144:
underwent an overhaul upon the transfer of the country from
Portugal to The People's Republic of China. This overhaul proved effective in combatting crime within the country and maintaining peace. This overhaul served to increase the public trust in the police through more transparent communication. Social activists in Macau and protesting suggests that a further development to the policing system will be required before transparency and accountability for actions may be reached. As of 2011, crime rates in Macao have remained at a stable low. The overhaul of the policing system has incorporated both situational and social crime prevention methods into the Macau policing operation. The Casino businesses of Macau are one of its greatest economical assets. These casinos are rampant with criminal activity, particularly activity relating to organised crime. The Department of the Investigation of Gaming-Related and Economic Crimes is a division of the Macao police force that presides criminal activity relating to casinos. The penal code of Macau is the document that dictates the laws and policies regarding criminal activities and the punishment these activities bring. Max sentences are very rarely dealt upon criminals and are reserved for heinous crimes. The penal code states specific laws and punishments regarding major crimes such as terrorism, human trafficking, money laundering, and drug distribution or drug related criminal activity. Cross border criminal activity was prevalent prior to the handover of Macau to The People’s Republic of China, but was heavily regulated by the Chinese government after 1999. Close to 11,000 criminal incidents occurred within Macau in the year 2009, all of which were reported to and dealt with by the judiciary police, a sub-division of the Macau police force. According to statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Macau’s crime rates against citizens per 100,000 citizens was 462 and rates of homicide per 100,000 citizens sat close to a value of 1.
161:
over territory threatened the country of Macau and its people in the 1990s. Conflicts involved various triad groups vying for control of the Macau casinos to increase the funds of the crime groups through business. Violence was commonly used as a threat towards opposing organised crime groups during this period. The government of Macau has organised a tactical unit division of the police force that aims to target and deal with serious crime and violence within the country. Actions to attain money and offer protections by organised crime groups included triad leaders running VIP lounges, where high money bets were able to be made under the protection of the crime group. Other crimes included money laundering, scamming and blackmail. If convicted of crimes relating to these subjects, a maximum 3-year jail sentence may be delivered. Organised crime group VIP rooms are beneficial to casino revenue in Macau. Organised crime groups offer loans to individuals who lose money on gambling, putting them in debt to the crime group. This keeps individuals gambling in the casino for longer, increasing the revenue of the business. Some VIP rooms are still being run by triad leaders, even after the overhaul of the policing system. The number of gambling related crimes increased threefold between 2002 and 2009, with a little over 1600 cases of these crimes occurring throughout 2009. Social crime present in casinos threatened public order in Macau, resulting in heavier regulatory efforts by the government. These crimes do not carry incredibly heavy sentences but make up a large portion of crimes in Macao.
179:
overhaul is to take place. Public opinion towards the government of Macau is divided. Some individuals are unhappy with the election of leaders being done through committee voting rather than a vote by the populace. The public has recommended that polls be conducted to investigate citizen opinion on policies being constructed and put forth. Policies that take into consideration the opinion of the public will lead to increased trust towards the governing body. The policies referred to include crime, housing, business laws and others. As of 2001, 54.9% of individuals in Macao that were surveyed indicated that they disapprove of the governments idea to punish serious crimes prior to a trial occurring. A majority of the public seeks to see a fair criminal system that functions without the need for capital punishment as a sentence. Still, a large proportion of surveyed civilians indicated that they were afraid of chaos resulting in Macau as a result of serious crime occurrence. These surveyed civilians indicated that they would prefer that there was intervention prior to trial occurrence in order to prevent the disruption of regular social life in Macau. Perceptions towards this varied by age group, with 72% of university students disagreeing with the previously mentioned issue.
127:
without a treaty. Extradition from Macau requires there to be a state of ‘dual criminality’, whereby the offender has committed a crime that both Macao and the requesting country recognise as a crime. Evidence must be provided when negotiating extradition to prove the criminality of the offender. Macau’s chief executive has the power to accept extradition without evidence in the event that he sees reason in doing so. Reasons exist for the declining of extradition request. In the event that Macau is currently investigating the offender when an extradition request arrives, Macau is liable to decline the request. Similarly, Macau may deny the request if it plans to launch an investigation on the matter but has not yet done so. As capital punishment is prohibited within Macau, the country has reason to reject extradition requests in the event that the country said offender is being extradited plans to impose capital punishment on the offender. Other policies are set that control and organise the procedures that need to be undertaken in order for extradition to occur from Macau. The People’s
Republic of China has undertaken forced rendition of citizens who have escaped to Macau and subjected some to the death penalty.
68:
time during the 19th century. Although capital punishment is prohibited in Macau, the process of extradition to The People's
Republic of China and other countries is still permitted. The Hong Kong protests of 2019 have caused questions around the extradition of criminals from The People's Republic of China’s special administrative regions including Macau. This has caused responses from activists in Macau, who have joined the protests in Hong Kong. The Criminal Code of Macau dictates the penalties and rules regarding offences within the country. None of the articles present in the criminal code allow for the capital punishment as penalty for an offence. The Portuguese government did not permit the revoking of freedom via punishment. The government believed that every individual deserved freedom, thus abolishing capital punishment and life imprisonment. These sentiments were included in the law of Macau whilst colonised. The law regarding capital punishment was allowed to be retained when the country was transferred under the one country, two systems law.
84:
Macau was created and established in 1993. The basic law of Macau is legally allowed to act independently of the constitutional law of The People's
Republic of China. Although Macau is a special administrative region of The People's Republic of China, permanent residency within the country is controlled by Chinese law as a means to protect the independent state. Corruption and crime are prevalent within Macau, especially in policing and casino businesses. Organised crime is extremely prevalent in the region. The casino business of Macau accounts for a large proportion of the GDP of the country. The government of Macau promotes responsible gambling to its citizens and to tourists to keep the revenue flow consistently high. The rate of crime in Macau is relatively low in comparison to cities of similar size in The United States of America.
80:
legal systems present within modern day Macau are structured in a similar manner to the legal systems of
Portugal. As a special administrative region, the government of Macau is able to dictate their own legal system. The level of autonomy of Macau does not include military action or diplomacy. These affairs are handled by the government of The People's Republic of China. Whilst under Portuguese rule, capital punishment was abolished in Macau. After the turnover of Macau to The People's Republic of China, Macau opted to maintain their policy on capital punishment.
136:
1549:
1559:
148:
19:
178:
Patriotism towards The People’s
Republic of China is prevalent in Macao. It is possible that the laws regarding capital punishment in Macau could be overhauled when The People’s Republic of China regains control of Macau as a result of this patriotism. Protests and backlash would likely arise if an
116:
Criminal Law in Macau prohibits capital punishment and life imprisonment in the country. Imprisonment within Macau depends on the severity of the crime, with imprisonment being capped at a maximum of 30 years. Shorter sentences may be increased in the case of an offender committing similar offences
83:
Although both Macau and Hong Kong exist as special administrative regions of The People's
Republic of China, their state of independence is recognized differently. This differs in their policies on capital punishment. The independence of Macau is recognised through their basic law. The basic law of
67:
Macau was a
Portuguese colony prior to returning to Chinese rule. Macau abided by the laws of their colonisers prior to their transfer. After the transfer of sovereignty, Macau developed their own laws. These laws were based largely upon the Portuguese laws. The final death sentence was handed some
160:
The Casino business was heavily regulated and organised crime groups were prosecuted during the handover of Macau to The People's
Republic of China. Triad based organised crime was prevalent in Macau prior to the year 2000, particularly in casinos within the country. Conflicts between triad groups
126:
Extradition in Macau is governed by criminal law and constitutes the transfer of criminals between Macau and other countries of the world. The law of extradition in Macau is known as the
Surrender of Fugitive Offenders. Extradition can occur through the signing of a treaty or through negotiations
79:
Macau served as a colony of Portugal for a total of 442 years before returning to The People's Republic of China. Macau is currently a special administrative region that resides under the control of The People's Republic of China. Languages spoken in Macau include both Portuguese and Chinese. The
143:
Crime in Macau increased during the handover period between Portugal and The People's Republic of China, particularly in terms of organised crime. The People's Republic of China attempted to settle the problems within Macau through different measures of intervention. The police system of Macao
169:
Issues relating to the capital punishment laws between Macau and The People’s Republic of China have previously arisen, resulting in negotiations occurring relating to jurisdiction. The government of The People’s Republic of China has decided that the country of Macau’s stance towards capital
92:
The basic law of Macau was established upon returning to The People’s Republic of China and allows Macau to function autonomously as a region of China. This allows Macao to independently enforce their jurisdiction under the one country, two systems policy of The People’s Republic of China.
688:
112:
The Criminal code of Macau outlines the penalties handed to individuals for breaking the law. The Criminal code covers disobedience, false statements, false testimonials, penalties, bribery to falsely testify and offering
1483:
1488:
273:
1145:
1514:
109:
Article 29 details the right to court trial upon being charged with an offence and that offenders found to be guilty will be punished according to the law.
1524:
281:
1438:
1078:
879:
819:
458:
802:
100:
Article 85 of the basic law of Macau states that the Portuguese system of prosecution and arrest will continue to be used within Macau.
1593:
1463:
1273:
1150:
1519:
227:
1478:
1383:
1125:
516:
1588:
1188:
1155:
1433:
1398:
1353:
53:
1323:
1318:
1213:
747:
Lo, T. W.; Kwok, S.I. (2017). "Triad Organized Crime in Macau Casinos: Extra-legal Governance and Entrepreneurship".
1443:
1418:
1333:
1313:
1263:
1233:
1223:
795:
1529:
1408:
1403:
1283:
1130:
193:
1473:
1423:
1378:
1358:
1348:
1248:
208:
1448:
1363:
1343:
1228:
1218:
1073:
1493:
1428:
1393:
1328:
1308:
1298:
1258:
1243:
1238:
203:
1453:
1413:
1388:
1368:
1303:
1278:
1268:
1253:
1000:
788:
316:
198:
61:
1373:
1338:
1293:
1288:
1197:
1140:
106:
Article 32 states that authorities may forego freedom of privacy when investigating crime within Macao.
837:
485:"State size and democratization in hybrid regimes: the Chinese island cities of Macau and Hong Kong"
1205:
1181:
351:
Ho, L; Lam, A (2013). "Transformation of Macau policing: from a Portuguese colony to China's SAR".
41:
943:
462:
849:
103:
Article 80 states that the Chief Executive of the country has the authority to excuse offences.
1583:
970:
958:
832:
254:
Krebs, J.R. (2000). "One country, three systems? Judicial review in Macau after Ng Ka Ling".
188:
1098:
938:
8:
1503:
1174:
975:
963:
892:
569:
Hing, L (2005). "Casino Politics, Organized Crime and the Post-Colonial State in Macau".
30:
725:
The next frontier: national development, political change, and the death penalty in Asia
1135:
1047:
903:
811:
586:
406:
368:
37:
1558:
590:
410:
372:
231:
135:
928:
923:
913:
844:
578:
496:
398:
360:
524:
1110:
1027:
45:
633:
Zhao, R.; Liu, J. "A System's Approach to Crime Prevention: The Case of Macao".
1052:
948:
918:
854:
659:
402:
582:
364:
1577:
1552:
1166:
1103:
953:
864:
18:
1562:
1093:
933:
908:
898:
859:
1057:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1005:
995:
1115:
1088:
990:
780:
501:
484:
147:
1120:
1032:
170:
punishment may remain for as long as Macau deems it is necessary.
96:
Within the basic law of Macau, articles dealing with crime exist.
1042:
1037:
985:
980:
869:
827:
1083:
57:
49:
71:
The longest sentence in the Macau legal system is 30 years.
445:
Macau in transition : from colony to autonomous region
1146:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
52:
continues its repudiation of capital punishment after the
40:
was last used in the 19th century. Under the principle of
689:"United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child"
164:
274:"History Of The Death Penalty In Hong Kong And Macau"
29:
was formally abolished in 1976 and reiterated in the
228:"THE HISTORY OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN HK AND MACAU"
60:in 1999 despite the fact that capital punishment
1575:
548:
389:"Criminal Code of Macao (Notice No. 46/1995)".
1196:
62:is practised in The People's Republic of China
1182:
796:
130:
551:One Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders
447:(1 ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
766:Hao, Z (2005). "Social Problems in Macau".
483:Kwong, Ying-ho; Wong, Matthew Y.H. (2017).
155:
1189:
1175:
803:
789:
722:
500:
482:
146:
134:
17:
1151:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
230:. Amnesty International. Archived from
1576:
810:
746:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
1170:
784:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
683:
681:
654:
652:
650:
648:
564:
562:
560:
544:
542:
350:
253:
151:Casino Lisboa pictured during the day
1156:Capital punishment for homosexuality
568:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
384:
382:
346:
344:
342:
340:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
256:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal
249:
247:
245:
243:
241:
765:
707:
632:
597:
442:
165:Issues with Capital Punishment Laws
121:
13:
731:
678:
645:
557:
539:
14:
1605:
1079:Most recent executions by country
549:Oliveira, J; Cardinal, P (2009).
417:
379:
337:
296:
238:
173:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1594:1976 disestablishments in Macau
1131:Religion and capital punishment
759:
509:
278:Amnesty International Hong Kong
194:Capital punishment in Hong Kong
139:Casino Lisboa Pictured at Night
87:
1515:British Indian Ocean Territory
749:British Journal of Criminology
476:
451:
266:
220:
209:Capital punishment in Portugal
58:The People's Republic of China
1:
1074:Enforcement or use by country
571:Journal of Contemporary China
214:
74:
391:Chinese Law & Government
353:Crime, Law and Social Change
204:Capital punishment in Taiwan
42:independence of legal system
7:
1589:Capital punishment in China
1198:Capital punishment in Asia
1001:Hanged, drawn and quartered
199:Capital punishment in China
182:
27:Capital punishment in Macau
10:
1610:
727:. Oxford University Press.
403:10.2753/CLG0009-4609390406
131:Criminal Activity in Macau
1543:
1502:
1462:
1204:
1066:
878:
818:
723:Johnson, D.; Zimring, F.
583:10.1080/10670560500065454
365:10.1007/s10611-013-9493-3
1264:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
820:Current judicial methods
517:"Death Penalty In China"
156:Organised Crime in Macau
1525:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
489:Island Studies Journal
397:(4–5): 142–148. 2006.
152:
140:
23:
189:Human rights in Macau
150:
138:
21:
1439:United Arab Emirates
284:on 19 September 2020
117:upon being released.
1466:limited recognition
964:Republican marriage
893:Damnatio ad bestias
695:. 27 September 2004
553:. Berlin: Springer.
459:"CSC and the World"
31:Penal Code of Macau
1136:Wrongful execution
1048:Suffocation in ash
904:Blowing from a gun
812:Capital punishment
768:China Perspectives
153:
141:
38:capital punishment
24:
1571:
1570:
1508:other territories
1164:
1163:
1141:Botched execution
660:"MACAO BASIC LAW"
635:Asian Criminology
1601:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1520:Christmas Island
1206:Sovereign states
1191:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1167:
850:Nitrogen hypoxia
845:Lethal injection
805:
798:
791:
782:
781:
776:
775:
763:
757:
756:
744:
729:
728:
720:
705:
704:
702:
700:
685:
676:
675:
673:
671:
656:
643:
642:
630:
595:
594:
566:
555:
554:
546:
537:
536:
534:
532:
523:. Archived from
513:
507:
506:
504:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
461:. Archived from
455:
449:
448:
443:Yee, H. (2001).
440:
415:
414:
386:
377:
376:
348:
335:
334:
332:
330:
321:
313:
294:
293:
291:
289:
280:. Archived from
270:
264:
263:
251:
236:
235:
224:
122:Extradition Laws
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1539:
1507:
1498:
1479:Northern Cyprus
1465:
1458:
1200:
1195:
1165:
1160:
1126:List of methods
1111:Final statement
1062:
883:
881:
874:
814:
809:
779:
764:
760:
745:
732:
721:
708:
698:
696:
687:
686:
679:
669:
667:
658:
657:
646:
631:
598:
577:(43): 207–224.
567:
558:
547:
540:
530:
528:
527:on 20 June 2019
515:
514:
510:
502:10.24043/isj.36
481:
477:
468:
466:
457:
456:
452:
441:
418:
388:
387:
380:
349:
338:
328:
326:
319:
315:
314:
297:
287:
285:
272:
271:
267:
252:
239:
226:
225:
221:
217:
185:
176:
167:
158:
133:
124:
90:
77:
46:Macau Basic Law
12:
11:
5:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1067:Related topics
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:Upright jerker
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
967:
966:
956:
951:
949:Disembowelment
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
919:Breaking wheel
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
888:
886:
882:Post-classical
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
841:
840:
830:
824:
822:
816:
815:
808:
807:
800:
793:
785:
778:
777:
758:
730:
706:
677:
644:
596:
556:
538:
508:
495:(2): 113–126.
475:
450:
416:
378:
359:(4): 417–437.
336:
317:"Macao, China"
295:
265:
237:
234:on 2011-03-11.
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
184:
181:
175:
174:Public Opinion
172:
166:
163:
157:
154:
132:
129:
123:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
101:
89:
86:
76:
73:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:South Ossetia
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:Scharfrichter
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
954:Dismemberment
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
894:
890:
889:
887:
885:
877:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Electrocution
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
787:
786:
783:
773:
769:
762:
755:(3): 589–607.
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
726:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
694:
690:
684:
682:
665:
661:
655:
653:
651:
649:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
552:
545:
543:
526:
522:
518:
512:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
465:on 2011-07-06
464:
460:
454:
446:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
383:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
347:
345:
343:
341:
325:
318:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
283:
279:
275:
269:
261:
257:
250:
248:
246:
244:
242:
233:
229:
223:
219:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
180:
171:
162:
149:
145:
137:
128:
115:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
85:
81:
72:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:Before that,
34:
32:
28:
22:Map of Macau.
20:
16:
1584:Law of Macau
1534:
1504:Dependencies
1434:Turkmenistan
1399:Saudi Arabia
1038:Slow slicing
1020:
891:
838:firing squad
771:
767:
761:
752:
748:
724:
697:. Retrieved
692:
668:. Retrieved
664:Asianlii.org
663:
638:
634:
574:
570:
550:
529:. Retrieved
525:the original
520:
511:
492:
488:
478:
467:. Retrieved
463:the original
453:
444:
394:
390:
356:
352:
327:. Retrieved
324:Macao, China
323:
286:. Retrieved
282:the original
277:
268:
259:
255:
232:the original
222:
177:
168:
159:
142:
125:
95:
91:
88:Criminal Law
82:
78:
70:
66:
35:
26:
25:
15:
1563:Asia portal
1464:States with
1384:Philippines
1324:South Korea
1319:North Korea
1214:Afghanistan
1094:Executioner
934:Crucifixion
909:Brazen bull
899:Blood eagle
880:Ancient and
860:Gas chamber
1578:Categories
1444:Uzbekistan
1419:Tajikistan
1334:Kyrgyzstan
1314:Kazakhstan
1234:Bangladesh
1224:Azerbaijan
1058:Waist chop
1022:Mazzatello
1016:Ishikozume
1011:Impalement
1006:Immurement
996:Guillotine
944:Decimation
469:2011-03-17
215:References
75:Background
1530:Hong Kong
1484:Palestine
1409:Sri Lanka
1404:Singapore
1284:Indonesia
1116:Last meal
1089:Death row
991:Gibbeting
865:Beheading
591:143710204
411:219308239
373:144567648
33:in 1995.
1553:Category
1474:Abkhazia
1424:Thailand
1379:Pakistan
1359:Mongolia
1354:Maldives
1349:Malaysia
1249:Cambodia
1121:Penology
1033:Scaphism
971:Elephant
959:Drowning
939:Crushing
833:Shooting
699:24 April
693:Docstore
670:24 April
531:16 April
521:GB TIMES
329:24 April
288:24 April
183:See also
54:handover
1449:Vietnam
1364:Myanmar
1344:Lebanon
1274:Georgia
1229:Bahrain
1219:Armenia
1043:Stoning
986:Garrote
981:Flaying
976:Falling
929:Burning
914:Boiling
884:methods
870:Stoning
828:Hanging
113:bribes.
1494:Taiwan
1429:Turkey
1394:Russia
1329:Kuwait
1309:Jordan
1299:Israel
1259:Cyprus
1244:Brunei
1239:Bhutan
1028:Sawing
924:Burial
666:. 2020
589:
409:
371:
1535:Macau
1454:Yemen
1414:Syria
1389:Qatar
1369:Nepal
1304:Japan
1279:India
1269:Egypt
1254:China
1084:Crime
587:S2CID
407:S2CID
369:S2CID
320:(PDF)
50:Macau
1374:Oman
1339:Laos
1294:Iraq
1289:Iran
1099:list
701:2020
672:2020
533:2020
331:2020
290:2020
262:(1).
1506:and
579:doi
497:doi
399:doi
361:doi
56:to
44:in
1580::
770:.
753:57
751:.
733:^
709:^
691:.
680:^
662:.
647:^
637:.
599:^
585:.
575:14
573:.
559:^
541:^
519:.
493:12
491:.
487:.
419:^
405:.
395:39
393:.
381:^
367:.
357:61
355:.
339:^
322:.
298:^
276:.
260:10
258:.
240:^
64:.
48:,
1190:e
1183:t
1176:v
804:e
797:t
790:v
774:.
772:6
703:.
674:.
641:.
639:6
593:.
581::
535:.
505:.
499::
472:.
413:.
401::
375:.
363::
333:.
292:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
