Captive orcas - Knowledge

1194:, Todd Robeck, concluded that the life expectancy for killer whales born at SeaWorld is the same as those in the wild. In the wild, female killer whales have a typical lifespan of 60–80 years, and a maximum recorded lifespan of 103 years. The average lifespan for males in the wild is 30 years, but some live up to 50–60 years. The 2015 study has been criticised by Trevor Willis, senior lecturer in marine biology at the University of Portsmouth, who stated that the study is misleading, "clearly wrong" and indicative of "poor practice". He stated that it is misleading in two ways: "First, it compares two completely different circumstances: the controlled environment of a swimming pool, with highly trained vets on hand; and the wild ocean. "There are no predators in a swimming pool. Second, and in the absence of any other information, it appears they've looked at the survival rate of calves in the first two years of life and extrapolated it out 50 years into the future." He also stated that no captive orca has lived for 55.8 years, the recorded average life expectancy of adult orcas at SeaWorld. 1358:, Spain, was killed by a whale named Keto. After spending two and a half minutes at the bottom of the 12-meter-deep main pool, his body was retrieved but he could not be revived. The park initially characterized the death as an accident and claimed that the body showed no signs of violence, but the subsequent autopsy report stated that Martinez died due to grave injuries sustained by an orca attack, including multiple compression fractures, tears to vital organs, and the bite marks of the animal on his body. During the investigation into Martinez's death, it came to light that the park had also misrepresented a 2007 incident with Tekoa, the other male, claiming that it was an accident rather than an attack. 1448:'s platform. She then slid out herself, and continued to bite him. In November 2000, Taima gave birth to a male named Tekoa. The two were separated after only nine months due to aggression between them. On March 12, 2007, Taima gave birth to her third calf, Malia. Taima seemed to be a better mother this time, and no notable occurrences of aggression were reported; this may be in part due to the fact that Kalina acted as "aunt" to Malia and helped Taima to look after her. Kalina was a very experienced mother and was often kept with Malia, while Taima was given time with her mate, Tilikum. Taima died in 2010 during the birthing process of her fourth calf. The calf, fathered by Tilikum, was stillborn. 750:, a Spanish group with properties in Europe, Argentina and the United States. It currently holds Wikie, born at the park in 2001, and her son Keijo, born in 2013. Moana, who was born at the park in 2011, died in October of 2023. In March 2024, Inouk, a 25-year old male and Wikie's brother, died. With only two orcas remaining at the park and the French government having enacted a law banning the public display of cetaceans starting in 2026, the future of Marineland's orca exhibit is in doubt. Marineland has reportedly been considering transferring its remaining orcas to Japan, although French authorities have stated that no export permit applications had yet been submitted by the park. 845: 1108:

turtles, sharks and whales. According to SeaWorld, each of their adult orcas receives 140 to 240 pounds of food per day, primarily herring, capelin, salmon and mackerel. To maintain their alertness, the killer whales are fed at sporadic intervals throughout the day (as would happen in the wild) and feeding is often combined with training and shows. Each batch of fish is carefully tested to determine its nutritive composition, and each killer whale's weight, activity and health is carefully monitored to determine any special dietary requirements.

1377:. Raking is a way orcas show dominance by forcefully scratching at another with their teeth (however, raking can also be a way of communication or play between whales, and it is witnessed in the wild). Kandu charged at Corky, attempting to rake her, missed, and continued her charge into the back pool, where she ended up ramming the wall, rupturing an artery in her jaw. The crowd was quickly ushered out of the stadium. Forty-five minutes later Kandu V sank to the bottom of the pool and died. 1233: 573: 1216:(UV) rays. Sunburns and the development of cataracts in orcas in captivity are attributed to this exposure. Orcas in the wild live at higher latitudes, meaning less intense sun, and spend more time in deeper, darker waters. While the effects of prolonged UV exposure on orcas' skin is uncertain, since captive orca necropsies are extremely secretive, it is thought that prolonged exposure to UV rays on unprotected skin would have the same negative effects such as 653: 796:

supplement the staff at Loro Parque. In 2004 and 2005, before the killer whales were brought to Loro Parque, eight animal trainers from the park were sent to Sea World parks in Texas and Florida for training. However, only half of these trainers are currently employed in Orca Ocean, Loro Parque's facility for the killer whales. None of the subsequent employees hired have been sent to Sea World parks for training. On December 24, 2009, orca trainer

1143:; usually by giving the killer whale food when they perform the desired tasks. If the animal is unsuccessful, it is asked again. Food withdrawal is only used in facilities considered to be improper. Food rewards are often called "least rewarding scenarios" as many whales find fish boring or are simply not hungry. Secondary reinforcement—things not essential to life, such as play time, tactile rewards and fun games—can also be used as rewards. 1078:

a minimum volume of 21,700 cubic feet (615 m) for two killer whales. Each additional killer whale requires a pool with an additional 10,900 cubic feet (308 m) of volume. 9 CFR 3.104 also requires a minimum of 680 square feet (63 m) surface area per killer whale in Table IV (the example with a cylindrical tank 48 feet (15 m) in diameter for two whales provides 905 square feet (84.1 m) of surface area per killer whale).

967: 953:. In 2017, the facility opened an orca breeding facility, initially containing five males and four females sourced from Russia. They currently house 14 orcas: five females (Sonya, Nukka / Grace, Jade, Katenka and Katniss), and eight males (Tyson, Nakhod, Bandhu, Kaixin, Chad, Yīlóng, Loki and Wulong) and one unknown gender calf at Chimelong Holding Facility who was expected to be born between September to December 2023. 378: 211: 22: 1347:, a female killer whale who was captured off the coast of Iceland in October 1978 at the age of one year, has shown aggression toward humans. Kasatka tried to bite a trainer during a show in 1993, and again in 1999. On November 30, 2006, Kasatka grabbed a trainer and dragged him underwater during their show. The trainer suffered puncture wounds to both feet and a torn metatarsal ligament in his left foot. 1458:

her calf, forcing trainers to take the first steps in hand rearing him. The outcome of this pregnancy was not considered surprising, since Kohana was separated from her own mother, Takara, at three years of age, and was never able to learn about maternal care, compounded by the fact that she spent the formative years of her life surrounded by the three other juvenile killer whales at Loro Parque.

315: 1263:(NMFS) have reported that "the collapsed dorsal fins commonly seen in captive killer whales do not result from a pathogenic condition, but are instead thought to most likely originate from an irreversible structural change in the fin's collagen over time. Possible explanations for this include: (1) alterations in water balance caused by the stresses of captivity dietary changes, (2) lowered 800:, age 29, was killed during a Christmas show rehearsal when he was attacked by Keto, which resulted in his drowning. He had worked at Loro Parque since 2004. From this date the trainers no longer enter the water with the orcas during live shows. In December 2017, SeaWorld announced that the orcas they had loaned to Loro Parque now belonged to the Spanish amusement park. 1383:, a male captured from T pod in British Columbia, Canada, in August 1975, often fought with a younger Icelandic male named Kotar. The aggression became increasingly serious, leading to an incident in which Kotar bit a part of Kanduke's genitals and caused an infection. It is not known if such serious aggression and injury would occur in the open seas. 1454:, a killer whale born in captivity, gave birth to her first calf on October 9, 2005, a female named Halyn. Kayla rejected her calf, perhaps because she had never been exposed to a young calf before and did not know how to deal with it. Halyn was moved to a special animal care facility to be hand raised. Halyn died unexpectedly on June 15, 2008. 311:

captures, the theme parks learned more about avoiding injury during capture and subsequent care of orcas. In addition, animal trainers developed techniques to work with orcas, whose performances and tricks made them a great attraction to visitors. As commercial demand increased, growing numbers of Pacific orcas were captured, peaking in 1970.

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in order to assert themselves in a wide range of territories and to prey on a variety of different species. This increased aggressiveness does not disappear in captivity. Furthermore, captivity itself has been asserted to aggravate aggressive behavior, resulting in a "cetacean equivalent of anxiety disorder".

347:, former diver John Crowe told how all five of the orcas had their abdomens slit open and filled with rocks, their tails weighted down with anchors and chains, in an attempt to conceal the deaths. The facts surrounding their deaths were discovered three months later after three carcasses washed ashore on 875:. The Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium is the largest existing public aquarium in Japan. Orcas have been housed in Japan's largest main show tank of 13,500,000 litres (3,566,000 US gal) since 2003. Captivity began with Kū/Ku, followed by Nami, Stella, Bingo, and Ran II, and on November 13, 2012, 1457:

On October 13, 2010, Kohana, an eight-year-old female killer whale, gave birth to a male calf at Loro Parque's "Orca Ocean" exhibit after a four-hour labor. The calf weighed about 150 kilograms (330 lb), and was two meters (6 ft 7 in) long. Kohana has yet to establish a "maternal bond" with

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in the wild have identified at least two categories, based on their territorial range. Those living in a limited area, such as Puget Sound or the Strait of Juan de Fuca, are termed "resident" whales, while "transient" whales roam the oceans at will. These "transient" types have to be more aggressive,

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On average, an adult killer whale in the wild may eat about three to four percent of their body weight daily, or as much as 227 kg (500 lb) of food for a six-ton male. Their diet in the wild depends on what is available, and may include fish, walruses, seals, sea lions, penguins, squid, sea

337:. The Penn Cove capture became controversial due to the large number of wild orcas that were taken (seven) and the number of deaths that resulted: four juveniles died, as well as one adult female who drowned when she became tangled in a net while attempting to reach her calf. In his interview for the 1077:

with an average length of 24 feet (7.3 m). Based on length, Table I states up to two killer whales may be held in a pool with a minimum horizontal dimension (the diameter of a circular pool of water) of twice that length or 48 feet (15 m) and a minimum depth of 12 feet (3.7 m), giving

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It is extremely difficult to capture orcas and to provide a healthy environment for the captives. Early attempts in the 1960s caused many injuries and deaths. However, with experience, the teams who specialized in the business became more adept and post-capture survival rates improved. Live captures

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is a transient/Icelandic hybrid female killer whale born in captivity to Gudrun in 1989. Trainers believe that Gudrun's behavior towards Nyar may have confused Taima, as she may have learned by example that this was how to raise a calf. In May 1998, Taima gave birth to a male calf named Sumar. They

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became the first killer whale to become pregnant in captivity, giving birth on February 28, 1977. The calf died after 18 days. Corky went on to give birth six more times, but the longest surviving calf, Kiva, lived only 47 days. SeaWorld has attracted criticism over its continued captivity of Corky

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A study in 1998 recorded that 7 out of 30 (23%) adult male killer whales off the coast of New Zealand had abnormal dorsal fins. Fins were considered abnormal if they displayed collapse, partial collapse, or bends. This is a higher prevalence of these deformities than in other areas of the world, as

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The practice of exhibiting orcas born in captivity is less controversial than of retaining free-born orcas, since the captive-born orcas have known no other world and may not be able to adapt to life in the wild. Captive breeding also promises to reduce incentives to capture wild orcas. However, in

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also live at Loro Parque. Morgan was rescued in 2010 and arrived at the facility in 2011, while Adán was born there in 2010. Adán's sister, Victoria (Vicky), was born in 2012, but died in 2013. In 2018, Morgan gave birth to her first calf, female orca Ula. Skyla died on March 11, 2021, Ula died on

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As of September 29, 2016, orcas in 13 facilities in North and South America, Europe and Asia provide entertainment for theme park visitors. Building the physical infrastructure of the parks requires major capital expenditure, but as the star attractions the orcas are arguably the most valuable and

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was an estimated 40 metres (130 ft) x 20 metres (66 ft) wide. Kiska would complete 879 laps around her tank every day which was a total distance of about 100 km, the minimum distance most wild orca pods travel daily. Kiska developed ritualistic, repetitive behaviours (such as repeatedly

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had traditionally seen orcas as competitors for their catch, and sale of live killer whales promised a large new source of income. 48 orcas captured in Icelandic waters were exported to marine parks between 1976 and 1988. The capture process was based on luring the orcas by dumping leftovers from

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due to reduced activity patterns, or (3) overheating of the collagen brought on by greater exposure of the fin to the ambient air." According to SeaWorld's website, another reason for the fin to bend may be the greater amount of time that captive whales spend at the surface, where the fin is not

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but Dukes was covered in bruises, abrasions and bite marks, and his scrotum had been ripped open, indicating that Tilikum had toyed with the victim. It is unclear whether Tilikum actually caused the man's death. On February 24, 2010, after a noontime performance at Sea World, Orlando, Florida,

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Captive killer whale attacks on humans fall mostly into the categories of biting during feeding, ramming in the water, and holding under water. Killer whales biting trainers during feeding or shows is generally the mildest form of attack seen, but can escalate to an animal dragging the trainer

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The captive environment bears little resemblance to their wild habitat, and the social groups that the killer whales are put into are foreign to those found in the wild. Captive orcas are kept in small tanks, false social groupings and chemically altered water. Captive killer whales have been

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In February 2006, Loro Parque received four young killer whales; two males, Keto (born in 1995) and Tekoa (born in 2000), and two females, Kohana (2002-2022) and Skyla (2004-2021) on loan from SeaWorld. Sea World sent its own professionals, including trainers, curators & veterinarians, to

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in their mouths and tossed her to each other, drowning Byrne. On July 5, 1999, Daniel P. Dukes visited SeaWorld and stayed after the park closed, evading security so as to enter a killer whale tank. He was found dead the next day, floating in Tilikum's pool. He died due to a combination of

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regulations require a larger minimum volume: 400 square metres (4,300 sq ft) × 4 metres (13 ft) deep for two killer whales, or 1,600 cubic metres (57,000 cu ft). The Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA) goes further, and recommends 1,918 cubic metres

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During the 1960s and early 1970s, nearly 50 orcas were taken from Pacific waters for exhibition. The Southern Resident community of orcas in the Northeast Pacific lost 48 of its members to captivity. By 1976, only 80 orcas were left in the community, which remains endangered. With subsequent

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was an Icelandic female caught in the 1970s. In 1993, she gave birth to Nyar, a female who was both mentally and physically ill, and who Gudrun tried to drown during several shows. Nyar died from an illness a few months later. Gudrun died in 1996 from stillbirth complications.

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studies have reported rates of abnormal fins in wild adult males at 4.7% in British Columbia and 0.57% in Norway. Researchers in 1994 found that of the ~300 killer whales photographed off the coast of British Columbia, fewer than 1% were observed to have "droopy" dorsal fins.

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Orcas are large, active and intelligent. Males range from 6 to 9.7 m (20 to 32 ft) and can weigh over 8 tonnes (8.8 tons), while females range from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) and weigh 3 to 5 tonnes (3.3 to 5.5 tons). The orca is the largest species of the

1426:. Although ten years was an extremely young age for a killer whale to become a mother, Kalina was the first killer whale calf to be successfully born and raised in captivity. In turn, Kalina gave birth at only seven and a half years of age to her first calf, a male named 560:, the second orca conceived in this manner, was born at the same park eight months later. Artificial insemination lets park owners maintain a healthier genetic mix in the small groups of orcas at each park while avoiding the stress of moving the animals between marinas. 1183:

The lifespan of killer whales in captivity versus wild killer whales is disputed. Several studies published in scientific journals show that the average mortality rate for captive killer whales is approximately three times higher than in the wild. A 2015 study in the

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Captive killer whales often give birth at a much younger age than in the wild, sometimes as young as age seven. The young mothers may have difficulty raising their offspring. The calves have a relatively low survival rate, though some have lived into adulthood.

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The original Namu developed a bacterial infection which damaged his nervous system, causing him to become unresponsive to people. During his illness he charged full-speed into the wire mesh of his pen, thrashed violently for a few minutes and then died.

90:. The species is found in all the world's oceans, from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm, tropical seas. Orcas are intelligent, versatile and opportunistic predators. Some populations feed entirely on fish, while other populations hunt 460:

spent over $ 7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of returning him to the wild. He was airlifted to his new home in January 1996, where he soon regained weight. In September 1998, he was flown to Klettsvik Bay in

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January 2002 the Miami Seaquarium stated that captive orcas are dying faster than they are being born, and as it is virtually impossible to obtain orcas captured from the wild, the business of exhibiting captive orcas may eventually disappear.

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underwater and holding them there until they lose consciousness or drown. Trainers who have had killer whales ram into them in the water have suffered from injuries including internal bleeding, broken bones, ruptured organs, and heart attack.

369:, released in 2008. Various groups argued that Lolita should be released into the wild. Lolita's mother, L-25 (also known as Ocean Sun), is still alive at approximately 90 years old and is the oldest living southern resident orca in the wild. 826:

in the coastal town of San Clemente del Tuyú, Argentina, is the largest aquarium in South America. Mundo Marino is home to one male killer whale, Kshamenk, who stranded or was force-stranded in 1992. Kshamenk is estimated to have been around

365:, originally known as Tokitae, was a survivor of the Penn Cove captures. She was about four years old at time of capture and was the second oldest captive orca at the time of her death in August 2023. Lolita is the subject of the documentary 62:

The practice of keeping orcas in captivity is controversial, due to the separation from their familial pod during capture, and their living conditions and health in captivity. Additionally, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of

683:. Currently owned by The Dolphin Company, the Seaquarium was the first major marine park attraction in South Florida, opening in 1955. In addition to marine mammals, it houses fish, sharks, sea turtles, birds and reptiles. It was home to 2682: 482:. Killer whale encounters in Japanese waters are now rare. In 1997 a group of ten killer whales was corralled by Japanese fisherman banging on iron rods and using water bombs to disorient the animals and force them into a bay near 306:

was the first planned, deliberate capture of multiple orcas. After a long and dramatic 17-day operation in February and March 1967, five southern resident orcas were taken into captivity, while three others died entangled in nets.

1323:, a large bull male killer whale who died in early 2017, was involved in the death of three individuals since his capture near Iceland in November 1983. In 1991, Tilikum and two other killer whales grabbed 20-year-old trainer 1337:

Tilikum killed trainer Dawn Brancheau during a training session with the whale. This latest incident with Tilikum reawakened a heated discussion about the effect of captivity on the killer whale's behavior. In May 2012,

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in Iceland, and gradually reintroduced to the wild, returning to the open sea on July 11, 2002. Keiko died from pneumonia on December 12, 2003, at the age of 27 years. He had become lethargic and had a loss of appetite.

3189: 494:. The orcas were held in the bay for two days before being auctioned to Japanese marine parks. Five animals were released, and the other five transported via road or sea to the aquariums. All five are now dead. 2628: 398:

net, selecting desirable animals and hauling them on board in a specially designed frame, then placing them in foam-lined boxes full of seawater. However, restrictions on US Orca import permits and advances in

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Collapsed or collapsing dorsal fins are rare in most wild populations and usually result from a serious injury to the fin, such as from being shot or colliding with a vessel. After exposure to the 1989

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were separated when he was about eight months old because of the aggression between them. On one occasion while performing, Taima started biting Sumar and throwing him out of the pool onto the

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peaked in the early 1970s, but have become increasingly rare as the marine parks have learned how to maintain theme park populations through captive breeding and artificial insemination.

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Marino, Lori; Rose, Naomi; Visser, Ingrid; Rally, Heather; Ferdowsian, Hope; Slootsky, Veronica (2020). "The harmful effects of captivity and chronic stress on the well-being of orcas".

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family groups that are the most stable of any animal species. The sophisticated social behavior, hunting techniques, and vocal behavior of orcas have been described as manifestations of

4535: 2834: 3079: 1422:, captured near Iceland at about three years of age in October 1978, became pregnant in early spring of 1984 at SeaWorld San Diego and gave birth in September 1985 to a female named 4109:

Postmortem abrasions, laceration and avulsion of the scrotum with testes. Avulsion of the skin of the pubic area including the scrotal sac and testis, with the left testis separate.

3512: 245:, but convulsed and died two days later after "swimming at high speed around the tank, striking her body repeatedly", recalled Marineland's Frank Brocato. The next orca captured, 1341:

administrative law judge Ken Welsch faulted SeaWorld for the death of Dawn Brancheau and introduced regulations requiring a physical barrier between trainers and killer whales.

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When the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 effectively stopped the capture of Pacific orcas, exhibitors found an area more tolerant of killer whale captures in Iceland.

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The third capture for display occurred in June 1965 when a fisherman found a 22-foot (6.7 m) male orca in his floating salmon net that had drifted close to shore near

2800: 359:, protecting orcas from being harassed or killed, and requiring special permits for capture. Since then, few wild orcas have been captured in Northeastern Pacific waters. 2772: 2495: 3604: 622:; home of Corky II, Orkid, Ulises, Kalia, Ikaika, Keet, Shouka and Makani. Corky II is the oldest killer whale ever kept in human care, estimated to be 58 years old. 1287:

killer whale showed signs of collapse after three days but regained its natural upright appearance as soon as the orca resumed strong normal swimming upon release.

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for breeding or performance purposes. The practice of capturing and displaying orcas in exhibitions began in the 1960s, and they soon became popular attractions at

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The first live killer whale captured in Russia was an 18-foot (5.5 m)-long female estimated to be about six years old, captured off the Pacific coast of the

2432: 913:, Japan. In 1970, the facility first started breeding killer whales in Japan, and in 1998, Stella succeeded in giving birth and received a breeding award from 1272:

says that dorsal fin collapse is largely explained by captive killer whales swimming in small circles due to the inadequate space in which they have to swim.

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Killer whales have been the subject of extensive medical research since their first capture, and much is known about prevention and treatment of the common

4481: 2726: 2815: 1083:(67,700 cu ft) for two killer whales. The US exhibitors of captive killer whales belong to the AMMPA, but exhibitors in other countries do not. 533:(also known as Ramu III), was a Pacific Southern Resident, making Kalina an Atlantic/Pacific hybrid—a situation that would not have occurred in the wild. 2954: 746:, France, founded in 1970. It receives more than 750,000 visitors per year, and is the only French facility to house orcas. The park is a subsidiary of 2599: 2133: 1099:

rubbing her skin against the tank until injured, thrashing, and floating motionless in one spot) that indicate stress and are abnormal for wild orcas.

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means 'Friend of Namu' (alternately 'She-Namu'). However, Shamu did not get along with Namu and so was sold to SeaWorld in San Diego in December 1965.

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Marineland was the last facility in Canada to hold a captive orca. It is a privately held themed amusement and animal exhibition park in the city of

4228: 3236: 1617: 1201:, born in captivity, died suddenly on October 17, 2007. Trainers were notified that Taku had been acting differently a week before his death. The 4409: 3666: 219: 3218: 2479: 1338: 287:

A few months later, Griffin procured a companion for Namu: a very young, 14 foot (4.25 m), 2000 lb (900 kg) orca captured off

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district on September 26, 2003. She was transferred over 7,000 miles (11,000 km) to a facility owned by the Utrish Dolphinarium on the

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A law banning breeding or keeping cetaceans in captivity (except for rehabilitation or research, and those already held) was passed by the

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that is partially or completely collapsed to one side. Several hypotheses exist as to why this happens. A dorsal fin is held erect by

3102: 777: 3565: 1961: 4317: 4121: 1283:, two male resident killer whales experienced dorsal fin collapse, and the animals subsequently died. In 2002, the dorsal fin of a 3831: 3539: 3266: 2655: 3716: 2790: 4276: 4080: 2905: 2709: 2200: 3927: 3763: 2491: 4519: 4500: 4446: 3612: 3429: 2520: 2398: 2049: 1033:, Shanghai, China; home of Pànghǔ, Shawn II/Sean, Dora, Cookie, Cody/Fat Beans and Dora's calf who was born in December 2023. 4367: 3133: 2888: 3890: 2416: 1056:

Legal requirements for tank size vary greatly from country to country. In the US, the minimum enclosure size is set by the

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Keiko is weighed as he is loaded into his specially made transport tank at the Oregon State Aquarium, on September 9, 1998.

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due to their intelligence, trainability, striking appearance, playfulness, and sheer size. As of 24 March 2024, around 55

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in the United States and is the largest owner of captive killer whales in the world. The parks feature killer whale,

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campaign against the captivity of killer whales. Orcas in captivity may develop physical pathologies, such as the

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The shallowness of orca tanks forces orcas to spend a lot of time at the surface, where they are exposed to

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principles and therapeutic drug monitoring are used to accurately determine the doses and avoid toxicity.

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It is unknown where TIN-OO-C1306 and Malvina currently reside; they may be at a park previously listed.

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The only recorded injury of a human by an orca in the wild happened in 1972 at Point Sur, California.

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reported that captive killer whales have attacked nearly two dozen people since the 1970s. Studies of

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female calf, Lynn, was born. Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium is currently home to Stella, her daughter

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observed acting aggressively toward themselves, other killer whales, or humans, which is a result of

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WGBH Frontline: "Edward 'Ted' Griffin, The Life and Adventures of a Man Who Caught Killer Whales"

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has caused the Icelandic government to limit the number of orcas that may be captured each year.

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The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity is controversial, and organizations such as

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Killer whale family "Earth", "Lynn", and "Stella" living in the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium

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Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Marine Mammals

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Robeck, Todd R.; Willis, Kevin; Scarpuzzi, Michael R.; O'Brien, Justine K. (July 10, 2015).

241:. They took the 5.2 m (17 ft) orca to a tank at the aquarium. She became known as 4261: 4173: 3793: 2578: 1997:"Stories Of Captive Killer Whales | A Whale Of A Business | FRONTLINE | PBS" 1412: 1374: 1186: 1036:

SunAsia Beluga Whale World, China; home of females "Samara" and "Kyra" (real names unknown)

737: 721: 704: 635: 423: 4122:"OSHA Investigates Trainer's Death, Separate Incident – Orlando News Story – WKMG Orlando" 2683:"Captured Southern Resident orca Lolita to return to Puget Sound after more than 50 years" 2659: 325:

A turning point came with a mass capture of orcas from the L-25 pod on August 8, 1970 at

8: 4540: 3639: 2727:"Lolita, beloved killer whale who had been in captivity, has died, Miami Seaquarium says" 1686: 1039:

Wuxi Changqiao Killer Whale Ocean World Resort, Jiangsu, China; home of two unnamed males

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shows and zoological displays featuring various other marine animals. The parks' icon is

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The first capture in the North Eastern Pacific occurred in November 1961. An orca of the

68: 4125: 2706: 2197: 1681: 249:, was harpooned in 1964 but survived for nearly three months in captivity when taken to 67:

entering the water to work with captive orcas, which have been responsible for numerous

4592: 4364: 4232: 3835: 3486: 3450:"Comparisons of life-history parameters between free-ranging and captive killer whale ( 3449: 3364: 3261: 2633: 2138: 1966: 1766: 900: 725: 717:, who died of a bacterial infection on March 9, 2023, ending orca captivity in Canada. 639: 615: 596: 530: 419: 403:

programs meant that the market never became as large as expected. Growing concern from

386: 254: 166: 162: 48: 40: 29: 4048: 3738: 2413: 4434: 4295:"La orca "Keto" sí atacó y causó la muerte de Alexis, el adiestrador del Loro Parque" 3858: 3491: 3473: 3425: 3371: 3292: 3285: 2516: 2394: 2184: 2104: 1917: 1792: 1713: 1660: 1596: 1172: 1065: 868: 688: 123: 4273: 3942: 2861:"Animal rights associations fear French water park will send its three orcas abroad" 2238: 2035: 1090:

has been criticized for the small size of the tank holding their sole killer whale,

3767: 3670: 3481: 3465: 3400: 2535: 2053: 1403: 1241: 1087: 910: 765: 747: 666: 629: 625: 522: 514: 475: 435: 404: 400: 343: 178: 4515: 4496: 3928:"Observations of Disparity Between Educational Material Related to Killer Whales ( 2600:"Miami-Dade County announces Lolita the Orca will be examined by third party vets" 2466: 2282: 1369:

In August 1989, the dominant female Icelandic killer whale at SeaWorld San Diego,

917:(Maggie gave birth to the aquarium's first calves, but none survived). Currently, 687:(aka Tokitae), who was expected to be returned in 2024 to her natal waters in the 4523: 4504: 4485: 4466: 4280: 3991: 3270: 3222: 3174: 3156: 2892: 2884: 2758: 2713: 2585: 2544: 2499: 2439: 2223: 2204: 2168: 1309: 906: 864: 792:

tunnel in Europe, and is one of only two parks in Europe to house killer whales.

713:, and one of the main tourist destinations in town. The last orca held there was 483: 170: 64: 44: 4318:"Uno de los responsables de las orcas reconoce la "agresión" de "Tekoa" en 2007" 3901: 2773:"Bill to ban whale and dolphin captivity is being stalled in the Senate — again" 2513:

Spectacular nature : corporate culture and the Sea World experience (p72ff)

4587: 4157: 3404: 3311: 1538:"'Truly Amazing' 6-Year-Old Orca Whale Dies Unexpectedly at SeaWorld San Diego" 1445: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1320: 1264: 1237: 1191: 680: 549: 526: 525:, was the first captive orca calf to survive more than two months. Her mother, 518: 462: 439: 431: 348: 190: 155: 135: 91: 4339: 3513:"The Real Story Behind SeaWorld's 'Clearly Wrong' Statement On Its Dying Orca" 1516: 4581: 4371: 4196:"Secretary of Labor, Complainant v. SeaWorld of Florida – Decision and Order" 3674: 3667:"A Second Captive Orca, Taku, Dies from Virus Transmitted By Mosquito Vector" 3477: 3469: 2420: 1884: 1451: 1440: 1284: 804: 684: 646: 557: 362: 318: 147: 127: 99: 3932:) Disseminated by Public Display Institutions and the Scientific Literature" 2160: 1232: 4480:, press release, SeaWorld Orlando, March 12, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007. 3794:

National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office (August 2005).

3495: 2835:"New orca death in French marine park raises questions over animal welfare" 1395: 1324: 1198: 1095: 823: 817: 714: 676: 672: 449: 415: 103: 3967: 1736: 55:, 33 of which were captive-born. At that time, there were 18 orcas in the 3004: 1329: 1213: 1124: 1120: 1079: 759: 572: 453: 395: 330: 292: 277: 186: 151: 652: 261:, the population of killer whales most damaged by subsequent captures. 3540:"Study Concludes Life Expectancy of SeaWorld Orcas Same As In The Wild" 3159:

Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums. Retrieved March 7, 2009.

3147: 2324: 1249: 1164: 1128: 1020: 991: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 692: 505:, where she died in October 2003 after less than a month in captivity. 444: 215: 139: 87: 4292: 2323:

PBS, Reproduced from "The Performing Orca, Why the Show Must Stop" by

2075: 426:, where he first started performing for the public and developed skin 237:

officials, was netted by its collecting crew when swimming alone near

210: 21: 4315: 3739:"Killer Controversy: Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity" 2816:"Marineland in south of France again criticised over new whale death" 2306: 1980:"Granny's Struggle: A black and white gold rush is on", Lyke, M. L., 1206: 1116: 695:

for the remainder of her life. However, she died on August 18, 2023.

576:

Corky II, a female orca performing at SeaWorld, San Diego, California

502: 498: 326: 288: 250: 246: 4437:

Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Retrieved February 15, 2009.

2341: 966: 3324:

American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Retrieved March 8, 2009.

2751: 2494:

Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Retrieved February 14, 2009.

1355: 1333: 1253: 1217: 1202: 803:

Male orca Adán, the inbred son of Kohana and Keto, and female orca

781: 600: 590: 553: 479: 177:, depletion of prey populations, captures for marine mammal parks, 111: 107: 95: 56: 3891:"Prolific body scars and collapsing dorsal fins on killer whales ( 3796:"Proposed Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales ( 3608: 3138:

World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved March 7, 2009.

2903: 2629:"Lolita the Orca May Swim Free After Decades at Miami Seaquarium" 1380: 1370: 1344: 1074: 942: 785: 743: 604: 556:

park in San Diego in September 2001. A female killer whale named

545: 391: 377: 143: 115: 4087:. Associated Press. September 21, 1999. Retrieved March 7, 2009. 3447: 2906:"Los adiestradores del Loro Parque no tienen titulación oficial" 1789:

Orca: how we came to know and love the ocean's greatest predator

1073:. In 9 CFR 3.104, Table III classifies killer whales as Group I 3335:"The Debate – Dangers To Trainers | A Whale Of A Business" 2433:"Kamchatka Orca First Victim of Russia's Captive Orca Business" 1407: 1399: 1024: 946: 769: 427: 3103:"The Activists Fighting to Free China's Captive Killer Whales" 2308:

The Icelandic live-capture fishery for killer whales 1976–1988

2257: 1112: 950: 872: 789: 656:

The killer whale show at the Miami Seaquarium starring Lolita

608: 314: 296: 130:, as no other animal predates on orcas. There are up to five 119: 36: 25: 3313:

Comparison Of Amikacin Pharmacokintetics In A Killer Whale (

2414:"More Orcas Under Threat As A Cruel Capture Is Commemorated" 1593:

Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation

452:

to find him a better home. Using donations from the studio,

2036:"'The Killer in the Pool': A Story that Started a Movement" 1156: 914: 442:

in Mexico City, in 1985. He was the star of the 1993 movie

222:

of an orca known as Sonora or sometimes Holly (A42) of the

80: 4458:

Website Dolfinarium, Downloaded on November 5, 2008, from

4293:

M. Á. Montero / Santa Cruz De Tenerife (October 3, 2010).

4170:"What's best for "Tilikum" now, and what have we learned?" 2928:"Loro Parque da la bienvenida a la cría de la orca Morgan" 2442:

Humane Society International. Retrieved February 15, 2009.

1248:

Most captive male killer whales, and some females, have a

4460:

http://www.dolfinarium.nl/index.php?do=content&id=210

3421:

An Introduction to Marine Mammal Biology and Conservation

2795: 773: 338: 276:

public aquarium owner. Named after his place of capture,

3454:) populations for application toward species management" 2367: 1568:. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Archived from 808:

August 10, 2021, and Kohana died on September 14, 2022.

4316:

Moisés Á. Montero / Puerto De La Cruz (November 2010).

3764:"The First Captive Killer Whales – A Changing Attitude" 3717:"Keto and Tilikum Express the Stress of Orca Captivity" 3080:"China's First Orca Breeding Center Sparks Controversy" 2565: 418:, caught in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in 4229:"Killer whale bites trainer, takes him to tank bottom" 2904:

M. Á. Montero / Puerto De La Cruz (October 18, 2010).

2791:"Canada Bans Keeping Whales And Dolphins In Captivity" 394:

fishing in front of the pod, capturing the orcas in a

3390: 2134:"Blackfish: Highlighting the plight of captive orcas" 1386: 4172:. Orcanetwork.org. February 24, 2010. Archived from 3789: 3787: 3785: 3170:"Seaquarium Activists Push to Free Lolita the Whale" 1653:

Killer whales: the natural history and genealogy of

1560: 1558: 1205:

determined that Taku had died from a sudden case of

4250:"Near Death At SeaWorld: Worldwide Exclusive Video" 4140:"SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale - CNN.com" 3562:"World's oldest orca spotted near Vancouver Island" 3283:Dierauf, Leslie A Gulland D Frances M, ed. (2001). 2467:"Artificially inseminated killer whale gives birth" 2050:"SeaWorld Investigation: Secrets Below the Surface" 1364: 284:that changed some people's attitudes toward orcas. 3363: 3284: 642:; home of Kyuquot, Tuar, Takara, Sakari, and Kamea 508: 3968:"ABC News: Killer Whale Attacks SeaWorld Trainer" 3782: 2482:Friend of the Orcas. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 1555: 1051: 852: 632:; home of Katina, Trua, Nalani, Malia, and Makaio 469: 205: 4579: 4452: 3926:Hoyt, Erich; Garrett, Howard E.; Rose, Naomi A. 3424:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 170. 3234: 2492:"Artificial Insemination Produces Killer Whales" 2239:"Free Lolita! Bid to bring orca 'home' heats up" 1916:. Vancouver, B.C.: Greystone. pp. 114–115. 1791:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 328. 941:Chimelong Spaceship is a marine park located in 4226: 4220: 3987:"Killer-Whale Tragedy: What Made Tilikum Snap?" 2761:Marineland Canada. Retrieved February 15, 2009. 2537:Free Lolita Update #52 – ACT NOW to help Lolita 671:The Miami Seaquarium is an aquarium located on 448:, the publicity from which led to an effort by 430:indicative of poor health. He was then sold to 4518:Beyond the Blue. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 4081:"Park Is Sued Over Death of Man in Whale Tank" 2478:Surprisingly, Kasatka is Kohana's grandmother. 2340:. Keiko.com. December 12, 2003. Archived from 2180:"Since first orca capture, views have changed" 1373:, attempted to "rake" a female newcomer named 1256:, which normally hardens in late adolescence. 513:The majority of today's theme-park orcas were 492:these villagers have been practising for years 4283:Beyond the Blue. Retrieved February 14, 2009. 2122:(2001) Voyageur Press, Stillwater, Minnesota. 1861:"Other Captive Orcas - Historical Chronology" 1763:"Killer whales threatened by salmon shortage" 1339:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1220:(skin cancer) on orcas as it does on humans. 1102: 905:Kamogawa Sea World is an aquarium located in 529:, was captured near Iceland, and her father, 3885: 3417: 2994:2011年1月14日22時48分 asahi.com（朝日新聞社）2013年3月2日閲覧 2982:2008年9月20日11時32分 asahi.com（朝日新聞社）2013年3月2日閲覧 2515:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2393:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2217:"Orca survival trumps profits, 'ownership' " 1911: 476:killer whales were hunted in Japanese waters 4536:"Killer whale at SeaWorld San Antonio dies" 4374:The Orca Zone. Retrieved September 3, 2014. 3925: 3635:"Killer whale at SeaWorld San Antonio dies" 3355: 3276: 1709:"Washington Officials Say Orcas Threatened" 1679: 1190:, authored by SeaWorld's vice-president of 956: 742:Marineland is an animal exhibition park in 268:. The killer whale was sold for $ 8,000 to 4025:. MSNBC. February 25, 2010. Archived from 3881: 3879: 3225:Oracle ThinkQuest. Retrieved March 8, 2009 2952: 2887:Loro Parque. Retrieved February 16, 2009. 2207:Orca Network. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 2095: 1760: 1644: 1167:collapse seen in 80–90% of captive males. 784:. The park has the world's largest indoor 521:, a female orca born in September 1985 at 478:between 1948 and 1972, 545 of them around 4574:Selected bibliography on Orcas from NOAA. 4386:Orca Spirit. Retrieved September 3, 2014. 4071:Orca Spirit. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 3824: 3485: 2504: 2457:Orca Spirit. Retrieved February 15, 2009. 2450: 2448: 2382: 1875: 1595:. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press. 1007:Learn how and when to remove this message 691:and reside in a semi-wild sea-pen in the 4499:Free Webs. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 4435:"Captive Orcas 'Dying to Entertain You'" 4262:"Killer whale attacks Sea World trainer" 3864:. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society 3859:"Captive Orcas 'Dying to Entertain You'" 3856: 3834:. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens. Archived from 3370:. Bridgeport, Conn.: Third Story Books. 3018: 2163:In Kokomo. Retrieved February 14, 2009. 2112: 2102:"Griffin Adds Fifth Whale To Aquarium". 2082: 1905: 1657:in British Columbia and Washington State 1584: 1415:, which wants her returned to the wild. 1231: 1146: 843: 651: 571: 376: 313: 209: 20: 4449:GeoCities. Retrieved February 12, 2009. 4098:"Daniel Dukes Medical Examiners Report" 3876: 3832:"Ask Shamu: Frequently Asked Questions" 3411: 3361: 3282: 3168:Garcia-Roberts, Gus (August 21, 2008). 2832: 2680: 2423:Orca Zone. Retrieved February 15, 2009. 1839:"Killer Whale Netted in Newport Harbor" 1650: 1178: 1046: 731: 196: 150:, and some populations are composed of 4580: 4398:Orca Lab. Retrieved September 3, 2014. 3984: 3572: 3287:CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine 3237:"National Geographic creature feature" 3058:"鴨川シーワールドと名古屋港水族館の間でシャチ2頭の交換輸送を実施しました" 2858: 2547:Orca Network. Retrieved March 7, 2009. 2445: 1914:The Killer Whale Who Changed the World 1892: 1350:On Christmas Eve of 2009, 29-year-old 1227: 936: 567: 4528: 4478:SeaWorld Welcomes Newest "Pea" to Pod 4410:"Behind the bars – Orca in captivity" 4227:Repard, Pauline (November 30, 2006). 4049:"Keep Whales Wild: Trainer Incidents" 4019:"Inside the mind of a 'killer whale'" 3985:Kluger, Jeffrey (February 26, 2010). 3919: 3507: 3505: 3443: 3441: 2859:Gérard, Mathilde (January 11, 2024). 2622: 2620: 2510: 2391:Whales, whaling, and ocean ecosystems 2388: 1786: 1673: 1615: 1590: 894: 724:in June 2019. During the debate, the 372: 3857:Williams, Vanessa (April 30, 2001). 3597: 3077: 2813: 2770: 2626: 1294: 989:adding citations to reliable sources 960: 863:Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium is a 698: 422:. Three years later, he was sold to 122:and some species of shark including 4340:"In the jaws of an orca - ORCAZINE" 3627: 2597: 2311:Orca Home. Retrieved March 7, 2009. 2255: 2131: 1970:, 2010 July. Retrieved 2010 July 12 1496:Whale & Dolphin Conservation UK 1197:SeaWorld San Antonio's 14-year-old 660: 13: 3502: 3438: 3273:SeaWorld. Retrieved March 8, 2009. 3100: 2674: 2617: 1930: 1387:Early pregnancy and related issues 257:. He was a member of J Pod of the 14: 4614: 4563: 4412:. Bornfree.org.uk. Archived from 3537: 2833:Fischer, Sofia (March 30, 2024). 2803:from the original on May 5, 2023. 2656:"History of the Miami Seaquarium" 2469:BBC. Retrieved February 14, 2009. 2364:"The Free Willy Keiko Foundation" 2118:Heimlich, Sara and Boran, James. 1882:"Whale to Leave For New Corral". 1517:"Captive Orcas – Inherently Wild" 1268:supported by water pressure. The 1261:National Marine Fisheries Service 536:The first orca conceived through 179:conflicts with fishing activities 4509: 4490: 4471: 4440: 4428: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4358: 4332: 4309: 4286: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4188: 4162: 4132: 4114: 4090: 4074: 4062: 4041: 4011: 3978: 3960: 3850: 3766:. Rockisland.com. Archived from 3756: 3731: 3669:. Scribd.com. October 15, 2011. 3187: 2681:Bartick, Alex (March 30, 2023). 2052:. KGTV San Diego. Archived from 1680:Glen Martin (December 1, 1993). 1365:Aggression between captive orcas 965: 414:The Icelandic captives included 134:, some of which may be separate 53:orcas are in captivity worldwide 3709: 3659: 3554: 3531: 3384: 3327: 3305: 3255: 3228: 3207: 3181: 3162: 3141: 3127: 3113: 3094: 3071: 3050: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2946: 2920: 2897: 2878: 2852: 2826: 2807: 2783: 2764: 2745: 2719: 2700: 2648: 2627:Diaz, Johnny (March 30, 2023). 2591: 2572: 2550: 2529: 2485: 2472: 2460: 2426: 2407: 2356: 2330: 2314: 2300: 2275: 2249: 2232: 2210: 2191: 2173: 2154: 2125: 2068: 2042: 2028: 2014: 1989: 1973: 1955: 1943: 1853: 1831: 1805: 1780: 1754: 1729: 976:needs additional citations for 822:Mundo Marino, located south of 811: 509:Killer whales born in captivity 259:Southern Resident Killer Whales 4407: 4252:Huffington Post July 24, 2012. 3393:Journal of Veterinary Behavior 3178:. Retrieved September 6, 2021. 2598:Ojo, Joseph (March 23, 2023). 2327:. Retrieved February 14, 2009. 2246:. Retrieved February 14, 2009. 2229:. Retrieved February 14, 2009. 1741:captivekillerwhales.tumblr.com 1701: 1609: 1530: 1509: 1484: 1270:Whale and Dolphin Conservation 1161:Whale and Dolphin Conservation 1052:Tank size and water conditions 859:Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium 853:Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium 753: 470:North Western Pacific captures 367:Lolita: Slave to Entertainment 206:North Eastern Pacific captures 1: 3605:"Sea World Killer Whale Dies" 3291:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 3121:Title 9 CFR Part 3, Subpart E 3078:Hall, Jani (March 17, 2017). 2338:"Keiko's Story: The Timeline" 2142:. Aljazeera Satellite Network 2022:"How did Shamu get her name?" 1478: 1244:, had a collapsed dorsal fin. 175:persistent organic pollutants 3941:. p. 10. Archived from 1813:"Captured Killer Whale Dies" 1651:Balcomb, C. Kenneth (2000). 1492:"Fate of orcas in captivity" 1473:List of individual cetaceans 1031:Shanghai Haichang Ocean Park 776:located on the outskirts of 355:being passed in 1972 by the 353:Marine Mammal Protection Act 233:, suspected to be ailing by 161:Although the orca is not an 39:(killer whales) are held in 7: 3155:September 14, 2018, at the 3101:Li, You (August 20, 2019). 2771:Lake, Holly (May 4, 2017). 2752:"Marineland Canada website" 2366:. Keiko.com. Archived from 2108:. March 6, 1967. p. 8. 1912:Leiren-Young, Mark (2016). 1888:. July 18, 1964. p. 2. 1461: 1134: 1058:Code of Federal Regulations 1027:, Russia; home of Naja/Naya 841:years old when he arrived. 611:, the orca. Parks include: 584: 387:Icelandic herring fishermen 253:, British Columbia, by the 10: 4619: 4465:February 19, 2009, at the 3405:10.1016/j.jveb.2019.05.005 2980:「ありがとう、さよなら」シャチのクーにお別れ名古屋 2891:February 26, 2009, at the 2712:February 16, 2009, at the 2588:. Retrieved March 5, 2007. 2579:SeaWorld Press Release Kit 2438:December 27, 2008, at the 2243:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 2203:February 16, 2009, at the 2188:. Retrieved April 1, 2022. 1982:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1952:. Retrieved March 28, 2008 1298: 1139:Whales are trained using 1103:Nutrition and medical care 898: 856: 815: 757: 735: 702: 664: 588: 78: 2716:. Retrieved June 6, 2010. 2498:February 4, 2009, at the 2258:"Welcome to Orca Network" 239:Newport Beach, California 235:Marineland of the Pacific 193:boats, and habitat loss. 16:Orcas held in confinement 4522:October 9, 2008, at the 4497:"Beyond the Blue: Taima" 3895:) in New Zealand waters" 3675:10.1578/AM.35.2.2009.163 3366:All about training Shamu 3269:October 3, 2013, at the 3124:Retrieved March 10, 2014 2511:Davis, Susan G. (1996). 2222:October 4, 2011, at the 1962:"The Killer in the Pool" 1787:Colby, Jason M. (2018). 1659:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 957:Other marine exhibitions 788:exhibition, the longest 231:Pacific offshore ecotype 74: 4370:September 10, 2012, at 2543:March 11, 2009, at the 2321:"A Whale of a Business" 2262:Welcome to Orca Network 1591:Baird, Robin W (2002). 1153:World Animal Protection 595:SeaWorld is a chain of 538:artificial insemination 486:, a technique known as 409:animal rights activists 224:Northern Resident Orcas 165:, some populations are 4503:March 7, 2009, at the 4264:CNN November 30, 2006. 3697:Cite journal requires 3470:10.1093/jmammal/gyv113 3362:Resnick, Jane (1994). 3317:) And A Beluga Whale ( 3221:March 7, 2009, at the 3215:Orca diet and location 2757:July 28, 2017, at the 2584:March 7, 2007, at the 2419:September 8, 2012, at 2167:April 2, 2009, at the 2161:"The Capture of Orcas" 1986:Retrieved 2010 July 12 1301:Orca attacks on humans 1245: 1141:positive reinforcement 1119:infections, including 933:(F) are housed there. 849: 711:Niagara Falls, Ontario 657: 581:irreplaceable assets. 577: 450:Warner Brothers Studio 382: 322: 304:Yukon Harbor operation 266:Namu, British Columbia 226: 32: 4484:May 17, 2008, at the 4396:"Corky's saddest day" 4279:May 19, 2009, at the 3418:Parsons, ECM (2013). 3319:Delphinapterus leucas 3235:Hughes, Catherine D. 2961:on September 30, 2011 2955:"Held Captive: Orcas" 2885:"Loro Parque Website" 2568:on September 7, 2011. 2198:"Lolita's Life Today" 1632:on September 26, 2016 1468:List of captive orcas 1418:A killer whale named 1235: 1147:Issues with captivity 1127:and other medicines. 847: 655: 620:San Diego, California 575: 488:dolphin drive hunting 458:Oregon Coast Aquarium 380: 317: 213: 169:or endangered due to 24: 4598:Animals in captivity 4128:on October 23, 2011. 4023:Cosmic Log (website) 3999:on February 28, 2010 3907:on February 27, 2008 3812:on February 21, 2007 3458:Journal of Mammalogy 2389:Estes, J.A. (2007). 2076:"Shamu - Orca Aware" 1566:"Orcas in captivity" 1413:Born Free Foundation 1398:, a female from the 1259:Scientists from the 1187:Journal of Mammalogy 1179:Disease and lifespan 1047:Captivity conditions 985:improve this article 871:, Aichi Prefecture, 738:Marineland (Antibes) 732:Marineland (Antibes) 722:Parliament of Canada 705:Marineland of Canada 636:SeaWorld San Antonio 424:Marineland of Canada 197:Capture and breeding 126:. The species is an 4541:Dallas Morning News 4346:. February 29, 2016 4146:. February 25, 2010 3948:on February 9, 2022 3647:on October 23, 2007 3640:Dallas Morning News 3615:on October 30, 2007 3517:The Huffington Post 3084:National Geographic 2707:Lolita's Life Today 2662:on October 16, 2007 2344:on October 26, 2015 1964:, Zimmermann, Tim, 1819:. November 21, 1961 1622:):: NOAA Fisheries" 1228:Dorsal fin collapse 937:Chimelong Spaceship 597:marine mammal parks 568:Captivity locations 280:was the subject of 146:. Orcas are highly 132:distinct orca types 49:aquatic theme parks 4416:on August 25, 2017 4233:SignOnSanDiego.com 4085:The New York Times 3838:on October 3, 2013 3243:on October 1, 2011 2814:Thompson, Hannah. 2634:The New York Times 2056:on October 6, 2008 1817:St. Joseph Gazette 1767:World News Network 1246: 901:Kamogawa Sea World 895:Kamogawa Sea World 850: 726:Vancouver Aquarium 658: 640:San Antonio, Texas 616:SeaWorld San Diego 578: 544:, who was born to 383: 373:Icelandic captures 323: 255:Vancouver Aquarium 227: 183:acoustic pollution 163:endangered species 33: 30:SeaWorld San Diego 3431:978-0-7637-8344-0 3090:on June 13, 2021. 3005:"こんにちはアース part.1" 2733:. August 19, 2023 2522:978-0-520-20981-7 2400:978-0-520-24884-7 2256:Garrett, Howard. 2185:The Seattle Times 2105:The Seattle Times 1714:Los Angeles Times 1626:www.nmfs.noaa.gov 1616:Fisheries, NOAA. 1572:on August 5, 2007 1295:Attacks on humans 1017: 1016: 1009: 869:Minato-ku, Nagoya 778:Puerto de la Cruz 699:Marineland Canada 689:Pacific Northwest 515:born in captivity 333:off the coast of 69:attacks on humans 4610: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4548:on March 8, 2009 4544:. Archived from 4532: 4526: 4513: 4507: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4290: 4284: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4235:. Archived from 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4201:. Archived from 4200: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4176:on March 4, 2016 4166: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4124:. Archived from 4118: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4029:on March 1, 2010 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3995:. Archived from 3982: 3976: 3975: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3936: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3900:. Archived from 3899: 3887:Ingrid N. Visser 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3805:. Archived from 3804: 3791: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3643:. Archived from 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3611:. Archived from 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3568:on May 17, 2014. 3564:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3519:. March 11, 2016 3509: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3464:(5): 1055–1070. 3445: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3369: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3290: 3280: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3239:. Archived from 3232: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3160: 3145: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3086:. Archived from 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3031:. Archived from 3030: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2957:. Archived from 2953:Humane Society. 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2934:on June 26, 2022 2930:. Archived from 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2768: 2762: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2723: 2717: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658:. Archived from 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2595: 2589: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2564:. Archived from 2554: 2548: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2508: 2502: 2489: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2443: 2430: 2424: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2287:The Whale Museum 2283:"L-25 Ocean Sun" 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2236: 2230: 2227:San Juan Journal 2214: 2208: 2195: 2189: 2177: 2171: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2129: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2038:. July 30, 2010. 2032: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1971: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1909: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1761:Canada Dot Com. 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1682:"Killer Culture" 1677: 1671: 1670: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1628:. Archived from 1613: 1607: 1606: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1488: 1404:British Columbia 1354:of Loro Parque, 1242:SeaWorld Orlando 1088:Miami Seaquarium 1068: 1012: 1005: 1001: 998: 992: 969: 961: 911:Chiba Prefecture 840: 839: 835: 832: 748:Parques Reunidos 667:Miami Seaquarium 661:Miami Seaquarium 649:closed in 2001. 630:Orlando, Florida 626:SeaWorld Orlando 523:SeaWorld Orlando 517:: 33 out of 56. 436:Six Flags Mexico 405:conservationists 401:captive breeding 187:shipping vessels 45:public aquariums 4618: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4578: 4577: 4571:Further reading 4566: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4524:Wayback Machine 4514: 4510: 4505:Wayback Machine 4495: 4491: 4486:Wayback Machine 4476: 4472: 4467:Wayback Machine 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4365:"Corky's Story" 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4281:Wayback Machine 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4239:on May 1, 2009. 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4208:on June 8, 2012 4205: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3983: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3792: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3770:on June 7, 2017 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3580:"Killer Whale ( 3578: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3281: 3277: 3271:Wayback Machine 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3223:Wayback Machine 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3190:"The Last Orca" 3186: 3182: 3175:Miami New Times 3167: 3163: 3157:Wayback Machine 3146: 3142: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3038:on May 22, 2021 3035: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2898: 2893:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2812: 2808: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2769: 2765: 2759:Wayback Machine 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2714:Wayback Machine 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2625: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2592: 2586:Wayback Machine 2577: 2573: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2545:Wayback Machine 2534: 2530: 2523: 2509: 2505: 2500:Wayback Machine 2490: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2446: 2440:Wayback Machine 2431: 2427: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2370:on May 17, 2014 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2254: 2250: 2237: 2233: 2224:Wayback Machine 2215: 2211: 2205:Wayback Machine 2196: 2192: 2178: 2174: 2169:Wayback Machine 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2132:Aguilar, Rose. 2130: 2126: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1984:2006 October 11 1978: 1974: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1717:. March 2, 2004 1707: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1618:"Killer whale ( 1614: 1610: 1603: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1464: 1389: 1367: 1352:Alexis Martínez 1303: 1297: 1230: 1181: 1149: 1137: 1105: 1061: 1054: 1049: 1013: 1002: 996: 993: 982: 970: 959: 939: 903: 897: 887:, and grandson 865:public aquarium 861: 855: 837: 833: 830: 828: 820: 814: 798:Alexis Martinez 762: 756: 740: 734: 707: 701: 669: 663: 593: 587: 570: 511: 484:Taiji, Wakayama 472: 375: 208: 199: 171:bioaccumulation 83: 77: 65:animal trainers 17: 12: 11: 5: 4616: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4564:External links 4562: 4560: 4559: 4527: 4508: 4489: 4470: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4357: 4331: 4308: 4285: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4219: 4187: 4161: 4131: 4113: 4089: 4073: 4061: 4040: 4010: 3977: 3959: 3918: 3875: 3849: 3823: 3781: 3755: 3730: 3708: 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3188:Moon, Jenna. 3184: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3136: 3130: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2907: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2820:The Connexion 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2421:archive.today 2418: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2120:Killer Whales 2115: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2092:, pp. 103-106 2091: 2085: 2078:. Orca Aware. 2077: 2071: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2037: 2031: 2023: 2017: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1925: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1885:Vancouver Sun 1878: 1862: 1856: 1840: 1834: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1800: 1798:9780190673116 1794: 1790: 1783: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1666:0-7748-0800-4 1662: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1636:September 29, 1631: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1604: 1602:0-89658-512-3 1598: 1594: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1518: 1512: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1310:killer whales 1307: 1302: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1011: 1008: 1000: 990: 986: 980: 979: 974:This section 972: 968: 963: 962: 954: 952: 948: 944: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 902: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 860: 846: 842: 825: 819: 809: 806: 801: 799: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 764:Loro Parque ( 761: 751: 749: 745: 739: 729: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 706: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 668: 654: 650: 648: 647:SeaWorld Ohio 641: 637: 634: 631: 627: 624: 621: 617: 614: 613: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 592: 582: 574: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 506: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 467: 464: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420:Hafnarfjörður 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 397: 393: 388: 379: 370: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345: 340: 336: 332: 328: 320: 316: 312: 308: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 225: 221: 217: 212: 203: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128:apex predator 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 82: 72: 70: 66: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4570: 4550:. 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