Capoeira carioca - Knowledge

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government-backed marching bands. Capoeira skills also served to protect members of black community "from random acts of violence or kidnapping". If a slave under the protection of a malta was sold away from the city, the maltas would come together to seek revenge. Also, if it was determined that a particular individual, whether enslaved African, free person of color, or white, had violated their codes, the malta would then choose the avenger. Acts of vengeance were often executed during public festivities, including major Catholic processions or

502: 1515: 901: 1646: 724: 1066: 894:. Many workers wearing these colors were often targeted with violence. These parties had leaders, assistants, policemen and rank-and-file soldiers, which discovers military principles in gang culture. Moreover, many capoeiras served as policemen, National Guards or soldiers. Soares suggests that while the Guaiamus were mixed-race, the Nagoas were mostly blacks of African origin. Assunção finds this assumption problematic as Africans and Creoles were present in all the city parishes. 1314: 1165: 3652: 653: 259: 1363:, the playing of African drums in Rio de Janeiro was prohibited by law. Due to the drum's size, it couldn't be concealed, leading to clandestine drumming in remote locations at night. To evade arrest, slaves used makeshift percussion instruments like clay or metal pieces, shells, and stones. The drumming that accompanied capoeira in the city of Rio de Janeiro had disappeared by midcentury. 1571:, or any other weapon. In lieu of all these, they use only the head; and with it, they butt like bulls at the chest of their victim. I saw a field officer who had been murdered in this manner and thrown over the wall into his garden, where his family found him in the morning: the upper part of the body had been flattened as if the implement of death had been a 985:, Moraes Filho wrote that the capoeiras form up in groups of 20 to 100 in front of troops and carnival processions, "provoking disorder, running, wounding". On January 27, 1878, the police arrested a large gang of capoeiras "who were walking in front of the band of the 10th infantry battalion". The same night, one hundred capoeiras were arrested. 1695:, Manuel Pardo enter the police headquarters, verbally insulted and physically assaulted a police officer with a whip, a potent symbol of white authority over enslaved individuals. These actions were defiant gestures against white dominance in society. According to Desch-Obi, black capoeiras also expressed their pride by openly wielding 426:, Bernardo Mina was arrested, but his friend Estanislao tried to resist the arrest, calling on his capoeira comrades for help. They threw stones at the patrol and encircled it in an unsuccessful attempt to free the capoeiristas. On February 28, 1820, slaves Francisco Rebolo and José Ganguela were arrested " 824:

Capoeira battalions were made up of capoeiristas who were forced to join the army in the streets or in prisons. These battalions were specialized in invading and conquering enemy trenches and ships using mostly white weapons, such as bayonets, machetes, and swords. The capoeiristas were so fierce and

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It's high time that we freed ourselves from foreign sports and paid attention to what is ours... Brazilian gymnastics are equal in value to all the others... better than boxing that only uses the arms; better than Greco-Roman wrestling based only on strength. It is superior to Japanese close combat

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The capoeiras went as far as pelting the republicans with stones in front of the Brazilian Congress... The plan was to attack the republicans from the front and the rear simultaneously... Clubs were raised, razors swung, and stones flew in the air... Many were injured. Panic spread in the city. The

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I send your Lordship the following men, and request that they be drafted for service in the navy: Feliciano Francisco, laborer; Inácio Viegas Tourinho, chicken peddler; Francisco Peçanha, chicken peddler; Emigídio Marcus, laborer; and Domingos Antônio Pereira, daily laborer—all black Minas—who live

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Many Germans in São Cristovão managed to assemble in one location. Those who didn't were confronted by a group of black capoeiras and engaged in deadly combat. Even when stationed and armed with rifles, the rebels couldn't withstand the fists, stones, and sticks. They fell in the streets and public

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This work was written by a high-ranking officer in the Brazilian army, an expert in weaponry, a military instructor, and an authority on defensive gymnastics, the genuine art of capoeira. Our efforts are directed at elevating Brazilian gymnastics to a national level, like English football, French

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In the early 1900s, capoeira started to gain recognition as a national martial art and sport among the elite. While capoeira was still officially outlawed, the first capoeira manuals were published in small, secluded military circles in Rio de Janeiro. These manuals were intended for the exclusive

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Two contestants face each other, each trying to butt his adversary in the chest with his head and knock the opponent down. They turn cartwheels and pause as they launch into an attack. Sometimes they stand like he-goats, butting at each other. The game often turns into a wild brawl when knives are

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The most famous capoeiras served as instructors for the newcomers. At first, the blows were rehearsed, making use of the clean hand; when the disciple took advantage of the lessons, they began to be rehearsed with wooden weapons and finally they made use of their very blades, and the place of the

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the patrol leader. Afterwards, they split into the distinct factions and dispersed in opposite directions. The reason of attack is unknown, but they were likely seeking revenge for some perceived injustice. This incident implies high level of organization within the capoeira groups. The following

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especially those prohibiting slave gatherings or participation in funerals with superstitious rites that involve crowding, depraved actions, and lewd verbal expressions. These orders also cover prohibitions against crowding and games in taverns, streets, and public squares, as well as regulations

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published a book stressing the importance of teaching capoeira, considering it superior to other martial arts. He advocated that "capoeira should be taught in all schools and in all army and navy bases", emphasizing the need of removing it from the streets to educational system. In the 1920s and

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To engage in exercises of agility and physical dexterity known as capoeiragem in public streets and squares; to engage in running with weapons or instruments capable of causing bodily harm, inciting riots or disorders, threatening specific or unspecified individuals, or instilling fear of harm:

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Sometimes, interrupting the course of a procession, or the pace of a parade, one could hear, jointly with screams of the ladies fleeing in terror, of negras carrying the young master in their arms, of fathers seeking refuge for their wife and children, the horrendous ‘Shut down! Shut down’. The

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A fight had occurred between capoeiras, and one of them had been murdered. According to the law of the kingdom, the gravest of crimes was the practice of capoeiragem Adão was innocent regarding the murder charge, but his status as a capoeira was confirmed. As punishment he was to receive five

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Unlike many authors who see capoeira in 19th century Rio as a mere criminal activity, Desch-Obi believes it was a matter of honor for African slaves and their descendants. For example, the capoeira became potent political message when performed in the front of Catholic processions or

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To confront it, capoeiras employed two tactics. When unarmed, capoeiras relied on their defensive agility to wear down the staff-wielder, enticing them to make a mistake and create an opening to exploit. Capoeiras also started sharpen their short sticks, to counter the threat.

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Desch-Obi concludes that capoeira societies in Rio stood as enduring symbols of slave empowerment. Unlike most slaves in the Americas who lived in constant fear of violence, capoeiras instilled fear in white society, including the police, due to their potential for violence.

1406:, the ribbon fluttering in the wind was a media between the two worlds — the physical and the spiritual. It was also used in social events and funerals, and on altars. In Congo, Africans used to place white ribbons on altars in order to communicate with supernatural powers. 530:

A German observer asserted that slaves gained five decades' worth of confidence in just three days, sensing their newfound power. After the mutiny was suppressed, Police Commissioner issued an edict prohibiting all blacks, especially slaves, from using any kind of weapon.

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broke out. They advanced toward King's palace, sparking citywide riots by June 10. While the tradition suggests that major Vidigal called upon the capoeiras, they might just took the chance to fight the foreign whites during the chaos. One of the eyewitnesses wrote:

445:", the Military committee demanded publicly and firmly punishing of arrested black capoeiras, caught by the military school, and opposed their release, pressured by slave owners. Between 1810 and 1821, out of 4,853 arrests, 438 were capoeira-related. On February 6, 384:

The same penalty will apply to all those who roam around the city, whistling and with sticks, committing disorder most of the times with no aim, and which are well known by the name of capoeiras, even if they do not provoke any injuries or death or any other crime

922:, the police commissioner clarified the growing capoeira problem: it isn't unlawful; only physical injury, assault, or murder by capoeiras are crimes. This complicates legal action, as they are national Guard members, not drifters, and also army and navy veterans. 641:

Around the 1840s, authorities noticed changes within the capoeira community, leading to new terminology. The terms "capoeira slaves" and "black capoeiras" were replaced with "capoeiras" and "capoeira groups." These groups were well and hierarchically organized.

1201:(Guide to capoeira or Brazilian Gymnastics), published in Rio de Janeiro. The handbook featured chapters with comprehensive explanations covering proper stances, fundamental postures, and strategies for both defense and attack. The introduction states: 677:, the commander of the Campo de Santana quarter, saw four capoeiras came running, waving knives and chasing a black man who was fleeing and "whistling with all his might". After they reached the border of the neighborhood, the chase stopped. In June, 1469:

He runs, retreats, advances, turns around—fast, wary, and decisive. He is fast, volatile like liquid, and as elusive as a thought, as lightning. He advances and retreats, reappears and disappears in a split second. All his power lies in his amazing

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In the early nineteenth century, African slaves had limited clothing options, which denoted their social status, and they were prohibited from wearing shoes. In the first two decades of the 19th century, capoeiras mainly used yellow and red

620:, Rio de Janeiro's Police Chief expressed concern about capoeiras' audacity, leading to stone-throwing incidents in Campo de Santana. On November 18, 1833, two black men were stabbed to death, and two wounded reported assaults by capoeiras. 1294:

During the 1930s, capoeira practitioners could be arrested for displaying physical skills. However, the number of arrests, and especially of convictions, were diminishing gradually. Of all accused of capoeira, 76% were freed after trial.

415:, the slave Alexander Mozambique was jailed for practicing capoeira and given a three-month sentence with 300 lashes. On November 25, 1819, the slave José Angola was arrested for playing capoeira and was recognized as a capoeira leader. 155:. Urban slaves lived without direct supervision, and their main duty was to bring money to their master. Africans were very present in public, with frequent dances, festivals and processions. Many of their activities, such as capoeira, 776:

The man is very dangerous and is known as the head of the capoeiras who meet in the Santa Rita neighborhood. It was he who threw a stone and wounded policeman Lúcio Feliciano da Costa in the head in the course of pursuing a capoeira

1691:, black capoeiras challenged white supremacy, strutting through the streets with confidence. Joaquim Benguela even dared to enter the police headquarters wearing his capoeira hat, showing his disdain for the authorities. On July 4, 1045:

organization composed of freed African slaves and capueristas. Its members swore an oath of allegiance to Princess Isabel. The purpose was to ensure Isabel's accession to the throne, in opposition to the rising Republican movement.

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capoeiristas did horrible crimes, violently disrupting both private and public gatherings of republicans. The greatest assault occurred on December 30, 1888, during the republicans’ gathering at the French Gymnastic Society. When

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As per Filho, leadership status was attained only by those "whose bravery could not be overcome". Reverend James Fletcher, who visited Rio during the 1850s, characterized capoeira leaders as those with the most people killed. In

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A capoeirista performing in front of his rival leaps, vaults, attacks, evades, hops, feints. He uses his legs, head, hands, knife, and razor almost simultaneously. It is quite usual for one of them to defeat ten or twenty

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in a densely populated area. This may have triggered a sudden very large gathering of capoeiras, which necessitated police intervention. I believe it would be best to separate these men and offer them a different future.

493:, ordered arrested black capoeiras to work on the dam instead of being flogged. By December 1824, police reported large disruptions by black capoeiras on Sundays and holidays, leading to stabbings, injuries, and thefts. 1298:

During the 1930s and 1940s, capoeira underwent a transformative phase in its history, as authorities and intellectuals worked to portray it as a product of Brazil's unique conditions, shaping it into a national sport.

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time, capoeira fighters would lead the bands through the streets of that city. The infamous capoeiras were typically only seen during military parades, where they position themselves at the forefront of the troops. In

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day, the Police Inspector General recommended training and authorizing loyal citizens to use firearms in assisting the police in apprehending capoeiras and other criminals. Soon after, the National Guard was founded.

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This policy undoubtedly succeeded, and the powerful capoeira gangs were dismantled. But the phenomenon did not vanish altogether. During the persecution of the capueristas in Rio de Janeiro, many of them fled to

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was the way capoeiristas signaled each other. In 1817 one officer required the arrest of "all the negros and mulattos" that "entertain themselves in capoeiragem games" in seven different locations in the city.

933:, the police commissioner revealed that capoeira groups, organized by neighborhoods with specific leaders, not only compete for control among themselves but also "kill and maim other innocent citizens". 1449: 719:

makes them commit these acts of violence. They are commonly known as capoeiras. In the course of one afternoon in February, these scoundrels murdered seven people in the Santa Ana district.

380:, the police declared strict penalties for possession of knives, and the same for those "whistling and with sticks", including 300 lashes (for slaves only) and three months of forced labor: 1611:

Capoeiristas employed Angolan-style agility to defend against bladed weapons, allowing unarmed masters to face armed opponents confidently. The Rio's capoeira antiblade techniques included

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regarding slave nudity or littering in the squares and streets. Additionally, they address matters related to capoeiras and the searching of slaves to prevent the use of weapons and sticks.

1112: 334:. On December 13, 1814, two African slaves were arrested for playing capoeira and wearing colored ribbons. The African slave Bernardo Moçambique was arrested on March 14, 1815, for " 3557: 972:

This is a reign of terror: we are under the thumb of gangsters. The fears we expressed when we saw the voters caving in to these abusive attacks have been fully and sadly confirmed.

1003:, whites represented at least 22% of the arrested, increasing to 33% in 1890, blacks counted for 36% and 30% respectively, while others not being qualified in terms of colour. 699:, born in Brazil to African slave parents and native Portuguese speakers, began to emerge. Free Creoles and whites eventually became the capoeira gang leaders. By mid-century 660: 84:(1865-1870), the capoeiras became involved in politics. By the late 19th century, capoeirista demographics in Rio had changed significantly, with the majority being free 3269: 1240:

that combines all these arts because it includes the intelligence and vitality characteristic of our hot blood by combining the exercise of arms, legs, head, and body!

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town. Roughly two-thirds of Rio's population had African ancestry, as nearly 80 percent of them originated from Angola. The enslaved population, initially 12,000 in

743:, Minister of Justice stated that the capoeiras use the festival days for their "runs," commit crimes, and intentionally frighten peaceful citizens. The folklorist 739:, Kidder and Fletcher described capoeiras as "members of some sort of secret society, where all the glory goes to whoever destroys the most lives". On January 19, 2836: 338:." Three days later, the enslaved African João Congo, was arrested for playing capoeira and for possessing a cane, a knife, and ribbons. They also commonly wear 1752: 1329:

were a prominent musical instrument in capoeira. In the early to mid-nineteenth century Rio, capoeira was initially described by travelers as a war dance with

164: 1371: 353:, police reported that black capoeiras, especially in Direita Street, causing disturbances and engaging in stone-throwing during their games in the city. 3567: 1115:

prepared a list of prominent capoeiras and began mass arrests. In merely a week, from December 12 to December 18, 1889, 111 capoeiras were arrested. In

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were exceptionally brutal, marked by the use of all available weapons like clubs and knives, frequently resulting in a high number of casualties. In

1462: 1344:, João Angola was arrested for possessing a small drum at a capoeira gathering. Playing a drum could lead to severe punishment, like on December 5, 3359: 756:

flew at the front, capoeiragem exploded without restraints, and the mayhem resulted in broken heads, shattered light posts, stabbings and deaths.

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Rio de Janeiro was the epicentre of capoeira in the 19th century. In the early 19th century, it transmitted primarily among black slaves born in

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for the Conservative Party. By resorting to violence against the opposition voters, these gangs secured impunity in their territorial domains.

744: 681:, a police patrol had trouble to arrest two capoeiras who resisted arrest with blows. After arresting them, the patrol was surrounded by their 517: 288:

Between 1812 and 1814, Rio's capoeira saw a dramatic rise in razor use, from under five cases in 1812 to about forty in 1814. On September 30,

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It is interesting that the reason for these crimes is not revenge or robbery but the pleasure of seeing blood flow. The perpetrators say that

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As of the mid-19th century, capoeira was increasingly detached from its music and dancing and was essentially a criminal activity. After the

437:, the slave Ignácio Mossange played capoeira with a razor and was sentenced to 300 lashes and three months in the penitentiary. In December 1268:-like rules for capoeira competition. The manual aimed to transform capoeira from a stigmatized street practice into a legitimate sport. 2588: 1283:, established his capoeira academies in Rio. The first was in the bustling city center, and the second was established in the affluent 851:

A caricature ridiculing the recruitment of capoeiras into the police promoted by the Conservative Party (1885). Note the use of sticks.

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1808; Como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a História de Portugal e do Brasil

292:, the slave Pedro Benguela, was arrested for playing capoeira with a razor in Carioca square and sentenced to 100 lashes. In January 3552: 2520: 1699:. They defied the law that restricted knife possession to white Brazilians, using blades as a symbol of resistance and equality. 1214:, there was a famous official match when a capoeirista named Francisco da Silva Ciríaco, known as "Macaco," defeated a Japanese 1140:

seemingly vanished, although remnants might have endured in certain shantytowns or working-class neighborhoods. On January 10,

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The war elevated marginalized individuals to heroes, and gang leaders became associated with powerful individuals. In December

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Capoeira was practiced in closed societies of enslaved Africans, although colonial authorities punished it harshly. The term

886:. Guaiamú has parties such as Saint Francis, Saint Rita, Ouro Preto, Marinha, and Saint Domingos de Gusmão. Their color was 1348:, when Mathias Benguela, a slave, received 200 lashes for it. Despite punishment, drumming continued. An illustration from 772:, the police commissioner requested the dismissal of the violent caporeista Felisberto do Amaral from the National Guard: 649:, the police commissioner wrote to the admiral that the sending of five capueristas to the navy may cause a great revolt: 585:", attacked the municipal guard patrol, composed of men of status, targeting their chief. They engaged in a battle in the 69:. Africans were massively present in the Rio, performing their games, celebrations, festivals. They formed their capoeira 1026: 839:

After the war, in Rio alone 2900 slaves were freed because of their participation in the war, among them many capoeiras.

793:, 80 (31%) were arrested for capoeira, and only 28 (10.7%) for running away. Out of 4,303 arrests in Rio police jail in 42:

during the 19th century. In capoeira carioca, all available means were used, including various types of weapons, such as

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Some capoeiras were employed in public agencies such as the police, the fire brigade, the National Guard. On January 19

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This blow is unique and terrible because if the enemy is armed with a punhal or knife, he unfailingly kills himself.

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The significance of the head butt becomes evident in the different names for different headbutts. For instance, the

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to Brazil. It involved using a long staff, gripping the narrow end for striking, which could deliver deadly blows.

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caught a group of capoeiras near the king’s palace. An inquiry revealed that four of them were military policemen.

821:) and were promised freedom and privileges in return. The police used recruitment to clean the city of capoeiras. 711:, the police commissioner wrote to the minister of justice about the recent mass murder in the Santa Anna parish: 303:

the police chef saw violent capoeiras in the street, in the time where the prince João was passing by. They were "

296:, three more capoeira players were charged: one received 200 lashes, another 50 lashes, and the third 200 lashes. 801:

Standard punishment for imprisoned capoeiras were whipping (for slaves only) and forced labour in the dockyards.

189:, as "the gravest of crimes", in a judicial record reporting how a young man Adão was severely punished with 500 1385:

In the mid-1860s, Marcílio Dias was arrested in Rio because he played capoeira in front of a band of musicians.

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kick. He was carried out of the stadium on the shoulders after the match and hailed as a national hero in Rio.

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gained popularity. The hat remained an important clothing item, signifying status, according to Mary Karasch.

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began his speech, the room became a battleground, with many dead and wounded. On July 15, 1889, the newspaper

346:. These items may have signified their ethnic identity, but it's unclear if they indicated gang affiliation. 305:

with knives and sticks and with the ribbons they sometimes use to come out, causing great mayhem and shouting

999:, the majority of the arrested capoeiras (60%) were free citizens (usually workers), against 40% slaves. In 566: 3681: 949: 3593: 3442: 1444: 945: 360:, two capoeiristas, José Benguela and Joaquim Augusto, were arrested, with one in possession of a sharp 557:

to regulate undesirable African activities, including gatherings, games, rituals, nudity and capoeira:

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The widespread violent capoeira practice in Rio led to a nationwide ban on capoeira. After the ban in

3676: 3329: 956:, capoeiras were involved in the August elections. The major political incident occurred in February 3629: 3492: 1096: 422:, the slave Joaquim Angola was arrested for possessing a razor and a "capoeira club". On March 20, 1657:

New combat realities emerged when the Portuguese, particularly sailors, brought martial tradition

3349: 1583:, meaning "skull in a mirror," referred to a standing head strike aimed at the face, whereas the 1555:

were the capoeiras' primary technique, as per police records. An English visitor to Rio wrote in

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Penalty - imprisonment for two to six months. For leaders or heads, the penalty shall be doubled.

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for a slave to fifty per day. However, exceptions were made for two major threats to the system:

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and the subsequent mass arrests of capoeira maltas, this style of capoeira is generally extinct.

890:. Nagoa has parties like Saint Lucia, Saint Joseph, Lapa, Saint Anne, and Moura. They color was 847: 3339: 3217: 1272: 961: 952:. Newly founded Republican party was among the rare political entities opposing the maltas. In 781:

Police data from the mid-19th century shows that capoeira was the main reason for the arrests:

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Memórias e Histórias da Guarda Negra: verso e reverso de uma combativa organização de libertos

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The capoeira carioca's kicking repertoire was primarily linked to inverted kicks, such as the

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During the prohibition, any individual caught practicing capoeira would be arrested. Street

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The Diaspora of Rio de Janeiro’s capoeiras during the First Republic: the case of São Paulo

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was executed by flipping the body and pivoting one leg to strike the opponent, whereas the

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consisted of flipping the body and using both feet to push against the adversary's chest.

8: 3241: 1862: 992:, two women, Isabel and Ana, were arrested for "showing their expertise in capoeiragem". 747:

describes how capoeiras violently interrupted public events in the mid-19th century Rio:

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Fighting for Honor: The History of African Martial Art Traditions in the Atlantic World

1681: 1479: 1148:, general secretary to Rio de Janeiro’s governor, was arrested on charges of capoeira. 860: 501: 3656: 3504: 3387: 3344: 3264: 3210: 2677: 1984: 1819: 1800: 1795:

The Hidden History of Capoeira: A Collision of Cultures in the Brazilian Battle Dance

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effective in battle that they earned the reputation of being the Brazilian Warriors.

601:, the police inspector reported that black capoeiras and similar individuals conceal 450: 66: 19: 3562: 1280: 1144:, when the suppression of capoeira was at its height, Pedro Murat Pilar, brother of 3619: 3599: 3450: 1867: 1514: 1452:

was amazed with capoeira skills, attributing to them almost superhuman abilities:

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in Rio de Janeiro province, "accompanied by the powerful, militant rhythm of the

1108: 833: 404:. In the same year, another African slave was arrested for playing capoeira and " 108: 31: 3427: 3606: 3572: 3482: 3465: 3354: 3321: 3311: 3279: 1600: 1528: 1499: 1495: 1403: 1308: 1235:, Mário Santos, in the introduction to his booklet, made the following appeal: 1220: 810: 696: 401: 331: 267: 124:

In the early 19th century, newcomers to Rio de Janeiro might mistake it for an

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for being in a gathering of capoeiras and wearing red hats — a capoeira symbol

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wearing a white straw hat with a big yellow and red ribbon tied to its crown

167:, notorious persecutor of capoeristas, was an excellent capoerista himself. 163:, were suppressed and persecuted. The head of new Royal Police Guard, major 3412: 3402: 1042: 855:

After the war, many capoeristas became associated with ruling politicians,

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From the 1840s, most capoeira offenders were sent to the navy. On March 3,

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Penal Code of the United States of Brazil (1890), On Vagrants and Capoeira

723: 156: 1659: 1491: 1245: 1119:, new Republic decreed the prohibition of capoeira in the whole country. 856: 3524: 1313: 132:(about 20% of the urban population), rapidly expanded to over 36,000 by 3432: 1318: 652: 1228: 960:, when capoeira gangs violently broke republican meeting, inspired by 897:

Both gangs held regular Sunday exercises, with knife and razor blows:

581:, multiple capoeira groups, organized into the unit of more than 200 " 336:

playing capoeira, possessing a razor, and tying a red ribbon to a pole

2780:"Código penal brasileiro – proibição da capoeira – 1890 – Wikisource" 2758:"Código penal brasileiro – proibição da capoeira – 1890 – Wikisource" 1503: 610: 389: 3639: 1715:

Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé

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to Rio de Janeiro. Due to city growth, more slaves were brought to

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It seems that typical capoeira garments of that period included a

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pledged four days leave to any soldier who caught a capoeirista.

89: 55: 3014: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2920: 2918: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2614: 2612: 2440: 2438: 2413: 2411: 2378: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2301: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2134: 2115: 258: 3249: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 1897: 1895: 1696: 1572: 1428: 1395: 1275:, a military officer and the fighting instructor of the feared 1265: 883: 700: 323: 319: 315: 216:, the knowledge of the capoeira was preserved and transmitted. 125: 2886: 2871: 2841: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 1938: 1936: 1934: 3624: 3026: 3002: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2930: 2915: 2903: 2818: 2806: 2738: 2702: 2636: 2609: 2597: 2564: 2552: 2465: 2435: 2423: 2408: 2366: 2349: 2337: 2277: 2265: 2212: 2157: 1615:, a circular kick to disarm an opponent holding a knife, and 1424: 1420: 1379: 1326: 1249:

1930s, official capoeira schools and institutes were opened.

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and injuries became more prevalent in the war for territory.

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Classic sources of capoeira history: Plácido de Abreu, 1886

2488: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2055: 2053: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1931: 1692: 1556: 1487: 1432: 1367: 1360: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1330: 1288: 1253: 1232: 1211: 1194: 1185: 1177: 1141: 1116: 1092: 1078: 1018: 1000: 996: 989: 982: 957: 953: 930: 919: 905: 829: 818: 814: 797:, 404 detainees—nearly 10%—had been arrested for capoeira." 794: 790: 786: 769: 761: 740: 736: 708: 692: 678: 674: 646: 617: 598: 578: 554: 535: 509: 490: 486: 461: 457: 446: 438: 434: 423: 419: 412: 397: 377: 357: 350: 300: 293: 289: 278: 271: 186: 140: 133: 129: 100: 3189: 2861: 2859: 1107:, the Republicans implemented strict measures against the 1073:, a straight razor attack to the victim's neck artery, by 2794: 2653: 2537: 2455: 2453: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2105: 2103: 1399: 1231:

as early as the 1910s, though they did not last long. In

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Gymnástica nacional (capoeiragem), methodisada e regrada

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Early nineteenth-century capoeiras typically wore tight

1262:

Gymnástica Nacional (capoeiragem), methodisada e regrada

764:, the minister complained that in their spare time many 2856: 2726: 2690: 2325: 2224: 2009: 1997: 1960: 1948: 1465:

also described the capoeirista’s astonishing agility:

546:

and capoeiras, who were publicly whipped at pillars in

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Capoeira and Politics, by Carlos Eugênio Líbano Soares

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Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art

731:

in the midst of a street battle of capueristas in Rio.

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Primary among the capoeira blade techniques were the

270:, depicting an illegal capoeira in Rio de Janeiro c. 2714: 1206:

savate, German wrestling, and other national sports.

400:, five slaves playing capoeira were captured with a 136:, constituting roughly 45% of the city's residents. 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 1006: 613:pieces, and small black whip handles made locally. 1792: 1587:denoted an upward strike directed under the chin. 1244:In the same year, Brazilian writer and politician 842: 2676:(in Portuguese). Editora Civilização Brasileira. 768:took off their uniforms and trained capoeira. In 106:Contemporary capoeira comes from the traditional 3668: 2507: 1717:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 623: 571:A Funeral Procession for the Son of a Black King 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2924: 2909: 2897: 2880: 2850: 2824: 2812: 2744: 2708: 2647: 2618: 2603: 2570: 2558: 2471: 2444: 2429: 2417: 2384: 2372: 2360: 2343: 2307: 2283: 2271: 2218: 2172: 2151: 2128: 2094: 1942: 1925: 1913: 1901: 1886: 1790: 1227:First capoeira schools were founded in Rio and 250:in Santa Ana Square, between 1822 and 1824, by 1291:, "for good young men who aspire to courage". 1260:published the first official capoeira manual, 944:were used, respectively, as a hitforce by the 3218: 2674:Capitalismo e Escravidão no Brasil Meridional 1416:, "they wore very small yellow and red caps. 804: 202:hundred lashes and two years in public works. 58:. Capoeira from this period is also known as 231:, Rio de Janeiro, between 1822 and 1824, by 1482:, combining five main fighting techniques: 3225: 3211: 1847:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3173: 3161: 3146: 3131: 3119: 3104: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3044: 2865: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2319: 2295: 2259: 2247: 2071: 2059: 2044: 2027: 1966: 1954: 1813: 281:, a capoeira group assaulted the police ( 2800: 2732: 2696: 2659: 2630: 2546: 2531: 2501: 2483: 2459: 2331: 2230: 2206: 2189: 2109: 2015: 1771: 1750: 1731: 1644: 1606: 1513: 1312: 1199:Guia do capoeira ou Ginástica Brasileira 1163: 1064: 899: 846: 722: 651: 565: 500: 257: 237: 223: 18: 2720: 2671: 2665: 2003: 1832: 1734:Capoeira: Roots of the Dance-Fight-Game 1712: 318:. Many arrested capoeiras wore colored 219: 3669: 2390: 1833:Miranda, Clícea Maria Augusto (2011). 1818:. University of South Carolina Press. 1649:Caricature of capoeira carioca, using 1518:Caricature of capoeira carioca, using 1218:instructor named Sado Miyako with the 962:the declaration of a republic in Spain 809:Many capoeiras had been sent into the 637:(Capoeira song from XIX century Rio) 518:revolt of German and Irish mercenaries 3206: 1978: 1168:Caricature of capoeira carioca using 1972: 1603:attack to the victim’s neck artery. 657:Capoeira negroes going to be whipped 75:fraternal paramilitary organizations 2672:Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1962). 1640: 1590: 1352:by Rugendas shows a participant in 1021:, slavery ended in Brazil with the 870:the capoeira gangs formed two main 497:Suppression of the mercenary revolt 77:" that defended the neighborhoods. 16:Street fighting version of capoeira 13: 2782:(in Portuguese). Pt.wikisource.org 2760:(in Portuguese). Pt.wikisource.org 1983:(in Portuguese). Editora Planeta. 1751:Assunção, Matthias Röhrig (2002). 1713:Johnson, Paul Christopher (2002). 1670: 1412:reported that at the court of the 1325:Until the mid-nineteenth century, 1193:use of the "brothers-in-arms". In 23:Fight between two capoeiras (1925) 14: 3693: 3183: 1633:Gymnastica nacional (capoeiragem) 1317:Playing capoeira to the sound of 1159: 1062:described one of these assaults: 3651: 3650: 2583:a-capoeira-na-politica-as-maltas 1180:while grabbing the opponent, by 1007:The formation of the Black Guard 526:squares, either wounded or dead. 443:six deaths and many knife wounds 2830: 2772: 2750: 2576: 2477: 1374:described the capoeira game on 843:Capoeira and political violence 1791:Talmon-Chvaicer, Maya (2008). 914:exercises often became bloody. 629:I did not study to be a priest 147:, along with the royal court, 1: 1873: 1814:Desch-Obi, Thomas J. (2008). 1799:. University of Texas Press. 1706: 1438: 624:Increase in capoeira violence 229:Playing capoeira or war dance 212:In capoeira groups, known as 119: 3232: 1547: 1498:techniques. There were some 573:, by Debret c. 1835 (detail) 538:, law limited the number of 207:A judicial record from 1789. 7: 3190:Capoeira carioca techniques 1856: 1559:on this lethal technique: 1445:List of capoeira techniques 904:Female capoeira with razor 368:) and the other carrying a 10: 3698: 1979:Gomes, Laurentino (2007). 1442: 1306: 1111:. The police commissioner 1010: 805:Paraguayan War (1864–1870) 553:Few edicts were issued in 174: 170: 3648: 3586: 3533: 3441: 3320: 3278: 3240: 1772:Capoeira, Nestor (2007). 1732:Capoeira, Nestor (2002). 1388: 1031:Brazilian Imperial regime 717:the wish to try the metal 635:To beat up the inspector 468:described capoeira game: 88:(blacks born in Brazil), 2591:12 February 2018 at the 1774:The Little Capoeira Book 1509: 1302: 1097:First Brazilian Republic 627: 550:squares as a deterrent. 473:drawn and blood is shed. 264:Negroes fighting, Brazil 1427:. By the midcentury, a 1069:Capoeira carioca using 968:from March 1873 wrote: 1654: 1638: 1599:(oil lamp), a special 1577: 1523: 1474:The late 19th century 1472: 1459: 1322: 1264:, where he introduced 1242: 1208: 1189: 1132: 1089: 1082: 974: 916: 909: 852: 799: 779: 758: 732: 721: 671: 664: 631:Neither to be a doctor 574: 564: 528: 513: 483: 479:Johann Moritz Rugendas 466:Johann Moritz Rugendas 387: 332:Kongo/Angola religions 274: 255: 235: 210: 185:is first mentioned in 24: 1680:, which preceded the 1648: 1621: 1607:Anti-blade techniques 1561: 1517: 1467: 1454: 1316: 1237: 1203: 1167: 1121: 1084: 1068: 970: 925:Street battles among 911: 903: 850: 783: 774: 749: 727:An engraving showing 726: 713: 666: 655: 569: 559: 523: 504: 470: 464:, the German painter 382: 261: 241: 227: 199: 22: 3635:Knocking and kicking 3488:Meia lua de compasso 3033:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 3021:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 3009:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2997:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2980:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2968:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2956:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2944:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2925:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2910:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2898:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2881:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2851:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2825:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2813:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2745:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2709:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2648:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2619:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2604:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2571:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2559:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2472:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2445:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2430:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2418:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2385:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2373:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2361:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2344:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2308:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2284:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2272:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2219:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2173:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2152:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2129:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 2095:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 1943:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 1926:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 1914:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 1902:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 1887:Talmon-Chvaicer 2008 1837:. São Paulo, Brazil. 1776:. Blue Snake Books. 1736:. Blue Snake Books. 1370:, French journalist 1271:In the early 1930s, 1013:Black Guard (Brazil) 882:, organized by city 633:I did study capoeira 583:blacks and mulattoes 283:Corpo de Permanentes 220:A violent slave game 3682:History of capoeira 3195:Anibal Burlamaqui, 2586:www.vermelho.org.br 2504:, pp. 158–159. 2322:, pp. 196–197. 1863:History of capoeira 1490:, open hand blows, 1029:. Immediately, the 861:intimidating voters 177:History of capoeira 3594:In popular culture 3500:Meia lua de frente 1682:Brazilian Carnival 1655: 1581:caveira no espelho 1524: 1478:capoeiragem was a 1450:Mello Moraes Filho 1372:Charles Ribeyrolls 1323: 1287:Beach district in 1190: 1083: 910: 853: 733: 665: 575: 516:In June 1828, the 514: 330:, associated with 275: 256: 236: 25: 3664: 3663: 3365:Camafeu de Oxóssi 3023:, pp. 75–76. 2803:, pp. 90–92. 2683:978-85-200-0635-1 2662:, pp. 80–82. 2549:, pp. 86–87. 2387:, pp. 58–59. 2310:, pp. 13–14. 2209:, pp. 83–84. 2154:, pp. 10–11. 2131:, pp. 36–37. 1990:978-85-7665-320-2 1825:978-1-57003-718-4 1806:978-0-292-71723-7 1764:978-0-7146-8086-6 1743:978-1-58394-637-4 1629:Anibal Burlamaqui 1506:techniques also. 1480:mixed martial art 1410:Antonio Pigafetta 1258:Anibal Burlamaqui 1172:(coconut candy), 157:African religions 67:Portuguese Angola 3689: 3677:Capoeira carioca 3654: 3653: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2505: 2499: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2401: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2132: 2126: 2113: 2107: 2098: 2092: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2048: 2042: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2006:, p. 74-75. 2001: 1995: 1994: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1890: 1884: 1868:Manduca da Praia 1852: 1846: 1838: 1829: 1810: 1798: 1787: 1768: 1747: 1728: 1641:Stick techniques 1636: 1591:Blade techniques 1356:playing a drum. 1277:Policia Especial 1130: 1087:cavalry arrived. 729:Manduca da Praia 597:On November 16, 548:Campo de Santana 506:Negros in prison 481: 277:On December 13, 208: 38:that existed in 28:Capoeira carioca 3697: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3644: 3582: 3578:Capoeira Brasil 3535: 3529: 3478:Chapa de costas 3473:Chapa de frente 3437: 3316: 3274: 3236: 3231: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3176:, pp. 198. 3172: 3168: 3164:, pp. 197. 3160: 3153: 3149:, pp. 195. 3145: 3138: 3134:, pp. 194. 3130: 3126: 3122:, pp. 190. 3118: 3111: 3107:, pp. 180. 3103: 3096: 3092:, pp. 179. 3088: 3084: 3080:, pp. 173. 3076: 3072: 3068:, pp. 175. 3064: 3051: 3047:, pp. 207. 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2931: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900:, pp. 113. 2896: 2887: 2883:, pp. 114. 2879: 2872: 2864: 2857: 2853:, pp. 112. 2849: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2735:, pp. 166. 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2699:, pp. 165. 2695: 2691: 2684: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2593:Wayback Machine 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2508: 2500: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2334:, pp. 115. 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298:, pp. 168. 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2262:, pp. 154. 2258: 2254: 2250:, pp. 167. 2246: 2237: 2233:, pp. 160. 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2196: 2188: 2179: 2171: 2158: 2150: 2135: 2127: 2116: 2108: 2101: 2093: 2078: 2074:, pp. 303. 2070: 2066: 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