3541:
3550:
1645:
1003:
1988:
708:
9889:
1744:
115:
12012:
2111:
1567:
9882:
2440:
2291:
1764:
1735:
3390:
8386:
1844:
9211:
2472:
9197:
1833:
1755:
1205:
3659:
11464:
10677:
11450:
9190:
11457:
8392:
2552:
9896:
2376:
1585:
140:
9204:
12025:
2100:
10695:
2069:. The pubes were likely nearly 1 metre (3.3 ft) when fully preserved, with shafts that were thin but were transversely expanded at the anterior ends where they connected, creating a V-shape in anterior view. Both femora in addition to the left fibula were recovered, the former element being one of the largest recorded from a theropod at 1.26 metres (4.1 ft) in length. Its femora lacked strong curvature and are mostly straight except for the anterior and posterior ends. The
2313:
10683:
10702:
12019:
11444:
1248:
1257:
1221:
1284:
10690:
1293:
1275:
1266:
1212:
1239:
12050:
1230:
2501:
2530:
1302:
2405:
1337:
2262:
1321:
1329:
4609:
1673:. Skulls of carcharodontosaurids tend to be more slender and lightly built than those of later tyrannosaurids, which have robust builds and adaptations for crushing. The neotype cranium tapers towards the front in side view creating a triangular outline. This is similar to that of other carcharodontosaurids like
1623:, which would place it at around 8â9 metres (26â30 ft) long, based on his specimen IPHG 1922 X46. This individual was around 15% smaller than the neotype, the latter was estimated to be 12â12.5 metres (39â41 ft) in length and approximately 5â7 metric tons (5.5â7.7 short tons) in body mass. This makes
3804:
The composition of the dinosaur fauna of these sites is an anomaly, as there are fewer herbivorous dinosaur species relative to carnivorous dinosaurs than usual. This indicates that there was niche partitioning between the different theropod clades, with spinosaurids consuming fish while other groups
7158:
Wanas, Hamdalla A.; Assal, Ehab M. (March 1, 2021). "Provenance, tectonic setting and source area-paleoweathering of sandstones of the
Bahariya Formation in the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt: An implication to paleoclimate and paleogeography of the southern Neo-Tethys region during Early Cenomanian".
3400:
The dentition of allosauroids is distinct, with carcharodontosaurid teeth bearing distinctly thin and blade-like teeth. However, these teeth are thin and likely could not sustain impact against hard surfaces like bone without potentially bending and snapping. This danger is exacerbated by the
1866:
vary, but a recent estimate of 30 dentary, 8 premaxillary, and 24 maxillary teeth for a total of 62 teeth was made. Carcharodontosaurid teeth are some of the largest of any dinosaur group, with a maxillary tooth from IPHG 1922 X46 being 6.8 centimetres (2.7 in) tall and 3.5 centimetres
3805:
hunted herbivorous dinosaurs. Isotopic evidence supports this, which found greater quantities of sizable, terrestrial animals in the diets of carcharodontosaurids and ceratosaurs from both the Kem Kem Beds and Elrhaz
Formation. Some sauropods are known from the Bahariya Formation such as
1778:
The maxilla of IPHG 1922 X46 would have been 70 centimetres (28 in) long when complete, whereas the neotype's complete maxilla is much larger. 14 teeth sockets are present in each maxilla. Parts of the braincase are known though much of their morphology is the same as
4587:
4678:
Sereno, Paul C.; Myhrvold, Nathan; Henderson, Donald M.; Fish, Frank E.; Vidal, Daniel; Baumgart, Stephanie L.; Keillor, Tyler M.; Formoso, Kiersten K.; Conroy, Lauren L. (November 30, 2022). Zhu, Min; Rutz, Christian; Zhu, Min; Holtz, Thomas R.; Hone, David (eds.).
3290:
between the northern and southern continents appear to have been severed by ocean barriers in the Late
Cretaceous, which led to more distinct, provincial faunas, by preventing exchange. Previously, it was thought that the Cretaceous world was
3610:
may have habitually held its head at a downward 40° angle with its eyes facing up accordingly to achieve maximum binocular vision. The range of vision seen in these allosauroids is comparable to that of crocodiles, suggesting that they were
5184:
3409:
also had a high tooth replacement rate meaning that damaged teeth could be replaced easily in contrast to extant bone-crushing mammals who spend much of their energy maintaining their teeth. Evidence of bone-crunching bites is observed in
2185:
fossils in 1996 led to the realization of a transcontinental clade of carcharodontosaurids. As more carcharodontosaurids were discovered, their interrelationships became even clearer. The group was defined as all allosauroids closer to
6814:; Fourel, F.; Godefroit, P.; Kusuhashi, N.; Suteethorn, V.; Tong, H.; Watabe, M.; Lecuyer, C. (2016). "Preliminary investigation of seasonal patterns recorded in the oxygen isotope compositions of theropod dinosaur tooth enamel".
1410:
Caudal vertebrae from the
Tefidet and teeth from Akarazeras sites of the Continental intercalaire Formation of Agadez, Niger were recorded by Lapparent (1960) and Taquet (1976) respectively. The vertebrae could be from other
961:
where they were described by
Stromer in 1931. Stromer recognized that IPHG 1922 X46âs teeth matched the characteristic dentition of those described by DepĂ©ret and Savornin, which led to Stromer conserving the species name
1867:(1.4 in) wide. However, they are extremely thin, with most being under a centimeter thick. Serrations are numerous on the anterior and posterior margins, with over 18 to 20 serrations per centimeter of edge in
3526:
have enlarged lacrimal crests, whose purpose is unknown. Paleontologist Daniel Chure hypothesized that these crests were used for "head-butting" between individuals, but how durable they are has not been studied.
6030:
Canale, Juan I.; ApesteguĂa, SebastiĂĄn; Gallina, Pablo A.; Mitchell, Jonathan; Smith, Nathan D.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Shinya, Akiko; Haluza, Alejandro; Gianechini, Federico A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (July 7, 2022).
1875:. Its teeth are straight, laterally flattened, and spindle-shaped in cross-section. However, dentition towards the back of the mouth became more recurved than those in the maxilla. The posterior margin of these
1701:(front orbit bone). Akin to other genera, its nasal is elongated and bears an anterior face covered in a rugose surface. These bumps were likely extended by keratin sheaths, creating a horn-like structure as in
7277:
Amiot, R.; Buffetaut, E.; LĂ©cuyer, C.; Wang, X.; Boudad, L.; Ding, Z.; Fourel, F.; Hutt, S.; Martineau, F.; Medeiros, A.; Mo, J.; Simon, L.; Suteethorn, V.; Sweetman, S.; Tong, H.; Zhang, F.; Zhou, Z. (2010).
4329:
Gabani, A.; Mammeri, C.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M. (2016). "Le Crétacé continental à vertébrés de la bordure sud du
Plateau de Tinhert: considérations stratigraphiques et bilan paléontologique".
3649:
among others. This skull bears a circular puncture wound in the nasal and "an abnormal projection of bone on the antorbital rim". A later study theorized that this was the result of craniofacial bites.
3549:
3540:
2050:
was also known, which was platycoelous (flat anterior and posterior ends) and short. This caudal was incomplete, missing much of the neural spine, but had diapophyses that would conjugate with the
589:
is one of the largest theropod dinosaurs known, reaching 10â12.5 m (33â41 ft) in length and approximately 4â7 metric tons (4.4â7.7 short tons) in body mass. It had a large, lightly built
7767:
Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi (2020).
5832:
6857:
Amiot, Romain; Wang, Xu; Lécuyer, Christophe; Buffetaut, Eric; Boudad, Larbi; Cavin, Lionel; Ding, Zhongli; Fluteau, Frédéric; Kellner, Alexander W.A.; Tong, Haiyan; Zhang, Fusong (2010).
3341:
3405:
shapes observed in their dentition. Despite these traits, the teeth are still much more robust than those of smaller theropods and due to their overall size could take more pressure.
1627:
one of the largest known theropod dinosaurs and terrestrial carnivores known, being the 2nd biggest carcharodontosaurid and 3rd largest theropod overall according to most estimates.
674:
and tooth anatomy of carcharodontosaurids have found them to possess strong, but relatively weak bites compared to other theropod families. North Africa at the time was blanketed in
4108:
Sereno, Paul C.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Lyon, Gabrielle H.; Magwene, Paul M.; Sidor, Christian A.; Varricchio, David J.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. (1996).
1141:
is after Iguidi, where the fossils were unearthed. Several other remains such as a braincase, a lacrimal, a dentary, a cervical vertebra, and a collection of teeth were referred to
4998:
Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Fabbri, Matteo; Martill, David M.; Zouhri, Samir; Myhrvold, Nathan; Iurino, Dawid A. (September 26, 2014).
5574:"An Early Cretaceous, medium-sized carcharodontosaurid theropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Mulichinco Formation (upper Valanginian), Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina"
2077:
muscle of the tail. Its fibula was only 88 centimetres (35 in) long, around 1/3rd the length of the femora. The anterior end was triangular in lateral view with bulging
1478:
dubbed "Osteoporosia gigantea". This specimen is owned head of a Polish theme park chain who described it as belonging to a 15 metres (49 ft) long carnosaur similar to
4863:"New giant theropod material from the Kem Kem Compound Assemblage (Morocco) with implications on the diversity of the mid-Cretaceous carcharodontosaurids from North Africa"
5358:
Munyikwa, D.; Sampson, S. D.; Rogers, R. R.; Forster, C. A.; Curry, K. A.; Curtice, B. D. (1998). "Vertebrate palaeontology and geology of the Gokwe
Formation, Zimbabwe".
1414:
From an unknown locale in the
Continental intercalaire of the Sahara Desert, Lapparent (1960) documented eight vertebrae, a humerus, and a manual phalanx as coming from
7050:"Pathologic Bone Tissues in a Turkey Vulture and a Nonavian Dinosaur: Implications for Interpreting Endosteal Bone and Radial Fibrolamellar Bone in Fossil Dinosaurs"
7664:"Osteology of Rebbachisaurus garasbae Lavocat, 1954, a diplodocoid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the early Late Cretaceousâaged Kem Kem beds of southeastern Morocco"
1042:. The specimen was taken to the University of Chicago and described in 1996 by Sereno and colleagues. In a later paper, UCRC PV12 was designated as the neotype of
7521:"Evidence of a derived titanosaurian (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) in the "Kem Kem beds" of Morocco, with comments on sauropod paleoecology in the Cretaceous of Africa"
3457:. The skulls of these theropods had higher relative stress quantities in opposition to that of smaller genera. This indicates that the crania of giant taxa (ex.
4379:"Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WĂŒsten Ăgyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der BaharĂźjestufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von
1794:, which overhangs the skull roof. The frontal bones are firmly fused, a characteristic evident in most theropods. The jugals are broad and triangle-shaped. The
1098:
reasoning that stout cervicals would be needed to carry the skulls of carcharodontosaurids. Later research proved otherwise, with the vertebrae being placed in
847:, though some of these fossils might belong to other genera. Later authors have mentioned finds of teeth and isolated fossils from other provinces of Algeria.
2006:
though many isolated bones from the Sahara have been referred to the genus without detailed study. Like other carcharodontosaurids, it was robust with small
6218:
7599:
Smith, Joshua B.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Lacovara, Kenneth J.; Dodson, Peter; Smith, Jennifer R.; Poole, Jason C.; Giegengack, Robert; Attia, Yousry (2001).
6322:
7212:"Palaeoenvironments of the Continental Intercalaire fossil from the Late Cretaceous (Barremian-Albian) in North Africa: a case study of southern Tunisia"
3369:
and other pneumatic structures of the two, fostering an accurate weight simulation of the scenario. Henderson & Nicholls' study found that an adult
7724:"Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WĂŒsten Ăgyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 13. Dinosauria"
3471:
experienced even greater values of stress meaning that they could only consume light, small prey instead of larger items, which the stronger skull of
1979:
of the brain would have projected into the area surrounded by the semicircular canals, just like in other non-avian theropods, birds, and pterosaurs.
5468:
1059:
4747:"A thick-skulled theropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco with implications for carcharodontosaurid cranial evolution"
1772:
Skull bones of specimen UCRC PV12; right maxilla (upper left), nasal and lacrimal (upper right), jugals (lower left), and postorbitals (lower right)
12405:
3445:
implying that it did not eat bones. Finite element accounts of the skulls of theropods have also been taken, which further supported the idea that
1883:
are present on both dorsoventral sides of the crowns. These wrinkles curve towards the marginal serrations, composing a band-shape along the ends.
7100:
Molnar, R. E. (2001). "Theropod
Paleopathology: A Literature Survey". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Skrepnick, Michael William; Tanke, Darren H. (eds.).
6586:"High frequencies of theropod bite marks provide evidence for feeding, scavenging, and possible cannibalism in a stressed Late Jurassic ecosystem"
5535:"Relative size of brain and cerebrum in Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: an analysis using brain-endocast quantitative relationships in extant alligators"
1707:. A similar rugosity is found on the lacrimal which would also be lengthened by keratin, forming a similar element. The most distinctive trait of
12149:
6859:"Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of middle Cretaceous vertebrates from North Africa and Brazil: Ecological and environmental significance"
5161:
3606:
was limited, a side effect of its large, elongated rostrum. Its greatest degree of binocular vision was at higher elevations, suggesting that
2065:, though complete pelves are known in related genera. The ischium pointed backwards whereas the pubes pointed forwards, a diagnostic trait of
4806:"Paleobiogeographic evolution and distribution of Carcharodontosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) during the middle Cretaceous of North Africa"
12370:
1903:. Starting from the portion of the brain closest to the tip of the animal's snout is the forebrain, which is followed by the midbrain. The
7520:
6653:"Estimating bite force in extinct dinosaurs using phylogenetically predicted physiological cross-sectional areas of jaw adductor muscles"
3865:"The "mid"-Cretaceous (Lower Cenomanian) Continental Vertebrates of Gara Samani, Algeria. Sedimentological Framework and Palaeodiversity"
2166:, though the name remained unused until the recognition of other members of the group in the late 20th century. He noted the likeness of
5777:
Beevor, Thomas; Quigley, Aaron; Smith, Roy E.; Smyth, Robert S. H.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Zouhri, Samir; Martill, David M. (January 1, 2021).
4804:
Candeiro, Carlos
Roberto dos Anjos; Brusatte, Stephen Louis; Vidal, Luciano; Pereira, Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes da Costa (July 26, 2018).
1718:
has antorbital fossae limited to the proximity of the antorbital fenestra, a crest running along the medial face of the maxilla, and a
3449:
ate softer food than tyrannosaurids. Great amounts of stress were recovered in the posterior part of the cranium near the quadrate in
3441:
was estimated in a 2022 paper to be 11,312 newtons while the posterior bite force was 25,449 newtons. This is much lower than that of
4592:
Bulletin du MusĂ©um national d'Histoire naturelle, 4Ăšme sĂ©rie â section C â Sciences de la Terre, PalĂ©ontologie, GĂ©ologie, MinĂ©ralogie
1802:(where the neck is attached to the skull) compared to other theropods. Two dentary (lower jaw bone) fragments which were referred to
4378:
12311:
12244:
12136:
6783:"Structural performance of tetanuran theropod skulls, with emphasis on the Megalosauridae, Spinosauridae and Carcharodontosauridae"
6346:
Novas, de Valais, Vickers-Rich and Rich, 2005 (Theropoda: Carcharodontosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina"
4304:
3863:
Benyoucef, Madani; PĂ©rez-GarcĂa, AdĂĄn; Bendella, Mohamed; Ortega, Francisco; Vullo, Romain; Bouchemla, Imad; FerrĂ©, Bruno (2022).
1204:
12235:
5650:
6904:
Amiot, Romain; Lécuyer, Christophe; Buffetaut, Eric; Escarguel, Gilles; Fluteau, Frédéric; Martineau, François (June 15, 2006).
5858:
2158:; however, these genera make up an independent tribe: Giganotosaurini. Carcharodontosauridae was a clade created by Stromer for
12410:
12385:
3619:
between prey and background, with a narrow binocular field of vision helping predators judge prey distances and time attacks.
12375:
7757:
7334:"A New Eusuchian Crocodyliform with Novel Cranial Integument and Its Significance for the Origin and Evolution of Crocodylia"
7109:
5546:
5194:
4982:
4944:
1380:
Two braincase fragments, 137 teeth, two caudal vertebrae, and a manual phalanx from the Echkar Formation were referred to as
1046:
due to the loss of other specimens and the similar age and geographic location to previously noted material. The taxonomy of
887:
5210:
Crusafont-PairĂł, M.; Adrover, R. (1966). "El primer representante de la clase mamĂferos hallado en el Mesozoico de España".
4445:
3943:(Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae"
12390:
9888:
9881:
7869:
7480:"A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae"
1537:, with Mickey Mortimer assigning them to the genus tentatively. However, later studies have found them to be indeterminate.
12011:
4202:
2022:
and the other two are articulating anterior cervicals which are longer and wider than the axis. The cervical vertebrae of
7848:
3510:
as inferred by these isotopes meaning that most of its oxygen was accumulated by drinking water rather than being in it.
2054:. The sides of its centrum were pleurocoelus as well. Two blade-like chevrons were preserved in this individual as well.
1310:
5857:
Brusatte, Stephen L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Carr, Thomas D.; Williamson, Thomas E.; Sereno, Paul C. (December 12, 2007).
6905:
5480:
3915:
Depéret, Charles; Savornin, Justin (1927). "La faune de reptiles et de poisons albiens de Timimoun (Sahara algérien)".
950:
7142:
5084:"Integrating palaeoecology and morphology in theropod diversity estimation: A case from the Aptian-Albian of Tunisia"
4524:"A large abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Morocco and comments on the Cenomanian theropods from North Africa"
983:
5254:"Theropod teeth diversity from the Villar del Arzobispo Formation (TithonianâBerriasian) at Riodeva (Teruel, Spain)"
3461:) were unstable due to having large pneumatic structures to save weight instead of creating a firm build. However,
2042:(shallow depressions on the sides of centra), which would contain pneumatic air sacs to lighten the vertebrae. The
10676:
6782:
5063:
Schluter; Schwarzhans (1978). "Eine Bonebed-Lagerstatte aus dem Wealden Sud-Tunesiens (Umgebung Ksar Krerachfa)".
1631:
was much smaller, only reaching 10 metres (33 ft) in length and 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons) in body mass.
1447:
A 1999 paper described several vertebrae and limb elements of a carcharodontosaurid which were unearthed from the
9210:
6241:
1957:âwhen viewed from the sideâhad a subtriangular outline. This subtriangular inner-ear configuration is present in
1644:
712:
9196:
6490:
5962:
Novas, Fernando E.; AgnolĂn, Federico L.; Ezcurra, MartĂn D.; Porfiri, Juan; Canale, Juan I. (October 1, 2013).
5666:
5503:
5307:
Bond, Geoffrey; Bromley, K. (December 1, 1970). "Sediments with the remains of dinosaurs near Gokwe, Rhodesia".
4461:
2014:, and short neck. The most complete specimen was IPHG 1922 X46, but it was destroyed. This specimen preserved 3
1518:
in 1966. However, it lacks the traits of carcharodontosaurid teeth and instead is more similar to that of other
139:
11449:
7525:
Cretaceous Period: Biotic Diversity and Biogeography. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
5874:
1507:
882:. In Bahariya, Markgraf did extensive collecting of dinosaur skeletons for his employer, German paleontologist
7723:
7542:
Hassler, A.; Martin, J. E.; Amiot, R.; Tacail, T.; Godet, F. Arnaud; Allain, R.; Balter, V. (April 11, 2018).
4258:
1975:. The semi-"circular" canals themselves were very linear, which explains the pointed silhouette. In life, the
12365:
12104:
11890:
9189:
8385:
7010:
6186:
4830:
1455:. These were placed only as carcharodontosaurid, but researcher Mickey Mortimer proposed that they belong to
256:
10694:
8391:
6584:
Drumheller, Stephanie K.; McHugh, Julia B.; Kane, Miriam; Riedel, Anja; DâAmore, Domenic C. (May 27, 2020).
5230:
4194:
2126:(above) and composite skeleton with known elements of the neotype and Stromer's specimen in gray (below) of
11463:
1179:, though this has seen resistance and the validity maintained in most literature. The South American genus
942:
9895:
5651:"The braincase of Giganotosaurus carolinii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina"
840:
12380:
982:
would break out in 1939, leading IPHG 1922 X46 and other material from Bahariya to be destroyed during a
127:
9203:
7279:
7210:
Hamed, Younes; Al-Gamal, Samir Anwar; Ali, Wassim; Nahid, Abederazzak; Dhia, Hamed Ben (March 1, 2014).
3311:. The South American tribe Giganotosaurini may have been separated from their African relatives through
12040:
11456:
747:. The fossils were taken to the governor of Timimoun, Captain Burté, who gave them to French geologist
10701:
7731:
Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung
5963:
5778:
5573:
5183:
Molina-PĂ©rez, RubĂ©n; Larramendi, Asier; Connolly, David; Cruz, Gonzalo Ăngel RamĂrez (June 25, 2019).
5083:
4746:
4390:
Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung
3984:
12024:
5153:
4862:
1907:
is angled downwards at a 45-degree angle and towards the rear of the animal. This is followed by the
1175:, was dubbed in 2012 based on a single frontal. This species has been proposed to be synonymous with
1002:
843:
reported the discovery of more teeth and several caudal vertebrae from sites in Algeria belonging to
7411:
Ibrahim, Nizar; Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Zouhri, Samir (May 26, 2010).
5417:"Balance and StrengthâEstimating the Maximum Prey-Lifting Potential of the Large Predatory Dinosaur
957:
skeleton took years to get to Germany. It was not until 1922 that they were transported overseas to
12400:
7936:
5494:
4659:
Lavocat, Rene (1954). "Sur les dinosauriens du Continental Intercalaire des Kem-Kem de la Daoura".
3345:
744:
5928:, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiological implications, based on a new specimen from Texas".
5910:(Theropoda: Allosauroidea) and its implications for theropod brain evolution. pp. 19â33. In:
5703:"A large Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia, Argentina, and the evolution of carcharodontosaurids"
5252:
GascĂł, Francisco; Cobos, Alberto; Royo-Torres, Rafael; Mampel, Luis; AlcalĂĄ, Luis (June 1, 2012).
638:
Many gigantic theropods are known from North Africa during this period, including both species of
12395:
12018:
10682:
7841:
6033:"New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction"
4805:
3628:
12342:
12180:
611:), the inspiration for the name. Though giant, its cranium was made lighter by greatly expanded
601:
were lined with sharp, recurved, serrated teeth that bear striking resemblances to those of the
12275:
12193:
12066:
5489:
5137:
Churcher, C. S. (1999). "A note on the Late Cretaceous vertebrate fauna of the Dakhleh Oasis".
3433:
have been analyzed. Studies reported that carcharodontosaurids had much lower bite forces than
3263:
of gigantism in theropods could have been linked to common conditions in their environments or
2290:
1987:
12154:
6906:"Oxygen isotopes from biogenic apatites suggest widespread endothermy in Cretaceous dinosaurs"
3414:, which would engage in ritual face-biting with other individuals and bite into the pelves of
2216:
represented by nearly complete skeletons. Members of the family have been recognized from the
2026:
are stout and opisthocoelus (concave posterior ends). Cervical vertebrae in this genus, as in
1743:
1541:
707:
12337:
12329:
12270:
12262:
12188:
12175:
12167:
10407:
10319:
7743:
7519:
Ibrahim, N; Dal Sasso, C; Maganuco, S; Fabbri, M; Martill, D; Gorscak, E; Lamanna, M (2016).
7133:
Rothschild, Bruce; Tanke, Darren (2005). "Theropod paleopathology: state-of-the-art review".
4977:. Paris: Cahiers de Paléontologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. p. 53.
2661:
2647:
2417:
2242:
2232:
2139:
2039:
1460:
1351:
1162:
1027:
832:
236:
223:
7544:"Calcium isotopes offer clues on resource partitioning among Cretaceous predatory dinosaurs"
6924:
3295:
separated, with the northern continents being dominated by tyrannosaurids, South America by
1169:
to the holotype pending future research. Another carcharodontosaurid from the Kem Kem Beds,
12123:
11976:
10096:
10064:
7778:
7675:
7612:
7424:
7345:
7294:
7223:
7168:
6920:
6870:
6823:
6727:
6597:
6505:
6279:
6112:
6044:
5975:
5964:"Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia"
5790:
5714:
5585:
5572:
Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J.; Ortega, Francisco; Baiano, Mattia A. (July 1, 2020).
5316:
5265:
5095:
5011:
4758:
4124:
4023:
3876:
3287:
3260:
1077:
fragments, a cervical vertebra, and many teeth. Sereno et al. also referred a multitude of
381:
329:
294:
260:
11443:
5082:
Fanti, Federico; Cau, Andrea; Martinelli, Agnese; Contessi, Michela (September 15, 2014).
3678:
are known from several Cretaceous-age sites across North Africa, similar to the ranges of
1685:
composing over 30% of the total skull length as well as being surrounded by fossae in the
1659:
would measure 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) when complete, around the same size as the largest
1474:
from the Kem Kem Beds was informally described as belonging to a new genus and species of
539:. Stromer did not report the Egyptian find until 1931, in which he dubbed the novel genus
8:
10207:
2471:
2439:
2110:
1950:
1925:
1682:
1448:
1118:
1035:
808:
755:
671:
616:
559:
the first well-preserved specimen to be found in almost a century, was discovered in the
114:
10689:
7782:
7679:
7616:
7428:
7349:
7298:
7227:
7172:
6874:
6827:
6731:
6601:
6509:
6283:
6116:
6048:
5979:
5794:
5718:
5589:
5320:
5269:
5099:
5015:
4762:
4128:
4027:
3880:
3389:
1763:
993:
11883:
10396:
10256:
10112:
10052:
9487:
9397:
9280:
8144:
7834:
7809:
7768:
7699:
7644:
7576:
7543:
7501:
7455:
7413:"A New Pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco"
7412:
7376:
7333:
7247:
7192:
7079:
7030:
7022:
6952:
6944:
6886:
6839:
6758:
6711:
6687:
6652:
6628:
6585:
6566:
6529:
6471:
6430:
6422:
6375:
6303:
6266:
Currie, Philip J. (May 17, 1996). "Out of Africa: Meat-Eating Dinosaurs That Challenge
6199:
6136:
6078:
6009:
5886:
5814:
5756:
5678:
5619:
5515:
5450:
5340:
5289:
5119:
5045:
4890:
4843:
4719:
4680:
4558:
4523:
4473:
4270:
4156:
4041:
3965:
3938:
3729:
3663:
2723:
2070:
2015:
1734:
1714:
skull is the sculpted exterior of the maxillae, which is unique to the genus. However,
1471:
1078:
903:
875:
812:
339:
134:
773:. These were the first fossils of theropods to be described from the region. The name
748:
513:
286:
12324:
12257:
12162:
11765:
11682:
11656:
11495:
11482:
11360:
10910:
10862:
9694:
9044:
8123:
7814:
7796:
7753:
7703:
7691:
7663:
7636:
7628:
7581:
7563:
7505:
7460:
7442:
7381:
7363:
7251:
7239:
7211:
7196:
7184:
7138:
7115:
7105:
7071:
7014:
6994:
6971:
6936:
6890:
6843:
6763:
6745:
6692:
6674:
6633:
6615:
6521:
6517:
6466:
6449:
6434:
6414:
6394:
6341:
6295:
6191:
6128:
6082:
6070:
6062:
6013:
6001:
5878:
5818:
5806:
5748:
5740:
5670:
5623:
5611:
5542:
5534:
5507:
5442:
5378:
5357:
5344:
5332:
5328:
5293:
5281:
5190:
5123:
5111:
5037:
5029:
4999:
4978:
4950:
4940:
4894:
4882:
4835:
4774:
4724:
4706:
4563:
4545:
4477:
4465:
4262:
4238:
4148:
4140:
4109:
4071:
4036:
4007:
3894:
3733:
3599:
3292:
1799:
1719:
971:
786:
602:
594:
7648:
7600:
7083:
7034:
6956:
6811:
6570:
6533:
6475:
6379:
6307:
6203:
6140:
6100:
5890:
5760:
5701:
Novas, Fernando E.; de Valais, Silvina; Vickers-Rich, Pat; Rich, Tom (May 1, 2005).
5682:
5519:
5454:
5049:
4847:
4821:
4274:
4160:
4045:
3969:
3299:, and Africa by carcharodontosaurids. The subfamily Carcharodontosaurinae, in which
2638:
In his 2024 review of theropod relationships, Cau did not recover all of the tested
12054:
11869:
11626:
11536:
11325:
11249:
11112:
11031:
11003:
10963:
10844:
10814:
10332:
10085:
9949:
9806:
9706:
9555:
9462:
9420:
8987:
8297:
7804:
7786:
7769:"Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco"
7683:
7620:
7571:
7555:
7491:
7450:
7432:
7371:
7353:
7302:
7231:
7176:
7061:
7006:
6928:
6878:
6831:
6753:
6735:
6682:
6664:
6623:
6605:
6556:
6513:
6461:
6406:
6365:
6357:
6287:
6233:
6181:
6171:
6120:
6052:
5991:
5983:
5870:
5798:
5730:
5722:
5662:
5601:
5593:
5499:
5472:
5432:
5324:
5273:
5103:
5019:
4874:
4825:
4817:
4766:
4714:
4696:
4553:
4535:
4457:
4254:
4132:
4031:
4006:
Benson, Roger B. J.; Barrett, Paul M.; Powell, H. Philip; Norman, David B. (2008).
3985:"Sur la découverte d'une faune de vertébrés albiens à Timimoun (Sahara occidental)"
3957:
3884:
3594:
3573:
3507:
3362:
3283:
3280:
3267:. Sereno and colleagues found that the presence of carcharodontosaurids in Africa (
3256:
2837:
2369:
2119:
2043:
1904:
1843:
1437:
1392:
1369:
of northern Niger. Taquet (1976) noted that the postorbital was similar to that of
1366:
1358:
1126:
1086:
867:
572:
401:
7687:
7392:
5987:
5802:
5597:
5379:"A fauna dinossauriana da "Laje do Coringa", Cretaceo medio de Nordeste do Brasil"
4878:
4770:
4496:
4444:
Smith, Joshua B.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Mayr, Helmut; Lacovara, Kenneth J. (2006).
3602:
to models of these dinosaurs' heads, Stevens deduced that the binocular vision of
1754:
12302:
11932:
11670:
11633:
11565:
11420:
11413:
11233:
11175:
11148:
11138:
11098:
10933:
10792:
10776:
10594:
10566:
10544:
10431:
10276:
9983:
9757:
9640:
9618:
9539:
9368:
9345:
9338:
9316:
9302:
9295:
9256:
9107:
8954:
8881:
8870:
8806:
8694:
8581:
8158:
8067:
7921:
7896:
7437:
7358:
7180:
6882:
6610:
6361:
6291:
5107:
4930:
4908:
Figueiredo (1998). "Os dinossĂĄurios carnĂvoros: A sua descrição e modo de vida".
4446:"New information regarding the holotype of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer, 1915"
4243:(Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus"
4136:
3764:
3760:
3746:
3612:
2452:
2201:
2047:
1916:
1821:
1615:
1526:
1190:
863:
752:
620:
612:
517:
495:
290:
30:
4642:
4640:
4627:
4625:
4110:"Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation"
2551:
1832:
1566:
1103:
12220:
11897:
11860:
11841:
11803:
11792:
11589:
11302:
11260:
11242:
11222:
11119:
10833:
10578:
10440:
10267:
10249:
10077:
10044:
10030:
9991:
9765:
9626:
9583:
9576:
9498:
9474:
9427:
9386:
9323:
9309:
9037:
9022:
8849:
8683:
8547:
8515:
8504:
8481:
8443:
8304:
8274:
8198:
8137:
8036:
7054:
The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology
6932:
6740:
3817:
3725:
3373:
could hold a maximum of 424 kg (935 lb), half the weight of an adult
3151:
2523:
2375:
2074:
2046:
of these vertebrae are adorned by keels along their ventral sides. An anterior
2019:
1976:
1426:
1181:
1058:
in the morphology of the maxillary interdental plates. However, paleontologist
990:
was made and survived the war, being the only remaining relic of the specimen.
855:
736:
687:
321:
7791:
7601:"A Giant Sauropod Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Mangrove Deposit in Egypt"
7235:
6057:
6032:
5914:. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press.
5726:
5277:
3889:
3864:
12359:
11939:
11785:
11746:
11725:
11604:
11597:
11524:
11318:
11291:
11157:
11074:
11052:
11045:
11038:
10981:
10898:
10761:
10733:
10720:
10644:
10521:
10361:
10195:
10126:
10012:
9999:
9744:
9722:
9715:
9679:
9652:
9604:
9528:
9264:
9055:
9029:
8945:
8926:
8919:
8856:
8835:
8814:
8799:
8785:
8744:
8710:
8703:
8622:
8474:
8361:
8354:
8281:
8251:
8240:
8130:
8101:
8094:
8020:
7800:
7695:
7632:
7567:
7446:
7367:
7313:
7280:"Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods"
7258:
7243:
7188:
7119:
7018:
6940:
6749:
6678:
6619:
6525:
6418:
6299:
6195:
6132:
6066:
6005:
5882:
5810:
5744:
5674:
5630:
5615:
5511:
5473:"A New Method to Calculate Allometric Length-Mass Relationships of Dinosaurs"
5336:
5285:
5115:
5033:
4954:
4886:
4839:
4785:
4778:
4710:
4637:
4622:
4588:"Isolated Dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco"
4549:
4469:
4419:
4374:
4342:
4266:
4144:
4075:
3898:
3791:
3768:
3585:
3308:
3296:
3252:
2217:
1876:
1698:
1661:
1519:
1421:
Two papers, the first in 1978, have described teeth and a caudal vertebra of
1400:
1396:
1082:
1050:
was discussed by Chiarenza and Cau (2016), who suggested that the neotype of
1031:
1019:
946:
883:
716:
662:
643:
560:
532:
72:
7624:
5702:
5537:. In Parrish, M. J.; Molnar, R. E.; Currie, P. J.; Koppelhus, E. B. (eds.).
5024:
3658:
12089:
11911:
11849:
11819:
11739:
11732:
11710:
11702:
11582:
11574:
11554:
11269:
11188:
11126:
11017:
10988:
10940:
10769:
10754:
10529:
10461:
10389:
10368:
10347:
10163:
10119:
9927:
9914:
9844:
9797:
9672:
9562:
9514:
9507:
9444:
9413:
9406:
9287:
9114:
8966:
8863:
8765:
8758:
8653:
8637:
8573:
8524:
8456:
8233:
8116:
8109:
8080:
8043:
8012:
7818:
7749:
7640:
7585:
7559:
7496:
7479:
7464:
7385:
7075:
6767:
6696:
6637:
6074:
5752:
5446:
5041:
4728:
4567:
3797:
3778:
3737:
3689:
3684:
3569:
3110:
2955:
2777:
2643:
2495:
2329:
2285:
2058:
1880:
1812:
1791:
1703:
979:
970:, for their similarities, in sharpness and serrations, to the teeth of the
935:
927:
899:
879:
795:
768:
656:
548:
522:
510:
487:
366:
355:
268:
12115:
6835:
6450:"Costs of carnivory: tooth fracture in Pleistocene and Recent carnivorans"
6176:
6155:
4328:
4152:
1433:. However, the caudal vertebra is now labeled Carcharodontosauridae indet.
12229:
12098:
11965:
11946:
11876:
11826:
11812:
11754:
11695:
11640:
11517:
11311:
11195:
11164:
11081:
11067:
10799:
10747:
10615:
10537:
10500:
10382:
10354:
10307:
10227:
10105:
9962:
9813:
9786:
9686:
9633:
9569:
9548:
9521:
9272:
9085:
9078:
9064:
8890:
8737:
8728:
8630:
8601:
8531:
8496:
8489:
8289:
8267:
8260:
8219:
8211:
8187:
8172:
8151:
8059:
8051:
6237:
3831:
3807:
3499:
3353:
2996:
2861:
2757:
2740:
2398:
2346:
2306:
2051:
1943:
1896:
1619:
1475:
1467:
1247:
1023:
667:
647:
631:
were robust and muscular. Like most other theropods, it had an elongated
607:
325:
47:
6948:
6669:
6549:"Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: Paleopathological evidence"
5996:
5833:"Discoveries | Paul Sereno - Paleontologist | The University of Chicago"
5735:
5606:
4701:
3348:
in 2015. The authors used 3D models of the animal as well as a subadult
2312:
789:, with many new species referred to it without justification, including
12316:
12249:
12141:
11904:
11833:
11778:
11399:
11206:
11024:
11010:
10995:
10947:
10881:
10807:
10629:
10622:
10608:
10514:
10447:
10375:
10339:
10292:
10234:
10220:
10187:
10179:
10172:
10153:
9976:
9941:
9729:
9330:
9121:
9071:
9008:
8979:
8934:
8912:
8905:
8897:
8821:
8717:
8676:
8669:
8661:
8645:
8565:
8436:
8312:
8165:
8028:
7887:
7026:
6426:
6370:
4540:
3785:
3742:
3717:
3716:
rather than constant rainfall, similar to modern conditions present in
3713:
3467:
3402:
3312:
3264:
3134:
2706:
2675:
2545:
2255:
2220:
to Middle Cretaceous of every continent except Oceania and Antarctica.
2066:
1959:
1694:
1690:
1666:
1480:
1171:
1030:. This skull (UCRC PV12) was found in the Cenomanian-aged rocks of the
871:
740:
652:
491:
197:
92:
57:
34:
6561:
6548:
4745:
Cau, Andrea; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Fabbri, Matteo (March 1, 2013).
3961:
3821:
is found in the Kem Kem Beds. Carcharodontosaurids are represented by
3494:
teeth, which are more often found in land terrains than aquatic ones.
3303:
belongs, appears to have been restricted to the southern continent of
2099:
966:
However, he found it necessary to erect a new genus for this species,
823:
have since been lost, possibly being kept in a collection in Algeria,
11925:
11918:
11618:
11611:
11284:
11276:
11215:
10869:
10587:
10133:
10037:
9772:
9357:
9242:
9229:
9156:
9092:
9015:
8994:
8751:
8614:
8422:
8409:
8327:
8179:
7998:
7985:
7948:
7857:
7306:
7276:
7137:(1st ed.). Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 351.
7066:
7049:
6124:
5437:
5416:
4975:
Géologie et Paléontologie du Gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptien du Niger)
4934:
3774:
3638:
3503:
3482:
have found ÎŽ18O values that are higher than that of the contemporary
3381:
adults could together lift as much as 850 kilograms (1,870 lb).
3349:
2979:
2651:
2228:
2196:
1912:
1908:
1892:
799:
in 1927, though this is unjustified. By accident, another species of
763:
691:
480:
477:
210:
151:
97:
41:
12060:
5253:
4012:(Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, UK"
3490:
was more terrestrial. This is further supported by the taphonomy of
2138:
is the type genus of the family Carcharodontosauridae and subfamily
1584:
1391:
Many vertebrae, including two associated dorsals, were found in the
1149:
bones. Chiarenza and Cau (2016) identified the referred material of
12296:
12214:
12083:
11509:
10926:
10919:
10891:
10784:
10284:
9665:
9001:
8828:
8589:
8226:
7905:
7881:
6858:
6410:
6101:"A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia"
5779:"Taphonomic evidence supports an aquatic lifestyle for Spinosaurus"
5186:
Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes
3862:
3755:
3701:
3693:
3616:
3307:(formed by South America and Africa), where they were probably the
3304:
2035:
2031:
2007:
1995:
1931:
1853:
1807:
1670:
1591:
1552:
in 2002, but this has been disputed based on its geographic origin.
1530:
1074:
1055:
987:
907:
732:
675:
628:
624:
483:
184:
171:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
5182:
4305:"Les dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire" du Sahara central"
1026:
found an incomplete skull during an expedition embarked on by the
11059:
10821:
10551:
10454:
9779:
9100:
7773:
4608:
Ibrahim, N., Sereno, P. C., Zouhri, S., & Zouhri, S. (2017).
3721:
3697:
3437:
despite being in the same size class. The anterior bite force of
2902:
2465:
2149:
2078:
2073:
is small but has a notable protrusion, which would attach to the
2062:
1686:
1649:
1430:
1134:
1039:
804:
759:
679:
568:
564:
528:
503:
102:
77:
12128:
3789:
from Morocco. Morocco also bore an abundance of pterosaurs like
3562:
showing its elongated, thin rostrum and lack of binocular vision
2208:
is more poorly known than most other carcharodontosaurids, with
1810:(tooth sockets), traits found in other large theropods. If like
1384:
by Lapparent (1960). A pedal phalanx had also been described as
1377:, while the postcranial fossils could belong to other theropods.
1193:(2010), however no authors have since followed this assessment.
1066:
neotype and holotype was actually due to damage to the neotype.
16:
Genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaur from the Cretaceous period
11718:
11406:
8842:
7875:
6160:, a Large Theropod Dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China"
6029:
5533:
Hurlburt, G. S.; Ridgely, R. C.; Witmer, L. M. (July 5, 2013).
3751:
3320:
3316:
3279:), showed the group had a transcontinental distribution by the
2529:
2500:
2227:
as the earliest diverging member of Carcharodontosaurinae. The
1991:
1968:
1964:
1545:
958:
923:
911:
836:
778:
507:
161:
7766:
7518:
7398:
7319:
7264:
6903:
6491:"Feeding behaviour and bone utilization by theropod dinosaurs"
5700:
5636:
4997:
4791:
4646:
4631:
4522:
Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro; Cau, Andrea (February 29, 2016).
4502:
4348:
2404:
1681:. Its skull was lighter than that of tyrannosaurids, with the
416:
10558:
10299:
10241:
7477:
7332:
Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (January 31, 2012).
5410:
5408:
5393:
4610:
Les dinosaures du Marocâaperçu historique et travaux rĂ©cents.
4107:
2261:
1795:
1511:
1488:
However, it was much smaller than proposed and may belong to
1452:
1336:
1130:
919:
895:
890:(Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology). The skeleton of
859:
824:
728:
590:
576:
552:
536:
499:
7826:
6395:"Incidence of Tooth Breakage Among Large, Predatory Mammals"
5856:
4803:
3712:
fossils suggest that the Kem Kem Beds witnessed a temporary
3486:, suggesting the latter pursued semi-aquatic habits whereas
1320:
446:
410:
11982:
10601:
6809:
6219:"A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution"
6154:
Brusatte, Stephen L.; Benson, Roger B.J.; Xu, Xing (2012).
5667:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0802:TBOGCD]2.0.CO;2
5504:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2
5251:
4677:
4462:
10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0400:NIRTHO]2.0.CO;2
4237:
Brusatte, Stephen L.; Sereno, Paul C. (December 12, 2007).
4067:
3732:. These riverine deposits bore large fishes, including the
3366:
2011:
1972:
1891:
In 2001, Hans C. E. Larsson published a description of the
1137:(MNN IGU2) being designated the holotype. The species name
915:
828:
683:
632:
449:
437:
419:
7598:
7410:
7047:
6583:
5961:
5875:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1052:TSUOTE]2.0.CO;2
5405:
5081:
4484:
3641:, with signs of biting, infection, and breaks observed in
1576:(bright yellow) and the neotype (dark yellow) with a human
1525:
Bond and Bromley (1970) described teeth deriving from the
1328:
428:
6856:
5930:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
5649:
Coria, Rodolfo A.; Currie, Philip J. (January 14, 2003).
4259:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[902:ANSOCD]2.0.CO;2
4005:
3365:
of the Kem Kem Beds. The models included the size of the
1407:
in 1960, though they may belong to other theropod genera.
1256:
1220:
598:
7541:
7011:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2
5940:
4443:
2178:, leading him to consider the family part of Theropoda.
547:. Unfortunately, this skeleton was destroyed during the
7548:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
7048:
Chinsamy, Anusuya; Tumarkin-Deratzian, Allison (2009).
5776:
5571:
5000:"Semiaquatic adaptations in a giant predatory dinosaur"
3340:' lifting capabilities was conducted by paleontologist
1923:
would have been similar to that of a related dinosaur,
6710:
Gignac, Paul M.; Erickson, Gregory M. (May 17, 2017).
5209:
4744:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
1062:
put forward that the suggested difference between the
12038:
7209:
5532:
4861:
Paterna, Alessandro; Cau, Andrea (October 11, 2022).
4661:
Comptes Rendus 19th International Geological Congress
4400:
4064:
Palaeontologie und Phylogenie der Niederen Tetrapoden
1350:
teeth from the Continental intercalaire Formation of
831:, and lack distinguishing characteristics from other
452:
443:
431:
422:
413:
407:
404:
5957:
5955:
5859:"The systematic utility of theropod enamel wrinkles"
5228:
2002:
Few postcranial elements are confidently known from
751:
later that year. In 1925, Depéret and his colleague
434:
425:
311:
275:
11391:
5062:
4508:
3637:is one of many allosauroid individuals to preserve
1496:
based on its carcharodontosaurid traits and origin.
1073:have been unearthed from the Kem Kem Beds, such as
440:
7662:Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Allain, Ronan (July 4, 2015).
6321:Coria, Rodolfo A.; Salgado, Leonardo (June 1996).
5902:
5900:
5231:"MamĂferos del Wealdiense de Uña, cerca de Cuenca"
2146:itself as well as the other carcharodontosaurines
1879:are recurved and convex at its termination. Bowed
502:of the genus, now lost, were first described from
490:from about 100 to 94 million years ago during the
6863:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6187:20.500.11820/95de36fb-46b2-4acc-bd2e-1d5a496fc78c
5952:
5414:
5309:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5088:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4831:20.500.11820/c4ca0a5c-4f8e-4136-8355-8bd32d6ea544
1500:
1145:based on size and supposed similarities to other
811:based on the teeth. It is therefore considered a
12357:
11493:
11359:
6489:Hone, David W. E.; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2010).
6333:
6226:Bollettino della SocietĂ Paleontologica Italiana
6153:
4939:. Princeton University Press. pp. 103â104.
3696:-dominated coastal environment filled with vast
1806:by Ibrahim et al. (2020) have deep and expanded
1102:by Ibrahim et al. (2020). French paleontologist
10842:
7471:
7331:
7132:
6712:"The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in
6447:
6392:
5897:
5376:
5154:"JuraPark na tropie nowych dinozaurow z Maroka"
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
3982:
3914:
3688:. North Africa during this period bordered the
1722:along its midline. These traits are missing in
1125:had been uncovered during an expedition to the
1106:was the first to note the possible presence of
527:. A partial skeleton was collected by crews of
9366:
7920:
7741:
6709:
6339:
5541:. Indiana University Press. pp. 134â154.
5399:
4910:Centro Portugues de Geo-historia e Prehistoria
4490:
4236:
3936:
1852:Braincase of specimen UCRC PV12 (above), with
1403:, Niger. Lapparent mentioned these fossils as
711:Outdated skull reconstruction and endocast of
7842:
7095:
7093:
6547:Tanke, Darren H.; Currie, Phillip J. (1998).
6342:"Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of
6340:Canale, J. I.; Novas, F. E.; Pol, D. (2014).
6099:Coria, Rodolfo A.; Salgado, Leonardo (1995).
6025:
6023:
5906:Larsson, H.C.E. 2001. Endocranial anatomy of
5461:
1418:These elements could be from other theropods.
1265:
793:. It was later considered to be a species of
762:(name-bearing specimens) of a new species of
579:were described and named as another species,
10731:
7661:
6320:
6098:
4916:
4521:
4302:
3401:straight edges, slightly recurved tips, and
1388:but it likely is from a spinosaurid instead.
1361:and several postcranial remains assigned to
9925:
9843:
8965:
6546:
5924:Harris, Jerald D. (1998). "A reanalysis of
5648:
5306:
5065:Berliner geowissenchaftliche Abhandlungen A
4613:Mémoires de la Societé géologique de France
4312:Memoirs of the Geological Society of France
4070:: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlang. p. 716.
3983:Depéret, Charles; Savornin, Justin (1925).
3950:Bulletin de la Société géologique de France
3917:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
3425:as well as other giant theropods including
2057:The pelvis was incomplete, containing both
2018:, which were weathered severely. One is an
1463:(shallow openings) in the caudal vertebrae.
1283:
1196:
727:were unearthed from wall cuts in different
461:
7849:
7835:
7157:
7090:
6488:
6020:
5917:
5383:Arquivos do Museo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
5229:Kuhne, W. G.; Crusafont-Pairo, M. (1968).
4907:
4860:
4332:Mémoire du Service Géologique de l'Algérie
3759:. This led to an abundance of piscivorous
1211:
986:during the night of April 24/25, 1944. An
781:where the teeth had been found. The genus
113:
7808:
7790:
7575:
7495:
7454:
7436:
7375:
7357:
7270:
7104:. Indiana Univ. Press. pp. 337â363.
7065:
6757:
6739:
6686:
6668:
6627:
6609:
6560:
6465:
6454:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
6369:
6314:
6185:
6175:
6056:
5995:
5734:
5605:
5493:
5467:
5436:
5377:Medeiros, Manuel; Schultz, Cesar (2002).
5258:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
5023:
4829:
4718:
4700:
4557:
4539:
4061:
4035:
3989:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
3888:
1919:with the midbrain. Overall, the brain of
1856:of same (AâD) and MB. R. 2056 (EâF) below
1346:Lapparent (1951, 1960) described several
1238:
870:. Marls from this region derive from the
9240:
9155:
8420:
7996:
7742:Nothdurft, William; Smith, Josh (2002).
7478:Borja Holgado; Rodrigo V. PĂȘgas (2020).
6995:"Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs"
6780:
6650:
5136:
4192:
3937:Buffetaut, Ăric; Ouaja, Mohamed (2002).
3763:evolving in response, such as the giant
3657:
3475:could bite while sustaining the stress.
3388:
1986:
1665:skulls. No skulls of the genus preserve
1643:
1301:
1292:
1274:
1001:
894:(IPHG 1922 X46) consisted of: a partial
706:
697:
12406:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
7721:
6992:
6210:
5946:
4658:
4585:
4406:
4373:
3331:
1669:, complete posterior skull regions, or
1655:The largest and most complete skull of
878:, one of many Cretaceous-aged sites of
619:, but also making it more fragile than
12358:
7099:
6805:
6803:
6323:"Dinosaurios carnĂvoros de SudamĂ©rica"
6265:
6094:
6092:
5923:
5772:
5770:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5567:
5565:
5415:Henderson, D.M.; Nicholls, R. (2015).
5151:
4972:
4936:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
4740:
4738:
3692:, which transformed the region into a
2235:are displayed in the cladogram below:
2081:whereas the posterior end is rounded.
1934:to the volume of the brain overall in
1886:
1572:Size comparison between the destroyed
12065:
12064:
11481:
11480:
10718:
9912:
9227:
8407:
7983:
7868:
7830:
6969:
5164:from the original on December 6, 2015
4968:
4966:
4964:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
3932:
3930:
3858:
3856:
3357:, which although not found alongside
1938:was typical for a non-avian reptile.
1506:A maxillary tooth recovered from the
6972:"On the orbit of theropod dinosaurs"
6810:Goedert, J.; Amiot, R.; Boudad, L.;
4929:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4057:
4055:
3910:
3908:
3315:, when Gondwana broke up during the
1930:Larsson found that the ratio of the
1229:
1032:Lower Douira Formation, Kem Kem Beds
1018:material were made until 1995, when
571:in 1996. Fossils unearthed from the
12371:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa
6913:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
6800:
6216:
6089:
5767:
5689:
5562:
4735:
3653:
3384:
1911:, which is roughly parallel to the
1798:was placed farther back behind the
1726:, differentiating the two species.
1115:Carcharodontosaurus, C. iguidensis,
13:
7668:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
6999:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
6993:Stevens, Kent A. (June 12, 2006).
6651:Sakamoto, Manabu (July 12, 2022).
5863:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5655:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5481:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4961:
4574:
4354:
4281:
4247:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3927:
3853:
3478:Isotopic analyses of the teeth of
1862:Estimations of the tooth count of
1440:of western Egypt were assigned to
1054:was similar but distinct from the
745:Continental intercalaire Formation
14:
12422:
10719:
5360:Journal of African Earth Sciences
4217:
4205:from the original on May 28, 2023
4167:
4082:
4052:
3905:
3576:capabilities of the allosauroids
3513:
3451:Carcharodontosaurus, Spinosaurus,
2084:
1010:, showing known material in white
998:, and confusion with spinosaurids
12048:
12023:
12017:
12010:
11462:
11455:
11448:
11442:
10700:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10675:
9913:
9894:
9887:
9880:
9209:
9202:
9195:
9188:
8390:
8384:
6518:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00187.x
6467:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01108.x
6448:Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2008).
6393:Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (1988).
4037:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00751.x
3662:Restoration of the fauna of the
3548:
3539:
3520:Carcharodontosaurus, Allosaurus,
2550:
2528:
2499:
2470:
2438:
2403:
2374:
2311:
2289:
2260:
2170:bones to the American theropods
2109:
2098:
1842:
1831:
1762:
1753:
1742:
1733:
1614:was around the same size as the
1583:
1565:
1459:itself based on the presence of
1335:
1327:
1319:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1203:
888:PalĂ€ontologisches Museum MĂŒnchen
702:
400:
138:
45:
7714:
7655:
7592:
7535:
7512:
7404:
7325:
7203:
7151:
7126:
7041:
6986:
6963:
6897:
6850:
6790:Special Papers in Palaeontology
6774:
6703:
6644:
6577:
6540:
6482:
6441:
6386:
6259:
6147:
5850:
5825:
5642:
5526:
5370:
5351:
5300:
5245:
5222:
5203:
5176:
5145:
5130:
5075:
5056:
4991:
4901:
4854:
4797:
4671:
4652:
4602:
4437:
4412:
4322:
3326:
2223:Canale et al. (2022) recovered
1871:and up to 32 per centimeter in
1165:, and therefore chose to limit
930:was also considered to be from
854:were first found in marls near
739:. These sedimens came from the
12288:Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis
7216:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
5189:. Princeton University Press.
3999:
3976:
3615:. They likely sensed prey via
3323:ages of the Early Cretaceous.
3079:(described by Stromer in 1931)
2920:Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis
2811:Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis
2089:
1915:and forms a roughly 40-degree
1556:
1508:Villar del Arzobispo Formation
1501:Erroneously assigned specimens
1117:was dubbed by paleontologists
984:British bombing raid on Munich
660:, the large, dubious theropod
372:(Depéret & Savornin, 1925)
1:
12411:Taxa with lost type specimens
12386:Fossil taxa described in 1931
12236:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
12206:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
9228:
8408:
7984:
7856:
7750:Random House Publishing Group
7688:10.1080/02724634.2014.1000701
7484:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
6164:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5988:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001
5908:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
5803:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104627
5598:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104319
5419:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
4879:10.1080/08912963.2022.2131406
4822:10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.29
4771:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.09.002
4303:de Lapparent, Albert (1960).
4062:von Huene, Friedrich (1956).
3846:
3839:in the Elrhaz Formation, and
3075:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
3055:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
2181:Paul Sereno's description of
1982:
1955:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
1901:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
1625:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
1110:in Morocco as early as 1954.
280:Carcharodontosaurus saharicus
12376:Cenomanian genus extinctions
7438:10.1371/journal.pone.0010875
7359:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471
7181:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105822
6883:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.027
6611:10.1371/journal.pone.0233115
6362:10.1080/08912963.2013.861830
6292:10.1126/science.272.5264.971
5329:10.1016/0031-0182(70)90104-5
5108:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.033
4137:10.1126/science.272.5264.986
3622:
3336:A biomechanical analysis of
3247:
2148:Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus,
1998:of IPHG 1922 X46 (destroyed)
1820:, the dentary would have 16
1121:and Paul Sereno. Fossils of
1113:In 2007, a novel species of
551:. In 1995 a nearly complete
535:during a 1914 expedition to
361:Depéret & Savornin, 1925
7:
12391:Taxa named by Ernst Stromer
7745:The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt
6781:Rayfield, Emily J. (2011).
4685:is not an aquatic dinosaur"
4420:"Rocky Road: Ernst Stromer"
2924:(referred cranial material)
1648:Reconstructed skull of the
128:Science Museum of Minnesota
10:
12427:
7733:. Neue Folge (in German).
6933:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.018
6741:10.1038/s41598-017-02161-w
6329:(in Spanish) (237): 39â40.
5926:Acrocanthosaurus atokensis
5539:Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology
5400:Nothdurft & Smith 2002
4810:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
4491:Nothdurft & Smith 2002
4392:. Neue Folge (in German).
3869:Frontiers in Earth Science
3626:
3568:A 2006 study by biologist
2646:clade. The results of his
2142:. This subfamily contains
1790:has a much more prominent
1639:
1610:Stromer hypothesized that
934:, but it is likely from a
801:Megalosaurus, M. africanus
543:, making the type species
12286:
12204:
12073:
12007:
11964:
11859:
11802:
11773:
11764:
11690:
11681:
11665:
11654:
11564:
11549:
11545:
11534:
11504:
11489:
11476:
11440:
11387:
11355:
11301:
11259:
11232:
11205:
11183:
11174:
11147:
11136:
11107:
11096:
10976:
10972:
10961:
10909:
10880:
10857:
10853:
10831:
10742:
10727:
10714:
10673:
10643:
10577:
10509:
10499:
10495:
10430:
10415:
10406:
10327:
10318:
10266:
10215:
10206:
10162:
10151:
10095:
10072:
10063:
10025:
10021:
10010:
9971:
9960:
9936:
9921:
9908:
9877:
9839:
9796:
9752:
9743:
9705:
9660:
9651:
9613:
9602:
9538:
9497:
9482:
9473:
9457:
9453:
9442:
9396:
9381:
9377:
9355:
9251:
9236:
9223:
9185:
9151:
9054:
8974:
8944:
8880:
8794:
8783:
8727:
8693:
8609:
8600:
8560:
8556:
8545:
8514:
8469:
8465:
8454:
8431:
8416:
8403:
8381:
8346:
8326:
8250:
8206:
8197:
8089:
8078:
8007:
7992:
7979:
7947:
7929:
7916:
7864:
7792:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517
7236:10.1007/s12517-012-0804-2
7135:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs
6058:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057
5727:10.1007/s00114-005-0623-3
5278:10.1007/s12549-012-0079-3
4973:Taquet, Philippe (1976).
4193:Mortimer, Mickey (2023).
4008:"The taxonomic status of
3890:10.3389/feart.2022.927059
3843:in the Echkar Formation.
3530:
3148:
3131:
3124:
3107:
3100:
3071:
3051:
3044:
3037:
2993:
2976:
2969:
2952:
2945:
2916:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2858:
2851:
2834:
2827:
2807:
2800:
2774:
2754:
2737:
2720:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2672:
2665:
2543:
2521:
2514:
2492:
2485:
2463:
2456:
2428:
2421:
2396:
2389:
2367:
2360:
2343:
2326:
2304:
2282:
2275:
2253:
2246:
1590:Size comparison of giant
1189:by Figueiredo (1998) and
1069:Several other fossils of
841:Albert-FĂ©lix de Lapparent
819:. Both syntypic teeth of
345:
338:
308:
303:
274:
267:
135:Scientific classification
133:
121:
112:
23:
7102:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
6344:Tyrannotitan chubutensis
6158:Kelmayisaurus petrolicus
5912:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
5235:Acta GeolĂłgica HispĂĄnica
3772:in Egypt and the genera
3418:as shown by bite marks.
2204:and colleagues in 2004.
2075:m. caudofemoralis longus
1634:
1197:Other referred specimens
1006:Diagram of the skull of
898:, including much of the
682:, creating a hotspot of
567:; it was designated the
7722:Stromer, Ernst (1934).
7625:10.1126/science.1060561
6925:2006E&PSL.246...41A
6399:The American Naturalist
6327:InvestigaciĂłn y Ciencia
5837:paulsereno.uchicago.edu
5025:10.1126/science.1258750
4450:Journal of Paleontology
4010:Megalosaurus bucklandii
3629:Theropod paleopathology
1605:
1100:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
994:Resurgent discoveries,
862:in early April 1914 by
666:, and an unnamed large
7560:10.1098/rspb.2018.0197
7497:10.4202/app.00751.2020
6970:Chure, Daniel (2000).
4586:Russell, Dale (1996).
4424:www.strangescience.net
3671:
3397:
3275:), and South America (
2200:by the paleontologist
1999:
1796:lower jaw articulation
1652:
1172:Sauroniops pachytholus
1011:
976:Carcharodon carcharias
723:In 1924, two teeth of
720:
627:were tiny whereas the
377:Megalosaurus africanus
12338:Paleobiology Database
12271:Paleobiology Database
12189:Paleobiology Database
12176:Paleobiology Database
10408:Carcharodontosaurinae
10320:Carcharodontosauridae
6836:10.2110/palo.2015.018
6177:10.4202/app.2010.0125
5425:The Anatomical Record
4199:The Theropod Database
3829:in the Kem Kem Beds,
3661:
3633:The neotype skull of
3392:
2662:Carcharodontosauridae
2648:phylogenetic analyses
2418:Carcharodontosaurinae
2243:Carcharodontosauridae
2233:phylogenetic analyses
2140:Carcharodontosaurinae
1990:
1647:
1314:Fossil localities of
1185:was synonymized with
1028:University of Chicago
1005:
710:
698:Discovery and species
471:jagged toothed lizard
237:Carcharodontosaurinae
224:Carcharodontosauridae
12366:Carcharodontosaurids
11392:Dubious coelurosaurs
10097:Metriacanthosaurinae
10065:Metriacanthosauridae
8347:Dubious neotheropods
6238:10.4435/BSPI.2024.08
6217:Cau, Andrea (2024).
6043:(14): 3195â3202.e5.
3361:, is similar to the
3332:Lifting capabilities
3261:convergent evolution
2038:which hung over the
2036:transverse processes
2030:, are topped by low
2004:Carcharodontosaurus,
1953:of the inner ear of
1598:in orange, far right
1533:as being similar to
1486:Carcharodontosaurus.
1311:class=notpageimage|
1163:carcharodontosaurine
850:However, fossils of
833:carcharodontosaurids
12105:Carcharodontosaurus
12075:Carcharodontosaurus
10421:Carcharodontosaurus
10208:Carcharodontosauria
7783:2020ZooK..928....1I
7680:2015JVPal..35E0701W
7617:2001Sci...292.1704S
7611:(5522): 1704â1706.
7429:2010PLoSO...510875I
7401:, p. 180, 189.
7399:Ibrahim et al. 2020
7350:2012PLoSO...730471H
7320:Ibrahim et al. 2020
7299:2010Geo....38..139A
7265:Ibrahim et al. 2020
7228:2014ArJG....7.1165H
7173:2021SedG..41305822W
7161:Sedimentary Geology
6875:2010PPP...297..439A
6828:2016Palai..31...10G
6732:2017NatSR...7.2012G
6670:10.7717/peerj.13731
6602:2020PLoSO..1533115D
6510:2010Letha..43..232H
6284:1996Sci...272..971C
6156:"A Reassessment of
6117:1995Natur.377..224C
6049:2022CBio...32E3195C
5980:2013CrRes..45..174N
5968:Cretaceous Research
5795:2021CrRes.11704627B
5783:Cretaceous Research
5719:2005NW.....92..226N
5707:Naturwissenschaften
5637:Ibrahim et al. 2020
5590:2020CrRes.11104319C
5578:Cretaceous Research
5321:1970PPP.....8..313B
5270:2012PdPe...92..273G
5100:2014PPP...410...39F
5016:2014Sci...345.1613I
5010:(6204): 1613â1616.
4792:Ibrahim et al. 2020
4763:2013CrRes..40..251C
4751:Cretaceous Research
4702:10.7554/eLife.80092
4647:Ibrahim et al. 2020
4632:Ibrahim et al. 2020
4505:, p. 162, 164.
4503:Ibrahim et al. 2020
4381:Carcharodontosaurus
4349:Ibrahim et al. 2020
4241:Carcharodontosaurus
4129:1996Sci...272..986S
4028:2008Palgy..51..419B
3939:"A new specimen of
3881:2022FrEaS..10.7059B
3837:Carcharodontosaurus
3706:Carcharodontosaurus
3676:Carcharodontosaurus
3670:in the center right
3608:Carcharodontosaurus
3604:Carcharodontosaurus
3584:as well as several
3578:Carcharodontosaurus
3496:Carcharodontosaurus
3488:Carcharodontosaurus
3473:Carcharodontosaurus
3459:Carcharodontosaurus
3447:Carcharodontosaurus
3423:Carcharodontosaurus
3407:Carcharodontosaurus
3359:Carcharodontosaurus
3338:Carcharodontosaurus
3301:Carcharodontosaurus
3269:Carcharodontosaurus
3259:suggested that the
2640:Carcharodontosaurus
2432:Carcharodontosaurus
2225:Carcharodontosaurus
2206:Carcharodontosaurus
2188:Carcharodontosaurus
2183:Carcharodontosaurus
2168:Carcharodontosaurus
2160:Carcharodontosaurus
2144:Carcharodontosaurus
2136:Carcharodontosaurus
2034:joined with sturdy
2024:Carcharodontosaurus
1951:semicircular canals
1940:Carcharodontosaurus
1936:Carcharodontosaurus
1926:Allosaurus fragilis
1887:Brain and inner ear
1864:Carcharodontosaurus
1709:Carcharodontosaurus
1683:antorbital fenestra
1550:Carcharodontosaurus
1542:Alcantara Formation
1535:Carcharodontosaurus
1516:Carcharodontosaurus
1457:Carcharodontosaurus
1449:Wadi Milk Formation
1442:Carcharodontosaurus
1423:Carcharodontosaurus
1386:Carcharodontosaurus
1382:Carcharodontosaurus
1375:Carcharodontosaurus
1363:Carcharodontosaurus
1348:Carcharodontosaurus
1316:Carcharodontosaurus
1187:Carcharodontosaurus
1157:(later referred to
1147:Carcharodontosaurus
1108:Carcharodontosaurus
1048:Carcharodontosaurus
1016:Carcharodontosaurus
1014:Few discoveries of
968:Carcharodontosaurus
955:Carcharodontosaurus
951:British-owned Egypt
892:Carcharodontosaurus
845:Carcharodontosaurus
809:Friedrich von Huene
725:Carcharodontosaurus
640:Carcharodontosaurus
587:Carcharodontosaurus
541:Carcharodontosaurus
395:Carcharodontosaurus
251:Carcharodontosaurus
25:Carcharodontosaurus
12381:Bahariya Formation
11884:Archaeornithomimus
10397:Veterupristisaurus
10257:Veterupristisaurus
10113:Metriacanthosaurus
10053:Piatnitzkysauridae
9488:Eustreptospondylus
9398:Piatnitzkysauridae
9281:Chuandongocoelurus
8145:Notatesseraeraptor
7554:(1876): 20180197.
6720:Scientific Reports
6350:Historical Biology
4867:Historical Biology
4541:10.7717/peerj.1754
4239:"A new species of
3730:Sub-Saharan Africa
3672:
3664:Bahariya Formation
3600:modified perimetry
3518:Theropods such as
3398:
3271:), North America (
2866:(referred maxilla)
2815:(holotype maxilla)
2724:Veterupristisaurus
2071:greater trochanter
2016:cervical vertebrae
2000:
1689:(upper jaw bone),
1653:
1365:were found in the
1352:Guermessa, Tunisia
1340:Possible specimens
1079:cervical vertebrae
1012:
943:political tensions
876:Bahariya Formation
721:
593:with a triangular
12353:
12352:
12325:Open Tree of Life
12258:Open Tree of Life
12163:Open Tree of Life
12067:Taxon identifiers
12036:
12035:
12032:
12031:
12005:
12004:
12001:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11960:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11766:Macrocheiriformes
11683:Ornithomimosauria
11657:Maniraptoriformes
11650:
11649:
11496:Maniraptoromorpha
11483:Maniraptoromorpha
11472:
11471:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11430:
11429:
11383:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11361:Maniraptoromorpha
11351:
11350:
11347:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11092:
11091:
10957:
10956:
10911:Proceratosauridae
10863:Chingkankousaurus
10710:
10709:
10671:
10670:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10639:
10638:
10491:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10483:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10470:
10147:
10146:
10143:
10142:
9904:
9903:
9875:
9874:
9871:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9835:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9822:
9739:
9738:
9695:Vallibonavenatrix
9598:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9438:
9437:
9219:
9218:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9130:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8541:
8540:
8399:
8398:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8322:
8321:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7759:978-1-58836-117-2
7111:978-0-253-33907-2
6714:Tyrannosaurus rex
6562:10.7939/R34T6FJ1P
6278:(5264): 971â972.
6268:Tyrannosaurus rex
6247:on April 27, 2024
6111:(6546): 224â226.
5548:978-0-253-00947-0
5196:978-0-691-19059-4
4984:978-2-222-02018-9
4946:978-1-78684-190-2
4873:(11): 2036â2044.
4123:(5264): 986â991.
3962:10.2113/173.5.415
3293:biogeographically
3244:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3089:
3088:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3007:
2934:
2933:
2789:
2788:
2762:(type skull roof)
2650:are shown in the
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2231:results of their
1942:also had a large
1824:(tooth sockets).
1800:occipital condyle
1697:(cheekbone), and
1466:In 2015, a large
1436:Fossils from the
1427:Chenini Formation
1371:Acrocanthosaurus,
1081:described as the
972:great white shark
787:wastebasket taxon
670:. Studies of the
603:great white shark
391:
390:
384:
373:
362:
332:
263:
12418:
12346:
12345:
12333:
12332:
12320:
12319:
12307:
12306:
12305:
12279:
12278:
12266:
12265:
12253:
12252:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12197:
12196:
12184:
12183:
12171:
12170:
12158:
12157:
12145:
12144:
12132:
12131:
12119:
12118:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12094:
12093:
12092:
12062:
12061:
12053:
12052:
12051:
12044:
12027:
12021:
12014:
11870:Aepyornithomimus
11771:
11770:
11688:
11687:
11663:
11662:
11627:Sinocalliopteryx
11547:
11546:
11543:
11542:
11537:Neocoelurosauria
11502:
11501:
11491:
11490:
11478:
11477:
11466:
11459:
11452:
11446:
11389:
11388:
11357:
11356:
11326:Zhuchengtyrannus
11250:Thanatotheristes
11181:
11180:
11145:
11144:
11113:Appalachiosaurus
11105:
11104:
10974:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10964:Pantyrannosauria
10855:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10845:Tyrannosauroidea
10840:
10839:
10815:Xinjiangovenator
10740:
10739:
10729:
10728:
10716:
10715:
10704:
10697:
10692:
10685:
10679:
10507:
10506:
10497:
10496:
10413:
10412:
10333:Acrocanthosaurus
10325:
10324:
10213:
10212:
10160:
10159:
10086:Yangchuanosaurus
10070:
10069:
10023:
10022:
10019:
10018:
9969:
9968:
9950:Lourinhanosaurus
9934:
9933:
9923:
9922:
9910:
9909:
9898:
9891:
9884:
9841:
9840:
9807:Sigilmassasaurus
9750:
9749:
9707:Ceratosuchopsini
9658:
9657:
9611:
9610:
9556:Dubreuillosaurus
9480:
9479:
9463:Streptospondylus
9455:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9421:Piatnitzkysaurus
9379:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9364:
9363:
9249:
9248:
9238:
9237:
9225:
9224:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9192:
9153:
9152:
8988:Ekrixinatosaurus
8972:
8971:
8963:
8962:
8792:
8791:
8607:
8606:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8553:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8429:
8428:
8418:
8417:
8405:
8404:
8394:
8388:
8298:Procompsognathus
8204:
8203:
8087:
8086:
8005:
8004:
7994:
7993:
7981:
7980:
7927:
7926:
7918:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7866:
7865:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7812:
7794:
7763:
7738:
7728:
7708:
7707:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7579:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7499:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7440:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7379:
7361:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7307:10.1130/G30402.1
7284:
7274:
7268:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7222:(3): 1165â1177.
7207:
7201:
7200:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7097:
7088:
7087:
7069:
7067:10.1002/ar.20991
7060:(9): 1478â1484.
7045:
7039:
7038:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6910:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6743:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6672:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6631:
6613:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6564:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6495:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6469:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6240:. Archived from
6223:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6189:
6179:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6125:10.1038/377224a0
6096:
6087:
6086:
6060:
6027:
6018:
6017:
5999:
5959:
5950:
5949:, p. 60-61.
5944:
5938:
5937:
5921:
5915:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5869:(4): 1052â1056.
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5738:
5698:
5687:
5686:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5609:
5569:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5497:
5477:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5440:
5438:10.1002/ar.23164
5431:(8): 1367â1375.
5412:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5027:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4970:
4959:
4958:
4931:Paul, Gregory S.
4927:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4833:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4704:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4635:
4629:
4620:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4583:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4543:
4519:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4371:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4300:
4279:
4278:
4234:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4190:
4165:
4164:
4114:
4105:
4080:
4079:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3947:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3860:
3835:and potentially
3724:environments in
3704:. Isotopes from
3654:Paleoenvironment
3647:Acrocanthosaurus
3613:ambush predators
3595:Stenonychosaurus
3574:binocular vision
3552:
3543:
3524:Acrocanthosaurus
3508:thermophysiology
3455:Acrocanthosaurus
3427:Acrocanthosaurus
3385:Feeding and diet
3344:and paleoartist
3342:Donald Henderson
3288:Dispersal routes
3281:Early Cretaceous
3273:Acrocanthosaurus
3257:Leonardo Salgado
3127:
3126:
3103:
3102:
3080:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3039:
2972:
2971:
2948:
2947:
2925:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2838:Acrocanthosaurus
2830:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2763:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2554:
2532:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2442:
2424:
2423:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2378:
2370:Acrocanthosaurus
2363:
2362:
2315:
2293:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2120:Life restoration
2113:
2102:
1846:
1835:
1785:
1766:
1757:
1746:
1737:
1713:
1587:
1569:
1514:was referred to
1438:Quseir Formation
1393:Early Cretaceous
1367:Elrhaz Formation
1359:postorbital bone
1339:
1331:
1323:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1155:Sigilmassasaurus
1153:as belonging to
1127:Echkar Formation
1087:Sigilmassasaurus
868:Richard Markgraf
864:Austro-Hungarian
573:Echkar Formation
549:Second World War
476:) is a genus of
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
379:
371:
360:
320:
313:
277:
255:
248:
235:
222:
143:
142:
117:
107:
44:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
12426:
12425:
12421:
12420:
12419:
12417:
12416:
12415:
12401:Cenomanian life
12356:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12341:
12336:
12328:
12323:
12315:
12310:
12301:
12300:
12295:
12282:
12274:
12269:
12261:
12256:
12248:
12243:
12234:
12233:
12228:
12219:
12218:
12213:
12200:
12192:
12187:
12179:
12174:
12166:
12161:
12153:
12148:
12140:
12135:
12127:
12122:
12114:
12112:
12103:
12102:
12097:
12088:
12087:
12082:
12069:
12059:
12049:
12047:
12039:
12037:
12028:
12015:
11989:
11952:
11933:Sinornithomimus
11855:
11798:
11760:
11677:
11671:Compsognathidae
11659:
11646:
11634:Sinosauropteryx
11566:Compsognathidae
11560:
11539:
11530:
11498:
11485:
11468:
11467:
11453:
11426:
11421:Shanyangosaurus
11414:Phaedrolosaurus
11375:
11331:
11297:
11255:
11234:Daspletosaurini
11228:
11201:
11176:Tyrannosaurinae
11170:
11149:Albertosaurinae
11141:
11139:Tyrannosauridae
11132:
11101:
11099:Eutyrannosauria
11088:
10966:
10953:
10934:Proceratosaurus
10905:
10876:
10847:
10836:
10827:
10793:Richardoestesia
10777:Chilantaisaurus
10736:
10723:
10706:
10705:
10686:
10659:
10635:
10595:Australovenator
10573:
10567:Chilantaisaurus
10545:Phuwiangvenator
10467:
10432:Giganotosaurini
10426:
10402:
10314:
10277:Chilantaisaurus
10262:
10202:
10156:
10139:
10091:
10059:
10015:
10006:
9984:Monolophosaurus
9965:
9956:
9930:
9917:
9900:
9899:
9885:
9859:
9819:
9792:
9758:Camarillasaurus
9735:
9701:
9647:
9641:Ostafrikasaurus
9619:Camarillasaurus
9607:
9590:
9540:Afrovenatorinae
9534:
9493:
9469:
9447:
9434:
9392:
9371:
9369:Megalosauroidea
9360:
9351:
9346:Vectaerovenator
9339:Szechuanosaurus
9317:Monolophosaurus
9303:Kaijiangosaurus
9296:Cryolophosaurus
9257:Calamospondylus
9245:
9232:
9215:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9171:
9127:
9108:Pycnonemosaurus
9050:
8961:
8955:Majungasaurinae
8940:
8882:Majungasaurinae
8876:
8871:Xenotarsosaurus
8807:Dryptosauroides
8788:
8771:
8723:
8695:Elaphrosaurinae
8689:
8596:
8582:Ornithomimoides
8550:
8537:
8510:
8459:
8450:
8425:
8412:
8395:
8389:
8367:
8342:
8318:
8246:
8193:
8159:Shuangbaisaurus
8083:
8074:
8001:
7988:
7963:
7943:
7937:Avemetatarsalia
7922:Avemetatarsalia
7912:
7897:Avemetatarsalia
7871:
7870:
7860:
7855:
7825:
7760:
7726:
7717:
7712:
7711:
7674:(4): e1000701.
7660:
7656:
7597:
7593:
7540:
7536:
7517:
7513:
7476:
7472:
7409:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7330:
7326:
7318:
7314:
7282:
7275:
7271:
7263:
7259:
7208:
7204:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7131:
7127:
7112:
7098:
7091:
7046:
7042:
6991:
6987:
6968:
6964:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6855:
6851:
6808:
6801:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6708:
6704:
6649:
6645:
6596:(5): e0233115.
6582:
6578:
6555:(15): 167â184.
6545:
6541:
6493:
6487:
6483:
6446:
6442:
6391:
6387:
6338:
6334:
6319:
6315:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6152:
6148:
6097:
6090:
6037:Current Biology
6028:
6021:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5922:
5918:
5905:
5898:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5775:
5768:
5699:
5690:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5570:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5531:
5527:
5475:
5466:
5462:
5413:
5406:
5398:
5394:
5375:
5371:
5356:
5352:
5305:
5301:
5250:
5246:
5227:
5223:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5152:Singer (2015).
5150:
5146:
5139:Oxbow Monograph
5135:
5131:
5080:
5076:
5061:
5057:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4971:
4962:
4947:
4928:
4917:
4912:. pp. 1â4.
4906:
4902:
4859:
4855:
4802:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4743:
4736:
4676:
4672:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4623:
4607:
4603:
4584:
4575:
4520:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4385:
4372:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4327:
4323:
4307:
4301:
4282:
4235:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4191:
4168:
4112:
4106:
4083:
4066:. Vol. 1.
4060:
4053:
4004:
4000:
3981:
3977:
3945:
3935:
3928:
3913:
3906:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3761:crocodyliformes
3656:
3631:
3625:
3617:motion parallax
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3516:
3421:Bite forces of
3387:
3377:. However, two
3363:rebbachisaurids
3346:Robert Nicholls
3334:
3329:
3250:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3090:
3078:
3058:
3027:
3018:
3009:
2935:
2923:
2865:
2814:
2790:
2761:
2642:specimens in a
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2533:
2475:
2453:Giganotosaurini
2408:
2379:
2316:
2265:
2202:Thomas R. Holtz
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2087:
2048:caudal vertebra
2010:, an elongated
1985:
1889:
1881:enamel wrinkles
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1711:
1642:
1637:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1559:
1548:were placed in
1540:Teeth from the
1527:Gokwe Formation
1503:
1472:dorsal vertebra
1373:a relative of
1343:
1342:
1341:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1161:sp.) and a non-
1060:Mickey Mortimer
1038:, southeastern
1022:paleontologist
1000:
922:, and the left
908:caudal vertebra
902:, teeth, three
866:paleontologist
839:paleontologist
807:paleontologist
803:, was named by
753:Justin Savornin
749:Charles Depéret
705:
700:
651:, the possible
642:as well as the
621:tyrannosaurids'
531:paleontologist
518:Justin Savornin
514:Charles Depéret
511:paleontologists
496:Late Cretaceous
473:
470:
467:
464:
403:
399:
387:
351:
350:
319:
299:
298:
283:
254:
246:
233:
220:
137:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12424:
12414:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12396:Apex predators
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12351:
12350:
12348:
12347:
12334:
12321:
12308:
12292:
12290:
12284:
12283:
12281:
12280:
12267:
12254:
12241:
12226:
12210:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12185:
12172:
12159:
12146:
12133:
12120:
12110:
12095:
12079:
12077:
12071:
12070:
12058:
12057:
12034:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11991:
11990:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11979:
11970:
11968:
11962:
11961:
11958:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11950:
11943:
11936:
11929:
11922:
11915:
11908:
11901:
11898:Dromiceiomimus
11894:
11887:
11880:
11873:
11865:
11863:
11861:Ornithomimidae
11857:
11856:
11854:
11853:
11846:
11842:Paraxenisaurus
11838:
11830:
11823:
11816:
11808:
11806:
11804:Deinocheiridae
11800:
11799:
11797:
11796:
11793:Shenzhousaurus
11789:
11782:
11774:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11758:
11751:
11743:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11715:
11707:
11699:
11691:
11685:
11679:
11678:
11676:
11675:
11666:
11660:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11644:
11637:
11630:
11623:
11615:
11608:
11601:
11594:
11590:Beipiaognathus
11586:
11579:
11570:
11568:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11550:
11540:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11528:
11521:
11514:
11505:
11499:
11494:
11487:
11486:
11474:
11473:
11470:
11469:
11461:
11447:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11424:
11417:
11410:
11403:
11395:
11393:
11385:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11365:
11363:
11353:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11329:
11322:
11315:
11307:
11305:
11303:Tyrannosaurini
11299:
11298:
11296:
11295:
11288:
11281:
11273:
11265:
11263:
11261:Teratophoneini
11257:
11256:
11254:
11253:
11246:
11243:Daspletosaurus
11238:
11236:
11230:
11229:
11227:
11226:
11223:Qianzhousaurus
11219:
11211:
11209:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11199:
11192:
11184:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11168:
11161:
11153:
11151:
11142:
11137:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11123:
11120:Bistahieversor
11116:
11108:
11102:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11086:
11078:
11071:
11064:
11056:
11049:
11042:
11035:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11007:
11000:
10992:
10985:
10977:
10967:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10951:
10944:
10937:
10930:
10923:
10915:
10913:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10903:
10895:
10887:
10885:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10874:
10866:
10858:
10848:
10843:
10837:
10834:Tyrannoraptora
10832:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10825:
10818:
10811:
10804:
10796:
10789:
10781:
10773:
10766:
10758:
10751:
10743:
10737:
10732:
10725:
10724:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10699:
10680:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10649:
10647:
10641:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10583:
10581:
10579:Megaraptoridae
10575:
10574:
10572:
10571:
10563:
10555:
10548:
10541:
10534:
10526:
10518:
10510:
10504:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10485:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10465:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10441:Giganotosaurus
10436:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10424:
10416:
10410:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10379:
10372:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10344:
10336:
10328:
10322:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10312:
10304:
10296:
10289:
10281:
10272:
10270:
10268:Neovenatoridae
10264:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10253:
10250:Ulughbegsaurus
10246:
10238:
10231:
10224:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10200:
10192:
10184:
10176:
10168:
10166:
10157:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10109:
10101:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10082:
10078:Xuanhanosaurus
10073:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10057:
10049:
10045:Xuanhanosaurus
10041:
10034:
10031:Asfaltovenator
10026:
10016:
10011:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10004:
9996:
9992:Megalosauridae
9988:
9980:
9972:
9966:
9961:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9954:
9946:
9937:
9931:
9926:
9919:
9918:
9906:
9905:
9902:
9901:
9893:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9861:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9849:
9847:
9837:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9817:
9810:
9802:
9800:
9794:
9793:
9791:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9766:Ichthyovenator
9762:
9753:
9747:
9741:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9711:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9691:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9645:
9637:
9630:
9627:Cristatusaurus
9623:
9614:
9608:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9596:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9588:
9584:Poekilopleuron
9580:
9577:Piveteausaurus
9573:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9544:
9542:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9511:
9503:
9501:
9499:Megalosaurinae
9495:
9494:
9492:
9491:
9483:
9477:
9475:Megalosauridae
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9458:
9448:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9428:Xuanhanosaurus
9424:
9417:
9410:
9402:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9387:Yunyangosaurus
9382:
9372:
9367:
9361:
9356:
9353:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9327:
9324:Pandoravenator
9320:
9313:
9310:Kayentavenator
9306:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9277:
9269:
9261:
9252:
9246:
9241:
9234:
9233:
9221:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9161:
9159:
9149:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9060:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9041:
9038:Skorpiovenator
9034:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8984:
8975:
8969:
8960:
8959:
8950:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8931:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8894:
8886:
8884:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8850:Spectrovenator
8846:
8839:
8832:
8825:
8818:
8811:
8803:
8795:
8789:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8733:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8699:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8684:Spinostropheus
8680:
8673:
8666:
8658:
8650:
8642:
8634:
8627:
8619:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8586:
8578:
8570:
8561:
8551:
8548:Abelisauroidea
8546:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8528:
8520:
8518:
8516:Ceratosauridae
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8505:Saltriovenator
8501:
8493:
8486:
8482:Fosterovenator
8478:
8470:
8460:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8444:Lophostropheus
8440:
8432:
8426:
8421:
8414:
8413:
8401:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8358:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8309:
8305:Pterospondylus
8301:
8294:
8286:
8278:
8275:Lucianovenator
8271:
8264:
8256:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8207:
8201:
8199:Coelophysoidea
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8184:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8138:Lophostropheus
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8090:
8084:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8064:
8056:
8048:
8040:
8037:Erythrovenator
8033:
8025:
8017:
8008:
8002:
7997:
7990:
7989:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7930:
7924:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7899:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7862:
7861:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7831:
7824:
7823:
7777:(928): 1â216.
7764:
7758:
7739:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7654:
7591:
7534:
7511:
7490:(4): 743â761.
7470:
7403:
7391:
7324:
7322:, p. 184.
7312:
7293:(2): 139â142.
7269:
7267:, p. 185.
7257:
7202:
7150:
7143:
7125:
7110:
7089:
7040:
7005:(2): 321â330.
6985:
6962:
6896:
6869:(2): 439â451.
6849:
6799:
6773:
6702:
6643:
6576:
6539:
6504:(2): 232â244.
6481:
6440:
6411:10.1086/284790
6405:(2): 291â302.
6385:
6332:
6313:
6258:
6209:
6146:
6088:
6019:
5951:
5939:
5916:
5896:
5849:
5824:
5766:
5713:(5): 226â230.
5688:
5661:(4): 802â811.
5641:
5639:, p. 165.
5629:
5561:
5547:
5525:
5495:10.1.1.462.255
5460:
5404:
5402:, p. 109.
5392:
5369:
5350:
5315:(4): 313â327.
5299:
5264:(2): 273â285.
5244:
5221:
5214:(in Spanish).
5202:
5195:
5175:
5144:
5129:
5074:
5055:
4990:
4983:
4960:
4945:
4915:
4900:
4853:
4796:
4794:, p. 171.
4784:
4734:
4670:
4651:
4649:, p. 169.
4636:
4634:, p. 167.
4621:
4601:
4573:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4456:(2): 400â406.
4436:
4411:
4399:
4375:Stromer, Ernst
4353:
4351:, p. 162.
4341:
4321:
4280:
4253:(4): 902â916.
4216:
4166:
4081:
4051:
4022:(2): 419â424.
3998:
3975:
3956:(5): 415â421.
3926:
3904:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3818:Rebbachisaurus
3726:Southeast Asia
3714:monsoon season
3655:
3652:
3627:Main article:
3624:
3621:
3598:. By applying
3557:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3515:
3514:Crest function
3512:
3443:Tyrannosaurus,
3386:
3383:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3309:apex predators
3277:Giganotosaurus
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:Giganotosaurus
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2524:Giganotosaurus
2520:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2214:Giganotosaurus
2118:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Classification
2083:
2028:Giganotosaurus
1984:
1981:
1977:floccular lobe
1888:
1885:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1818:Giganotosaurus
1781:Giganotosaurus
1771:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1679:Giganotosaurus
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1607:
1604:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1464:
1445:
1434:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1395:strata of the
1389:
1378:
1355:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1182:Giganotosaurus
1119:Steve Brusatte
999:
992:
926:. An isolated
813:junior synonym
777:refers to the
737:French Algeria
704:
701:
699:
696:
688:crocodyliforms
486:that lived in
389:
388:
386:
385:
374:
363:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
336:
335:
334:
333:
316:C. iguidensis?
306:
305:
304:Other species
301:
300:
284:
272:
271:
265:
264:
244:
240:
239:
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
188:
187:
182:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:Reconstructed
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12423:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12344:
12339:
12335:
12331:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12313:
12309:
12304:
12298:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12289:
12285:
12277:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12259:
12255:
12251:
12246:
12242:
12237:
12231:
12227:
12222:
12216:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12203:
12195:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12138:
12134:
12130:
12125:
12121:
12117:
12111:
12106:
12100:
12096:
12091:
12085:
12081:
12080:
12078:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12063:
12056:
12046:
12045:
12042:
12026:
12022:
12020:
12013:
11984:
11980:
11978:
11974:
11973:
11972:
11971:
11969:
11967:
11963:
11949:
11948:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11940:Struthiomimus
11937:
11935:
11934:
11930:
11928:
11927:
11923:
11921:
11920:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11909:
11907:
11906:
11902:
11900:
11899:
11895:
11893:
11892:
11891:"Coelosaurus"
11888:
11886:
11885:
11881:
11879:
11878:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11862:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11831:
11829:
11828:
11824:
11822:
11821:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11786:Pelecanimimus
11783:
11781:
11780:
11776:
11775:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11752:
11749:
11748:
11747:Thecocoelurus
11744:
11742:
11741:
11737:
11735:
11734:
11730:
11728:
11727:
11726:Kinnareemimus
11723:
11721:
11720:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11708:
11705:
11704:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11693:
11692:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11680:
11673:
11672:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11653:
11643:
11642:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11631:
11629:
11628:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11616:
11614:
11613:
11609:
11607:
11606:
11605:Huaxiagnathus
11602:
11600:
11599:
11598:Compsognathus
11595:
11592:
11591:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11572:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11563:
11557:
11556:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11544:
11541:
11538:
11533:
11527:
11526:
11525:Ornitholestes
11522:
11520:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11506:
11503:
11500:
11497:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11479:
11475:
11465:
11460:
11458:
11451:
11445:
11423:
11422:
11418:
11416:
11415:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11366:
11364:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11328:
11327:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11319:Tyrannosaurus
11316:
11314:
11313:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11294:
11293:
11292:Teratophoneus
11289:
11287:
11286:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11274:
11272:
11271:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11258:
11252:
11251:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11240:
11239:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11213:
11212:
11210:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11197:
11193:
11191:
11190:
11186:
11185:
11182:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11167:
11166:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11158:Albertosaurus
11155:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11140:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11124:
11122:
11121:
11117:
11115:
11114:
11110:
11109:
11106:
11103:
11100:
11095:
11084:
11083:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11075:Xiongguanlong
11072:
11070:
11069:
11065:
11062:
11061:
11057:
11055:
11054:
11053:Suskityrannus
11050:
11048:
11047:
11046:Stokesosaurus
11043:
11041:
11040:
11039:Santanaraptor
11036:
11034:
11033:
11029:
11027:
11026:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11015:
11013:
11012:
11008:
11006:
11005:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10986:
10984:
10983:
10982:Alectrosaurus
10979:
10978:
10975:
10971:
10968:
10965:
10960:
10950:
10949:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10924:
10922:
10921:
10917:
10916:
10914:
10912:
10908:
10901:
10900:
10899:Tanycolagreus
10896:
10894:
10893:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10879:
10872:
10871:
10867:
10865:
10864:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10852:
10849:
10846:
10841:
10838:
10835:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10797:
10795:
10794:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10774:
10772:
10771:
10767:
10764:
10763:
10762:Bahariasaurus
10759:
10757:
10756:
10752:
10750:
10749:
10745:
10744:
10741:
10738:
10735:
10734:Coelurosauria
10730:
10726:
10722:
10721:Coelurosauria
10717:
10713:
10703:
10698:
10696:
10691:
10684:
10678:
10653:
10652:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10646:
10645:Coelurosauria
10642:
10632:
10631:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10613:
10611:
10610:
10606:
10604:
10603:
10599:
10597:
10596:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10556:
10554:
10553:
10549:
10547:
10546:
10542:
10540:
10539:
10535:
10532:
10531:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10522:Bahariasaurus
10519:
10517:
10516:
10512:
10511:
10508:
10505:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10464:
10463:
10459:
10457:
10456:
10452:
10450:
10449:
10445:
10443:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10418:
10417:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10364:
10363:
10362:Kelmayisaurus
10359:
10357:
10356:
10352:
10350:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10341:
10337:
10335:
10334:
10330:
10329:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10317:
10310:
10309:
10305:
10302:
10301:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10269:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10239:
10237:
10236:
10232:
10230:
10229:
10225:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10217:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10205:
10198:
10197:
10196:Saurophaganax
10193:
10190:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10170:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10161:
10158:
10155:
10150:
10136:
10135:
10131:
10129:
10128:
10127:Siamotyrannus
10124:
10122:
10121:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10110:
10108:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10055:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10035:
10033:
10032:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10017:
10014:
10013:Allosauroidea
10009:
10002:
10001:
10000:Spinosauridae
9997:
9994:
9993:
9989:
9986:
9985:
9981:
9979:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9959:
9952:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9911:
9907:
9897:
9892:
9890:
9883:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9816:
9815:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9784:
9782:
9781:
9777:
9775:
9774:
9770:
9768:
9767:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9745:Spinosaurinae
9742:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9723:Riparovenator
9720:
9718:
9717:
9716:Ceratosuchops
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9704:
9697:
9696:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9680:Riojavenatrix
9677:
9675:
9674:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9653:Baryonychinae
9650:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9615:
9612:
9609:
9606:
9605:Spinosauridae
9601:
9586:
9585:
9581:
9579:
9578:
9574:
9572:
9571:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9551:
9550:
9546:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9529:Wiehenvenator
9526:
9524:
9523:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9490:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9465:
9464:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9452:
9449:
9446:
9441:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9388:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9370:
9365:
9362:
9359:
9354:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9314:
9312:
9311:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9265:Chienkosaurus
9262:
9259:
9258:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9226:
9222:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9191:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9124:
9123:
9119:
9117:
9116:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9056:Furileusauria
9053:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9030:Rahiolisaurus
9027:
9025:
9024:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9013:
9011:
9010:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8985:
8982:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8957:
8956:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8946:Carnotaurinae
8943:
8937:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8927:Rahiolisaurus
8924:
8922:
8921:
8920:Majungasaurus
8917:
8915:
8914:
8910:
8908:
8907:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8861:
8859:
8858:
8857:Tarascosaurus
8854:
8852:
8851:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8815:Eoabelisaurus
8812:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8802:
8801:
8800:Chenanisaurus
8797:
8796:
8793:
8790:
8787:
8786:Abelisauridae
8782:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8754:
8753:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8745:Masiakasaurus
8742:
8740:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8711:Huinculsaurus
8708:
8706:
8705:
8704:Elaphrosaurus
8701:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8623:Austrocheirus
8620:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8591:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8544:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8475:Berberosaurus
8472:
8471:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8453:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8393:
8387:
8364:
8363:
8362:Halticosaurus
8359:
8357:
8356:
8355:Teinurosaurus
8352:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8325:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8282:Megapnosaurus
8279:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8252:Coelophysidae
8249:
8243:
8242:
8241:Powellvenator
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8131:Liliensternus
8128:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8102:Dolichosuchus
8099:
8097:
8096:
8095:Dilophosaurus
8092:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8077:
8070:
8069:
8068:Herrerasauria
8065:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8021:Daemonosaurus
8018:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7982:
7978:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7840:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7423:(5): e10875.
7422:
7418:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7395:
7387:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7344:(1): e30471.
7343:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7281:
7273:
7266:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7154:
7146:
7144:9780253345394
7140:
7136:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6812:Buffetaut, E.
6806:
6804:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6715:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6093:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6024:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5943:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5771:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5566:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5469:Seebacher, F.
5464:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5389:(3): 155â162.
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5241:(5): 133â134.
5240:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4816:: e20185829.
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4597:
4594:(in French).
4593:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4409:, p. 46.
4408:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:"Carnosauria"
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:Palaeontology
4013:
4011:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3842:
3841:C. iguidensis
3838:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3813:Aegyptosaurus
3810:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:Siroccopteryx
3788:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3769:Stomatosuchus
3766:
3765:stomatosuchid
3762:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3590:Tyrannosaurus
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:analyzed the
3571:
3561:
3551:
3542:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:Tyrannosaurus
3432:
3431:Tyrannosaurus
3428:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:Rodolfo Coria
3240:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2218:Late Jurassic
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2176:Tyrannosaurus
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:Bahariasaurus
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2101:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:and the left
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:neural spines
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:, but not in
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:C. iguidensis
1870:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1765:
1756:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:C. iguidensis
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1693:(nose bone),
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:Tyrannosaurus
1658:
1651:
1646:
1632:
1630:
1629:C. iguidensis
1626:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:tyrannosaurid
1613:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1575:
1568:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:C. saharicus.
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Irhazer Group
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:C. iguidensis
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1206:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:C. iguidensis
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:C. iguidensis
1148:
1144:
1143:C. iguidensis
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:C. iguidensis
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1004:
997:
996:C. iguidensis
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:German Empire
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:manual ungual
913:
910:, incomplete
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Ernst Stromer
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Sahara Desert
776:
772:
770:
765:
761:
758:the teeth as
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
714:
709:
703:Initial finds
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
663:Bahariasaurus
659:
658:
654:
650:
649:
645:
641:
636:
635:for balance.
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
581:C. iguidensis
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:C. saharicus,
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Ernst Stromer
530:
526:
524:
519:
515:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:
479:
457:
397:
396:
383:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
352:
344:
341:
337:
331:
327:
323:
318:
317:
310:
309:
307:
302:
296:
292:
288:
282:
281:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
252:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
12287:
12205:
12074:
12016:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11924:
11917:
11912:Ornithomimus
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11850:Tyrannomimus
11848:
11840:
11832:
11825:
11820:Deinocheirus
11818:
11811:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11753:
11745:
11740:Nqwebasaurus
11738:
11733:Nedcolbertia
11731:
11724:
11717:
11711:Calamosaurus
11709:
11703:Aviatyrannis
11701:
11694:
11669:
11639:
11632:
11625:
11617:
11610:
11603:
11596:
11588:
11583:Aristosuchus
11581:
11575:Aniksosaurus
11573:
11555:Aniksosaurus
11553:
11523:
11516:
11508:
11454:
11419:
11412:
11405:
11398:
11324:
11317:
11310:
11290:
11283:
11275:
11270:Dynamoterror
11268:
11248:
11241:
11221:
11214:
11194:
11189:Asiatyrannus
11187:
11163:
11156:
11127:Dryptosaurus
11125:
11118:
11111:
11080:
11073:
11066:
11058:
11051:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11018:Jinbeisaurus
11016:
11009:
11002:
10994:
10989:Aviatyrannis
10987:
10980:
10946:
10941:Sinotyrannus
10939:
10932:
10925:
10918:
10897:
10890:
10868:
10861:
10820:
10813:
10806:
10798:
10791:
10783:
10775:
10770:Bicentenaria
10768:
10760:
10755:Asiamericana
10753:
10746:
10687:
10628:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10586:
10565:
10557:
10550:
10543:
10536:
10530:Deltadromeus
10528:
10520:
10513:
10462:Tyrannotitan
10460:
10453:
10446:
10439:
10420:
10419:
10395:
10390:Taurovenator
10388:
10381:
10374:
10369:Lajasvenator
10367:
10360:
10353:
10348:Concavenator
10346:
10338:
10331:
10306:
10298:
10291:
10283:
10275:
10255:
10248:
10240:
10233:
10226:
10219:
10194:
10186:
10178:
10171:
10164:Allosauridae
10132:
10125:
10120:Shidaisaurus
10118:
10111:
10104:
10084:
10076:
10051:
10043:
10036:
10029:
9998:
9990:
9982:
9975:
9948:
9940:
9928:Avetheropoda
9915:Avetheropoda
9886:
9845:Avetheropoda
9812:
9805:
9798:Spinosaurini
9785:
9778:
9771:
9764:
9756:
9728:
9721:
9714:
9693:
9685:
9678:
9673:Protathlitis
9671:
9664:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9617:
9582:
9575:
9568:
9563:Leshansaurus
9561:
9554:
9547:
9527:
9520:
9515:Megalosaurus
9513:
9508:Duriavenator
9506:
9486:
9461:
9445:Megalosauria
9426:
9419:
9414:Marshosaurus
9412:
9407:Condorraptor
9405:
9385:
9344:
9337:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9288:Cruxicheiros
9286:
9279:
9271:
9263:
9255:
9120:
9115:Quilmesaurus
9113:
9106:
9099:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9043:
9036:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8978:
8967:Brachyrostra
8953:
8933:
8925:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8896:
8889:
8869:
8864:Tralkasaurus
8862:
8855:
8848:
8841:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8813:
8805:
8798:
8766:Vespersaurus
8764:
8759:Velocisaurus
8757:
8750:
8743:
8736:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8682:
8675:
8668:
8660:
8654:Deltadromeus
8652:
8644:
8638:Compsosuchus
8636:
8629:
8621:
8613:
8588:
8580:
8574:Lametasaurus
8572:
8564:
8530:
8525:Ceratosaurus
8523:
8503:
8495:
8488:
8480:
8473:
8457:Ceratosauria
8442:
8435:
8360:
8353:
8311:
8303:
8296:
8288:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8239:
8234:Podokesaurus
8232:
8225:
8218:
8210:
8186:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8122:
8117:Gojirasaurus
8115:
8110:Dracovenator
8108:
8100:
8093:
8081:Neotheropoda
8066:
8058:
8050:
8044:Guaibasaurus
8042:
8035:
8027:
8019:
8013:Chindesaurus
8011:
7901:
7892:
7772:
7748:. New York:
7744:
7734:
7730:
7715:Bibliography
7671:
7667:
7657:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7551:
7547:
7537:
7528:
7524:
7514:
7487:
7483:
7473:
7420:
7416:
7406:
7394:
7341:
7337:
7327:
7315:
7290:
7286:
7272:
7260:
7219:
7215:
7205:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7134:
7128:
7101:
7057:
7053:
7043:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6979:
6975:
6965:
6919:(1): 41â54.
6916:
6912:
6899:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6822:(1): 10â19.
6819:
6815:
6793:
6789:
6776:
6723:
6719:
6713:
6705:
6660:
6656:
6646:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6552:
6542:
6501:
6497:
6484:
6460:(1): 68â81.
6457:
6453:
6443:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6335:
6326:
6316:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6242:the original
6229:
6225:
6212:
6170:(1): 65â72.
6167:
6163:
6157:
6149:
6108:
6104:
6040:
6036:
5997:11336/102037
5971:
5967:
5947:Stromer 1934
5942:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5840:. Retrieved
5836:
5827:
5786:
5782:
5736:11336/103474
5710:
5706:
5658:
5654:
5644:
5632:
5607:11336/122794
5581:
5577:
5552:. Retrieved
5538:
5528:
5488:(1): 51â60.
5485:
5479:
5463:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5395:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5185:
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5157:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4974:
4935:
4909:
4903:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4787:
4754:
4750:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4591:
4531:
4527:
4498:
4486:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4427:. Retrieved
4423:
4414:
4407:Stromer 1934
4402:
4393:
4389:
4380:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4207:. Retrieved
4198:
4120:
4116:
4063:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4001:
3995:: 1108â1111.
3992:
3988:
3978:
3953:
3949:
3940:
3920:
3916:
3872:
3868:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3823:C. saharicus
3822:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3798:Nicorhynchus
3796:
3790:
3784:
3779:Laganosuchus
3773:
3767:
3754:
3745:
3738:Onchopristis
3736:
3718:sub-tropical
3709:
3705:
3685:Deltadromeus
3683:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3668:C. saharicus
3667:
3646:
3642:
3635:C. saharicus
3634:
3632:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3589:
3586:coelurosaurs
3581:
3577:
3570:Kent Stevens
3567:
3560:C. saharicus
3559:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3495:
3492:C. saharicus
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:C. saharicus
3479:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3439:C. saharicus
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3395:C. saharicus
3394:
3379:C. saharicus
3378:
3374:
3371:C. saharicus
3370:
3358:
3352:
3337:
3335:
3327:Paleobiology
3300:
3297:abelisaurids
3276:
3272:
3268:
3251:
3150:
3149:
3133:
3132:
3111:Tyrannotitan
3109:
3108:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3054:
3053:
3052:
2995:
2994:
2978:
2977:
2956:Lajasvenator
2954:
2953:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2901:
2900:
2860:
2859:
2836:
2835:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2778:Concavenator
2776:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2739:
2738:
2722:
2721:
2705:
2704:
2674:
2673:
2644:monophyletic
2639:
2637:
2544:
2522:
2496:Tyrannotitan
2494:
2493:
2464:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2397:
2368:
2345:
2344:
2330:Lajasvenator
2328:
2327:
2305:
2286:Concavenator
2284:
2283:
2254:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:Tyrannotitan
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2128:C. saharicus
2127:
2124:C. saharicus
2123:
2067:saurischians
2056:
2027:
2023:
2003:
2001:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1921:C. saharicus
1920:
1900:
1890:
1872:
1869:C. saharicus
1868:
1863:
1861:
1817:
1813:Tyrannotitan
1811:
1804:C. saharicus
1803:
1792:nuchal crest
1788:C. saharicus
1787:
1780:
1777:
1724:C. saharicus
1723:
1715:
1708:
1704:Ceratosaurus
1702:
1678:
1674:
1660:
1657:C. saharicus
1656:
1654:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1612:C. saharicus
1611:
1609:
1596:C. saharicus
1595:
1574:C. saharicus
1573:
1549:
1534:
1520:allosauroids
1515:
1493:
1490:C. saharicus
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:megaraptoran
1456:
1441:
1429:of southern
1422:
1415:
1405:C. saharicus
1404:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1347:
1332:
1325:C. saharicus
1324:
1315:
1186:
1180:
1177:C. saharicus
1176:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:, a partial
1122:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1104:René Lavocat
1099:
1096:C. saharicus
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:spinosaurids
1071:C. saharicus
1070:
1068:
1064:C. saharicus
1063:
1052:C. saharicus
1051:
1047:
1044:C. saharicus
1043:
1015:
1013:
1008:C. saharicus
1007:
995:
980:World War II
975:
967:
963:
954:
945:between the
940:
932:C. saharicus
931:
891:
880:North Africa
852:C. saharicus
851:
849:
844:
821:M. saharicus
820:
817:M. saharicus
816:
800:
796:Dryptosaurus
794:
791:M. saharicus
790:
783:Megalosaurus
782:
774:
769:Megalosaurus
767:
724:
722:
715:1922 X46 by
678:forests and
661:
657:Deltadromeus
655:
646:
639:
637:
606:
586:
585:
580:
575:of northern
561:Kem Kem Beds
556:
545:C. saharicus
544:
540:
523:Megalosaurus
521:
488:North Africa
394:
393:
392:
376:
367:Dryptosaurus
365:
356:Megalosaurus
354:
315:
314:
279:
278:
269:Type species
250:
249:
204:
191:
178:
124:C. saharicus
123:
40:100â94
24:
18:
12230:Wikispecies
12099:Wikispecies
11977:Maniraptora
11966:Maniraptora
11947:Tototlmimus
11877:Anserimimus
11827:Garudimimus
11813:Beishanlong
11755:Valdoraptor
11696:Arkansaurus
11641:Xunmenglong
11518:Juravenator
11312:Tarbosaurus
11196:Nanuqsaurus
11165:Gorgosaurus
11082:Megaraptora
11068:Timurlengia
10800:Sciurumimus
10748:Aratasaurus
10616:Murusraptor
10538:Fukuiraptor
10501:Megaraptora
10383:Shaochilong
10355:Eocarcharia
10308:Megaraptora
10228:Lusovenator
10106:Alpkarakush
9963:Carnosauria
9814:Spinosaurus
9787:Siamosaurus
9687:Suchosaurus
9634:Iberospinus
9570:Magnosaurus
9549:Afrovenator
9522:Torvosaurus
9273:Chilesaurus
9086:Carnotaurus
9079:Caletodraco
9065:Abelisaurus
8891:Arcovenator
8738:Laevisuchus
8729:Noasaurinae
8631:Berthasaura
8602:Noasauridae
8532:Genyodectes
8497:Lukousaurus
8490:Jubbulpuria
8290:Panguraptor
8268:Coelophysis
8261:Camposaurus
8220:Panguraptor
8212:Dracoraptor
8188:Zupaysaurus
8173:Tachiraptor
8152:Sarcosaurus
8052:Nhandumirim
6726:(1): 2012.
6371:11336/17607
6356:(1): 1â32.
6232:(1): 1-19.
5974:: 174â215.
5554:October 20,
4757:: 251â260.
4683:Spinosaurus
3941:Spinosaurus
3832:Eocarcharia
3808:Paralititan
3710:Spinosaurus
3698:tidal flats
3680:Spinosaurus
3674:Fossils of
3639:pathologies
3498:was also a
3484:Spinosaurus
3463:Spinosaurus
3416:Stegosaurus
3375:Limaysaurus
3354:Limaysaurus
2997:Shaochilong
2862:Eocarcharia
2758:Eocarcharia
2741:Lusovenator
2399:Shaochilong
2347:Lusovenator
2307:Eocarcharia
2090:Systematics
2040:pleurocoels
1944:optic nerve
1897:endocranium
1786:. However,
1667:premaxillae
1620:Gorgosaurus
1594:dinosaurs,
1557:Description
1468:neural arch
1461:pleurocoels
1159:Spinosaurus
1129:of Iguidi,
1092:Spinosaurus
1024:Paul Sereno
835:. In 1960,
694:diversity.
668:abelisaurid
648:Spinosaurus
644:spinosaurid
608:Carcharodon
583:, in 2007.
494:age of the
478:carnivorous
380:von Huene,
230:Subfamily:
12360:Categories
11905:Gallimimus
11834:Harpymimus
11779:Harpymimus
11400:Iliosuchus
11370:see belowâ
11207:Alioramini
11025:Juratyrant
11011:Eotyrannus
10996:Bagaraatan
10948:Yutyrannus
10882:Coeluridae
10808:Vayuraptor
10654:see belowâ
10630:Tratayenia
10623:Orkoraptor
10609:Megaraptor
10515:Aoniraptor
10448:Mapusaurus
10376:Sauroniops
10340:Altispinax
10293:Neovenator
10235:Siamraptor
10221:Datanglong
10188:Epanterias
10180:Antrodemus
10173:Allosaurus
10154:Allosauria
9977:Altispinax
9942:Gasosaurus
9854:see belowâ
9730:Suchomimus
9331:Sinosaurus
9166:see belowâ
9122:Viavenator
9072:Aucasaurus
9009:Ilokelesia
8980:Dahalokely
8935:Rajasaurus
8913:Indosaurus
8906:Genusaurus
8898:Dahalokely
8822:Indosuchus
8718:Limusaurus
8677:Ligabueino
8670:Kiyacursor
8662:Genusaurus
8646:Dahalokely
8566:Betasuchus
8437:Dornraptor
8337:see belowâ
8313:Segisaurus
8166:Sinosaurus
8029:Eodromaeus
7958:see belowâ
7906:Dinosauria
7888:Sauropsida
7531:: 149â159.
7167:: 105822.
6982:: 233â240.
6796:: 241â253.
6663:: e13731.
5789:: 104627.
5584:: 104319.
5218:: 139â143.
4695:: e80092.
4619:, 249-284.
3923:: 257â265.
3875:: 927059.
3847:References
3827:Sauroniops
3786:Aegisuchus
3743:coelacanth
3690:Tethys Sea
3643:Allosaurus
3588:including
3582:Allosaurus
3500:homeotherm
3468:Suchomimus
3412:Allosaurus
3403:sinusoidal
3313:vicariance
3265:ecosystems
3135:Mapusaurus
2707:Sauroniops
2676:Neovenator
2546:Mapusaurus
2256:Neovenator
2192:Allosaurus
2172:Allosaurus
1983:Postcrania
1960:Allosaurus
1949:The three
1675:Mapusaurus
1494:Sauroniops
1481:Mapusaurus
1411:theropods.
1139:iguidensis
1036:Errachidia
964:saharicus.
936:ceratosaur
872:Cenomanian
766:dinosaur,
741:Cretaceous
672:bite force
653:ceratosaur
492:Cenomanian
198:Saurischia
185:Dinosauria
35:Cenomanian
12303:Q12899173
12055:Dinosaurs
11981:includes
11926:Rativates
11919:Qiupalong
11619:Scipionyx
11612:Mirischia
11285:Lythronax
11277:Labocania
11216:Alioramus
10870:Labocania
10588:Aerosteon
10134:Sinraptor
10038:Erectopus
9773:Irritator
9358:Orionides
9243:Tetanurae
9230:Tetanurae
9157:Tetanurae
9093:Elemgasem
9016:Llukalkan
8995:Elemgasem
8752:Noasaurus
8615:Afromimus
8423:Averostra
8410:Averostra
8328:Averostra
8180:Velocipes
7999:Theropoda
7986:Theropoda
7949:Theropoda
7874:Kingdom:
7858:Theropoda
7801:1313-2970
7704:129846042
7696:0272-4634
7633:0036-8075
7568:0962-8452
7506:222075296
7447:1932-6203
7368:1932-6203
7252:128755145
7244:1866-7538
7197:230598476
7189:0037-0738
7120:248649755
7019:0272-4634
6941:0012-821X
6891:131607253
6844:130878403
6750:2045-2322
6679:2167-8359
6620:1932-6203
6526:0024-1164
6435:222330098
6419:0003-0147
6300:0036-8075
6196:0567-7920
6133:1476-4687
6083:250343124
6067:0960-9822
6014:129504278
6006:0195-6671
5883:0272-4634
5819:224888268
5811:0195-6671
5745:1432-1904
5675:0272-4634
5624:214475057
5616:0195-6671
5512:0272-4634
5490:CiteSeerX
5366:(1): 142.
5345:128716797
5337:0031-0182
5294:129930988
5286:1867-1608
5124:129225979
5116:0031-0182
5094:: 39â57.
5034:0036-8075
4955:985402380
4895:252856791
4887:0891-2963
4840:0031-1049
4779:0195-6671
4711:2050-084X
4550:2167-8359
4534:: e1754.
4478:130989487
4470:0022-3360
4383:nov. gen"
4267:0272-4634
4145:0036-8075
4076:489883421
3899:2296-6463
3775:Elosuchus
3702:waterways
3623:Pathology
3558:Skull of
3504:endotherm
3393:Tooth of
3248:Evolution
3059:(neotype)
2980:Labocania
2652:cladogram
2229:cladogram
2197:Sinraptor
2008:forelimbs
1994:and left
1913:forebrain
1909:hindbrain
1893:inner ear
1854:endocasts
1699:lacrimals
1671:mandibles
1425:from the
949:and then
900:braincase
856:Ain Gedid
775:saharicus
771:saharicus
756:described
692:pterosaur
629:hindlimbs
625:forelimbs
525:saharicus
369:saharicus
358:saharicus
211:Theropoda
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
12297:Wikidata
12221:Q2313178
12215:Wikidata
12113:BioLib:
12084:Wikidata
11510:Coelurus
10927:Kileskus
10920:Guanlong
10892:Coelurus
10785:Gualicho
10285:Gualicho
9666:Baryonyx
9002:Guemesia
8829:Kryptops
8590:Ozraptor
8227:Pendraig
7882:Chordata
7880:Phylum:
7876:Animalia
7819:32362741
7649:33454060
7641:11387472
7586:29643213
7465:20520782
7417:PLOS ONE
7386:22303441
7338:PLOS ONE
7084:41596233
7076:19711479
7035:85694979
6957:55100956
6949:41125672
6768:28515439
6697:35846881
6638:32459808
6590:PLOS ONE
6571:90552600
6534:86037076
6476:85623961
6380:84583928
6308:85110425
6204:53387460
6141:30701725
6075:35803271
5891:85615205
5842:June 30,
5761:24015414
5753:15834691
5683:85678725
5520:53446536
5471:(2001).
5455:19465614
5447:25884664
5168:June 27,
5162:Archived
5158:Jurapark
5141:: 55-68.
5071:: 53â65.
5050:34421257
5042:25213375
4933:(2016).
4848:53353652
4729:36448670
4667:: 65â68.
4568:26966675
4377:(1931).
4338:: 39â61.
4275:86202969
4203:Archived
4161:39658297
4046:83324840
3970:53519187
3815:, while
3756:Bawitius
3747:Mawsonia
3734:sawskate
3722:tropical
3694:mangrove
3502:with an
3350:sauropod
3305:Gondwana
2079:condyles
2052:chevrons
1996:hindlimb
1932:cerebrum
1905:midbrain
1687:maxillae
1592:theropod
1531:Zimbabwe
1444:in 1999.
1318:Legend:
1056:holotype
1020:American
988:endocast
904:cervical
764:theropod
760:syntypes
733:Timimoun
729:foggaras
680:wetlands
676:mangrove
617:fenestra
484:dinosaur
481:theropod
340:Synonyms
322:Brusatte
291:Savornin
217:Family:
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
12330:4129878
12317:4967050
12263:4129877
12250:4967049
12168:4129876
12155:1211791
12142:4822972
12129:4433601
11060:Timimus
10822:Zuolong
10552:Rapator
10455:Meraxes
9780:Oxalaia
9101:Koleken
8124:Lepidus
7886:Class:
7810:7188693
7779:Bibcode
7774:ZooKeys
7737:: 1â79.
7676:Bibcode
7613:Bibcode
7605:Science
7577:5904318
7456:2877115
7425:Bibcode
7377:3269432
7346:Bibcode
7295:Bibcode
7287:Geology
7224:Bibcode
7169:Bibcode
7027:4524572
6921:Bibcode
6871:Bibcode
6824:Bibcode
6816:PALAIOS
6759:5435714
6728:Bibcode
6688:9285543
6629:7252595
6598:Bibcode
6506:Bibcode
6498:Lethaia
6427:2461849
6280:Bibcode
6272:Science
6113:Bibcode
6045:Bibcode
5976:Bibcode
5936:: 1â75.
5791:Bibcode
5715:Bibcode
5586:Bibcode
5317:Bibcode
5266:Bibcode
5096:Bibcode
5012:Bibcode
5004:Science
4759:Bibcode
4720:9711522
4559:4782726
4429:July 8,
4396:: 1â23.
4318:: 1â57.
4209:June 6,
4153:8662584
4125:Bibcode
4117:Science
4024:Bibcode
3877:Bibcode
3666:, with
2903:Meraxes
2654:below:
2466:Meraxes
2210:Meraxes
2150:Meraxes
2063:ischium
1969:turtles
1965:lizards
1822:alveoli
1808:alveoli
1720:process
1650:neotype
1640:Cranium
1431:Tunisia
1135:maxilla
1075:dentary
1040:Morocco
941:Due to
886:of the
717:Stromer
605:(genus
595:rostrum
569:neotype
565:Morocco
504:Algeria
465:
287:Depéret
257:Stromer
243:Genus:
126:skull,
12343:113860
12181:249375
12116:255978
12090:Q14431
12041:Portal
11719:Hexing
11407:Kakuru
11004:Dilong
9045:Thanos
9023:Niebla
8843:Rugops
8836:Kurupi
7817:
7807:
7799:
7756:
7702:
7694:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7584:
7574:
7566:
7504:
7463:
7453:
7445:
7384:
7374:
7366:
7250:
7242:
7195:
7187:
7141:
7118:
7108:
7082:
7074:
7033:
7025:
7017:
6955:
6947:
6939:
6889:
6842:
6766:
6756:
6748:
6695:
6685:
6677:
6636:
6626:
6618:
6569:
6532:
6524:
6474:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6378:
6306:
6298:
6251:May 1,
6202:
6194:
6139:
6131:
6105:Nature
6081:
6073:
6065:
6012:
6004:
5889:
5881:
5817:
5809:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5681:
5673:
5622:
5614:
5545:
5518:
5510:
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