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503:
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2008:
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1992:
1978:
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2134:, and is native only to the Americas. Chilies only started to quickly evolve in the past 2 million years into markedly different species. This evolution can be partially attributed to a key compound found in peppers, 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide, otherwise known as capsaicin. Capsaicin evolved similarly across species of chilies that produce capsaicin. Its evolution over the course of centuries is due to
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40:
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various acyl-CoA products from the branched-chain fatty acid pathway, which is capable of producing a variety of acyl-CoA moieties of different chain length and degrees of unsaturation. All condensation reactions between the products of the phenylpropanoid and branched-chain fatty acid pathway are mediated by capsaicin synthase to produce the final capsaicinoid product.
1570:, insects, and attacking dogs. Ground or crushed dried chili pods may be used in birdseed to deter rodents, taking advantage of the insensitivity of birds to capsaicin. The Elephant Pepper Development Trust claims that using chili peppers as a barrier crop can be a sustainable means for rural African farmers to deter elephants from eating their crops.
1036:
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mammals pose a risk to the propagation of chilies because their molars grind the seeds of chilies, rendering them unable to grow into new chili plants. As a result, modern chilies evolved defense mechanisms to mitigate the risk of granivorous mammals. While capsaicin is present at some level in every
2211:
Capsaicin is a potent defense mechanism for chilies, but it does come at a cost. Varying levels of capsaicin in chilies currently appear to be caused by an evolutionary split between surviving in dry environments, and having defense mechanisms against fungal growth, insects, and granivorous mammals.
1621:
Painful exposures to capsaicin-containing peppers are among the most common plant-related exposures presented to poison centers. They cause burning or stinging pain to the skin and, if ingested in large amounts by adults or small amounts by children, can produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and
5796:
Witting E (1822). "Considerations sur les bases vegetales en general, sous le point de vue pharmaceutique et descriptif de deux substances, la capsicine et la nicotianine" [Thoughts on the plant bases in general from a pharmaceutical viewpoint, and description of two substances, capsicin and
2113:
while leucine or valine provide the precursor for the branched-chain fatty acid pathway. To produce capsaicin, 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA is produced by the branched-chain fatty acid pathway and condensed with vanillylamine. Other capsaicinoids are produced by the condensation of vanillylamine with
2168:
Capsaicin acts as an antifungal agent in four primary ways. First, capsaicin inhibits the metabolic rate of the cells that make up the fungal biofilm. This inhibits the area and growth rate of the fungus, since the biofilm creates an area where a fungus can grow and adhere to the chili in which
5817:
from which it was extracted. John Clough Thresh (1850–1932), who had isolated capsaicin in almost pure form, gave it the name "capsaicin" in 1876. Karl Micko isolated capsaicin in its pure form in 1898. Capsaicin's chemical composition was first determined in 1919 by E. K. Nelson, who also
2173:
formation, which impacts the amount of nutrients that the rest of the fungal body can receive. Thirdly, capsaicin disrupts the structure of fungal cells and the fungal cell membranes. This has consequential negative impacts on the integrity of fungal cells and their ability to survive and
1610:
Capsaicin is a strong irritant requiring proper protective goggles, respirators, and proper hazardous material-handling procedures. Capsaicin takes effect upon skin contact (irritant, sensitizer), eye contact (irritant), ingestion, and inhalation (lung irritant, lung sensitizer). The
1745:
to the brain. By binding to TRPV1 receptors, capsaicin produces similar sensations to those of excessive heat or abrasive damage, such as warming, tingling, itching, or stinging, explaining why capsaicin is described as an irritant on the skin and eyes or by ingestion.
1306:
channel does not respond to capsaicin or related chemicals but mammalian TRPV1 is very sensitive to it. This is advantageous to the plant, as chili pepper seeds consumed by birds pass through the digestive tract and can germinate later, whereas mammals have
3383:"Final report on the safety assessment of capsicum annuum extract, capsicum annuum fruit extract, capsicum annuum resin, capsicum annuum fruit powder, capsicum frutescens fruit, capsicum frutescens fruit extract, capsicum frutescens resin, and capsaicin"
2028:
The general biosynthetic pathway of capsaicin and other capsaicinoids was elucidated in the 1960s by
Bennett and Kirby, and Leete and Louden. Radiolabeling studies identified phenylalanine and valine as the precursors to capsaicin. Enzymes of the
4873:
Kozukue N, Han JS, Kozukue E, Lee SJ, Kim JA, Lee KR, et al. (November 2005). "Analysis of eight capsaicinoids in peppers and pepper-containing foods by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry".
1504:
neuralgia was refused. One 2017 review of clinical studies having limited quality found that high-dose topical capsaicin (8%) compared with control (0.4% capsaicin) provided moderate to substantial pain relief from post-herpetic neuralgia,
5748:
Braconnot H (1817). "Examen chemique du Piment, de son principe âcre, et de celui des plantes de la famille des renonculacées" [Chemical investigation of the chili pepper, of its pungent principle , and of that of plants of the family
2037:-methyltransferase (COMT) and their function in capsaicinoid biosynthesis were identified later by Fujiwake et al., and Sukrasno and Yeoman. Suzuki et al. are responsible for identifying leucine as another precursor to the branched-chain
1577:
in 2006 states that "Although hot chili pepper extract is commonly used as a component of household and garden insect-repellent formulas, it is not clear that the capsaicinoid elements of the extract are responsible for its repellency."
2212:
Capsaicin synthesis in chilies places a strain on their water resources. This directly affects their fitness, as it has been observed that standard concentration of capsaicin of peppers in high moisture environments in the seeds and
2421:
Govindarajan VS, Sathyanarayana MN (1991). "Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences".
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synthesis of growing fungi decreases in relation to the amount of capsaicin present in the growth area. This impacts the fungal cell membrane, and how it is able to reproduce and adapt to stressors in its environment.
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2041:. It was discovered in 1999 that pungency of chili peppers is related to higher transcription levels of key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, caffeic acid
2203:
part of the pepper, the chemical has its highest concentration in the tissue near the seeds within chilies. Birds are able to eat chilies, then disperse the seeds in their excrement, enabling propagation.
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may have led to increasing capsaicin production because it makes the plant less likely to be eaten by animals that do not help it disperse. There is also evidence that capsaicin may have evolved as an
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Capsaicin deters insects in multiple ways. The first is by deterring insects from laying their eggs on the pepper due to the effects capsaicin has on these insects. Capsaicin can cause intestinal
869:
1638:
The primary treatment is removal of the offending substance. Plain water is ineffective at removing capsaicin. Capsaicin is soluble in alcohol, which can be used to clean contaminated items.
4648:
Curry J, Aluru M, Mendoza M, Nevarez J, Melendrez M, O'Connell MA (1999). "Transcripts for possible capsaicinoid biosynthetic genes are differentially accumulated in pungent and non-pungent
5158:
2152:
genus are found in diverse environments, the capsaicin found within them all exhibit similar properties that serve as defensive and adaptive features. Capsaicin evolved to preserve the
4520:
Fujiwake H, Suzuki T, Iwai K (November 1982). "Intracellular distributions of enzymes and intermediates involved in biosynthesis of capsaicin and its analogues in
Capsicum fruits".
2045:-methyltransferase. Similar studies showed high transcription levels in the placenta of chili peppers with high pungency of genes responsible for branched-chain fatty acid pathway.
1389:. In high concentrations, capsaicin will also cause a burning effect on other sensitive areas, such as skin or eyes. The degree of heat found within a food is often measured on the
8815:
5818:
partially elucidated capsaicin's chemical structure. Capsaicin was first synthesized in 1930 by Ernst Spath and
Stephen F. Darling. In 1961, similar substances were isolated from
2611:
Siemens J, Zhou S, Piskorowski R, Nikai T, Lumpkin EA, Basbaum AI, et al. (November 2006). "Spider toxins activate the capsaicin receptor to produce inflammatory pain".
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7340:
3548:
Whiting S, Derbyshire EJ, Tiwari B (February 2014). "Could capsaicinoids help to support weight management? A systematic review and meta-analysis of energy intake data".
982:
3136:"Dietary supplementation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel agonists reduces serum total cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of controlled human trials"
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of further trials found weak evidence that consuming capsaicin before a meal might slightly reduce the amount of food consumed, and might drive food preference toward
3056:
Ellis CN, Berberian B, Sulica VI, Dodd WA, Jarratt MT, Katz HI, et al. (September 1993). "A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis".
2933:
1697:
Ingestion of high quantities of capsaicin can be deadly, particularly in people with heart problems. Even healthy young people can suffer adverse health effects like
1037:
2191:
upon ingestion, disrupting insect metabolism and causing damage to cell membranes within the insect. This in turn disrupts the standard feeding response of insects.
1795:
The most commonly occurring capsaicinoids are capsaicin (69%), dihydrocapsaicin (22%), nordihydrocapsaicin (7%), homocapsaicin (1%), and homodihydrocapsaicin (1%).
14923:
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12749:
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7333:
1325:, which is known to infect wild chilies and thereby reduce seed viability, is deterred by capsaicin, which thus limits this form of predispersal seed mortality.
1045:
1773:(1820–1879) and in 1878 the Hungarian doctor Endre Hőgyes stated that "capsicol" (partially purified capsaicin) caused the burning feeling when in contact with
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779:
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to relieve pain, typically in concentrations between 0.025% and 0.1%. It may be applied in cream form for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains of
8761:
1105:
5706:
Maurach B (1816). "Pharmaceutisch-chemische
Untersuchung des spanischen Pfeffers" [Pharmaceutical-chemical investigation of Spanish peppers].
3210:
Jensen PG, Curtis PD, Dunn JA, Austic RE, Richmond ME (September 2003). "Field evaluation of capsaicin as a rodent aversion agent for poultry feed".
2807:
1750:
3881:
Bucholz CF (1816). "Chemische
Untersuchung der trockenen reifen spanischen Pfeffers" [Chemical investigation of dry, ripe Spanish peppers].
5428:
Levey DJ, Tewksbury JJ, Cipollini ML, Carlo TA (November 2006). "A field test of the directed deterrence hypothesis in two species of wild chili".
828:
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activates the same pathway of pain as is activated by capsaicin, an example of a shared pathway in both plant and animal anti-mammalian defense.
1257:
for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and several related
1059:
14002:
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Capsaicin is also used to deter pests, specifically mammalian pests. Targets of capsaicin repellants include voles, deer, rabbits, squirrels,
253:
4338:
Hőgyes E (1877). "Adatok a
Capsicum annuum (paprika) alkatrészeinek élettani hatásához" [Data on the physiological effects of the pepper (
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9004:
8016:
7945:
1581:
The first pesticide product using solely capsaicin as the active ingredient was registered with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture in 1962.
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13910:
12291:
10306:
8195:
4909:
Thiele R, Mueller-Seitz E, Petz M (June 2008). "Chili pepper fruits: presumed precursors of fatty acids characteristic for capsaicinoids".
1909:
1806:
capsaicinoids. Nordihydrocapsaicin (9.1 million SHU), homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin (both 8.6 million SHU) are about half as hot.
552:
8999:
8860:
8255:
8154:
8107:
8037:
6396:
3091:
Gooding SM, Canter PH, Coelho HF, Boddy K, Ernst E (August 2010). "Systematic review of topical capsaicin in the treatment of pruritus".
2478:
14017:
9104:
3654:
3352:
3178:
1052:
9119:
3267:
Antonious GF, Meyer JE, Snyder JC (2006). "Toxicity and repellency of hot pepper extracts to spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch".
1285:(which holds the seeds), the internal membranes and, to a lesser extent, the other fleshy parts of the fruits of plants in the genus
526:
InChI=1S/C18H27NO3/c1-14(2)8-6-4-5-7-9-18(21)19-13-15-10-11-16(20)17(12-15)22-3/h6,8,10-12,14,20H,4-5,7,9,13H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21)/b8-6+
13467:
11482:
9209:
8097:
3863:
1535:
There is insufficient clinical evidence to determine the role of ingested capsaicin on several human disorders, including obesity,
536:
InChI=1/C18H27NO3/c1-14(2)8-6-4-5-7-9-18(21)19-13-15-10-11-16(20)17(12-15)22-3/h6,8,10-12,14,20H,4-5,7,9,13H2,1-3H3,(H,19,21)/b8-6+
5528:
Ruiz-Lau N, Medina-Lara F, Minero-García Y, Zamudio-Moreno E, Guzmán-Antonio A, Echevarría-Machado I, et al. (1 March 2011).
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13903:
8336:
8308:
3975:
3676:"Acute myocardial infarction and coronary vasospasm associated with the ingestion of cayenne pepper pills in a 25-year-old male"
2362:
1492:) for the management of this particular therapeutic indication (pain due to post-herpetic neuralgia) was approved in 2009, as a
1291:. The seeds themselves do not produce any capsaicin, although the highest concentration of capsaicin can be found in the white
7975:
5774:
Oersted HC (1820). "Sur la découverte de deux nouveaux alcalis végétaux" [On the discovery of two new plant alkalis].
4547:
Fujiwake H, Suzuki T, Iwai K (October 1982). "Capsaicinoid formation in the protoplast from the placenta of
Capsicum fruits".
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8362:
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404:
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10439:
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7356:
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2982:
741:
1955:
1661:
As of 2007, there was no evidence showing that weight loss is directly correlated with ingesting capsaicin. Well-designed
9099:
8215:
7955:
6907:
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6436:
14265:
13703:
11718:
10234:
14508:
4857:
4201:"Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part VIII. On the chemical constitutions of the pungent principles"
1100:
517:
4238:"Studies on the pungent principles of red pepper. Part XI. Determination and contents of the two pungent principles"
14583:
13046:
12284:
11061:
10299:
7308:
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Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD (August 1997). "Plant exposures ... a national profile of the most common plant genera".
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1112:
13534:
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2758:"Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses"
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839:
809:
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12861:
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8485:
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4363:"Mittheilungen aus dem Institute für allgemeine Pathologie und Pharmakologie an der Universität zu Klausenburg"
4062:
1377:, it is commonly used in food products to provide added spiciness or "heat" (piquancy), usually in the form of
2088:
Biosynthesis of the capsaicinoids occurs in the glands of the pepper fruit where capsaicin synthase condenses
13926:
8465:
8460:
7407:
4485:
Leete E, Louden MC (November 1968). "Biosynthesis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in
Capsicum frutescens".
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974:
17:
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Journal of
Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes
1932:
1500:(FDA) and the European Union. A subsequent application to the FDA for Qutenza to be used as an analgesic in
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5579:"Effect of Drought Stress on Capsaicin and Antioxidant Contents in Pepper Genotypes at Reproductive Stage"
4801:"Enzymatic formation of capsaicinoid from vanillylamine and iso-type fatty acids by cell-free extracts of
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14182:
12277:
10292:
10261:
9233:
5872:
5107:
Costa-Orlandi CB, Sardi JC, Pitangui NS, de Oliveira HC, Scorzoni L, Galeane MC, et al. (May 2017).
3483:
1813:(Nonivamide, VNA, also PAVA) is produced synthetically for most applications, it does occur naturally in
1766:
1753:, as it led to the discovery of skin sensors for temperature and touch, and identification of the single
481:
305:
5344:
5054:"Anticandidal Activity of Capsaicin and Its Effect on Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Membrane Integrity of
1669:
of capsaicin in prescribed doses under research prevented subjects from complying in the study. A 2014
966:
903:
14883:
14637:
13186:
11201:
6426:
4946:"DNA sequence analysis tells the truth of the origin, propagation, and evolution of chili (red pepper)"
3503:"Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea"
2240:(see those articles for discussion of other chemicals in them relating to pungency, and eye irritation)
898:
1977:
1641:
When capsaicin is ingested, cold milk may be an effective way to relieve the burning sensation due to
970:
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1863:
1424:, a different mechanism from the local receptor overload that makes capsaicin effective as a topical
823:
375:
4200:
2509:
Tewksbury JJ, Nabhan GP (July 2001). "Seed dispersal. Directed deterrence by capsaicin in chilies".
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Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, et al. (August 2008).
3321:
2698:
Rollyson WD, Stover CA, Brown KC, Perry HE, Stevenson CD, McNees CA, et al. (December 2014).
2552:
Tewksbury JJ, Reagan KM, Machnicki NJ, Carlo TA, Haak DC, Peñaloza AL, et al. (August 2008).
2109:, but at least ten other capsaicinoid variants exist. Phenylalanine supplies the precursor to the
1709:
The burning and painful sensations associated with capsaicin result from "defunctionalization" of
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fruits. 9. Biosynthesis of acyl moieties of capsaicin and its analogs from valine and leucine in
2457:
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Clarifying the mechanisms of capsaicin effects on skin nociceptors was part of awarding the 2021
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because of its hypersensitizing and pain-relieving properties. At the show jumping events of the
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1529:
3655:"Teen died from eating a spicy chip as part of social media challenge, autopsy report concludes"
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2481:. New Mexico State University – College of Agriculture and Home Economics. 2005. Archived from
1729:(TRPV1). TRPV1, which can also be stimulated with heat, protons and physical abrasion, permits
1722:
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5762:
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Bennett DJ, Kirby GW (1968) Constitution and biosynthesis of capsaicin. J Chem Soc C 4:442–446
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by chili peppers, likely as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi. Pure capsaicin is a
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6421:
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5530:"Water Deficit Affects the Accumulation of Capsaicinoids in Fruits of Capsicum chinense Jacq"
2285:
1698:
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881:
325:
5675:. Vol. 2 (3rd US ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Blanchard and Lea. p. 506.
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5289:"Capsaicin Functions as Drosophila Ovipositional Repellent and Causes Intestinal Dysplasia"
5006:
4661:
4587:
4574:
Sukrasno N, Yeoman MM (1993). "Phenylpropanoid metabolism during growth and development of
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2038:
1940:
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2019:
Capsaicin synthase condenses vanillamine and 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA to produce capsaicin.
8:
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Kelava L, Nemeth D, Hegyi P, Keringer P, Kovacs DK, Balasko M, et al. (April 2021).
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pathway, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), caffeic acid
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Biographical information about C. F. Bucholz is also available (in German) online at:
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Caterina MJ, Schumacher MA, Tominaga M, Rosen TA, Levine JD, Julius D (October 1997).
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4727:
4613:
Suzuki T, Kawada T, Iwai K (1981). "Formation and metabolism of pungent principle of
4599:
4502:
4058:
4035:
3814:
3707:
3608:
3565:
3522:
3462:
3439:
3416:
3404:
3292:
3227:
3157:
3108:
3104:
3073:
3069:
3030:
2974:
2789:
2729:
2636:
2593:
2526:
2439:
2153:
2139:
1662:
1312:
1282:
1071:
854:
762:
707:
14372:
14275:
5563:
5465:
5369:
Claros Cuadrado JL, Pinillos EO, Tito R, Mirones CS, Gamarra Mendoza NN (May 2019).
4681:
4386:
3620:
3577:
3304:
3120:
3042:
2810:(Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 17 November 2009. Archived from
2340:
449:
14766:
14613:
14340:
14285:
14092:
13952:
13723:
13244:
13214:
13171:
13163:
12650:
12541:
11738:
11259:
11229:
11186:
11178:
10665:
10556:
9853:
9629:
9569:
9029:
8795:
8633:
8042:
7703:
7387:
7078:
6552:
5740:(1821) (this reference also contains an abstract of Bucholz's analysis of peppers).
5656:
A century of the United States pharmocopoeia 1820–1920. I. The galenical oleoresins
5600:
5590:
5541:
5500:
5492:
5445:
5400:
5390:
5316:
5308:
5259:
5249:
5204:
5196:
5130:
5120:
5079:
5069:
5024:
5014:
4957:
4918:
4883:
4820:
4781:
4739:
4708:
4669:
4630:
4595:
4560:
4556:
4533:
4529:
4494:
4451:
4420:
4374:
4258:
4253:
4237:
4216:
4181:
4154:
4123:
4092:
4025:
4017:
3956:
3826:
3804:
3765:
3697:
3687:
3639:
3600:
3557:
3534:
3514:
3394:
3284:
3219:
3147:
3100:
3065:
3020:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2779:
2769:
2719:
2711:
2648:
2628:
2583:
2573:
2538:
2518:
2431:
2078:
2007:
1871:
1742:
1714:
1374:
1373:
Because of the burning sensation caused by capsaicin when it comes in contact with
1205:
1167:
986:
800:
790:
700:
662:
575:
104:
66:
14482:
5698:
Some other early investigators who also extracted the active component of peppers:
5577:
Mahmood T, Rana RM, Ahmar S, Saeed S, Gulzar A, Khan MA, et al. (June 2021).
4726:
Stewart C, Kang BC, Liu K, Mazourek M, Moore SL, Yoo EY, et al. (June 2005).
4695:
Nelson EK, Dawson LE (1923). "Constitution of capsaicin, the pungent principle of
4273:
Buchheim R (1873). "Über die 'scharfen' Stoffe" [On the "hot" substance].
3507:
American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
3152:
3135:
2808:"FDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Long-Term Pain Relief after Shingles Attacks"
2715:
14897:
14657:
14543:
14498:
14402:
14216:
14077:
13957:
13895:
13859:
13728:
13592:
13396:
13368:
13292:
13219:
13032:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12831:
11934:
11874:
11743:
11607:
11411:
11383:
11307:
11234:
11047:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10846:
9972:
9887:
9845:
9353:
9149:
9069:
8872:
8865:
8267:
8260:
8200:
8112:
7980:
7935:
7482:
7392:
7262:
7181:
7163:
6976:
6741:
6726:
6667:
6050:
5951:
5743:
3325:
2266:
2253:
2093:
2082:
2030:
2011:
Valine enters the branched fatty acid pathway to produce 8-methyl-6-nonenoyl-CoA.
1774:
1770:
1597:, four horses tested positive for capsaicin, which resulted in disqualification.
1560:
1555:
Capsaicinoids are also an active ingredient in riot control and personal defense
962:
5916:
5912:
5822:
by the Japanese chemists S. Kosuge and Y. Inagaki, who named them capsaicinoids.
3561:
14842:
14623:
14533:
14412:
14350:
14345:
14310:
14300:
14255:
14250:
14107:
14082:
14047:
13823:
13810:
13748:
13518:
13390:
13374:
13318:
12891:
12761:
12717:
12202:
12185:
12147:
11949:
11924:
11838:
11825:
11763:
11533:
11405:
11389:
11333:
10906:
10776:
10732:
10238:
10192:
10105:
10100:
10090:
10067:
10029:
10019:
9600:
8896:
8811:
8581:
8503:
8210:
7742:
7649:
7619:
7512:
7420:
7302:
7257:
7020:
6900:
6875:
6751:
6736:
6206:
6086:
6037:
6004:
5692:
5312:
4999:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4850:
Recent Advances in Phytochemistry 41: The Biological Activity of Phytochemicals
3899:
In a series of articles, J. C. Thresh obtained capsaicin in almost pure form:
3518:
2934:"Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
2558:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2199:
2157:
1838:
1799:
1738:
1623:
1521:
1390:
1142:
1083:
721:
12269:
10284:
5867:
5546:
5527:
5449:
5200:
4962:
4945:
4021:
3604:
3399:
3382:
2774:
2757:
2435:
1528:
concluded there was insufficient evidence of effect. Oral capsaicin decreases
1417:
14907:
14786:
14756:
14618:
14573:
14387:
14360:
14335:
14315:
14230:
14225:
13766:
13733:
13718:
13713:
13655:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13582:
13484:
13476:
13441:
13341:
13297:
13269:
12986:
12923:
12646:
12598:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12142:
12104:
12079:
11983:
11939:
11915:
11781:
11748:
11733:
11728:
11670:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11597:
11499:
11491:
11456:
11356:
11312:
11284:
11001:
10938:
10661:
10613:
10183:
10149:
10144:
10095:
9325:
9219:
9129:
9109:
8704:
8419:
8250:
8230:
7960:
7848:
7659:
7532:
7449:
7191:
7186:
7176:
7106:
7068:
6526:
6301:
6231:
6091:
6060:
6009:
5555:
4971:
4438:
Constant HL, Cordell GA, West DP (April 1996). "Nonivamide, a Constituent of
4185:
3288:
2910:
2756:
Fattori V, Hohmann MS, Rossaneis AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA (June 2016).
2194:
2135:
2089:
1917:
1734:
1670:
1627:
1590:
1409:
1405:
1308:
690:
647:
637:
356:
5679:
Biographical information about Christian Friedrich Bucholz is available in:
5395:
5371:"Insecticidal Properties of Capsaicinoids and Glucosinolates Extracted from
5019:
4825:
4800:
3864:"Nobel Prize Awarded to Scientists for Research About Temperature and Touch"
2578:
2553:
2015:
14832:
14761:
14692:
14682:
14677:
14503:
14492:
14392:
14355:
14198:
14117:
14112:
14097:
14042:
14037:
14027:
13972:
13883:
13743:
13708:
13681:
13336:
13254:
13234:
13201:
13073:
12951:
12757:
12702:
12533:
12451:
12322:
12177:
12114:
12084:
11954:
11898:
11758:
11723:
11696:
11351:
11269:
11249:
11216:
11088:
10966:
10772:
10717:
10548:
10466:
10337:
10197:
10115:
10034:
10024:
9967:
9950:
9935:
9904:
9864:
9834:
9760:
9439:
9419:
9009:
8825:
8785:
8718:
8708:
8699:
8694:
8637:
8595:
8185:
7970:
7879:
7792:
7604:
7599:
7502:
7196:
7171:
6929:
6834:
6718:
6505:
6493:
6483:
6458:
6326:
6316:
6246:
6121:
6116:
6027:
5819:
5614:
5595:
5514:
5496:
5457:
5414:
5330:
5273:
5218:
5144:
5093:
5038:
4930:
4895:
4772:
Bennett DJ, Kirby GW (1968). "Constitution and biosynthesis of capsaicin".
4753:
4415:
Bennett DJ, Kirby GW (1968). "Constitution and biosynthesis of capsaicin".
4039:
3711:
3612:
3569:
3526:
3408:
3296:
3231:
3161:
3112:
3025:
3008:
2978:
2960:
2793:
2733:
2640:
2597:
2530:
2280:
1999:
1778:
1686:
1674:
1556:
1463:
1447:
1397:
1382:
1329:
1244:
795:
785:
14487:
9263:
9187:
5877:
5254:
5185:"Understand spiciness: mechanism of TRPV1 channel activation by capsaicin"
4506:
3818:
3785:"The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway"
3692:
3443:
3077:
3034:
2443:
1058:
14746:
14553:
14422:
14382:
14305:
14295:
14235:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14032:
14022:
13947:
13828:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13412:
13385:
13229:
13136:
13126:
13101:
13081:
13006:
12991:
12981:
12961:
12738:
12679:
12609:
12580:
12506:
12317:
12207:
12137:
12130:
12125:
12096:
12074:
11993:
11976:
11843:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11427:
11400:
11244:
11151:
11141:
11116:
11096:
11021:
11006:
10996:
10976:
10753:
10694:
10624:
10595:
10521:
10332:
10169:
10159:
10135:
10120:
9962:
9927:
9922:
9811:
9806:
9674:
9638:
9615:
9554:
9503:
9493:
9443:
9363:
9049:
8977:
8961:
8829:
8801:
8684:
8628:
8571:
8557:
8245:
8240:
8180:
7909:
7894:
7889:
7843:
7782:
7709:
7689:
7668:
7629:
7492:
7457:
7325:
7242:
7222:
7131:
7040:
6971:
6963:
6924:
6849:
6799:
6794:
6693:
6629:
6557:
6401:
6386:
6377:
6311:
6296:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6221:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6160:
6155:
6111:
6096:
6065:
6044:
6022:
5074:
4785:
4728:"The Pun1 gene for pungency in pepper encodes a putative acyltransferase"
4424:
3960:
3009:"Neurogenic inflammation induced by capsaicin in patients with psoriasis"
3006:
2243:
1493:
1485:
1266:
990:
14325:
4712:
4498:
4158:
3769:
3734:
2632:
1563:, it produces pain and breathing difficulty in the affected individual.
1044:
978:
345:
14817:
14712:
14687:
14427:
14142:
14137:
14067:
14007:
13997:
13967:
13833:
13771:
13660:
13429:
13402:
13379:
13091:
13086:
12996:
12971:
12896:
12789:
12784:
12689:
12674:
12669:
12627:
12495:
12388:
12352:
12342:
12152:
12062:
11848:
11786:
11675:
11444:
11417:
11394:
11106:
11101:
11011:
10986:
10911:
10804:
10799:
10704:
10689:
10684:
10642:
10510:
10403:
10367:
10357:
10154:
10072:
9998:
9957:
9945:
9940:
9826:
9816:
9610:
9605:
9558:
9039:
8930:
8845:
8835:
8791:
8775:
8771:
8662:
8528:
8396:
8379:
8277:
8123:
8051:
8047:
7994:
7940:
7899:
7724:
7714:
7699:
7567:
7477:
7272:
7267:
7212:
7149:
7092:
7073:
7050:
7045:
7035:
7025:
6986:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6890:
6885:
6867:
6804:
6789:
6774:
6708:
6688:
6619:
6609:
6578:
6532:
6519:
6488:
6453:
6336:
6331:
6306:
6256:
6251:
6226:
6181:
6106:
5125:
4378:
4127:
4096:
2258:
2175:
1963:
1810:
1790:
1710:
1646:
1567:
1470:
1421:
1254:
1051:
681:
606:
394:
376:
316:
8433:
8291:
7862:
5287:
Li Y, Bai P, Wei L, Kang R, Chen L, Zhang M, et al. (June 2020).
4922:
4887:
4455:
3987:
Thresh JC (1877). "Report on the active principle of Cayenne pepper".
3500:
2067:
1559:
agents. When the spray comes in contact with skin, especially eyes or
14751:
14741:
14727:
14707:
14697:
14662:
14603:
14270:
14122:
14072:
13786:
13776:
13264:
13116:
13111:
13106:
12929:
12839:
12799:
12697:
12661:
12518:
12491:
12483:
12442:
12434:
12396:
12337:
11801:
11791:
11279:
11131:
11126:
11121:
10944:
10854:
10814:
10712:
10676:
10533:
10506:
10498:
10457:
10449:
10411:
10352:
9781:
9690:
9643:
9574:
9414:
9269:
9227:
9154:
9139:
9134:
9084:
9079:
8724:
8643:
8601:
7828:
7693:
7277:
7237:
7086:
6934:
6895:
6839:
6769:
6703:
6698:
6675:
6657:
6642:
6614:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6542:
6498:
6286:
6261:
6126:
6055:
5983:
5908:
5106:
2700:"Bioavailability of capsaicin and its implications for drug delivery"
2522:
2188:
1991:
1718:
1517:
1477:
1455:
1439:
1425:
1401:
1333:
1316:
711:
7370:
5868:
Capsaicin General Fact Sheet – National Pesticide Information Center
4362:
2755:
1082:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
14791:
14776:
14771:
14717:
14563:
14523:
14457:
14417:
14397:
14280:
14206:
13987:
13962:
13854:
13781:
13738:
13676:
13615:
13408:
13259:
13191:
13096:
13012:
12808:
12734:
12623:
12614:
12594:
12585:
12514:
12468:
12332:
12217:
12054:
12037:
11929:
11869:
11796:
11753:
11691:
11630:
11423:
11274:
11206:
11111:
11027:
10823:
10749:
10638:
10629:
10609:
10600:
10529:
10483:
10347:
10125:
10110:
10082:
10011:
9977:
9776:
9648:
9549:
9523:
9508:
9459:
9449:
9409:
9334:
9273:
9089:
9074:
9043:
9033:
9023:
9013:
8994:
8982:
8951:
8946:
8910:
8821:
8674:
8613:
8585:
8575:
8553:
8235:
8220:
8144:
8082:
8067:
8027:
7833:
7808:
7761:
7752:
7679:
7645:
7589:
7584:
7546:
7542:
7516:
7506:
7496:
7486:
7472:
7430:
7247:
7126:
7121:
6981:
6880:
6652:
6647:
6624:
6573:
6547:
6537:
6346:
6341:
6321:
6236:
6216:
6165:
5978:
5963:
5813:
3501:
Diepvens K, Westerterp KR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (January 2007).
3223:
2276:
2213:
2144:
2105:
2060:
2055:
1803:
1685:
One 2006 review concluded that capsaicin may relieve symptoms of a
1666:
1650:
1536:
1525:
1481:
1413:
1357:
1321:
1311:
which destroy such seeds and prevent them from germinating. Thus,
1287:
1249:
1017:
424:
336:
48:
14736:
5368:
4143:"The constitution of capsaicin, the pungent principle of capsicum"
3809:
3784:
2130:
19.6 million years ago, 5.4 million years after the appearance of
1416:
effects from ingesting capsaicin. Folklore among self-described "
1362:
1010:
252:
14702:
14652:
14608:
14548:
14518:
14407:
14377:
13818:
13239:
13224:
12776:
12472:
12460:
12224:
12195:
12067:
12022:
11988:
11971:
11833:
11254:
11239:
10791:
10487:
10475:
10003:
9993:
9914:
9735:
9730:
9658:
9653:
9595:
9590:
9544:
9518:
9454:
9393:
9388:
9314:
9305:
9265:
9124:
8989:
8955:
8924:
8888:
8746:
8728:
8648:
8605:
8545:
8513:
8323:
8224:
8175:
8148:
8140:
8087:
8021:
7837:
7813:
7734:
7683:
7572:
7435:
7252:
7227:
7097:
7082:
6829:
6759:
6391:
6363:
6186:
6101:
5946:
3659:
2229:
2225:
1386:
1270:
958:
694:
436:
14167:
5776:
Journal de physique, de chemie, d'histoire naturelle et des arts
1396:
There has long been a demand for capsaicin-spiced products like
14837:
14477:
13878:
13796:
13056:
13020:
12937:
12816:
12555:
12522:
12327:
12241:
12236:
12229:
12212:
12190:
12027:
12007:
11893:
11811:
11071:
11035:
10952:
10831:
10570:
10537:
10342:
10164:
9706:
9564:
9498:
9464:
9435:
9348:
8916:
8892:
8850:
8750:
8678:
8517:
8499:
8357:
8318:
8313:
8091:
8077:
7822:
7738:
7633:
7624:
7614:
7593:
7556:
7527:
7522:
7461:
7453:
7439:
7416:
6032:
5934:
5925:
3782:
3184:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
2233:
2103:
Capsaicin is the most abundant capsaicinoid found in the genus
2096:
pathway with an acyl-CoA moiety produced by the branched-chain
2064:
1730:
1642:
1622:
burning diarrhea. Eye exposure produces intense tearing, pain,
1540:
1474:
1459:
1451:
1378:
652:
210 to 220 °C (410 to 428 °F; 483 to 493 K) 0.01
296:
2911:"FDA Turns Down Capsaicin Patch for Painful Neuropathy in HIV"
827:
13209:
11224:
8920:
8656:
8652:
8609:
8523:
8292:
8159:
8136:
7776:
7653:
7536:
7467:
6266:
5973:
5938:
5648:. Vol. 1. Cincinnati, Ohio: Ohio Valley Co. p. 435.
4992:
3916:
Thresh JC (8 July 1876). "Capsaicin, the active principle in
3756:
Story GM, Crus-Orengo L (July–August 2007). "Feel the burn".
2551:
2308:. ChemSpider, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. 2018
2237:
2170:
1412:. It is common for people to experience pleasurable and even
1366:
1303:
1258:
1002:
276:
242:
39:
12261:
List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent
5732:(February 1821); (iii) "Spanischer oder indischer Pfeffer",
5427:
5052:
Behbehani JM, Irshad M, Shreaz S, Karched M (January 2023).
5051:
3007:
Glinski W, Glinska-Ferenz M, Pierozynska-Dubowska M (1991).
1809:
There are six natural capsaicinoids (table below). Although
486:
8855:
8689:
8434:
8380:
8341:
8032:
7995:
7863:
5780:
Journal of Physics, Chemistry, Natural History and the Arts
4116:
Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel
4085:
Zeitschrift für Untersuchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel
3883:
Almanach oder Taschenbuch für Scheidekünstler und Apotheker
2610:
1765:
The compound was first extracted in impure form in 1816 by
1754:
1302:
plants are dispersed predominantly by birds. In birds, the
1226:
1223:
1185:
627:
415:
125:
122:
84:
5481:"Why are not all chilies hot? A trade-off limits pungency"
5478:
4839:
2932:
Derry S, Rice AS, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA (January 2017).
2420:
2195:
Seed dispersion and deterrents against granivorous mammals
5687:. Vol. 5. London, England: T. Fellowes. p. 186.
5479:
Haak DC, McGinnis LA, Levey DJ, Tewksbury JJ (May 2012).
3591:
Satyanarayana MN (2006). "Capsaicin and gastric ulcers".
3133:
1506:
1501:
1232:
1211:
1191:
1173:
642:
62 to 65 °C (144 to 149 °F; 335 to 338 K)
131:
110:
90:
72:
5803:
Contributions to Pharmaceutical and Analytical Chemistry
4647:
3090:
3055:
2834:"Drug Approval Package: Qutenza (capsaicin) NDA #022395"
2697:
2389:"Drug Approval Package: Qutenza (capsaicin) NDA #022395"
2206:
2003:
Vanillamine is a product of the phenylpropanoid pathway.
13492:
11507:
8740:
5799:
Beiträge für die Pharmaceutische und Analytische Chemie
4908:
4172:
Späth E, Darling SF (1930). "Synthese des Capsaicins".
3547:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2343:. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 27 May 2023
944:
4725:
4367:
Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie
4321:
Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association
4112:"Über den wirksamen Bestandtheil des Cayennespfeffers"
3674:
Sogut O, Kaya H, Gokdemir MT, Sezen Y (January 2012).
3673:
3490:. Department of Chemistry, Frostburg State University.
3209:
3173:
3171:
2671:"A Perk of Our Evolution: Pleasure in Pain of Chilies"
14881:
5663:
The results of Bucholz's and Braconnot's analyses of
5576:
4798:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4246:
Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan
4209:
Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan
4114:[On the active component of Cayenne pepper].
2169:
capsaicin is present. Capsaicin also inhibits fungal
1469:
It is also used to reduce the symptoms of peripheral
1235:
1229:
1220:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1170:
134:
128:
119:
107:
93:
87:
81:
69:
10233:
Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a
7357:
4872:
4198:
3266:
2497:
2216:
of the peppers reduced the seeds production by 50%.
1214:
1176:
940:
113:
75:
4437:
3887:
Almanac or Pocketbook for Analysts and Apothecaries
3168:
2473:
2471:
2252:, an ultrapotent capsaicin antagonist derived from
1217:
1179:
403:
116:
78:
13925:
4995:"Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies"
4852:. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 117–118.
4760:
4546:
4519:
4404:. Berlin, Germany: Gaertner's Verlagsbuchhandlung.
3861:
3635:"The Health Risks of Eating Extremely Spicy Foods"
2554:"Evolutionary ecology of pungency in wild chilies"
2156:of peppers against fungi infections, insects, and
2063:. Capsaicin is believed to be synthesized in the
1798:Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin (both 16.0 million
1575:Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B
1516:Although capsaicin creams have been used to treat
1433:
936:
176:-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-8-methylnon-6-enamide
5659:(PhD). University of Wisconsin. pp. 111–132.
4842:"Chapter 8: Heat, Color, and Flavor Compounds in
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
3461:. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1167.
3429:
1295:of the inner wall, where the seeds are attached.
14905:
4612:
3841:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021"
3755:
2931:
2479:"Chile Information – Frequently Asked Questions"
2468:
2355:
2273:; some of the world's most capsaicin-rich fruits
1281:Capsaicin is present in large quantities in the
932:
448:
14924:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
12299:
10314:
5672:The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics
4944:Yang HJ, Chung KR, Kwon DY (1 September 2017).
4052:
3316:
3314:
2508:
1420:" attribute this to pain-stimulated release of
1033:
228:
9311:Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)
5873:Fire and Spice: The molecular basis for flavor
4573:
4471:
4344:Orvos-természettudumányi társulatot Értesítője
3593:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
3140:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
3058:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2424:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1006:
14183:
13911:
13461:
13040:
12418:
12372:
12285:
11476:
11055:
10433:
10387:
10300:
9249:
9203:
7341:
5893:
5716:Abstracts of Maurach's paper appear in: (i)
4943:
4298:Vierteljahresschrift für praktische Pharmazie
4235:
3590:
2416:
2414:
1524:involving topical capsaicin for treatment of
13054:
11069:
5286:
5109:"Fungal Biofilms and Polymicrobial Diseases"
4799:Fujiwake H, Suzuki T, Oka S, Iwai K (1980).
4771:
4694:
4414:
4171:
3903:Thresh JC (1876). "Isolation of capsaicin".
3584:
3374:
3311:
3260:
3127:
2858:"Application Number: 22-395: Summary Review"
2148:. Despite the fact that chilies within the
9217:
5907:
5840:
5641:
5062:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
4840:Guzman I, Bosland PW, O'Connell MA (2011).
4484:
3922:The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions
3905:The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions
3889:]. Vol. 37. Weimar. pp. 1–30.
3862:Santora M, Engelbrecht C (4 October 2021).
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3680:International Journal of Emergency Medicine
3246:"Human Elephant Conflict and Chilli Pepper"
2941:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2865:FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
1769:(1770–1818). In 1873 German pharmacologist
1633:
14190:
14176:
13918:
13904:
13468:
13454:
13047:
13033:
12425:
12411:
12379:
12365:
12292:
12278:
11483:
11469:
11062:
11048:
10440:
10426:
10394:
10380:
10307:
10293:
9256:
9242:
9210:
9196:
7355:
7348:
7334:
5900:
5886:
5681:Rose HJ (1857). Rose HJ, Wright T (eds.).
5234:"Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in
4911:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
4876:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
4348:ulletin of the Medical Science Association
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2411:
2182:
1520:for reduction of itching, a review of six
1247:, which are plants belonging to the genus
994:
501:
366:
324:
27:Pungent chemical compound in chili peppers
13943:β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-hydroxybutyrate)
5811:He called it "capsicin", after the genus
5747:
5638:History of early research on capsaicin:
5604:
5594:
5545:
5504:
5404:
5394:
5320:
5263:
5253:
5231:
5208:
5182:
5176:
5134:
5124:
5083:
5073:
5028:
5018:
4961:
4824:
4743:
4399:
4257:
4220:
4083:[On our knowledge of capsaicin].
4029:
3808:
3701:
3691:
3456:
3398:
3151:
3024:
2968:
2783:
2773:
2723:
2587:
2577:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2070:of chili peppers and depends on the gene
1656:
1645:in milk, and the water of milk acts as a
1550:
468:
12386:
10401:
4487:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4318:
4302:Quarterly Journal for Practical Pharmacy
4295:
4272:
4147:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4006:"John Clough Thresh, M.D., D.Sc., D.P.H"
3718:
2163:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1361:
12432:
10447:
5795:
5773:
5708:Berlinisches Jahrbuch für die Pharmacie
5705:
5668:
4199:Kosuge S, Inagaki Y, Okumura H (1961).
3930:[Note: This article is summarized in:
3880:
3380:
2740:
2048:
1701:after ingestion of capsaicin capsules.
1605:
497:
344:
14:
14906:
5652:
4360:
4337:
4319:Buchheim R (1873). "Fructus Capsici".
4296:Buchheim R (1872). "Fructus Capsici".
4140:
3986:
3973:
3915:
3902:
3481:
3355:. sciencelab.com. 2007. Archived from
3353:"Capsaicin Material Safety Data Sheet"
3347:
3345:
3343:
2693:
2691:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2320:
1704:
818:
357:
14171:
13899:
13449:
13028:
12406:
12360:
12273:
11464:
11043:
10421:
10375:
10288:
9237:
9191:
7528:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
7329:
5881:
5684:A New General Biographical Dictionary
4813:Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
4549:Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
4522:Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
4109:
4078:
2207:Adaptation to varying moisture levels
1751:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
848:
529:Key: YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-SOFGYWHQSA-N
304:
284:
14866:
5680:
4053:King J, Felter HW, Lloys JU (1905).
3933:"Capsaicin, the active principle in
3450:
3093:International Journal of Dermatology
2908:
2604:
1826:
1741:of the neuron stimulates it to send
1649:, allowing the capsaicin to form an
1584:
799:
789:
560:O=C(NCc1cc(OC)c(O)cc1)CCCC/C=C/C(C)C
9100:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
8216:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
7956:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
5843:Capsaicin as a Therapeutic Molecule
3459:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies
3457:Goldfrank LR, ed. (23 March 2007).
3387:International Journal of Toxicology
3340:
2688:
2655:
2458:"What Made Chili Peppers So Spicy?"
2450:
1665:had not been performed because the
1600:
1589:Capsaicin is a banned substance in
1276:
539:Key: YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-SOFGYWHQBQ
439:
423:
24:
13475:
11490:
10235:terpene synthase N terminal domain
5833:
4635:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076142
4402:Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches
1757:causing sensitivity to capsaicin.
1713:nerve fibers by causing a topical
1029:
25:
14935:
14197:
6992:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)
5861:
5794:Ernst Witting, German apothecary
4222:10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.35.10_923
4057:. Eclectic Medical Publications.
4003:Obituary notice of J. C. Thresh:
3322:"Olympic horses fail drugs tests"
2059:produce capsaicinoids, which are
1689:rather than being a cause of it.
1273:(i.e., spicy) crystalline solid.
14891:
14865:
14856:
14855:
14636:
5755:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
5485:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
5345:"Capsaicin Technical Fact Sheet"
4745:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02410.x
3105:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04537.x
2053:Plants exclusively of the genus
1976:
1954:
1931:
1908:
1885:
1862:
1811:vanillylamide of n-nonanoic acid
1784:
1725:on nociceptor fibers called the
1717:in the skin. As a member of the
1462:, often in compounds with other
1261:(capsaicinoids) are produced as
1204:
1166:
1090:
902:
897:
892:
887:
593:
587:
103:
65:
47:
38:
13953:Acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate)
13535:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside
11550:p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside
5632:
5570:
5521:
5472:
5421:
5362:
5337:
5280:
5225:
5151:
5100:
5045:
4986:
4937:
4902:
4866:
4833:
4792:
4719:
4688:
4641:
4606:
4567:
4540:
4513:
4462:
4431:
4408:
4393:
4354:
4331:
4312:
4289:
4266:
4229:
4192:
4165:
4134:
4103:
4072:
4046:
3997:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3833:
3776:
3749:
3667:
3647:
3627:
3541:
3494:
3475:
3432:Veterinary and Human Toxicology
3423:
3238:
3203:
3084:
3049:
3000:
2925:
2902:
2873:
2826:
2800:
2174:proliferate. Additionally, the
2081:, and which encodes a putative
1986:
1680:
1434:Research and pharmaceutical use
1332:-containing venom of a certain
1086:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
13927:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
13704:α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
13651:Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid
12862:List of phytochemicals in food
11719:α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
11666:Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid
10877:List of phytochemicals in food
6760:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
5693:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
5183:Yang F, Zheng J (March 2017).
4561:10.1080/00021369.1982.10865477
4534:10.1080/00021369.1982.10865495
4259:10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.36.251
4081:"Zur Kenntniss des Capsaïcins"
4055:A King's American Dispensatory
4016:(3726): 1057–1058. June 1932.
2953:10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4
2913:. Medscape Medical News, WebMD
2669:Gorman J (20 September 2010).
2545:
2381:
2298:
2279:the active flavor chemical in
1737:when activated. The resulting
596:
581:
13:
1:
14158:Receptor/signaling modulators
9174:Receptor/signaling modulators
7523:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
5718:Repertorium für die Pharmacie
5232:Jordá T, Puig S (July 2020).
4674:10.1016/s0168-9452(99)00118-1
3482:Senese F (23 February 2018).
3153:10.1080/10408398.2021.1910138
2716:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.027
2704:Journal of Controlled Release
2291:
1721:family, capsaicin binds to a
9712:Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
5726:Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung
5645:King's American Dispensatory
5642:Felter HW, Lloyd JU (1898).
4600:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85217-f
4236:Kosuge S, Inagaki Y (1962).
3179:"R.E.D. Facts for Capsaicin"
3070:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70208-B
2840:Food and Drug Administration
2395:Food and Drug Administration
2232:flavor chemical in uncooked
2117:
2023:
1727:vanilloid receptor subtype 1
1618:in mice is 47.2 mg/kg.
1573:An article published in the
1498:Food and Drug Administration
1243:) is an active component of
7:
14083:Sodium oxybate (GHB sodium)
13187:Pyrocatecollic type tannins
11202:Pyrocatecollic type tannins
10262:Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
8802:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
7710:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
7580:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
7408:15-Deoxy-Δ-prostaglandin J2
6402:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
5159:"How fungi are constructed"
4623:Plant & Cell Physiology
3970:(1876), pages 250 and 543;
3562:10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.005
2219:
1777:and increased secretion of
1767:Christian Friedrich Bucholz
1454:and joints associated with
1319:agent. The fungal pathogen
10:
14940:
5313:10.1038/s41598-020-66900-2
3737:. DrugBank. 4 January 2023
3519:10.1152/ajpregu.00832.2005
3013:Acta Dermato-Venereologica
1788:
1760:
1355:
14851:
14800:
14726:
14645:
14634:
14592:
14584:Trinidad Scorpion Butch T
14466:
14436:
14214:
14205:
14151:
14123:Valproic acid (valproate)
13933:
13868:
13842:
13809:
13757:
13694:
13669:
13606:
13573:3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
13568:2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
13563:2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
13557:2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
13547:
13527:
13501:
13483:
13440:
13421:
13361:
13306:
13281:
13200:
13162:
13135:
13072:
13063:
13019:
13005:
12970:
12936:
12922:
12909:
12852:
12830:
12807:
12798:
12775:
12748:
12725:
12716:
12688:
12660:
12637:
12608:
12579:
12563:
12554:
12532:
12505:
12482:
12459:
12450:
12441:
12395:
12351:
12308:
12252:
12176:
12113:
12095:
12053:
11914:
11883:
11857:
11824:
11772:
11709:
11684:
11621:
11588:3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
11583:2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
11578:2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
11572:2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
11562:
11542:
11516:
11498:
11455:
11436:
11376:
11321:
11296:
11215:
11177:
11150:
11087:
11078:
11034:
11020:
10985:
10951:
10937:
10924:
10867:
10845:
10822:
10813:
10790:
10763:
10740:
10731:
10703:
10675:
10652:
10623:
10594:
10578:
10569:
10547:
10520:
10497:
10474:
10465:
10456:
10410:
10366:
10323:
10277:
10256:Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
10248:
10226:
10210:Norisoprenoids (modified)
10209:
10182:
10134:
10081:
10066:
10049:
9986:
9913:
9903:
9886:
9825:
9799:
9769:
9744:
9723:
9699:
9689:
9628:
9583:
9532:
9486:
9477:
9428:
9402:
9381:
9362:
9324:
9281:
9226:
9167:
8970:
8443:
8432:
8412:
8389:
8378:
8350:
8301:
8290:
8168:
8004:
7993:
7918:
7872:
7861:
7801:
7380:
7369:
7286:
7205:
7162:
7140:
7103:Tricyclic antidepressants
7059:
7011:
7000:
6962:
6917:
6866:
6750:
6717:
6666:
6602:
6566:
6476:
6467:
6376:
6174:
5992:
5933:
5924:
5734:System der Materia medica
5547:10.21273/HORTSCI.46.3.487
5450:10.1007/s00442-006-0496-y
5201:10.1007/s13238-016-0353-7
4963:10.1016/j.jef.2017.08.010
4242:Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi
4205:Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi
4022:10.1136/bmj.1.3726.1057-c
3605:10.1080/1040-830491379236
3400:10.1080/10915810601163939
2886:European Medicines Agency
2775:10.3390/molecules21070844
2436:10.1080/10408399109527536
2236:, and to a lesser extent
1715:hypersensitivity reaction
1141:
1137:(pure capsaicin is toxic)
1131:
1126:
1080:
868:
863:
772:
755:
622:Crystalline white powder
568:
548:
513:
212:
165:
145:
55:
46:
37:
14579:Trinidad Moruga scorpion
13494:Monohydroxybenzoic acids
13150:1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose
12043:Syn-propanethial-S-oxide
11965:Phenethyl Isothiocyanate
11509:Monohydroxybenzoic acids
11165:1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose
10249:Activated isoprene forms
10050:Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)
9299:Monocyclic (single ring)
7787:Umbellularia californica
6437:+propyphenazone/caffeine
5770:Johann Georg Forchhammer
5625:
5236:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
4186:10.1002/cber.19300630331
3488:General Chemistry Online
3289:10.1080/0360123060096419
2363:"Qutenza- capsaicin kit"
2271:Trinidad Moruga Scorpion
1692:
1634:Treatment after exposure
1458:, backache, strains and
1438:Capsaicin is used as an
953:Precautionary statements
13973:Butyric acid (butyrate)
13608:Trihydroxybenzoic acids
12872:O-methylated flavonoids
12867:C-methylated flavonoids
12122:Saturated cyclic acids
11623:Trihydroxybenzoic acids
10887:O-methylated flavonoids
10882:C-methylated flavonoids
9872:Secodehydroabietic acid
8757:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
8539:Andrographis paniculata
5841:Abdel-Salam OM (2014).
5396:10.3390/insects10050132
5020:10.1073/pnas.0802691105
4950:Journal of Ethnic Foods
4826:10.1271/bbb1961.44.2907
4010:British Medical Journal
3212:Pest Management Science
2909:Hitt E (9 March 2012).
2579:10.1073/pnas.0802691105
2183:Insecticidal properties
2111:phenylpropanoid pathway
2074:, which resides at the
1545:cardiovascular diseases
1351:
1346:
159:--8-methylnon-6-enamide
14813:Chile Pepper Institute
13549:Dihydroxybenzoic acids
12912:Flavonoid biosynthesis
12750:3-hydroxyanthocyanidin
11564:Dihydroxybenzoic acids
10927:Flavonoid biosynthesis
10765:3-hydroxyanthocyanidin
9667:Farnesyl pyrophosphate
9178:Ion channel modulators
8907:Tetrahydrocannabivarin
8402:Tripterygium wilfordii
7768:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
6287:Pethidine (meperidine)
5596:10.3390/plants10071286
5497:10.1098/rspb.2011.2091
4361:Högyes A (June 1878).
3968:Year Book of Pharmacy…
3843:. Nobel Prize Outreach
3026:10.2340/00015555715154
2246:, capsaicin antagonist
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1657:Weight loss and regain
1551:Pepper spray and pests
1370:
1339:Psalmopoeus cambridgei
1162:-vanillyl-6-nonenamide
1040:
195:-vanillylnon-6-enamide
14529:Hainan yellow lantern
14088:Sodium phenylbutyrate
13938:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
13696:Hydroxycinnamic acids
13578:Ethyl protocatechuate
13514:4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
13509:3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
13283:Flavono-ellagitannins
13274:Phlorofucofuroeckol B
13250:Phlorofucofuroeckol A
13182:Catechol-type tannins
13177:Polyflavonoid tannins
12727:3-deoxyanthocyanidins
12018:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
11946:Aglycone derivatives
11711:Hydroxycinnamic acids
11593:Ethyl protocatechuate
11529:4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
11524:3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
11298:Flavono-ellagitannins
11289:Phlorofucofuroeckol B
11265:Phlorofucofuroeckol A
11197:Catechol-type tannins
11192:Polyflavonoid tannins
10742:3-deoxyanthocyanidins
9869:Sandaracopimaric acid
9514:Geranyl pyrophosphate
8735:Lysophosphatidic acid
6908:+paracetamol/caffeine
6886:Metamizole (dipyrone)
6820:Morpholine salicylate
6764:+paracetamol/caffeine
5255:10.3390/genes11070795
4400:Flückiger FA (1891).
4350:] (in Hungarian).
4248:] (in Japanese).
4211:] (in Japanese).
3989:Year Book of Pharmacy
3980:Year Book of Pharmacy
3693:10.1186/1865-1380-5-5
2286:List of capsaicinoids
2164:Antifungal properties
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1699:myocardial infarction
1365:
1263:secondary metabolites
1039:
14823:Hot pepper challenge
14133:Valproate semisodium
13759:Aromatic amino acids
13670:Other phenolic acids
13065:Hydrolysable tannins
12957:Secoisolariciresinol
12033:Allyl isothiocyanate
11960:Allyl isothiocyanate
11774:Aromatic amino acids
11685:Other phenolic acids
11080:Hydrolysable tannins
10972:Secoisolariciresinol
10059:Tetraprenylcurcumene
9540:Grapefruit mercaptan
9115:Pregnenolone sulfate
8936:Euphorbia resinifera
8878:Euphorbia resinifera
8807:Phenylacetylrinvanil
8767:N-Oleoylethanolamide
8715:Homodihydrocapsaicin
8103:Pregnenolone sulfate
7966:Pregnenolone sulfate
7773:Thiopropanal S-oxide
7758:Tetrahydrocannabinol
7446:Allyl isothiocyanate
7031:Gabapentin enacarbil
6825:Potassium salicylate
6815:Magnesium salicylate
6810:Imidazole salicylate
6637:Indometacin farnesil
6033:Diamorphine (heroin)
6000:Acetyldihydrocodeine
5772:, Danish geologist
5377:Tropaeolum tuberosum
5075:10.3390/ijms24021046
4848:. In Gang DR (ed.).
4786:10.1039/j39680000442
4425:10.1039/j39680000442
4275:Archiv der Heilkunde
3961:10.1039/an876010148b
3947:(8): 148–149. 1876.
3362:on 29 September 2007
2049:Biosynthetic pathway
1941:Homodihydrocapsaicin
1733:to pass through the
1606:Acute health effects
1595:2008 Summer Olympics
1269:, colorless, highly
1022:(fire diamond)
699:Slightly soluble in
689:Soluble in alcohol,
147:Preferred IUPAC name
14828:Hunan hand syndrome
14595:Capsicum frutescens
13792:5-hydroxytryptophan
13598:Protocatechuic acid
13307:Other Miscellaneous
12310:Natural monophenols
11807:5-hydroxytryptophan
11613:Protocatechuic acid
11322:Other Miscellaneous
10325:Natural monophenols
9842:Dehydroabietic acid
9308:(cyclopentane ring)
9020:Cannabigerolic acid
8782:Nordihydrocapsaicin
8743:(acidic conditions)
6780:Carbasalate calcium
5805:] (in French).
5782:] (in French).
5491:(1735): 2012–2017.
5442:2006Oecol.150...61L
5305:2020NatSR..10.9963L
5011:2008PNAS..10511808T
5005:(33): 11808–11811.
4713:10.1021/ja01662a023
4666:1999PlnSc.148...47C
4592:1993PChem..32..839S
4576:Capsicum frutescens
4499:10.1021/ja01026a049
4304:] (in German).
4279:Archive of Medicine
4159:10.1021/ja02228a011
3976:"Note on Capsaicin"
3953:1876Ana.....1..148.
3801:1997Natur.389..816C
3770:10.1511/2007.66.326
3281:2006JESHB..41.1383A
2988:on 15 February 2021
2890:. 17 September 2018
2867:. 13 November 2009.
2814:on 23 November 2015
2633:10.1038/nature05285
2625:2006Natur.444..208S
2570:2008PNAS..10511808T
2564:(33): 11808–11811.
2263:Bhut Jolokia Pepper
2250:Iodoresiniferatoxin
2142:, across the genus
1895:Nordihydrocapsaicin
1845:Chemical structure
1705:Mechanism of action
1532:levels moderately.
1511:diabetic neuropathy
663:Solubility in water
614: g·mol
266:Beilstein Reference
34:
14673:Chili pepper water
14668:Chili pepper paste
13879:Phenolic compounds
13122:Tellimagrandin IIs
12302:phenolic compounds
11894:Phenolic compounds
11137:Tellimagrandin IIs
10317:phenolic compounds
10279:Phenolic compounds
9302:Bicyclic (2 rings)
8983:Vernonia tweediana
8562:African blue basil
8534:Bisandrographolide
8120:Steviol glycosides
8073:Hydroxycitronellal
7819:Dehydroligustilide
7639:Angelica acutiloba
7553:Dehydroligustilide
7313:Never to phase III
7218:Analgesic adjuvant
7119:1.7/1.8-selective:
6785:Choline salicylate
6212:Dextropropoxyphene
5728:, vol. 4, no. 18,
5669:Pereira J (1854).
5653:Du Mez AG (1917).
5293:Scientific Reports
5189:Protein & Cell
5163:website.nbm-mnb.ca
5126:10.3390/jof3020022
4809:cv. Karayatsubusa"
4379:10.1007/BF02125956
4141:Nelson EK (1919).
4128:10.1007/bf02529197
4097:10.1007/bf02529190
3974:Thresh JC (1877).
3868:The New York Times
3758:American Scientist
3393:(Suppl 1): 3–106.
3381:Johnson W (2007).
3191:on 24 October 2012
2462:Talk of the Nation
2098:fatty acid pathway
2039:fatty acid pathway
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1823:Capsaicinoid name
1371:
1113:Infobox references
1041:
32:
14879:
14878:
14782:Sweet chili sauce
14632:
14631:
14514:Ellachipur Sanman
14469:Capsicum chinense
14439:Capsicum baccatum
14165:
14164:
14143:Vorinostat (SAHA)
14128:Valproate pivoxil
14013:Indole-3-carbinol
13993:Diallyl disulfide
13893:
13892:
13805:
13804:
13690:
13689:
13588:Homogentisic acid
13559:(Hypogallic acid)
13543:
13542:
13436:
13435:
13357:
13356:
13324:Synthetic tannins
13286:(complex tannins)
13172:Proanthocyanidins
13164:Condensed tannins
13158:
13157:
13145:Digalloyl glucose
13055:Types of natural
12918:
12917:
12905:
12904:
12848:
12847:
12821:Isoliquiritigenin
12771:
12770:
12712:
12711:
12550:
12549:
12267:
12266:
12013:Indole-3-carbinol
11999:Diallyl disulfide
11908:
11907:
11820:
11819:
11705:
11704:
11603:Homogentisic acid
11574:(Hypogallic acid)
11558:
11557:
11451:
11450:
11372:
11371:
11339:Synthetic tannins
11301:(complex tannins)
11187:Proanthocyanidins
11179:Condensed tannins
11173:
11172:
11160:Digalloyl glucose
11070:Types of natural
10933:
10932:
10920:
10919:
10863:
10862:
10836:Isoliquiritigenin
10786:
10785:
10727:
10726:
10565:
10564:
10271:
10270:
10219:7,8-dihydroionone
10178:
10177:
10045:
10044:
9882:
9881:
9850:Lambertianic acid
9624:
9623:
9473:
9472:
9288:Acyclic (linear,
9185:
9184:
9163:
9162:
9095:Meclofenamic acid
8901:melegueta peppers
8772:Nonivamide (PAVA)
8508:melegueta peppers
8428:
8427:
8374:
8373:
8286:
8285:
8206:Meclofenamic acid
8129:Stevia rebaudiana
7989:
7988:
7951:Meclofenamic acid
7857:
7856:
7747:melegueta peppers
7720:Phenacyl chloride
7675:N-Methylmaleimide
7665:Methyl salicylate
7610:Hydrogen peroxide
7563:Diallyl disulfide
7425:melegueta peppers
7323:
7322:
7158:
7157:
7142:Potassium openers
7079:Local anesthetics
7021:Alcohol (ethanol)
6958:
6957:
6857:methyl salicylate
6845:Sodium salicylate
6732:Meclofenamic acid
6407:+aspirin/caffeine
6372:
6371:
5852:978-3-0348-0827-9
5746:, French chemist
5373:Capsicum chinense
4923:10.1021/jf073420h
4917:(11): 4219–4224.
4888:10.1021/jf050469j
4882:(23): 9172–9181.
4819:(12): 2907–2912.
4732:The Plant Journal
4555:(10): 2591–2592.
4528:(11): 2685–2689.
4493:(24): 6837–6841.
4456:10.1021/np9600816
3795:(6653): 816–824.
3468:978-0-07-144310-4
3248:. Elephant Pepper
3146:(25): 7025–7035.
2619:(7116): 208–212.
2517:(6845): 403–404.
2464:. 15 August 2008.
2369:. 10 January 2023
2259:Naga Viper pepper
2140:natural selection
2126:genus split from
1984:
1983:
1663:clinical research
1591:equestrian sports
1585:Equestrian sports
1509:-neuropathy, and
1496:by both the U.S.
1444:topical ointments
1313:natural selection
1253:. It is a potent
1151:
1150:
1121:Chemical compound
1119:
1118:
1072:Safety data sheet
927:Hazard statements
852:
821:
763:Crystal structure
482:CompTox Dashboard
254:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
14931:
14896:
14895:
14894:
14887:
14869:
14868:
14859:
14858:
14767:Pickapeppa Sauce
14640:
14604:African Birdseye
14212:
14211:
14192:
14185:
14178:
14169:
14168:
14093:Sodium valproate
13920:
13913:
13906:
13897:
13896:
13860:Alkylresorcinols
13724:Chlorogenic acid
13499:
13498:
13490:
13489:
13470:
13463:
13456:
13447:
13446:
13397:Phenylpropanoids
13369:Diarylheptanoids
13245:Fucophlorethol A
13070:
13069:
13049:
13042:
13035:
13026:
13025:
12887:Prenylflavonoids
12882:Pyranoflavonoids
12877:Furanoflavonoids
12805:
12804:
12723:
12722:
12651:Leucodelphinidin
12639:Flavan-3,4-diols
12561:
12560:
12542:Dalbergichromene
12457:
12456:
12448:
12447:
12427:
12420:
12413:
12404:
12403:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12358:
12357:
12294:
12287:
12280:
12271:
12270:
11875:Alkylresorcinols
11739:Chlorogenic acid
11514:
11513:
11505:
11504:
11485:
11478:
11471:
11462:
11461:
11412:Phenylpropanoids
11384:Diarylheptanoids
11260:Fucophlorethol A
11085:
11084:
11064:
11057:
11050:
11041:
11040:
10902:Prenylflavonoids
10897:Pyranoflavonoids
10892:Furanoflavonoids
10820:
10819:
10738:
10737:
10666:Leucodelphinidin
10654:Flavan-3,4-diols
10576:
10575:
10557:Dalbergichromene
10472:
10471:
10463:
10462:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10419:
10418:
10396:
10389:
10382:
10373:
10372:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10286:
10285:
10079:
10078:
9911:
9910:
9888:Sesterterpenoids
9854:Levopimaric acid
9716:Geranyl-linalool
9697:
9696:
9630:Sesquiterpenoids
9570:Perillyl alcohol
9484:
9483:
9379:
9378:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9235:
9234:
9212:
9205:
9198:
9189:
9188:
9030:Cannabigerovarin
8762:N-Oleoyldopamine
8668:Euodia ruticarpa
8634:Dihydrocapsaicin
8441:
8440:
8437:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8299:
8298:
8295:
8043:Cooling Agent 10
8002:
8001:
7998:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7388:4-Hydroxynonenal
7378:
7377:
7374:
7359:
7350:
7343:
7336:
7327:
7326:
7013:Calcium blockers
7009:
7008:
6905:
6854:
6680:
6668:COX-2 inhibitors
6634:
6553:Tiaprofenic acid
6524:
6511:
6503:
6474:
6473:
6351:
6131:
6070:
6042:
6014:
5931:
5930:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5856:
5827:
5810:
5791:
5766:
5715:
5688:
5676:
5660:
5649:
5636:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5598:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5549:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5408:
5398:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5257:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5212:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5128:
5113:Journal of Fungi
5104:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5077:
5056:Candida albicans
5049:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5022:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4965:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4769:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4707:(9): 2179–2181.
4692:
4686:
4685:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4482:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4444:Natural Products
4435:
4429:
4428:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4373:(1–2): 117–130.
4358:
4352:
4351:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4153:(7): 1115–1121.
4138:
4132:
4131:
4110:Micko K (1899).
4107:
4101:
4100:
4079:Micko K (1898).
4076:
4070:
4068:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3983:
3964:
3929:
3912:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3812:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3643:. 12 March 2023.
3640:Cleveland Clinic
3631:
3625:
3624:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3484:"Fire and Spice"
3479:
3473:
3472:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3402:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3328:. 21 August 2008
3318:
3309:
3308:
3275:(8): 1383–1391.
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3218:(9): 1007–1015.
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2981:. Archived from
2972:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2753:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2523:10.1038/35086653
2506:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2399:. 3 October 2013
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2302:
1980:
1958:
1935:
1912:
1889:
1872:Dihydrocapsaicin
1866:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1775:mucous membranes
1601:Irritant effects
1561:mucous membranes
1375:mucous membranes
1283:placental tissue
1277:Natural function
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1124:
1123:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1032:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
946:
942:
938:
934:
906:
901:
896:
891:
850:
847:
831:
820:
817:
803:
793:
736:
732:
730:
675:
671:
655:
613:
598:
595:
589:
583:
576:Chemical formula
506:
505:
490:
488:
472:
452:
441:
427:
407:
378:
370:
359:
348:
328:
308:
288:
256:
232:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
51:
42:
35:
31:
21:
14939:
14938:
14934:
14933:
14932:
14930:
14929:
14928:
14919:CYP3A4 inducers
14904:
14903:
14902:
14892:
14890:
14882:
14880:
14875:
14847:
14796:
14722:
14658:Chili con carne
14641:
14628:
14588:
14544:Madame Jeanette
14509:Dragon's Breath
14499:Carolina Reaper
14462:
14432:
14366:Santa Fe Grande
14217:Capsicum annuum
14201:
14196:
14166:
14161:
14147:
14078:Sodium butyrate
13958:Allyl mercaptan
13929:
13924:
13894:
13889:
13864:
13838:
13811:Phenylethanoids
13801:
13753:
13729:Diferulic acids
13686:
13665:
13602:
13593:Orsellinic acid
13539:
13523:
13479:
13474:
13432:
13417:
13391:Naphthoquinones
13353:
13302:
13293:Epicutissimin A
13285:
13277:
13196:
13154:
13131:
13059:
13053:
13015:
13001:
12974:
12966:
12944:
12940:
12932:
12914:
12901:
12844:
12832:Dihydrochalcone
12826:
12794:
12767:
12744:
12708:
12684:
12656:
12633:
12612:
12604:
12583:
12575:
12546:
12528:
12501:
12478:
12437:
12431:
12399:
12391:
12385:
12347:
12304:
12298:
12268:
12263:
12248:
12203:Polysaccharides
12186:Monosaccharides
12172:
12109:
12091:
12049:
11950:Isothiocyanates
11935:Gluconasturtiin
11925:isothiocyanates
11910:
11909:
11904:
11879:
11853:
11826:Phenylethanoids
11816:
11768:
11744:Diferulic acids
11701:
11680:
11617:
11608:Orsellinic acid
11554:
11538:
11494:
11489:
11447:
11432:
11406:Naphthoquinones
11368:
11317:
11308:Epicutissimin A
11300:
11292:
11211:
11169:
11146:
11074:
11068:
11030:
11016:
10989:
10981:
10959:
10955:
10947:
10929:
10916:
10859:
10847:Dihydrochalcone
10841:
10809:
10782:
10759:
10723:
10699:
10671:
10648:
10627:
10619:
10598:
10590:
10561:
10543:
10516:
10493:
10452:
10446:
10414:
10406:
10400:
10362:
10319:
10313:
10273:
10272:
10267:
10244:
10222:
10205:
10174:
10130:
10070:
10068:Tetraterpenoids
10062:
10041:
9982:
9973:Cholecalciferol
9899:
9896:Geranylfarnesol
9878:
9861:Neoabietic acid
9846:Isopimaric acid
9821:
9795:
9765:
9740:
9719:
9685:
9620:
9579:
9528:
9479:
9478:Monoterpenoids
9469:
9424:
9398:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9358:
9354:Isovaleric acid
9344:
9340:
9320:
9277:
9262:
9222:
9216:
9186:
9181:
9159:
9150:Tolfenamic acid
9070:Flufenamic acid
8966:
8873:Resiniferatoxin
8866:Ruta graveolens
8629:Diacyl glycerol
8424:
8408:
8370:
8366:
8346:
8332:
8282:
8268:Tolfenamic acid
8261:Ruta graveolens
8201:Flufenamic acid
8164:
8113:Ruta graveolens
8024:(intracellular)
7985:
7981:Tolfenamic acid
7936:Flufenamic acid
7914:
7890:Diacyl glycerol
7853:
7797:
7483:Cannabichromene
7393:4-Oxo-2-nonenal
7365:
7354:
7324:
7319:
7318:
7303:Clinical trials
7282:
7263:Phenazopyridine
7201:
7182:Cyclobenzaprine
7154:
7136:
7118:
7061:Sodium blockers
7055:
7003:
6996:
6954:
6913:
6903:
6862:
6852:
6746:
6742:Tolfenamic acid
6727:Flufenamic acid
6713:
6678:
6662:
6632:
6598:
6562:
6522:
6509:
6501:
6463:
6427:+metoclopramide
6368:
6349:
6170:
6129:
6068:
6051:Dihydromorphine
6040:
6012:
5988:
5920:
5906:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5836:
5834:Further reading
5831:
5830:
5797:nicotine].
5744:Henri Braconnot
5665:Capsicum annuum
5637:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5575:
5571:
5526:
5522:
5477:
5473:
5426:
5422:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5285:
5281:
5230:
5226:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5105:
5101:
5050:
5046:
4991:
4987:
4942:
4938:
4907:
4903:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4838:
4834:
4803:Capsicum annuum
4797:
4793:
4774:J. Chem. Soc. C
4770:
4761:
4724:
4720:
4693:
4689:
4646:
4642:
4611:
4607:
4572:
4568:
4545:
4541:
4518:
4514:
4483:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4436:
4432:
4417:J. Chem. Soc. C
4413:
4409:
4398:
4394:
4359:
4355:
4340:Capsicum annuum
4336:
4332:
4317:
4313:
4294:
4290:
4271:
4267:
4234:
4230:
4197:
4193:
4170:
4166:
4139:
4135:
4108:
4104:
4091:(12): 818–829.
4077:
4073:
4065:
4051:
4047:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3931:
3898:
3894:
3879:
3875:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3781:
3777:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3672:
3668:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3589:
3585:
3546:
3542:
3499:
3495:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3455:
3451:
3428:
3424:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3326:BBC News Online
3320:
3319:
3312:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3132:
3128:
3089:
3085:
3054:
3050:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2947:(1): CD007393.
2936:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2754:
2741:
2696:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2667:
2656:
2609:
2605:
2550:
2546:
2507:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2419:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2267:Carolina Reaper
2254:Resiniferatoxin
2222:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2166:
2120:
2094:phenylpropanoid
2083:acyltransferase
2051:
2031:phenylpropanoid
2026:
1989:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1802:) are the most
1793:
1787:
1771:Rudolf Buchheim
1763:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1659:
1636:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1587:
1553:
1530:LDL cholesterol
1522:clinical trials
1436:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1279:
1207:
1203:
1169:
1165:
1136:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108: ?)
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1030:
955:
929:
915:
884:
859:
834:
782:
765:
747:
734:
728:
726:
716:
704:
673:
669:
665:
653:
632:Highly pungent
611:
601:
592:
586:
578:
564:
561:
556:
555:
544:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
521:
520:
509:
491:
484:
475:
455:
442:
430:
410:
397:
388:
351:
331:
311:
291:
268:
259:
246:
235:
222:
208:
206:
204:
202:
196:
187:
177:
161:
160:
106:
102:
68:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14937:
14927:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14901:
14900:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14873:
14863:
14852:
14849:
14848:
14846:
14845:
14843:Scoville scale
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14804:
14802:
14798:
14797:
14795:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14733:
14731:
14724:
14723:
14721:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14649:
14647:
14643:
14642:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14629:
14627:
14626:
14624:Tabasco pepper
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14600:
14598:
14590:
14589:
14587:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14501:
14496:
14495:(ghost pepper)
14490:
14485:
14480:
14474:
14472:
14464:
14463:
14461:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14448:Bishop's crown
14444:
14442:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14369:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14338:
14333:
14328:
14323:
14318:
14313:
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14276:Chile de árbol
14273:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14222:
14220:
14209:
14203:
14202:
14195:
14194:
14187:
14180:
14172:
14163:
14162:
14152:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14108:Trichostatin A
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14055:
14050:
14048:Phenylbutyrate
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13955:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13934:
13931:
13930:
13923:
13922:
13915:
13908:
13900:
13891:
13890:
13888:
13887:
13881:
13875:
13873:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13846:
13844:
13840:
13839:
13837:
13836:
13831:
13826:
13824:Hydroxytyrosol
13821:
13815:
13813:
13807:
13806:
13803:
13802:
13800:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13763:
13761:
13755:
13754:
13752:
13751:
13749:Sinapinic acid
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13700:
13698:
13692:
13691:
13688:
13687:
13685:
13684:
13679:
13673:
13671:
13667:
13666:
13664:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13612:
13610:
13604:
13603:
13601:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13553:
13551:
13545:
13544:
13541:
13540:
13538:
13537:
13531:
13529:
13525:
13524:
13522:
13521:
13519:Salicylic acid
13516:
13511:
13505:
13503:
13496:
13487:
13485:Phenolic acids
13481:
13480:
13477:Aromatic acids
13473:
13472:
13465:
13458:
13450:
13444:
13442:Aromatic acids
13438:
13437:
13434:
13433:
13428:
13426:
13419:
13418:
13416:
13415:
13406:
13400:
13394:
13388:
13383:
13377:
13375:Anthraquinones
13372:
13365:
13363:
13359:
13358:
13355:
13354:
13352:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13326:
13321:
13319:Pseudo tannins
13316:
13314:Tannin sources
13310:
13308:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13300:
13295:
13289:
13287:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13275:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13206:
13204:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13168:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13152:
13147:
13141:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13078:
13076:
13067:
13061:
13060:
13052:
13051:
13044:
13037:
13029:
13023:
13017:
13016:
13011:
13009:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12978:
12976:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12948:
12946:
12942:
12934:
12933:
12928:
12926:
12924:Flavonolignans
12920:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12907:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12892:Methylenedioxy
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12858:
12856:
12850:
12849:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12842:
12836:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12824:
12813:
12811:
12802:
12796:
12795:
12793:
12792:
12787:
12781:
12779:
12773:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12765:
12762:Guibourtinidin
12754:
12752:
12746:
12745:
12743:
12742:
12731:
12729:
12720:
12718:Anthocyanidins
12714:
12713:
12710:
12709:
12707:
12706:
12700:
12694:
12692:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12666:
12664:
12658:
12657:
12655:
12654:
12643:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12631:
12620:
12618:
12606:
12605:
12603:
12602:
12591:
12589:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12573:
12567:
12565:
12558:
12552:
12551:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12544:
12538:
12536:
12530:
12529:
12527:
12526:
12511:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12500:
12499:
12488:
12486:
12480:
12479:
12477:
12476:
12465:
12463:
12454:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12430:
12429:
12422:
12415:
12407:
12401:
12393:
12392:
12384:
12383:
12376:
12369:
12361:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12314:
12312:
12306:
12305:
12297:
12296:
12289:
12282:
12274:
12265:
12264:
12259:
12257:
12250:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12222:
12221:
12220:
12215:
12200:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12182:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12148:Anacardic acid
12145:
12140:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12128:
12119:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12107:
12101:
12099:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12088:
12087:
12082:
12072:
12071:
12070:
12059:
12057:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12047:
12046:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12005:
12004:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11991:
11984:Organosulfides
11981:
11980:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11968:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11944:
11943:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11920:
11918:
11916:Glucosinolates
11912:
11911:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11902:
11896:
11890:
11888:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11861:
11859:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11839:Hydroxytyrosol
11836:
11830:
11828:
11822:
11821:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11778:
11776:
11770:
11769:
11767:
11766:
11764:Sinapinic acid
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11715:
11713:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11699:
11694:
11688:
11686:
11682:
11681:
11679:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11627:
11625:
11619:
11618:
11616:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11568:
11566:
11560:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11552:
11546:
11544:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11536:
11534:Salicylic acid
11531:
11526:
11520:
11518:
11511:
11502:
11500:Phenolic acids
11496:
11495:
11492:Aromatic acids
11488:
11487:
11480:
11473:
11465:
11459:
11457:Aromatic acids
11453:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11441:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11430:
11421:
11415:
11409:
11403:
11398:
11392:
11390:Anthraquinones
11387:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11367:
11366:
11365:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11341:
11336:
11334:Pseudo tannins
11331:
11329:Tannin sources
11325:
11323:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11315:
11310:
11304:
11302:
11294:
11293:
11291:
11290:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11221:
11219:
11213:
11212:
11210:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11183:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11167:
11162:
11156:
11154:
11148:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11093:
11091:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11067:
11066:
11059:
11052:
11044:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11026:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10993:
10991:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10963:
10961:
10957:
10949:
10948:
10943:
10941:
10939:Flavonolignans
10935:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10907:Methylenedioxy
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10873:
10871:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10857:
10851:
10849:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10839:
10828:
10826:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10807:
10802:
10796:
10794:
10788:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10780:
10777:Guibourtinidin
10769:
10767:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10746:
10744:
10735:
10733:Anthocyanidins
10729:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10721:
10715:
10709:
10707:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10681:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10658:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10635:
10633:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10606:
10604:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10588:
10582:
10580:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10553:
10551:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10541:
10526:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10503:
10501:
10495:
10494:
10492:
10491:
10480:
10478:
10469:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10445:
10444:
10437:
10430:
10422:
10416:
10408:
10407:
10399:
10398:
10391:
10384:
10376:
10370:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10329:
10327:
10321:
10320:
10312:
10311:
10304:
10297:
10289:
10283:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10269:
10268:
10266:
10265:
10259:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10242:
10239:protein domain
10230:
10228:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10217:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10195:
10193:Natural rubber
10189:
10187:
10184:Polyterpenoids
10180:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10141:
10139:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10106:Delta-Carotene
10103:
10101:Gamma-Carotene
10098:
10093:
10091:Alpha-Carotene
10087:
10085:
10076:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10057:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10043:
10042:
10040:
10039:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10030:Betulinic acid
10027:
10022:
10020:Oleanolic acid
10014:
10009:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9990:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9954:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9932:Citrostadienol
9930:
9919:
9917:
9908:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9897:
9893:
9891:
9884:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9877:
9876:
9875:Palustric acid
9873:
9870:
9867:
9862:
9859:
9856:
9851:
9848:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9831:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9801:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9793:
9790:
9787:
9784:
9779:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9755:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9727:
9725:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9709:
9703:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9672:
9669:
9664:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9635:
9633:
9626:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9601:Bornyl acetate
9598:
9593:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9490:
9488:
9481:
9475:
9474:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9331:
9329:
9326:Hemiterpenoids
9322:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9312:
9309:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9285:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9261:
9260:
9253:
9246:
9238:
9232:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9220:phytochemicals
9215:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9192:
9183:
9182:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9037:
9027:
9017:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8949:
8944:
8928:
8914:
8904:
8886:
8870:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8840:Dorrigo pepper
8833:
8819:
8812:Phorbol esters
8809:
8804:
8799:
8789:
8779:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8744:
8737:
8732:
8722:
8712:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8672:
8660:
8646:
8641:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8599:
8589:
8582:Cannabidivarin
8579:
8569:
8550:camphor laurel
8543:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8511:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8447:
8445:
8438:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8393:
8391:
8384:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8296:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8218:
8213:
8211:Mefenamic acid
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8133:
8117:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8019:
8014:
8008:
8006:
7999:
7991:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7904:St John's wort
7897:
7892:
7887:
7884:St John's wort
7876:
7874:
7867:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7831:
7826:
7816:
7811:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7780:
7770:
7765:
7755:
7750:
7732:
7729:Dorrigo pepper
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7697:
7687:
7677:
7672:
7662:
7657:
7650:Sichuan pepper
7643:
7627:
7622:
7620:Isothiocyanate
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7565:
7560:
7550:
7540:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7513:Cinnamaldehyde
7510:
7500:
7490:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7443:
7433:
7428:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7384:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7366:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7330:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7258:Methoxyflurane
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7017:
7015:
7006:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6901:Propyphenazone
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6876:Aminophenazone
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6756:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6737:Mefenamic acid
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6517:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6207:Dextromoramide
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6087:Hydromorphinol
6084:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6038:Dihydrocodeine
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6007:
6005:Benzylmorphine
6002:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5943:
5941:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5862:External links
5860:
5858:
5857:
5851:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5792:
5767:
5741:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5689:
5677:
5661:
5650:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5569:
5540:(3): 487–492.
5520:
5471:
5420:
5361:
5336:
5279:
5224:
5195:(3): 169–177.
5175:
5150:
5099:
5044:
4985:
4956:(3): 154–162.
4936:
4901:
4865:
4858:
4832:
4791:
4759:
4738:(5): 675–688.
4718:
4687:
4640:
4605:
4586:(4): 839–844.
4580:Phytochemistry
4566:
4539:
4512:
4470:
4461:
4450:(4): 425–426.
4430:
4407:
4392:
4353:
4330:
4311:
4288:
4265:
4228:
4191:
4180:(3): 737–743.
4164:
4133:
4122:(5): 411–412.
4102:
4071:
4063:
4045:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3971:
3965:
3924:. 3rd Series.
3913:
3907:. 3rd Series.
3892:
3873:
3854:
3832:
3775:
3764:(4): 326–333.
3748:
3717:
3666:
3663:. 16 May 2024.
3646:
3626:
3599:(4): 275–328.
3583:
3540:
3513:(1): R77–R85.
3493:
3474:
3467:
3449:
3438:(4): 248–249.
3422:
3373:
3339:
3310:
3259:
3237:
3224:10.1002/ps.705
3202:
3167:
3126:
3099:(8): 858–865.
3083:
3064:(3): 438–442.
3048:
2999:
2924:
2901:
2881:"Qutenza EPAR"
2872:
2870:
2869:
2844:. 29 June 2010
2825:
2799:
2739:
2687:
2675:New York Times
2654:
2603:
2544:
2496:
2467:
2449:
2430:(6): 435–474.
2410:
2380:
2354:
2319:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2221:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2184:
2181:
2165:
2162:
2119:
2116:
2050:
2047:
2025:
2022:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1786:
1783:
1762:
1759:
1739:depolarization
1706:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1658:
1655:
1635:
1632:
1624:conjunctivitis
1614:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1586:
1583:
1552:
1549:
1484:. A capsaicin
1448:dermal patches
1435:
1432:
1391:Scoville scale
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1278:
1275:
1149:
1148:
1147:16,000,000 SHU
1145:
1143:Scoville scale
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1089:
1088:
1084:standard state
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
983:P305+P351+P338
956:
951:
948:
947:
930:
925:
922:
921:
916:
911:
908:
907:
885:
880:
877:
876:
866:
865:
861:
860:
858:
857:
844:
842:
836:
835:
833:
832:
814:
812:
806:
805:
783:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:
766:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
738:
737:
724:
722:Vapor pressure
718:
717:
715:
714:
702:
697:
686:
684:
678:
677:
666:
661:
658:
657:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
609:
603:
602:
599:
590:
584:
579:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
563:
562:
559:
551:
550:
549:
546:
545:
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
532:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:
514:
511:
510:
508:
507:
494:
492:
480:
477:
476:
474:
473:
465:
463:
457:
456:
454:
453:
445:
443:
435:
432:
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
412:
411:
409:
408:
400:
398:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
382:
380:
372:
371:
361:
353:
352:
350:
349:
341:
339:
333:
332:
330:
329:
321:
319:
313:
312:
310:
309:
301:
299:
293:
292:
290:
289:
281:
279:
273:
272:
269:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
249:
247:
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
225:
223:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
167:
163:
162:
150:
149:
143:
142:
62:
61:Pronunciation
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14936:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14914:Capsaicinoids
14912:
14911:
14909:
14899:
14889:
14888:
14885:
14872:
14864:
14862:
14854:
14853:
14850:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14805:
14803:
14799:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14787:Tabasco sauce
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14737:Biber salçası
14735:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14725:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14650:
14648:
14646:Culinary uses
14644:
14639:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14619:Siling labuyo
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14596:
14591:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14574:Scotch bonnet
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14539:Komodo Dragon
14537:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14483:Ají caballero
14481:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14473:
14471:
14470:
14465:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14445:
14443:
14441:
14440:
14435:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14342:
14339:
14337:
14334:
14332:
14329:
14327:
14324:
14322:
14321:Hungarian wax
14319:
14317:
14316:Guntur Sannam
14314:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14291:Facing Heaven
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14223:
14221:
14219:
14218:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14204:
14200:
14199:Chili peppers
14193:
14188:
14186:
14181:
14179:
14174:
14173:
14170:
14160:
14159:
14156:
14150:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13935:
13932:
13928:
13921:
13916:
13914:
13909:
13907:
13902:
13901:
13898:
13885:
13884:Phlorotannins
13882:
13880:
13877:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13867:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13847:
13845:
13841:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13808:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13767:phenylalanine
13765:
13764:
13762:
13760:
13756:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13734:Coumaric acid
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13719:Cinnamic acid
13717:
13715:
13714:Chicoric acid
13712:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13697:
13693:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13668:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13656:Syringic acid
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13631:Eudesmic acid
13629:
13627:
13626:Ethyl gallate
13624:
13622:
13621:Chebulic acid
13619:
13617:
13614:
13613:
13611:
13609:
13605:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13583:Gentisic acid
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13550:
13546:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13526:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13491:
13488:
13486:
13482:
13478:
13471:
13466:
13464:
13459:
13457:
13452:
13451:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13431:
13427:
13424:
13420:
13414:
13410:
13407:
13404:
13401:
13398:
13395:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13381:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13370:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13360:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13305:
13299:
13298:Acutissimin A
13296:
13294:
13291:
13290:
13288:
13284:
13280:
13273:
13271:
13270:7-Phloroeckol
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13207:
13205:
13203:
13202:Phlorotannins
13199:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13167:
13165:
13161:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13134:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13075:
13074:Ellagitannins
13071:
13068:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13050:
13045:
13043:
13038:
13036:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13018:
13014:
13010:
13008:
13004:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12987:Pterostilbene
12985:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12949:
12947:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12913:
12908:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12859:
12857:
12855:
12854:Miscellaneous
12851:
12841:
12838:
12837:
12835:
12833:
12829:
12822:
12818:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12810:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12797:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12774:
12763:
12759:
12756:
12755:
12753:
12751:
12747:
12740:
12736:
12733:
12732:
12730:
12728:
12724:
12721:
12719:
12715:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12695:
12693:
12691:
12687:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12659:
12652:
12648:
12647:Leucocyanidin
12645:
12644:
12642:
12640:
12636:
12629:
12625:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12611:
12607:
12600:
12599:Gallocatechol
12596:
12593:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12582:
12578:
12572:
12571:Luteoliflavan
12569:
12568:
12566:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12553:
12543:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12535:
12534:Neoflavonoids
12531:
12524:
12520:
12516:
12513:
12512:
12510:
12508:
12504:
12497:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12485:
12481:
12474:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12452:Anthoxanthins
12449:
12446:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12428:
12423:
12421:
12416:
12414:
12409:
12408:
12405:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12390:
12382:
12377:
12375:
12370:
12368:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12350:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12323:Benzenetriols
12321:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12313:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12295:
12290:
12288:
12283:
12281:
12276:
12275:
12272:
12262:
12258:
12255:
12251:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12231:
12228:
12227:
12226:
12223:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12210:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12204:
12201:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12187:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12178:Carbohydrates
12175:
12169:
12168:Fertaric acid
12166:
12164:
12163:Coutaric acid
12161:
12159:
12158:Caftaric acid
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12143:Tartaric acid
12141:
12139:
12136:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12118:
12116:
12115:Organic acids
12112:
12106:
12105:Chlorophyllin
12103:
12102:
12100:
12098:
12094:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12080:Indicaxanthin
12078:
12077:
12076:
12073:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12064:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12052:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12006:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11982:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11951:
11948:
11947:
11945:
11941:
11940:Glucoraphanin
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11926:
11923:Precursor to
11922:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11913:
11900:
11899:Phlorotannins
11897:
11895:
11892:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11882:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11856:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11829:
11827:
11823:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11782:phenylalanine
11780:
11779:
11777:
11775:
11771:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11749:Coumaric acid
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11734:Cinnamic acid
11732:
11730:
11729:Chicoric acid
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11708:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11683:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11671:Syringic acid
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11646:Eudesmic acid
11644:
11642:
11641:Ethyl gallate
11639:
11637:
11636:Chebulic acid
11634:
11632:
11629:
11628:
11626:
11624:
11620:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11598:Gentisic acid
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11561:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11541:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11519:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11493:
11486:
11481:
11479:
11474:
11472:
11467:
11466:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11454:
11446:
11442:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11379:
11375:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11320:
11314:
11313:Acutissimin A
11311:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11288:
11286:
11285:7-Phloroeckol
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11218:
11217:Phlorotannins
11214:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11176:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11089:Ellagitannins
11086:
11083:
11081:
11077:
11073:
11065:
11060:
11058:
11053:
11051:
11046:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11023:
11019:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11002:Pterostilbene
11000:
10998:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10964:
10962:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10942:
10940:
10936:
10928:
10923:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10869:Miscellaneous
10866:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10844:
10837:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10812:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10789:
10778:
10774:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10762:
10755:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10730:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10702:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10667:
10663:
10662:Leucocyanidin
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10651:
10644:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10626:
10622:
10615:
10614:Gallocatechol
10611:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10597:
10593:
10587:
10586:Luteoliflavan
10584:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10549:Neoflavonoids
10546:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10512:
10508:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10496:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10467:Anthoxanthins
10464:
10461:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10443:
10438:
10436:
10431:
10429:
10424:
10423:
10420:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10397:
10392:
10390:
10385:
10383:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10356:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10338:Benzenetriols
10336:
10334:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10305:
10303:
10298:
10296:
10291:
10290:
10287:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10263:
10260:
10257:
10254:
10253:
10251:
10247:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10218:
10216:3-oxo-α-ionol
10215:
10214:
10212:
10208:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10181:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10150:Cryptoxanthin
10148:
10146:
10145:Canthaxanthin
10143:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10133:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10096:Beta-Carotene
10094:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10080:
10077:
10074:
10069:
10065:
10058:
10056:Ferrugicadiol
10055:
10054:
10052:
10048:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10010:
10008:Serratenediol
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9985:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9909:
9906:
9905:Triterpenoids
9902:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9885:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9858:Mercusic acid
9857:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9841:
9839:Communic acid
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9798:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9768:
9762:
9759:
9756:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9743:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9722:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9704:
9702:
9698:
9695:
9692:
9688:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9560:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9476:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9259:
9254:
9252:
9247:
9245:
9240:
9239:
9236:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9213:
9208:
9206:
9201:
9199:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9166:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9130:Ruthenium red
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9110:Niflumic acid
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8978:α-Spinasterol
8976:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8912:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8879:
8874:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8705:Homocapsaicin
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8618:wild bergamot
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8566:camphor basil
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8431:
8421:
8420:Ruthenium red
8418:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8377:
8367:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8294:
8289:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8251:Ruthenium red
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8231:Niflumic acid
8229:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8167:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:; indirectly)
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8058:Frescolat MGA
8056:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8003:
8000:
7997:
7992:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7961:Niflumic acid
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7860:
7850:
7849:Ruthenium red
7847:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7660:Methylglyoxal
7658:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7533:Cuminaldehyde
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7351:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7192:Methocarbamol
7190:
7188:
7187:Mephenoxalone
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Chlorzoxazone
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7107:amitriptyline
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7069:Carbamazepine
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6527:Dexketoprofen
6521:
6518:
6515:
6507:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Phenoperidine
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Ethoheptazine
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Hydromorphone
6090:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Ethylmorphine
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6011:
6010:Buprenorphine
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:Semisynthetic
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5821:
5820:chili peppers
5816:
5815:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:(in French).
5756:
5752:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5738:pages 381–386
5736:..., vol. 6,
5735:
5731:
5727:
5724:(1819); (ii)
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:(in German).
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5365:
5350:
5349:npic.orst.edu
5346:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4859:9781441972996
4855:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4795:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:J Am Chem Soc
4698:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:(in German).
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4087:(in German).
4086:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3810:10.1038/39807
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3247:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2961:10044/1/49554
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2912:
2905:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2485:on 4 May 2007
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:, the active
2227:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2136:genetic drift
2133:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:vanillylamine
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1995:Chili peppers
1993:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Homocapsaicin
1916:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1785:Capsaicinoids
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:cell membrane
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1675:carbohydrates
1672:
1671:meta-analysis
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1628:blepharospasm
1625:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:post-herpetic
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Tabasco sauce
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1298:The seeds of
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:chili peppers
1240:
1199:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
957:
954:
950:
949:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
905:
900:
895:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
874:
872:
867:
862:
856:
846:
845:
843:
841:
838:
837:
830:
825:
816:
815:
813:
811:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:Pharmacology
771:
767:
764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
743:
740:
739:
731:10 mm Hg
725:
723:
720:
719:
713:
709:
705:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:
685:
683:
680:
679:
667:
664:
660:
659:
651:
649:
648:Boiling point
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:Melting point
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
610:
608:
605:
604:
580:
577:
573:
572:
567:
558:
557:
554:
547:
533:
523:
522:
519:
512:
504:
500:
499:DTXSID9020241
496:
495:
493:
483:
479:
478:
471:
467:
466:
464:
462:
459:
458:
451:
447:
446:
444:
438:
434:
433:
426:
422:
421:
419:
417:
414:
413:
406:
402:
401:
399:
396:
392:
391:
384:
383:
381:
379:
374:
373:
369:
365:
362:
360:
358:ECHA InfoCard
355:
354:
347:
343:
342:
340:
338:
335:
334:
327:
323:
322:
320:
318:
315:
314:
307:
303:
302:
300:
298:
295:
294:
287:
283:
282:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
267:
263:
262:
255:
251:
250:
248:
244:
239:
238:
231:
227:
226:
224:
221:
217:
216:
211:
200:
194:
190:
186:-6-nonenamide
185:
181:
175:
171:
164:
158:
154:
148:
144:
139:
98:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
18:Capsaicinoids
14833:Pepper spray
14807:
14762:Pepper jelly
14693:Filfel chuma
14683:Chili thread
14678:Chili powder
14593:
14493:Bhut jolokia
14467:
14437:
14215:
14154:
14153:
14118:Valnoctamide
14113:Tucidinostat
14098:Sulforaphane
14043:Parthenolide
14038:Panobinostat
14028:Mocetinostat
14003:Fimepinostat
13983:Citarinostat
13977:
13869:
13849:
13744:Ferulic acid
13709:Caffeic acid
13682:Ellagic acid
13422:
13413:isocoumarins
13386:Kavalactones
13328:Tannin uses
13255:Tetrafucol A
13235:Diphlorethol
13220:6,6'-Bieckol
13215:8,8′-Bieckol
13137:Gallotannins
13102:Casuarictins
13082:Punicalagins
13007:Curcuminoids
12952:Matairesinol
12853:
12758:Apigeninidin
12703:Aromadendrin
12610:Flavan-4-ols
12581:Flavan-3-ols
12318:Benzenediols
12253:
12097:Chlorophylls
12085:Vulgaxanthin
12075:Betaxanthins
11994:Polysulfides
11977:Thiocyanates
11955:Sulforaphane
11884:
11864:
11759:Ferulic acid
11724:Caffeic acid
11697:Ellagic acid
11437:
11428:isocoumarins
11401:Kavalactones
11343:Tannin uses
11270:Tetrafucol A
11250:Diphlorethol
11235:6,6'-Bieckol
11230:8,8′-Bieckol
11152:Gallotannins
11117:Casuarictins
11097:Punicalagins
11022:Curcuminoids
10967:Matairesinol
10868:
10773:Apigeninidin
10718:Aromadendrin
10625:Flavan-4-ols
10596:Flavan-3-ols
10333:Benzenediols
10202:Gutta-balatá
10198:Gutta percha
10136:Xanthophylls
10116:Neurosporene
10035:Moronic acid
10025:Ursolic acid
9968:Testosterone
9951:Stigmasterol
9936:Cycloartenol
9923:Phytosterols
9865:Pimaric acid
9835:Abietic acid
9786:Manoyl oxide
9761:Salvinorin A
9751:
9691:Diterpenoids
9555:Thujaplicins
9480:(2,modified)
9420:Phellandrene
9364:Monoterpenes
9293:
9289:
9282:Basic forms:
9170:
9169:
9010:Cannabigerol
8981:
8934:
8876:
8864:
8826:black pepper
8786:chili pepper
8719:chili pepper
8709:chili pepper
8700:Hepoxilin B3
8695:Hepoxilin A3
8666:
8638:chili pepper
8596:chili pepper
8591:
8537:
8400:
8259:
8186:Clotrimazole
8127:
8111:
8063:Frescolat ML
7971:Progesterone
7880:Adhyperforin
7793:WIN 55,212-2
7786:
7637:
7605:Hepoxilin B3
7600:Hepoxilin A3
7571:
7503:Cannabigerol
7232:
7197:Orphenadrine
7172:Carisoprodol
7164:Myorelaxants
7114:
6964:Cannabinoids
6930:Floctafenine
6835:Salicylamide
6514:+paracetamol
6506:Dexibuprofen
6494:Flurbiprofen
6484:Benoxaprofen
6459:Propacetamol
6449:Parapropamol
6417:+hydrocodone
6358:+paracetamol
6327:Remifentanil
6317:Proheptazine
6247:Ketobemidone
6187:Alphaprodine
6134:+paracetamol
6122:Nicomorphine
6117:Nicodicodine
6073:+paracetamol
6045:+paracetamol
6028:Desomorphine
5957:+paracetamol
5845:. Springer.
5842:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5733:
5725:
5722:page 117-119
5717:
5711:
5707:
5683:
5671:
5664:
5655:
5644:
5634:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5436:(1): 61–68.
5433:
5429:
5423:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5372:
5364:
5352:. Retrieved
5348:
5339:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5227:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5162:
5153:
5116:
5112:
5102:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5047:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4849:
4843:
4835:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4777:
4773:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4660:(1): 47–57.
4657:
4653:
4649:
4643:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4490:
4486:
4464:
4447:
4443:
4442:oleoresin".
4439:
4433:
4416:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4054:
4048:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3988:
3979:
3967:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3867:
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3835:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3683:
3679:
3669:
3658:
3649:
3638:
3629:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3487:
3477:
3458:
3452:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3330:. Retrieved
3272:
3268:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3240:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3143:
3139:
3129:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3019:(1): 51–54.
3016:
3012:
3002:
2992:27 September
2990:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2944:
2940:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2864:
2846:. Retrieved
2837:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:the original
2802:
2765:
2761:
2707:
2703:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2514:
2510:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2461:
2452:
2427:
2423:
2401:. Retrieved
2392:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2310:. Retrieved
2300:
2281:black pepper
2210:
2198:
2186:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2075:
2071:
2065:interlocular
2054:
2052:
2042:
2034:
2027:
1987:Biosynthesis
1814:
1808:
1797:
1794:
1779:gastric acid
1764:
1748:
1708:
1696:
1687:peptic ulcer
1684:
1681:Peptic ulcer
1660:
1640:
1637:
1620:
1609:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1557:pepper spray
1554:
1534:
1515:
1489:
1468:
1464:rubefacients
1437:
1430:
1408:and Mexican
1398:chili pepper
1395:
1383:chili powder
1372:
1337:
1330:vanillotoxin
1327:
1320:
1299:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1248:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1018:
918:
870:
840:Legal status
810:License data
306:ChEMBL294199
213:Identifiers
198:
192:
188:
183:
179:
173:
169:
166:Other names
156:
152:
29:
14747:Chili sauce
14554:Naga Morich
14423:Siling haba
14383:Peperoncino
14306:Friggitello
14246:Black Pearl
14063:Resminostat
14058:Quisinostat
14053:Pracinostat
14033:Niacinamide
14023:Martinostat
13948:Abexinostat
13829:Oleocanthal
13646:Norbergenin
13641:Tannic acid
13636:Gallic acid
13430:Polyphenols
13403:Xanthonoids
13380:Chalconoids
13230:Eckstolonol
13127:Terflavin B
13092:Vescalagins
13087:Castalagins
12992:Piceatannol
12982:Resveratrol
12972:Stilbenoids
12962:Pinoresinol
12897:Castavinols
12739:Delphinidin
12690:Flavanonols
12680:Eriodictyol
12507:Isoflavones
12389:polyphenols
12353:Polyphenols
12208:Beta-glucan
12138:Oxalic acid
12131:Quinic acid
12126:Phytic acid
12063:Betacyanins
11844:Oleocanthal
11661:Norbergenin
11656:Tannic acid
11651:Gallic acid
11445:Polyphenols
11418:Xanthonoids
11395:Chalconoids
11245:Eckstolonol
11142:Terflavin B
11107:Vescalagins
11102:Castalagins
11007:Piceatannol
10997:Resveratrol
10987:Stilbenoids
10977:Pinoresinol
10912:Castavinols
10754:Delphinidin
10705:Flavanonols
10695:Eriodictyol
10522:Isoflavones
10404:polyphenols
10368:Polyphenols
10170:Rubixanthin
10160:Astaxanthin
10121:Phytofluene
10073:Carotenoids
9963:Cholesterol
9958:Tocopherols
9928:Campesterol
9827:Resin acids
9812:Gibberellin
9807:Aphidicolin
9800:Tetracyclic
9675:Longifolene
9639:Artemisinin
9616:Umbellulone
9504:Citronellol
9494:Citronellal
9145:Tivanisiran
9050:Capsazepine
8962:Zucapsaicin
8830:long pepper
8796:Pacific yew
8685:GSK1016790A
8572:Cannabidiol
8558:camphorweed
8246:RQ-00203078
8241:PF-05105679
8181:Capsazepine
7946:GSK2293017A
7910:Substance P
7895:GSK1702934A
7844:PF-04745637
7783:Umbellulone
7704:Pacific yew
7690:Oleocanthal
7669:wintergreen
7630:Ligustilide
7493:Cannabidiol
7458:horseradish
7299:from market
7243:Frunevetmab
7223:Bedinvetmab
7132:PF-05089771
7041:Mirogabalin
7002:Ion channel
6972:Cannabidiol
6925:Benzydamine
6868:Pyrazolones
6850:Wintergreen
6800:Ethenzamide
6795:Dipyrocetyl
6752:Salicylates
6694:Lumiracoxib
6630:Indometacin
6558:Zaltoprofen
6477:Propionates
6387:Acetanilide
6378:Paracetamol
6312:Piritramide
6297:Phenazocine
6292:Phenadoxone
6282:Pentazocine
6277:Oliceridine
6272:Norpipanone
6241:+fluanisone
6222:Dimenoxadol
6202:Carfentanil
6197:Bezitramide
6192:Anileridine
6161:Papaveretum
6156:Oxymorphone
6150:+naltrexone
6112:Nicocodeine
6097:Levorphanol
6066:Hydrocodone
6023:Butorphanol
5968:+naltrexone
5667:appear in:
5589:(7): 1286.
5534:HortScience
5299:(1): 9963.
5068:(2): 1046.
4780:: 442–446.
4215:: 923–927.
3941:The Analyst
3735:"Capsaicin"
3556:: 183–188.
3195:13 November
2403:22 February
2373:22 February
2341:"Capsaicin"
2306:"Capsaicin"
2244:Capsazepine
2200:Granivorous
2158:granivorous
1882:16,000,000
1859:16,000,000
1842:heat units
1494:therapeutic
1486:transdermal
1317:anti-fungal
1309:molar teeth
1267:hydrophobic
913:Signal word
768:Monoclinic
619:Appearance
569:Properties
364:100.006.337
201:)-Capsaicin
14908:Categories
14818:Chilympiad
14730:and sauces
14728:Condiments
14713:Peppersoup
14688:Ema datshi
14569:Red Savina
14559:Naga Viper
14453:Lemon drop
14428:Urfa biber
14341:New Mexico
14261:Cheongyang
14241:Bird's eye
14138:Valpromide
14103:Trapoxin B
14068:Romidepsin
14008:Givinostat
13998:Entinostat
13968:Belinostat
13834:Oleuropein
13772:tryptophan
13661:Theogallin
13528:Glycosides
13405:(C6-C1-C6)
13382:(C6-C3-C6)
13371:(C6-C7-C6)
13332:Enological
13112:Punicalins
13107:Grandinins
12997:Pinosylvin
12975:(C6-C2-C6)
12790:Leptosidin
12785:Aureusidin
12675:Naringenin
12670:Hesperidin
12662:Flavanones
12628:Luteoforol
12496:Kaempferol
12443:Flavonoids
12435:flavonoids
12400:(C6-C3-C6)
12397:Flavonoids
12343:Dillapiole
12153:Malic acid
11849:Oleuropein
11787:tryptophan
11676:Theogallin
11543:Glycosides
11420:(C6-C1-C6)
11397:(C6-C3-C6)
11386:(C6-C7-C6)
11347:Enological
11127:Punicalins
11122:Grandinins
11012:Pinosylvin
10990:(C6-C2-C6)
10805:Leptosidin
10800:Aureusidin
10690:Naringenin
10685:Hesperidin
10677:Flavanones
10643:Luteoforol
10511:Kaempferol
10458:Flavonoids
10450:flavonoids
10415:(C6-C3-C6)
10412:Flavonoids
10358:Dillapiole
10155:Zeaxanthin
9999:Lanosterol
9946:Sitosterol
9941:Sitostanol
9817:Paclitaxel
9724:Monocyclic
9611:Ascaridole
9606:Eucalyptol
9559:Hinokitiol
9533:Monocyclic
9403:Monocyclic
9270:terpenoids
9228:Terpenoids
9040:Cannabinol
8940:pooissonii
8931:Tinyatoxin
8882:pooissonii
8846:Probenecid
8836:Polygodial
8792:Paclitaxel
8776:PAVA spray
8663:Evodiamine
8614:pepperwort
8529:Anandamide
8496:α-Sanshool
8444:Activators
8397:Triptolide
8390:Activators
8302:Activators
8278:TRPM4-IN-5
8196:Elismetrep
8124:stevioside
8052:eucalyptus
8048:Eucalyptol
8012:ADP-ribose
8005:Activators
7941:GSK417651A
7900:Hyperforin
7873:Activators
7753:Tear gases
7725:Polygodial
7715:PF-4840154
7700:Paclitaxel
7568:Dicentrine
7478:Bradykinin
7413:α-Sanshool
7381:Activators
7363:modulators
7273:Rimazolium
7268:Proglumide
7213:Analgecine
7150:Flupirtine
7093:Mexiletine
7074:Lacosamide
7051:Ziconotide
7046:Pregabalin
7036:Leconotide
7026:Gabapentin
7004:modulators
6987:Nabiximols
6950:Proquazone
6945:Nimesulide
6940:Nabumetone
6891:Nifenazone
6805:Guacetisal
6790:Diflunisal
6775:Benorylate
6709:Valdecoxib
6689:Etoricoxib
6620:Diclofenac
6610:Acemetacin
6579:Lornoxicam
6533:Loxoprofen
6520:Ketoprofen
6489:Fenoprofen
6454:Phenacetin
6432:+oxycodone
6422:+ibuprofen
6354:+celecoxib
6337:Tapentadol
6332:Sufentanil
6307:Piminodine
6257:Meptazinol
6252:Lofentanil
6227:Dipipanone
6182:Alfentanil
6142:+ibuprofen
6107:Nalbuphine
6077:+ibuprofen
5909:Analgesics
5751:Ranunculus
5720:, vol. 6,
5389:(5): 132.
5248:(7): 795.
4064:1888483024
3991:: 485–488.
3928:(315): 21.
3911:: 941–947.
2768:(7): 844.
2710:: 96–105.
2292:References
2176:ergosterol
2132:Solanaceae
2128:Solanaceae
1973:9,200,000
1964:Nonivamide
1951:8,600,000
1928:8,600,000
1905:9,100,000
1791:Capsinoids
1789:See also:
1711:nociceptor
1647:surfactant
1480:caused by
1473:, such as
1471:neuropathy
1422:endorphins
1418:chiliheads
1402:hot sauces
1135:Above peak
882:Pictograms
756:Structure
735:25 °C
682:Solubility
607:Molar mass
470:S07O44R1ZM
395:IUPHAR/BPS
317:ChemSpider
286:CHEBI:3374
241:3D model (
220:CAS Number
191:-8-Methyl-
182:-vanillyl-
33:Capsaicin
14808:Capsaicin
14752:Hot sauce
14742:Chili oil
14708:Nam phrik
14698:Gochujang
14663:Chili dog
14614:Malagueta
14488:Ají dulce
14286:Espelette
14271:Cubanelle
14266:Chiltepin
14207:Cultivars
14155:See also:
14073:Scriptaid
13978:Capsaicin
13850:Capsaicin
13787:thyroxine
13777:histidine
13502:Aglycones
13409:Coumarins
13265:Bifuhalol
13192:Flavolans
13117:Roburin A
13097:Castalins
12930:Silymarin
12840:Phloretin
12809:Chalcones
12800:Chalcones
12698:Taxifolin
12615:flavanols
12586:flavanols
12519:Genistein
12492:Quercetin
12484:Flavonols
12433:Types of
12387:Types of
12338:Carvacrol
12300:Types of
12055:Betalains
11865:Capsaicin
11802:thyroxine
11792:histidine
11517:Aglycones
11424:Coumarins
11280:Bifuhalol
11207:Flavolans
11132:Roburin A
11112:Castalins
10945:Silymarin
10855:Phloretin
10824:Chalcones
10815:Chalcones
10713:Taxifolin
10630:flavanols
10601:flavanols
10534:Genistein
10507:Quercetin
10499:Flavonols
10448:Types of
10402:Types of
10353:Carvacrol
10315:Types of
10227:Synthesis
10083:Carotenes
9978:Ecdysones
9782:Forskolin
9770:Tricyclic
9757:Epimanool
9682:Nootkatin
9679:Muurolene
9671:Juniperol
9663:Chanootin
9644:Bisabolol
9575:Carvacrol
9415:Terpinene
9317:(4 rings)
9264:Types of
9218:Types of
9171:See also:
9155:TRPV3-74a
9140:SB-705498
9135:SB-366791
9085:Lanthanum
9080:HC-067047
9000:Asivatrep
8861:Rutamarin
8725:Incensole
8675:Gingerols
8644:Estradiol
8620:, others)
8602:Carvacrol
8592:Capsaicin
8486:13-oxoODE
8476:12S-HpETE
8456:5',6'-EET
8256:Rutamarin
8155:Thio-BCTC
8108:Rutamarin
8038:Coolact P
7829:HC-030031
7694:olive oil
7590:Gingerols
7403:12S-HpETE
7309:Phase III
7297:Withdrawn
7278:Tanezumab
7238:Clonidine
7233:Capsaicin
7087:lidocaine
6935:Glafenine
6896:Phenazone
6840:Salsalate
6770:Aloxiprin
6719:Fenamates
6704:Rofecoxib
6699:Parecoxib
6683:+tramadol
6676:Celecoxib
6658:Zomepirac
6643:Ketorolac
6615:Bromfenac
6594:Tenoxicam
6589:Piroxicam
6584:Meloxicam
6543:Oxaprozin
6499:Ibuprofen
6442:+tramadol
6397:Butacetin
6262:Methadone
6175:Synthetic
6146:+naloxone
6127:Oxycodone
6056:Etorphine
6017:+naloxone
5984:Paregoric
5556:0018-5345
5430:Oecologia
5119:(2): 22.
4980:164335348
4972:2352-6181
4654:Plant Sci
4629:: 23–32.
4621:fruits".
4578:fruits".
4174:Chem. Ber
3920:fruits".
3417:208154058
2917:5 January
2894:19 August
2848:19 August
2818:5 January
2762:Molecules
2214:pericarps
2189:dysplasia
2160:mammals.
2118:Evolution
2092:from the
2061:alkaloids
1850:Capsaicin
1833:relative
1817:species.
1719:vanilloid
1653:with it.
1518:psoriasis
1478:neuralgia
1456:arthritis
1440:analgesic
1426:analgesic
1336:species (
1334:tarantula
1158:8-methyl-
1154:Capsaicin
1127:Capsaicin
999:P332+P313
979:P302+P352
975:P301+P312
971:P301+P310
873:labelling
712:petroleum
385:206-969-8
377:EC Number
203:Capsicine
178:8-Methyl-
14898:Medicine
14861:Category
14801:See also
14792:XO sauce
14777:Sriracha
14772:Shichimi
14757:Kōrēgusu
14718:Piperade
14564:Pepper X
14534:Infinity
14524:Habanero
14458:Peppadew
14418:Shishito
14403:Piquillo
14398:Pimiento
14326:Jalapeño
14311:Guajillo
14281:Dundicut
14251:Cascabel
14018:Kevetrin
13988:Curcumin
13963:Apicidin
13855:Gingerol
13782:tyrosine
13739:Coumarin
13677:Vanillin
13616:Bergenin
13337:Drilling
13260:Trifucol
13013:Curcumin
12941:((C6-C3)
12735:Cyanidin
12624:Apiforol
12595:Catechin
12515:Daidzein
12469:Apigenin
12461:Flavones
12333:Carnosol
12218:Lentinan
12196:Pentoses
12038:Piperine
11989:Sulfides
11972:Nitriles
11930:Sinigrin
11870:Gingerol
11797:tyrosine
11754:Coumarin
11692:Vanillin
11631:Bergenin
11352:Drilling
11275:Trifucol
11028:Curcumin
10956:((C6-C3)
10750:Cyanidin
10639:Apiforol
10610:Catechin
10530:Daidzein
10484:Apigenin
10476:Flavones
10348:Carnosol
10126:Phytoene
10111:Lycopene
10012:Squalane
10004:Saponins
9915:Steroids
9777:Cembrene
9754:-Abienol
9745:Bicyclic
9649:Cadinene
9584:Bicyclic
9550:p-Cymene
9524:Linalool
9509:Geraniol
9460:Sabinene
9450:Camphene
9429:Bicyclic
9410:Limonene
9394:Myrcenes
9335:Isoprene
9315:Steroids
9306:Iridoids
9274:isoprene
9266:terpenes
9105:NGD-8243
9090:Mavatrep
9075:GRC-6211
9044:cannabis
9034:cannabis
9024:cannabis
9014:cannabis
8995:AMG-9810
8971:Blockers
8952:Vanillin
8947:Tramadol
8911:cannabis
8889:Shogaols
8822:Piperine
8586:cannabis
8576:cannabis
8554:rosemary
8471:12S-HETE
8466:9-oxoODE
8413:Blockers
8363:PI(4,5)P
8351:Blockers
8329:PI(3,5)P
8236:Ononetin
8221:Nicotine
8169:Blockers
8145:fructose
8137:tastants
8083:Linalool
8068:Geraniol
8028:CIM-0216
7919:Blockers
7834:Nicotine
7809:A-967079
7802:Blockers
7762:cannabis
7735:Shogaols
7680:Nicotine
7646:Linalool
7585:Formalin
7547:turmeric
7543:Curcumin
7517:cinnamon
7507:cannabis
7497:cannabis
7487:cannabis
7473:ASP-7663
7431:Acrolein
7248:Ketamine
7127:Funapide
7122:DSP-2230
6982:Nabilone
6977:Cannabis
6881:Ampyrone
6653:Tolmetin
6648:Sulindac
6625:Etodolac
6603:Acetates
6574:Isoxicam
6548:Suprofen
6538:Naproxen
6412:+codeine
6347:Tramadol
6342:Tilidine
6322:Propiram
6237:Fentanyl
6217:Dezocine
6166:Thebacon
6138:+aspirin
6081:+aspirin
5979:Laudanum
5964:Morphine
5952:+aspirin
5814:Capsicum
5763:122- 131
5730:page 146
5714:: 63–73.
5615:34202853
5564:86280396
5515:22189403
5466:10892233
5458:16896774
5415:31064092
5331:32561812
5274:32679672
5219:28044278
5145:29371540
5094:36674560
5039:18695236
4931:18489121
4896:16277419
4844:Capsicum
4754:15918882
4699:. III".
4697:Capsicum
4682:86735106
4650:Capsicum
4619:Capsicum
4615:Capsicum
4440:Capsicum
4387:32414315
4342:)].
4308:: 507ff.
4040:20776886
3982:: 24–25.
3935:Capsicum
3918:Capsicum
3712:22264348
3621:40023195
3613:16621751
3578:30252935
3570:24246368
3550:Appetite
3527:16840650
3409:17365137
3305:19121573
3297:17090499
3232:12974352
3162:33840333
3121:24484878
3113:21128913
3043:29307090
2979:28085183
2794:27367653
2734:25307998
2680:16 March
2641:17093448
2598:18695236
2531:11473305
2367:DailyMed
2277:Piperine
2220:See also
2150:Capsicum
2145:Capsicum
2124:Capsicum
2106:Capsicum
2056:Capsicum
1839:Scoville
1831:Typical
1815:Capsicum
1743:impulses
1723:receptor
1667:pungency
1651:emulsion
1537:diabetes
1526:pruritus
1482:shingles
1414:euphoric
1404:such as
1381:such as
1358:Pungency
1322:Fusarium
1300:Capsicum
1288:Capsicum
1255:irritant
1250:Capsicum
1019:NFPA 704
864:Hazards
780:ATC code
337:DrugBank
271:2816484
230:404-86-4
205:Capsicin
14871:Commons
14703:Harissa
14653:Adobada
14609:Kambuzi
14549:Nagabon
14519:Fatalii
14413:Serrano
14408:Poblano
14378:Pasilla
14351:Chimayo
14346:Big Jim
14301:Florina
14256:Cayenne
13819:Tyrosol
13399:(C6-C3)
13393:(C6-C4)
13347:Tanning
13240:Difucol
13225:Dieckol
13057:tannins
13021:Tannins
12938:Lignans
12823:, et.c.
12777:Aurones
12764:, et.c.
12741:, et.c.
12705:, et.c.
12653:, et.c.
12630:, et.c.
12601:, et.c.
12556:Flavans
12498:, et.c.
12475:, et.c.
12473:Chrysin
12230:Inulins
12225:Fructan
12191:Hexoses
12068:Betanin
12023:Allicin
12008:Indoles
11834:Tyrosol
11414:(C6-C3)
11408:(C6-C4)
11362:Tanning
11255:Difucol
11240:Dieckol
11072:tannins
11036:Tannins
10953:Lignans
10838:, et.c.
10792:Aurones
10779:, et.c.
10756:, et.c.
10720:, et.c.
10668:, et.c.
10645:, et.c.
10616:, et.c.
10571:Flavans
10513:, et.c.
10490:, et.c.
10488:Chrysin
10264:(DMAPP)
9994:Betulin
9792:Pimarol
9789:Pimaral
9736:Retinal
9731:Retinol
9700:Acyclic
9659:Cedrene
9654:Cadinol
9596:Borneol
9591:Camphor
9545:Menthol
9519:Halomon
9487:Acyclic
9455:Thujene
9389:Ocimene
9382:Acyclic
9125:RN-9893
9120:RN-1734
8990:AMG-517
8956:vanilla
8925:oregano
8897:Sichuan
8875:(RTX) (
8851:Protons
8814:(e.g.,
8747:Menthol
8729:incense
8649:Eugenol
8606:oregano
8546:Camphor
8514:Allicin
8504:Sichuan
8491:20-HETE
8481:13-HODE
8324:ML2-SA1
8225:tobacco
8176:AMG-333
8149:sucrose
8141:glucose
8139:(e.g.,
8122:(e.g.,
8088:Menthol
8022:Calcium
7838:tobacco
7814:AM-0902
7743:Sichuan
7684:tobacco
7573:Lindera
7450:mustard
7436:Allicin
7421:Sichuan
7398:4,5-EET
7360:channel
7253:Menthol
7228:Camphor
7105:(e.g.,
7098:Nefopam
7083:cocaine
7081:(e.g.,
6830:Salicin
6567:Oxicams
6392:Bucetin
6364:Viminol
6102:Metopon
5947:Codeine
5935:Opiates
5926:Opioids
5788:173–174
5753:].
5606:8309139
5506:3311884
5438:Bibcode
5406:6572632
5383:Insects
5322:7305228
5301:Bibcode
5265:7397035
5210:5326624
5136:5715925
5085:9860720
5030:2575311
5007:Bibcode
4662:Bibcode
4588:Bibcode
4507:5687710
4419:: 442.
4281:].
4252:: 251.
4031:2521090
3949:Bibcode
3937:fruits"
3827:7970319
3819:9349813
3797:Bibcode
3703:3284873
3660:AP News
3535:7529851
3444:9251180
3366:13 July
3332:1 April
3277:Bibcode
3078:7688774
3035:1711752
2970:6464756
2785:6273101
2725:4267963
2649:4387600
2621:Bibcode
2589:2575311
2566:Bibcode
2539:4389051
2444:2039598
2230:piquant
2226:Allicin
2154:fitness
2024:History
1835:amount
1827:Abbrev.
1804:pungent
1761:History
1731:cations
1643:caseins
1490:Qutenza
1488:patch (
1460:sprains
1452:muscles
1387:paprika
1271:pungent
1106:what is
1104: (
826::
798: (
796:N01BX04
794:)
788: (
786:M02AB01
751:280 nm
695:benzene
674:
612:305.418
450:1548943
437:PubChem
346:DB06774
326:1265957
14884:Portal
14838:Ristra
14478:Adjuma
14388:Pequin
14373:Padrón
14361:Sandia
14356:Fresno
14336:Medusa
14331:Korean
14231:Banana
14226:Aleppo
13843:Others
13797:L-DOPA
13362:Others
12817:Butein
12564:Flavan
12523:Orobol
12328:Apiole
12242:Pectin
12237:Lignin
12213:Chitin
12028:Alliin
11858:Others
11812:L-DOPA
11377:Others
10832:Butein
10579:Flavan
10538:Orobol
10343:Apiole
10186:(many)
10165:Lutein
10016:Acids
9707:Phytol
9565:Thymol
9499:Citral
9465:Carene
9436:Pinene
9349:Prenol
9296:forms)
9276:units)
9272:(# of
9065:DHEA-S
8917:Thymol
8893:ginger
8816:4α-PDD
8679:ginger
8518:garlic
8500:ginger
8461:9-HODE
8358:ML-SI3
8319:ML-SA1
8314:MK6-83
8135:Sweet
8098:PMD 38
8078:Icilin
7931:DHEA-S
7823:celery
7739:ginger
7634:celery
7625:JT-010
7615:Icilin
7594:ginger
7557:celery
7462:wasabi
7454:radish
7440:garlic
7417:ginger
7292:WHO-EM
7206:Others
6918:Others
6904:
6853:
6679:
6633:
6523:
6510:
6502:
6469:NSAIDs
6350:
6130:
6069:
6041:
6013:
5849:
5613:
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5583:Plants
5562:
5554:
5513:
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5464:
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5413:
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5319:
5272:
5262:
5217:
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4846:Fruit"
4807:annuum
4752:
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4505:
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4061:
4038:
4028:
3847:1 June
3825:
3817:
3789:Nature
3741:1 June
3710:
3700:
3619:
3611:
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3407:
3303:
3295:
3252:31 May
3230:
3160:
3119:
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2613:Nature
2596:
2586:
2537:
2529:
2511:Nature
2489:17 May
2442:
2347:1 June
2312:9 June
2238:onions
2234:garlic
2171:hyphae
2068:septum
1626:, and
1541:cancer
1400:, and
1379:spices
1369:dishes
1259:amides
1101:verify
1098:
1074:(SDS)
919:Danger
855:℞-only
853:
829:by INN
822:
742:UV-vis
670:
668:0.0013
654:
553:SMILES
425:C06866
297:ChEMBL
56:Names
14504:Datil
14393:Peter
13210:Eckol
12525:et.c.
11225:Eckol
10540:et.c.
10258:(IPP)
10075:) (8)
9987:Other
9294:trans
9055:DCDPC
8921:thyme
8657:clove
8653:basil
8610:thyme
8524:AM404
8451:2-APB
8337:SF-22
8309:EVP21
8293:TRPML
8191:DCDPC
8160:WS-12
7926:DCDPC
7777:onion
7654:thyme
7576:spp.)
7537:cumin
7468:AM404
6380:-type
6267:NFEPP
5974:Opium
5939:opium
5809:: 43.
5801:[
5778:[
5626:Notes
5560:S2CID
5462:S2CID
5354:5 May
5242:Genes
5168:5 May
4976:S2CID
4805:var.
4678:S2CID
4383:S2CID
4346:[
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3617:S2CID
3574:S2CID
3531:S2CID
3413:S2CID
3360:(PDF)
3301:S2CID
3189:(PDF)
3182:(PDF)
3117:S2CID
3039:S2CID
2986:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2888:(EMA)
2861:(PDF)
2842:(FDA)
2838:U.S.
2645:S2CID
2535:S2CID
2397:(FDA)
2393:U.S.
2079:locus
1693:Death
1568:bears
1410:salsa
1367:Curry
1304:TRPV1
691:ether
672:g/100
656:Torr
518:InChI
277:ChEBI
243:JSmol
189:trans
184:trans
14296:Fish
14236:Bell
13870:Misc
13423:Misc
13411:and
12254:Misc
11885:Misc
11438:Misc
11426:and
9442:and
9375:)(2)
9292:and
9268:and
9060:DHEA
9005:BCTC
8899:and
8856:RhTx
8751:mint
8739:Low
8690:Heat
8624:DHEA
8506:and
8435:TRPV
8381:TRPP
8342:SN-2
8273:TPPO
8092:mint
8033:Cold
8017:BCTC
7996:TRPM
7976:Pyr3
7864:TRPC
7745:and
7423:and
7372:TRPA
5917:N02B
5913:N02A
5847:ISBN
5611:PMID
5552:ISSN
5511:PMID
5454:PMID
5411:PMID
5375:and
5356:2023
5327:PMID
5270:PMID
5215:PMID
5170:2023
5141:PMID
5090:PMID
5035:PMID
4968:ISSN
4927:PMID
4892:PMID
4854:ISBN
4778:1968
4750:PMID
4503:PMID
4059:ISBN
4036:PMID
3849:2023
3815:PMID
3743:2023
3708:PMID
3609:PMID
3566:PMID
3523:PMID
3463:ISBN
3440:PMID
3405:PMID
3368:2007
3334:2010
3293:PMID
3254:2019
3228:PMID
3197:2012
3158:PMID
3109:PMID
3074:PMID
3031:PMID
2994:2018
2975:PMID
2919:2016
2896:2020
2850:2020
2820:2016
2790:PMID
2730:PMID
2682:2015
2637:PMID
2594:PMID
2527:PMID
2491:2007
2440:PMID
2405:2023
2375:2023
2349:2023
2314:2018
2138:and
2122:The
2076:pun1
1968:PAVA
1945:HDHC
1899:NDHC
1853:CPS
1755:gene
1543:and
1446:and
1385:and
1352:Food
1347:Uses
1328:The
1293:pith
1132:Heat
1011:P501
1007:P405
1003:P362
995:P330
991:P321
987:P310
967:P280
963:P270
959:P264
945:H318
941:H315
937:H302
933:H301
727:1.32
628:Odor
461:UNII
416:KEGG
405:2486
13342:Ink
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9907:(6)
9890:(5)
9752:cis
9693:(4)
9632:(3)
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5591:doi
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5493:doi
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