166:Driving (horse) § Competitive sports 4164:, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt GmbH, 2002. 3558:"The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages" 2778: 2720: 2673: 2671: 2343:Transactions of the Philological Society 2333: 2187:; includes 19th century carriage factory 2087:Jeremiah Reeves House and Carriage House 2056:Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame 1736: 1478:, Musée de l’hippomobile André Clament ( 1332: 1155: 903:Carriage lamps: First used around 1700, 613: 539: 495: 483:, who as a very junior Archbishopric of 462: 446: 372: 364: 239: 108: 54: 46: 38: 27:Generally horse-drawn means of transport 4383:Horse-drawn Transportation Clipart etc. 4370:Georgian Index. Illustrations and text. 4222:"Colonial Roads and Wheeled Vehicles". 4174: 3736: 3503: 2996: 2497: 2464: 2389: 1468:, Musée du cheval du château Lanessan ( 1044:is bred for running beside a carriage. 947: 459:requested some important modifications. 349:(133 BC to 89 CE), specifically at the 14: 5328: 4254:19th Century Transportation-Carriages. 4001: 3609:"Florida Carriage Museum & Resort" 2855: 2631: 2268: 2266: 2264: 1255:National Trust of Australia (Victoria) 1151: 972:. An attendant on horseback called an 863:Fittings, furnishings and appointments 479:(1479–1529), nephew of Mathias' queen 4442: 4205:, Astragal Press, 2nd edition, 1995. 3135: 3052: 3046: 3023: 2823: 2727:. London: Vintage. pp. 133–134. 2705: 2677: 2668: 2317: 2315: 2277:. New York: Arco Publishing Company. 2181:William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop 2138:Robert H. Renneberger Carriage Museum 2047:Granger Homestead and Carriage Museum 1057:. An outbuilding for a carriage is a 752:, attached to or serving as springs. 717:The shafts of a carriage were called 51:Competitive driving in Rennes, France 4377:, by George Athelstane Thrupp, 1877. 3055:A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles 2893:(1823): 1434–1435. 7 December 1895. 2414: 2272: 2001:Florida Carriage Museum & Resort 1549:, Musée de l’attelage et du cheval ( 1439:Bourg, Musée Au temps des calèches ( 360: 281:province, dates to the rule of King 4219:, v43 n3 (September 1928): 364–387. 3079: 2261: 1374:Kings Landing Historical Settlement 1309:De Groom Carriage Center Bruges in 24: 5117: 3989:Horse-Drawn Carriage Catalog, 1909 3904: 2599:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2469:. Penguin Books India. p. 5. 2312: 2038:Genesee Country Village and Museum 1970:Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages 1698:Japanese Imperial Household Agency 1626:Museo "Le Carrozze d'Epoca", Rome. 1203:Fédération Équestre Internationale 144:, to carry in a vehicle. The word 25: 5362: 4389:JASNA Northern California Region. 4238: 3630:"Forney Museum of Transportation" 3525:"Swingletree Carriage Collection" 3504:Schumer, Tracy (1 October 2010). 2634:A History of Chinese Civilization 2309:. Thames and Hudson, London, 1992 2146:Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in 998:Carriage passengers often used a 943:as well may be carried in a boot. 766:Beneath the carriage body is the 500:The London-Farringdon coach, 1835 389:Another form of carriage was the 235: 4358:The Guild of Model Wheelwrights. 4089:Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee, 3737:Krystal, Becky (23 April 2010). 3091:30 Years On and Off the Box Seat 2030:, preserving carriages owned by 1667:Museo delle Carrozze, Catanzaro. 1499:, Musée de la voiture à cheval ( 1365:Campbell Carriage Factory Museum 1247:– National Carriage Collection, 1220:Carriage museums and collections 1135: 1120: 1105: 984:hired out horses and carriages. 952:The carriage driver is called a 755: 469:Royal Museums of Art and History 175: 4350:by William Bridges Adams, 1837. 4274:Carriage Association of America 4147:Carriage Association of America 3876: 3851: 3821: 3796: 3771: 3749: 3730: 3704: 3690: 3672: 3647: 3622: 3601: 3576: 3550: 3494: 3476: 3458: 3440: 3414: 3388: 3370: 3345: 3341:Museum of Carriages and Sleighs 3334: 3309: 3283: 3233: 3208: 3182: 3155: 3129: 3123:"Bennington Carriages homepage" 3115: 3030:Delin Carriage Company (1911). 2967: 2945: 2923: 2875: 2866: 2849: 2832: 2817: 2792: 2772: 2741: 2714: 2699: 2696:. Labitte, Paris, 1872. p. 208. 2694:Glossaire français du Moyen Age 2686: 2659: 2650: 2625: 2590: 2564: 2534: 2491: 2024:Frick Car & Carriage Museum 1507:National Car and Tourism Museum 1322:Royal Museum of Art and History 1093:A kind of dynamometer called a 604: 97:were forerunners of carriages. 4301:by Ralph Straus, 1912, London. 4224:The William and Mary Quarterly 4124:, v13 n3 (July 1972): 391–416. 3955:, v34 n3 (July 1959): 359–366. 3804:"Thrasher Carriage Collection" 3447:National Trust Carriage Museum 3163:"National Carriage Collection" 2458: 2433: 2408: 2392:The Earliest Wheeled Transport 2383: 2349: 2327: 2299: 2192:Types of horse-drawn carriages 2116:'s Winmill Carriage Museum in 802:keeps dirt from the axle arm. 677:may serve as a carriage step. 544:Tourists horse-drawn taxis in 492:Later development of the coach 157:, a car); it is also used for 13: 1: 3960:Mediaeval Suspended Carriages 3925:Berkebile, Donald H. (1977). 3761:Robert Thomas Carriage Museum 3057:. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. 2800:"coach (horse-drawn vehicle)" 2255: 2122:Northwest Carriage Museum in 1792:Geraz do Lima Carriage museum 1378:Prince William, New Brunswick 1009:; one for use on a road is a 467:A Gala Coupé, ca. 1750–1770; 290: 114: 4226:, v8 n1 (July 1899): 37–42. 4093:, Dover Publications, 1998. 3977:, Dover Publications, 1994. 3584:"Carriage Museum of America" 2999:The Encyclopaedia of Driving 2541:Jochen Garbsch (June 1986). 2394:. Cornell University Press. 2250:(term for early automobiles) 2015:Forney Transportation Museum 1927:Gordon Boswell Romany Museum 680:A carriage driver sits on a 7: 4368:Georgian Index – Carriages. 4324:by Francis Underhill, 1896. 4217:Political Science Quarterly 4129:Practical Carriage Building 3987:Elkhart Manufacturing Co., 3698:"Northwest Carriage Museum" 3244:"Carriage museum Verdonckt" 2275:The History of the Carriage 2210: 2168:Wesley Jung Carriage Museum 1936:Mossman Carriage Collection 896:Upholstery: Seats might be 890:The History of the Carriage 246:Romisch-Germanisches Museum 216:from various sites such as 104: 10: 5367: 5267:Equestrian use of roadways 4072:, 56, no. 1 (2002): 41–62. 3884:"Mifflinburg Buggy Museum" 3506:"Five Days at Swingletree" 3465:Mossman Collection Website 3353:"The Carriages Collection" 2195: 1995:Carriage Museum of America 1836:Igualada Muleteer's Museum 1557:Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte 1352:National Historical Museum 1163: 841:A catch or block called a 759: 741:attaches to the carriage. 477:Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara 401: 369:Horse-drawn wagon, c. 1455 180:Some horse carts found in 170: 75:is a two- or four-wheeled 29: 5316: 5275: 5214: 5141: 5083: 5019: 4993: 4780: 4480: 4058:, Blandford Press, 1977. 3973:Bristol Wagon Works Co., 3655:"Car and Carriage Museum" 3588:carriagemuseumlibrary.org 3248:Municipality of Maarkedal 3168:Queensland Museum Network 3087:HRH the Duke of Edinburgh 2844:Oxford English Dictionary 2785:Oxford English Dictionary 2692:Léon marquis De Laborde. 2682:, Ashgate, pp. 41–53 2512:10.1017/S0035869X00128394 2465:Wolpert, Stanley (1994). 2322:Oxford English Dictionary 2185:Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania 1823:Carriage Museum (Seville) 1806:Museu Nacional dos Coches 1649:Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza 1384:Remington Carriage Museum 552: 210:Indus valley civilization 113:Coach of a noble family, 32:Carriage (disambiguation) 4271:CAAOnline: Carriage Tour 4175:Walrond, Sallie (1980). 4160:Wackernagel, Rudolf H., 4131:, Astragal Press, 1994. 3452:21 November 2010 at the 3400:Muzeum Pałac w Rogalinie 3291:"The Versailles Stables" 2997:Walrond, Sallie (1979). 2632:Gernet, Jacques (1996). 2467:An Introduction to India 2390:Piggott, Stuart (1983). 2172:Wade House Historic Site 2074:Horseshoe Barn and Annex 2028:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1741:Exhibit of carriages in 1539:, musée Au temps jadis ( 1369:Sackville, New Brunswick 1268:Imperial Carriage Museum 1251:, Toowoomba, Queensland. 1013:. One such breed is the 561: 455:in the years 1824–1826. 397: 298:Oracle bone inscriptions 265:Ancient Chinese carriage 191:First prototyped in the 5341:Animal-powered vehicles 5262:Museums and collections 5133:Whippletree/double tree 4423:Illustrations and text. 4285:23 January 2011 at the 4108:The Carriage Collection 4007:A Treatise on Carriages 3377:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum 3136:Alejandro, Campitelli. 2887:British Medical Journal 2804:Encyclopædia Britannica 1990:Angels Camp, California 1922:Aberdeenshire, Scotland 1904:Alnwick, Northumberland 1868:Basel Historical Museum 1711:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum 1680:Carriage collection at 1670:Carriage collection at 1559:, Musée des Equipages ( 1399:Royal Carriage Museum, 1287:Carriage collection in 609: 140: 5113:Swingletree/singletree 4375:The History of Coaches 4364:Carriages and sleighs. 4356:Four wheeled vehicles. 4122:Technology and Culture 4104:Museums at Stony Brook 3958:Boyer, Marjorie Nice. 3929:. Dover Publications. 3914:, Howell Books, 1992. 3510:highmindedhorseman.com 3216:"Carriage Museum Bree" 3053:Smith, D.J.M. (1988). 3001:. Country Life Books. 2856:Straus, Ralph (1912). 2721:Mortimer, Ian (2009). 2339:"On False Etymologies" 2009:Austin Carriage Museum 1931:Spalding, Lincolnshire 1805: 1746: 1605:Romano-Germanic Museum 1461:Chambord, Loir-et-Cher 1432:, Musée des calèches ( 1338: 1207:World Equestrian Games 1161: 962:. A person dressed in 893: 626: 549: 501: 472: 460: 378: 370: 337:(221–206 BCE) and the 257:ancient Roman city of 249: 153: 120: 68: 52: 44: 5351:Obsolete technologies 4483:carriages and coaches 4409:, by W. Gilbey, 1905. 4329:25 March 2012 at the 4040:Hutchins, Daniel D., 3829:"The Carriage Museum" 3757:"A Step Back In time" 3529:www.swingletree.co.uk 3470:22 April 2008 at the 3321:www.kutschenmuseum.de 3142:museodelfuerte.org.ar 2828:, Ashgate, p. 51 2754:CollinsDictionary.com 2710:, Ashgate, p. 45 2356:Raimund Karl (2003). 2273:Tarr, László (1969). 2100:Stony Brook, New York 2051:Canandaigua, New York 1997:, Lexington, Kentucky 1801:National Coach Museum 1740: 1647:Museum of Coaches at 1567:Galerie des Carrosses 1401:Christiansborg Palace 1336: 1315:Koetsen Verdonckt in 1159: 1101:Examples of carriages 886: 867:Originally, the word 760:Further information: 617: 584:Little Rock, Arkansas 546:Naghsh-i Jahan Square 543: 499: 466: 450: 376: 368: 345:Confederation in the 323:Warring-States Period 243: 112: 61:National Coach Museum 58: 50: 42: 5085:Vehicle construction 5065:Trolley and lift van 4905:Limbers and caissons 4470:Horse-drawn vehicles 4317:Columbus, Wisconsin. 4177:Looking at Carriages 3833:www.washingtonky.com 3679:Horse Drawn Vehicles 3659:The Frick Pittsburgh 3634:www.forneymuseum.org 3382:19 June 2009 at the 2415:Pare, C.F.E (1992). 2176:Greenbush, Wisconsin 2162:Washington, Kentucky 2157:Cumberland, Maryland 2148:Blackstone, Virginia 1959:Sandringham, Norfolk 1636:Museo della Carrozza 1511:Château de Compiègne 1294:Carriage Museum Bree 1245:Cobb & Co Museum 1199:horse-driving trials 948:Carriage terminology 721:in English dialect. 43:A carriage in London 5098:Front axle assembly 4783:carriages and carts 4703:Runabout (carriage) 4379:Google Book Search. 4352:Google Book Search. 4127:Richardson, M. T., 4075:Kinney, Thomas A., 3888:www.buggymuseum.org 3783:www.skylinefarm.org 3684:8 June 2011 at the 3488:17 May 2008 at the 3317:"kutschenmuseum.de" 3297:on 22 December 2004 3263:"Koetsen Verdonckt" 3034:. Cincinnati: n.p. 2445:Singapore Infopedia 2335:Wedgwood, Hensleigh 2324:1933: Car, Carriage 2228:Horse-drawn vehicle 2142:Frederick, Maryland 2124:Raymond, Washington 2042:Wheatland, New York 1940:Luton, Bedfordshire 1457:Château de Chambord 1430:Apremont-sur-Allier 1257:Carriage Collection 1182:and, occasionally, 1152:Competitive driving 1065:or other servants. 882:horseless carriages 762:Front axle assembly 700:or a seat called a 526:pivoting front axle 164:horseless carriages 137:Old Northern French 77:horse-drawn vehicle 4970:Two-wheeled calash 4415:Passenger Vehicles 4276:. Photos and text. 3422:"NCM – Collection" 3220:Rijtuigmuseum Bree 2578:. 27 February 2021 2248:Horseless carriage 2198:Category:Carriages 2118:Leesburg, Virginia 2109:Richmond, Virginia 2082:Shelburne, Vermont 2069:Dearborn, Michigan 2005:Weirsdale, Florida 1986:Angels Camp Museum 1747: 1622:Cison di Valmarino 1599:Nymphenburg Palace 1339: 1162: 1144:Theodore Roosevelt 737:, a loop called a 733:. At the end of a 627: 574:in cities such as 550: 531:Ackermann steering 502: 473: 461: 379: 371: 250: 121: 69: 53: 45: 5323: 5322: 4673:Marathon carriage 4433:Wheeled vehicles. 4211:978-1-879335-61-5 4170:978-3-925369-86-5 4137:978-1-879335-50-9 4116:978-0-943924-09-0 4110:, Museums, 2000. 4099:978-0-486-40219-2 4085:978-0-8018-7946-3 4064:978-0-7137-0820-2 4050:978-0-9745106-0-6 3997:978-0-486-41531-4 3983:978-0-486-28123-0 3920:978-0-7645-7299-9 3767:on 19 April 2010. 2734:978-1-84595-099-6 2305:Piggott, Stuart. 2065:Henry Ford Museum 1955:Sandringham House 1949:Buckingham Palace 1769:Pałac w Rogalinie 1466:Cussac-Fort-Médoc 1388:Cardston, Alberta 1354:in Rio de Janeiro 1272:Schönbrunn Palace 1249:Queensland Museum 905:oil-powered lamps 481:Beatrix of Aragon 361:Medieval carriage 252:First century BC 193:3rd millennium BC 186:Bronze Age Europe 159:railway carriages 16:(Redirected from 5358: 5298:Carriage museums 4635:Horsebus/Omnibus 4619:Hackney carriage 4463: 4456: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4407:Modern carriages 4198: 4179:. Pelham Books. 4054:Ingram, Arthur, 4028: 3948: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3835:. Archived from 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3763:. Archived from 3753: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3714:. Archived from 3708: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3560:. Archived from 3554: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3531:. Archived from 3520: 3518: 3516: 3498: 3492: 3480: 3474: 3462: 3456: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3424:. Archived from 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3392: 3386: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3293:. Archived from 3287: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3196:on 26 March 2011 3192:. Archived from 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2994: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2552:on 24 April 2008 2551: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2371:on 11 April 2008 2370: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2270: 2233:Coach (carriage) 2133:Farmington, Utah 2078:Shelburne Museum 2060:Goshen, New York 2032:Henry Clay Frick 2019:Denver, Colorado 1913:Arlington, Devon 1852:Ulriksdal Palace 1831: 1808: 1796:Viana do Castelo 1777: 1719: 1682:Villa Pignatelli 1302: 1197:, also known as 1195:combined driving 1139: 1124: 1109: 978:carriage starter 819:A skid called a 429:Mathias Corvinus 418:chariot branlant 404:Coach (carriage) 310:claims that the 295: 292: 156: 143: 119: 116: 93:and two-wheeled 21: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5271: 5210: 5137: 5079: 5035:Conestoga wagon 5015: 4989: 4782: 4776: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4331:Wayback Machine 4309:Carriage parts. 4287:Wayback Machine 4241: 4187: 4035:Original Vol II 4017: 4003:Felton, William 3937: 3907: 3905:Further reading 3902: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3808:Allegany Museum 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3743:Washington Post 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3712:"Carriage Hall" 3710: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3686:Wayback Machine 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3564:on 16 July 2014 3556: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3499: 3495: 3490:Wayback Machine 3481: 3477: 3472:Wayback Machine 3463: 3459: 3454:Wayback Machine 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3428:on 5 March 2016 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3384:Wayback Machine 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3101: 3093:. J. A. Allen. 3084: 3080: 3065: 3051: 3047: 3028: 3024: 3009: 2995: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2854: 2850: 2837: 2833: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2630: 2626: 2611:10.2307/2719276 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2535: 2496: 2492: 2477: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2441:"Bullock carts" 2439: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2285: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2218:Driving (horse) 2213: 2200: 2194: 2164:Carriage Museum 2129:Pioneer Village 1974:Maidstone, Kent 1918:Balmoral Castle 1825: 1771: 1751:Kozłówka Palace 1713: 1573:in Versailles ( 1447:Cazes-Mondenard 1414:Carriage Museum 1343:Imperial Museum 1296: 1222: 1168: 1154: 1147: 1140: 1131: 1125: 1116: 1110: 1077:carriage houses 950: 865: 764: 758: 623:Queen Elizabeth 612: 607: 564: 555: 494: 414: 402:Main articles: 400: 383:Conestoga Wagon 363: 351:Battle of Mobei 347:Han–Xiongnu War 331:mounted archery 294: 1250 BCE 293: 267: 238: 178: 173: 117: 107: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4975:Un-sprung cart 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4915:Red River cart 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884:Governess cart 4881: 4876: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4713:Spider phaeton 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4343: 4334: 4318: 4312: 4305:Carriage House 4302: 4294: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4240: 4239:External links 4237: 4236: 4235: 4220: 4213: 4199: 4185: 4172: 4158: 4139: 4125: 4118: 4101: 4087: 4073: 4066: 4052: 4038: 4031:Original Vol I 4015: 3999: 3985: 3971: 3956: 3949: 3935: 3922: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3875: 3850: 3820: 3795: 3770: 3748: 3729: 3718:on 20 May 2018 3703: 3689: 3671: 3646: 3621: 3600: 3575: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3535:on 20 May 2018 3521: 3500: 3493: 3475: 3457: 3439: 3413: 3387: 3369: 3357:Villa di Maser 3344: 3333: 3308: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3259: 3239: 3232: 3207: 3181: 3154: 3128: 3114: 3099: 3078: 3063: 3045: 3022: 3007: 2978: 2966: 2944: 2922: 2874: 2865: 2848: 2838:Etymology for 2831: 2816: 2791: 2771: 2740: 2733: 2713: 2698: 2685: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2642: 2624: 2605:(1): 189–237. 2589: 2563: 2533: 2506:(2): 200–202. 2490: 2475: 2457: 2432: 2425: 2407: 2400: 2382: 2348: 2326: 2311: 2298: 2283: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2034:and his family 2021: 2012: 1998: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1967: 1961: 1952: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1900:Alnwick Castle 1896: 1895: 1894:United Kingdom 1891: 1890: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1833: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1798: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1766: 1757: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1616:Collection at 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1595:Marstallmuseum 1592: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1564: 1554: 1544: 1534: 1527: 1517: 1504: 1494: 1483: 1473: 1463: 1454: 1444: 1437: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1381: 1371: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1291: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1164:Main article: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1049:carriage porch 1007:carriage horse 993:carriage trade 949: 946: 945: 944: 941:horse blankets 934: 923: 920: 912: 901: 864: 861: 757: 754: 750:thoroughbraces 657:quarter lights 611: 608: 606: 603: 563: 560: 554: 551: 519:Erasmus Darwin 493: 490: 399: 396: 362: 359: 308:Jacques Gernet 266: 263: 237: 236:Roman carriage 234: 177: 174: 172: 169: 106: 103: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5363: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Horse driving 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Horse driving 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Coachbuilders 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Breast collar 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5118:Undercarriage 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Covered wagon 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5020:Wagons & 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925:Sicilian cart 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4572:Concord coach 4570: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4201:Ware, I. D., 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3839:on 9 May 2015 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3784: 3780: 3779:"SkylineFarm" 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2954: 2948: 2932: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2820: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2775: 2760: 2759:HarperCollins 2756: 2755: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2662: 2653: 2645: 2643:0-521-49781-7 2639: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2593: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2476:9780140168709 2472: 2468: 2461: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2367: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223:Horse harness 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980:United States 1979: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1965:Diss, Norfolk 1962: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1760:Łańcut Castle 1758: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743:Łańcut Castle 1739: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1676:Maser, Veneto 1673: 1672:Villa Barbaro 1669: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:Palazzo Pitti 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1575:Île-de-France 1572: 1571:Grande Écurie 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561:Île-de-France 1558: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418:Cairo Citadel 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403:in Copenhagen 1402: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1285:Bornem Castle 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1158: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1071:livery stable 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1054:porte cochere 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1016:Cleveland Bay 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 989:carriage folk 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970: 965: 961: 960: 955: 942: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 921: 918: 913: 910: 909:lamp brackets 906: 902: 899: 895: 894: 892: 891: 885: 883: 878: 874: 870: 860: 858: 853: 852: 846: 844: 839: 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A 668: 664: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 624: 620: 616: 602: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 559: 547: 542: 538: 534: 532: 527: 522: 520: 516: 510: 508: 498: 489: 486: 482: 478: 470: 465: 458: 454: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 421: 419: 413: 409: 405: 395: 392: 391:pageant wagon 387: 384: 375: 367: 358: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 299: 288: 287:Shang dynasty 284: 280: 276: 272: 262: 260: 255: 247: 242: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 204: 200: 199: 194: 189: 187: 183: 176:Early history 168: 166: 165: 160: 155: 151: 147: 142: 138: 134: 130: 127:(abbreviated 126: 111: 102: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 82: 78: 74: 66: 62: 57: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5252:Driving club 5151:Bearing rein 5093:Coachbuilder 4895:Jaunting car 4828:Chasse-marée 4614:Four-in-hand 4481:Four-wheeled 4473: 4406: 4374: 4346: 4337: 4321: 4297: 4290: 4245: 4223: 4216: 4202: 4176: 4161: 4142: 4128: 4121: 4107: 4090: 4076: 4069: 4055: 4041: 4006: 3988: 3974: 3959: 3952: 3926: 3911: 3891:. 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