847:. A variation of this included the person with a rope around the neck to stand on a cart and then it would be pushed from under him. This led to the development of suspension in which "the drop" caused by jerking something from underneath the offender became the main component of the execution. Executioners experimented with the length of the rope for the drop. They discovered new ways of causing instant unconsciousness and quick death upon hanging. In 1872, the length of a drop extended to nearly five feet (1.5 m), which dislocated the neck perfectly. Almost one year later, the length of the drop was extended to seven feet (2.1 m).
189:
replace the death penalty with a life sentence. He opposed capital punishment on many grounds, considering it an insult to
Christianity and religion in general and a blot on any civilized nation. "There is nothing", he stated in the house, "more degrading to society at large ... than the death penalty." He also spoke of class disparities, pointing out that the punishment was administered to the poor far more often than to the wealthy. He refuted the notion that state-sponsored killing acted as a deterrent to murder and cautioned against the possibility of mistake.
930:, where it is carried out regularly in some states and is on the books in most states and on the federal level. While opposition to the death penalty increased in the 1990s and early 2000s, in recent years, Canadians have moved closer to the American position; in 2004, only 48 percent of Canadians favoured death for murderers compared to 62 percent in 2010. According to one poll, support for the death penalty in Canada is approximately the same as its support in the United States, at 63 percent in both countries as of 2013. A 2012 poll by the
517:
488:
617:
413:
463:
669:
542:
438:
166:
588:
567:
388:
646:
694:
959:, who was sentenced to death and whose conviction was later overturned, was a significant impetus toward the abolition of capital punishment. Truscott was sentenced to death for the murder of a classmate. His sentence was later commuted to a life sentence, and in 2007, he was acquitted of the charges (although the appeal court did not state that he was in fact innocent).
937:
Canadians (47%) select life imprisonment without the possibility of parole over the death penalty (34%) as their preferred punishment in cases of murder. A 2023 poll by
Research Co. found that 54 percent of Canadians are in favour of reinstating the death penalty for murder in their country. A 2024 poll found 57 percent of Canadians support reinstating the death penalty.
936:
found that 66 percent of
Canadians favoured capital punishment, but only 41 percent would actually support its re-introduction in Canada. A 2020 poll by Research Co. found that 51 percent of Canadians are in favour of reinstating the death penalty for murder in their country. However, almost half of
906:
While hanging was a relatively humane method of execution under ideal conditions with an expert executioner, mistakes could and did happen. Condemned prisoners were decapitated by accident at
Headingley Jail in Manitoba and Bordeaux Jail in Montreal, and a prisoner at the Don Jail in Toronto hit the
200:
Member of
Parliament, moved Bill No. 2 in order to amend the Criminal Code to abolish the death penalty. Thatcher later withdrew it for fear of Bill No. 2 not generating positive discussion and further harming the chances of abolition. In 1956, the Joint Committee of the House and Senate recommended
19:
dates to Canada's earliest history, including its period as first a French then a
British colony. From 1867 to the elimination of the death penalty for murder on July 26, 1976, 1,481 people had been sentenced to death, and 710 had been executed. Of those executed, 697 were men and 13 women. The only
2314:
Accessed March 2012: "Prior to the 2011 election, when asked about the subject in an interview by the CBCâs Peter
Mansbridge, Prime Minister Stephen Harper said, 'I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate.'" "So how do Canadians feel about the death penalty? Shortly
1078:
to announce the change in policy. Day has stated that each situation should be handled on a case-by-case basis. Smith's case resulted in a sharp divide between the
Liberals and the Conservatives, with the Liberals passing a motion declaring that the government "should stand consistently against the
249:
of police and corrections officers. On
January 26, 1973, after the expiration of the five-year experiment, the Solicitor General of Canada continued the partial ban on capital punishment, which would eventually lead to the abolition of capital punishment. On July 14, 1976, Bill C-84 was passed by a
188:
was a businessman, politician, and social reformer, who believed the abolition of capital punishment was an imperative and to some extent his lifeâs mission. Few spoke as loudly or as eloquently as he did for this reform. As a Member of
Parliament, in 1914 and again in 1916 he introduced a bill to
181:
After Confederation, a revision of the statutes reduced the number of offences punishable by death to three: murder, rape, and treason. In 1868, Parliament also stated that the location of the execution was to be within the confines of the prison instead of public hangings. By the 1870s, the jails
818:
The executioner who worked as Camille Branchaud, a pseudonym, succeeded Ellis. Branchaud was on the Quebec government payroll as a hangman, and executed people elsewhere in the country on a piecework basis. The hangman was traditionally based in Montreal where between 1912 and 1960 the gallows at
882:
The old plan of a "drop" was discarded for a more merciful machine, by which the prisoner is jerked up from a platform on the ground level by a weight of 280 lb , which is suspended by an independent rope pending the execution ⊠At the words "Forgive us our trespasses," the executioner
128:
With the role of executioner being unpopular, it was common in New France that a male criminal who had been sentenced to death could have his life spared if he agreed to take the job of executing others, while a female prisoner could have her life spared if the executioner agreed to marry her.
145:
harbour, stabbed Abraham Goodsides to death and wounded two other men. He was brought before a Captain's Court where he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Two days later he was hanged from the yardarm of the vessel as a deterrent to others. This is one of the earliest records of capital
146:
punishment in English-speaking Canada. It is difficult to accurately state numbers of capital punishment since there were no systematic efforts to accurately record names, dates, and locations of executions until after 1867, and many records have been lost because of fires, floods, or decay.
842:
The first official method of hanging for executions in Canada was "hoisting" in which a rope would be thrown over a beam and the convicted person would then be hoisted into the air by others pulling on the rope. The slip knot would then tightly close around the neck until
69:
if committed traitorously, although no one had been executed for those offences since 1945. In 1976, Parliament enacted Bill C-48, abolishing the death penalty for murder, treason, and piracy. In 1999, Parliament eliminated the death penalty for the military offences.
910:
Some Canadian jailsâsuch as those in Toronto, Whitby and Ottawa, Ontario; Headingley, Manitoba; and Fort Saskatchewan, Albertaâhad permanent indoor execution facilities, but more typically offenders were hanged on a scaffold built for the occasion in the jail yard.
793:, a British man who became Canada's official hangman in 1913, after Radclive's death. Ellis worked as a hangman in Canada until the botched execution of Thomasina Sarao in Montreal in 1935, in which she was decapitated. He died in poverty in Montreal in July 1938.
208:
In 1961, legislation was introduced to reclassify murder into capital and non-capital murder, later renamed to first degree and second degree murder. A capital murder involved a planned or deliberate murder, murder during violent crimes, or the murder of a
873:
Early in his career, John Radclive persuaded several sheriffs in Ontario and Quebec to let him use an alternative method in which the condemned person was jerked into the air. A gallows of this type was used for the execution of Robert Neil at Toronto's
984:, (2001), determined that Canada should not extradite persons to face trial in other countries for crimes punishable by death unless Canada has received an assurance that the foreign state will not apply the death penalty, essentially overruling
125:, historian Patrice Corriveau identified the drummer as "René Huguet dit Tambour", although other historians have challenged this identification as no known historical records place a person of that name in New France any earlier than 1680.
117:, the drummer's life was spared on the condition that he accept the position of New France's first permanent executioner. As only the drummer was placed on trial, some historians have suggested that his sexual partner may have been a
2992:
2962:
2867:
2987:
2137:
2917:
2967:
752:, was executed during the Second World War for murder. Furthermore, five German prisoners-of-war (POWs) convicted of the murders of other POWs were among the six executed in Canada's last mass execution in 1946.
1801:
2021:
1368:
Allyson N. May and Jim Phillips, "Homicides in Nova Scotia, 1749â1815", in Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives, ed. Chris McCormick and Len Green. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2005),
2807:
903:, and it is possible he was trying to approximate something similar to hanging a man on a ship's yardarm. After Birchall's hanging, Radclive used the traditional long drop method, as did his successors.
2767:
2957:
2922:
309:
if committed traitorously. Bill C-25 replaced those death penalties with life imprisonment, resulting in the complete legal abolition of the death penalty in Canada, effective September 1, 1999.
2977:
2311:
241:
commuted all death sentences as a matter of policy. Hence, in practice the death penalty ceased to be used in Canada in 1963. On November 30, 1967, Bill C-168 was passed creating a five-year
1646:
2972:
765:
John Radclive was Canada's first professional executioner, placed on the federal payroll as a hangman by a Dominion order-in-council in 1892, on the recommendation of the justice minister
2982:
2862:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
182:
had begun to build the gallows 5 feet (1.5 m) from the ground with a pit underneath instead of the previous high scaffold, the platform of which was level with the prison wall.
129:
Similar cases included Jacques Daigre, who was sentenced to death for theft in 1665 but managed to avoid being executed by agreeing to testify against and execute his associate, and
2932:
2847:
1676:
213:
or prison guard. Non-capital murder did not carry the death sentence. The only death sentences carried out after the reform, of Turpin and Lucas, were under the police murder rule.
2897:
2832:
2802:
2777:
1568:
2912:
2907:
773:
although there is no documentary proof for this. He can be shown to have hanged at least 69 people in Canada, although his life total was likely much higher. At his death, the
2852:
2782:
2127:
55:
The death penalty was ended in practice in Canada in January 1963 and was abolished in two stages, in 1976 and 1999. Prior to 1976, the death penalty was prescribed under the
2827:
1074:
since 1982 after being convicted of murdering two people and who continues to seek calls for clemency from the Canadian government, prompted Canadian Public Safety Minister
1152:
A 2023 survey found 54% of Canadians favoured reinstating capital punishment for murder convictions, with support highest amongst Conservative voters and those over age 55.
826:
Branchaud carried out many executions (for which he was not paid) in the postwar period in Canada, such as the double hanging of Leonard Jackson and Steven Suchan of the
2703:
1237:
499:
1079:
death penalty, as a matter of principle, both in Canada and around the world". However, an overwhelming majority of Conservatives supported the change in policy.
1628:
883:
drove his chisel against the light rope that held the ponderous iron at the other end of the noose, and in an instant the heavy weight fell with a thud, and the
474:
955:, concerns about the state taking people's lives, and uncertainty about the death penalty's role as a deterrent for crime. The 1959 conviction of 14-year-old
741:
2290:
2286:
424:
254:, resulting in the abolition of the death penalty for murder, treason, and piracy. It was given royal assent on July 16 and came into force July 26, 1976.
632:
528:
170:
2315:
after the Prime Ministerâs interview, Abacus Data published a study finding that 66% of Canadians support the death penalty "in certain circumstances."
1030:, which also refuse to extradite prisoners who may be condemned to death. Extradition where the death penalty is possible was ruled a violation of the
705:
93:
was briefly held by André Bernard in 1645, but was not permanently occupied until 1648, when a military drummer stationed at the French garrison in
1654:
352:
121:
man who was not subject to French religious law. The drummer's real name has never been confirmed in historical records, however; in his 2006 book
2042:
1187:
1772:
870:
which often resulted from the previous "short drop" method. The short drop sometimes gave a period of suffering before death finally took place.
449:
2636:
2060:
2746:
2437:
2377:
1802:"Illegitimate trials. PoW hangings. A miniature Nazi state on the Prairie. These are the eye-popping details of Canada's last mass execution"
1576:
1089:
affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying, "I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate."
1735:
2360:
2333:
1103:
680:
2165:
1680:
926:
Although reintroducing the death penalty in Canada is extremely unlikely, support for capital punishment is similar to its support in the
2857:
1513:
628:
52:
prescribed the death penalty for certain military offences until 1999, although no military executions had been carried out since 1946.
2078:
3018:
2872:
153:, and this was learned after the true perpetrator of the crime had made a deathbed confession. This contributed to the abolition of
504:
291:
2877:
2708:
1139:
986:
895:, in November 1890, seems to be the last time a device of this kind was used. Radclive had first been exposed to executions as a
1986:
Minutes of proceedings and evidence â Special Committee on the Criminal Code (Death Penalty) (Ottawa, Printer to the King, 1937)
1262:
2216:
862:. This method ensured that the prisoner's neck was broken instantly at the end of the drop, resulting in the prisoner dying of
3013:
2683:
345:
280:
1234:
2713:
1997:
945:
1031:
197:
1108:
1598:
257:
Capital murder was replaced with first degree murder, which carries a mandatory life sentence without eligibility for
2952:
2812:
2772:
2739:
1833:
1291:
533:
971:
to the United States, even though he appealed to the authorities, as he did not want to potentially face execution.
2792:
2353:
1355:
133:, who took the job in 1751 and simultaneously saved the life of fellow prisoner Françoise Laurent by marrying her.
1335:
Dickinson, John A. (1996). "New France: law, courts, and the Coutume de Paris, 1608â1760". In DeLloyd Guth (ed.).
777:
said he had 150 executions. He died of alcohol-related illness in Toronto on February 26, 1911, at the age of 55.
305:) continued to carry the death penalty (cowardice, desertion, unlawful surrender, and spying for the enemy), with
2822:
2688:
2271:
1393:
230:
165:
154:
84:
2837:
2817:
2631:
2265:
142:
1303:
2842:
2732:
1540:
1055:
273:
2201:
1211:
2902:
2558:
2346:
1825:
1495:
1137:
Any attempt to reintroduce capital punishment in Canada is likely to be found unconstitutional under the
766:
2797:
2698:
1768:
1173:
265:
2190:
many experts believe the controversy over his case let to Canada abolishing the death penalty in 1976.
1215:
2395:
2247:
1786:
1219:
915:
491:
1036:
508:
479:
202:
66:
2501:
2251:
2086:
1083:
975:
801:
306:
226:
118:
61:
as the punishment for murder, treason, and piracy. In addition, some service offences under the
1930:
Joint Committee on Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries (Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955)
1864:
2407:
2287:"Day favours case-by-case approach to Canadians facing death penalty - Saskatchewan - CBC News"
1894:
980:
941:
806:
558:
56:
2151:
2528:
2516:
2390:
2241:
1909:
1178:
520:
302:
2108:
1496:"Acts of the Parliament of Canada (30th Parliament, 1st Session, Chapter 61-118), 1974-1976"
1444:
3023:
2656:
2496:
2226:
2128:"Majority of Canadians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty, new poll suggests"
2022:"Majority of Canadians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty, new poll suggests"
1889:
685:
620:
298:
62:
8:
2533:
2521:
2450:
1321:
1052:
952:
940:
Since abolition, only two parties were known to have advocated to bringing it back: the
850:
The majority of offenders put to death by Canadian civilian authorities were executed by
831:
797:
399:
2693:
2605:
2461:
2369:
1417:, Vol. 1, ed. Gerald Hallowell (Toronto: University of Oxford Press Canada, 2004), 115.
1350:
1067:
892:
887:
body was jerked into the air and hung dangling between the rough posts of the scaffold.
287:
25:
2724:
1846:
1829:
1743:
1287:
1259:
1113:
1041:
800:—named after this pseudonym—is an annual literary award presented by the
790:
710:
404:
238:
185:
823:
saw more executions (85) take place than any other correctional facility in Canada.
516:
487:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2402:
1499:
1183:
884:
416:
337:
242:
150:
951:
Among the reasons cited for banning capital punishment in Canada were fears about
727:, 25 Canadian soldiers were executed. Most were shot for service offences such as
130:
2668:
2585:
1710:
1266:
1241:
956:
900:
859:
820:
770:
341:
106:
2275:
2179:
2610:
2506:
2476:
2412:
2217:"California court upholds death penalty for notorious serial killer Charles Ng"
1606:
1521:
1359:, vol. 3, University of Toronto/UniversitĂ© Laval, 2003â, accessed July 5, 2019.
1086:
1045:
1011:
990:, (1991). This is similar to the extradition policies of other nations such as
855:
749:
616:
553:
429:
269:
234:
222:
210:
325:, 54, convicted of separate murders, at 12:02 am on December 11, 1962, at the
3007:
2661:
2511:
2312:
Tasha Kheiriddin: Tori Stafford case shows why Canada needs the death penalty
1747:
1075:
1071:
927:
867:
844:
637:
603:
466:
318:
276:
193:
37:
2422:
2132:
2026:
1822:
The Case of Valentine Shortis: A True Story of Crime and Politics in Canada
1806:
1062:
for Canadian citizens sentenced to capital punishment. The ongoing case of
866:
while unconscious, which was considered more humane than the slow death by
851:
672:
599:
412:
322:
174:
33:
264:
On June 30, 1987, a bill to restore the death penalty was defeated by the
2651:
2491:
2466:
2456:
2417:
1098:
999:
932:
724:
545:
114:
1898:. Montreal, Quebec. July 22, 1938. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
462:
2615:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
1212:
https://www.parl.ca/Content/Bills/361/Government/C-25/C-25_1/C-25_1.pdf
968:
914:
Military prisoners sentenced to death under Canadian military law were
896:
668:
98:
90:
1058:
government reversed a longstanding policy of automatically requesting
769:. Radclive is often described as having trained under British hangman
541:
2673:
2646:
2548:
2338:
1339:. Rosenort, Manitoba: The Canadian Legal History Project. p. 50.
1270:
1027:
827:
786:
732:
728:
283:
251:
2678:
2590:
2221:
2184:
1629:"Majority of Canadians support return of death penalty, poll finds"
1545:
1216:
https://parl.ca/Content/Bills/361/Government/C-25/C-25_4/C-25_4.pdf
1059:
1023:
875:
863:
660:
454:
441:
437:
326:
205:
for murder, which opened the door to the possibility of abolition.
94:
45:
1220:
http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/1999/1999-07-21/pdf/g2-13315.pdf
587:
566:
387:
2600:
2595:
2543:
2538:
2427:
2385:
2328:
1939:
Hustak, Alan, 1944â, They were hanged (Toronto, J. Lorimer, 1987)
1063:
991:
645:
608:
591:
570:
391:
359:. He was reprieved when capital punishment was abolished for all
330:
41:
29:
1999:
Reinstating The Death Penalty as a Means of Punishment in Canada
693:
1529:(1). December 22, 1976 – via www.collectionscanada.gc.ca.
1019:
1015:
995:
736:
649:
356:
258:
246:
110:
102:
21:
2166:"Poll: Majority of Canadians support death penalty for murder"
2152:"Purported Return of the Death Penalty Splits Views in Canada"
962:
2641:
1246:
1222:(p. 1960, SI/99-75) shows the law in force September 1, 1999.
1007:
1003:
697:
2109:"Death Penalty Splits Views in Canada and the United States"
1736:"The end of the rope: The story of Canada's last executions"
1599:"The death penalty in Canada: facts, figures and milestones"
192:
In 1950, an attempt was made to abolish capital punishment.
2329:
Canada and the Death Penalty (Department of Justice Canada)
2704:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
1235:"Looking back at Quebec queer life since the 17th century"
907:
floor of the room below and was strangled by the hangman.
1445:
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bickerdike_robert_15E.html
899:
seaman helping with shipboard hangings of pirates in the
32:. The last execution in Canada was the double hanging of
2754:
2061:"Majority of Canadians support the death penalty: poll"
261:
until the person has served 25 years of the sentence.
141:
In 1749, Peter Cartcel, a sailor aboard a ship in the
2043:"Canadians' views on crime are hardening, poll finds"
1214:
shows the old text with the death penalty in effect.
834:'s execution in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, in 1960.
742:
List of Canadian soldiers executed during World War I
355:
on May 14, 1976, for the murder of a prison guard in
177:. At top right, onlookers watch from telephone poles.
28:
of civilians after the end of the French regime was
149:In 1840, an innocent man was hanged in what is now
1980:
1472:(Ottawa: McCelland and Stewart Limited, 1976), 13.
1380:A Concise History of Capital Punishment in Canada
1284:Répression des homosexuels au Québec et en France
123:Répression des homosexuels au Québec et en France
3005:
286:opposed the bill, whereas Deputy Prime Minister
1040:outlawing the practice in member states of the
367:Last executions in each province and territory
203:capital punishment as the mandatory punishment
2740:
2354:
1910:"Historical Stories: The Hangman's Graveyard"
1711:"Executions in Canada from 1860 to abolition"
1230:
1228:
1082:In a 2011 interview given to Canadian media,
804:. Ellis is featured in the 2009 documentary
1603:Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty
1104:Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty
967:In the 1990s, Canada extradited a criminal,
344:in Montreal, for her part in the bombing of
317:The last two people executed in Canada were
312:
245:on the use of the death penalty, except for
233:, and through the successive governments of
1787:"A secret execution - Pvte. Harold Pringle"
1207:
1205:
963:Policy regarding foreign capital punishment
268:in a 148â127 vote, in which Prime Minister
2747:
2733:
2361:
2347:
1647:"Canada Considers Restoring Death Penalty"
1382:. (Calgary: Frontier Publishing, 1973), 5.
1225:
336:The last woman to be hanged in Canada was
2334:CBC Digital ArchivesâDeath Penalty Debate
2205:, 2007 ONCA 575 (CanLII), paras. 11, 264.
2180:"Steven Truscott: The search for justice"
1769:"Capital punishment in Canada - CBC News"
1541:"1976: Death penalty abolished in Canada"
1413:Carolyn Strange, "Capital Punishment" in
1334:
1218:shows royal assent on December 10, 1998.
1109:List of revoked death sentences in Canada
1862:
1415:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
1202:
164:
136:
2709:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
1799:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1140:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
987:Kindler v. Canada (Minister of Justice)
351:The last person sentenced to death was
3006:
2368:
1995:
1865:"1935: Thomasina Sarao, miscalculated"
1775:from the original on January 17, 2014.
1679:. Parliament of Canada. Archived from
1391:
1190:from the original on November 16, 2016
718:
109:priests. After an intervention by the
2728:
2342:
2293:from the original on November 8, 2012
2125:
2079:"Most Canadians say death penalty OK"
2040:
2019:
346:Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108
160:
2755:Capital punishment in North America
2714:Capital punishment for homosexuality
2140:from the original on March 27, 2023.
1977:, Wednesday, February 29, 1888, p. 8
1800:Bethune, Brian (November 11, 2022).
1695:
1253:
946:National Advancement Party of Canada
891:The hanging of Reginald Birchall in
813:
297:Certain military offences under the
1070:, who has been on death row in the
1032:European Convention of Human Rights
363:offences on July 14 the same year.
198:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
13:
14:
3035:
2637:Most recent executions by country
2322:
1708:
1498:. 1974. p. 2126 – via
1392:Wagner, Eugene (September 2002).
921:
3019:1976 disestablishments in Canada
2868:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2041:Makin, Kirk (January 21, 2010).
1912:. Corrections Museum of Manitoba
1890:"Hangman Ellis Dies in the City"
1575:. April 10, 2013. Archived from
1356:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
760:
692:
667:
644:
615:
586:
565:
540:
515:
486:
461:
436:
411:
386:
2689:Religion and capital punishment
2305:
2279:
2257:
2233:
2209:
2195:
2172:
2158:
2144:
2126:Jiang, Kevin (March 17, 2023).
2119:
2101:
2071:
2053:
2034:
2020:Jiang, Kevin (March 17, 2023).
2013:
1989:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1902:
1882:
1856:
1839:
1814:
1793:
1779:
1761:
1728:
1669:
1639:
1621:
1591:
1561:
1533:
1506:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1459:(Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1977, 2).
1449:
1433:
1420:
1407:
1385:
1372:
1362:
1146:
1131:
780:
755:
157:across the river from Windsor.
2272:European Court of Human Rights
1847:"The agony of the executioner"
1441:Biography - BICKERDIKE, ROBERT
1343:
1328:
1313:
1297:
1276:
1166:
735:, but two executions were for
250:narrow margin of 130:124 in a
155:capital punishment in Michigan
85:Criminal justice in New France
1:
2632:Enforcement or use by country
2266:Soering v. the United Kingdom
2248: 1 S.C.R. 283, 2001 SCC 7
2002:, University of Toronto Press
1394:"Michigan Capital Punishment"
1325:, Vol 79, No. 2 (April 1999).
1159:
830:at the Don Jail in 1952, and
301:(committed by members of the
78:
3014:Capital punishment in Canada
2993:United States Virgin Islands
1470:Capital Punishment in Canada
1119:
281:Minister of External Affairs
216:
17:Capital punishment in Canada
7:
2559:Hanged, drawn and quartered
1863:Headsman (March 29, 2010).
1826:University of Toronto Press
1337:Canada's Legal Inheritances
1092:
1051:In November 2007, Canada's
748:One Canadian soldier, Pte.
739:. For details of these see
101:was sentenced to death for
89:The post of executioner in
10:
3040:
1651:tribunedigital-sunsentinel
1514:"Statutes of Canada, 1976"
837:
82:
73:
2968:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2886:
2760:
2624:
2436:
2376:
492:Newfoundland and Labrador
380:
377:
374:
371:
313:Last executions in Canada
221:Following the success of
40:on December 11, 1962, at
2988:Turks and Caicos Islands
2378:Current judicial methods
1124:
1048:member states are part.
1037:Soering v United Kingdom
509:Dominion of Newfoundland
292:Progressive Conservative
67:mandatory death sentence
2274: 7 July 1989),
2254: 15 February 2001).
2252:Supreme Court of Canada
1319:"The Hangman's Bride".
1304:"The Drummerâs Revenge"
1084:Canadian Prime Minister
976:Supreme Court of Canada
802:Crime Writers of Canada
500:Herbert Augustus Spratt
340:on January 9, 1953, at
307:mandatory death penalty
2918:British Virgin Islands
1996:Ramnaraine, Michelle,
1044:, of which all of the
981:United States v. Burns
942:Reform Party of Canada
916:shot by a firing squad
889:
878:on February 29, 1888:
178:
2858:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2242:United States v Burns
1869:www.executedtoday.com
1820:Martin L. Friedland.
1742:. December 10, 2012.
1715:Capital Punishment UK
1308:The Drummer's Revenge
1286:. Septentrion, 2006.
1179:Canadian Encyclopedia
880:
785:Arthur Ellis was the
521:Northwest Territories
475:Joseph Pierre Richard
303:Canadian Armed Forces
231:1963 federal election
168:
137:British North America
65:continued to carry a
2289:. November 8, 2012.
2227:The Associated Press
1457:The Penalty of Death
1455:C.H.S. Jayewardene,
1401:Michigan Bar Journal
1250:, December 15, 2009.
1174:"Capital Punishment"
953:wrongful convictions
944:(1988â2000) and the
621:Prince Edward Island
299:National Defence Act
63:National Defence Act
50:National Defence Act
2873:Trinidad and Tobago
2768:Antigua and Barbuda
2522:Republican marriage
2451:Damnatio ad bestias
1635:. February 8, 2012.
1609:on October 19, 2011
1579:on January 15, 2013
1468:David B. Chandler,
1378:Frank W. Anderson,
1282:Patrice Corriveau,
832:Robert Raymond Cook
807:Hangman's Graveyard
798:Arthur Ellis Awards
719:Military executions
400:Robert Raymond Cook
368:
274:Minister of Justice
2808:Dominican Republic
2694:Wrongful execution
2606:Suffocation in ash
2462:Blowing from a gun
2370:Capital punishment
2047:The Globe and Mail
1789:. August 29, 2018.
1569:"Abolition upheld"
1483:Capital Punishment
1265:2014-12-14 at the
1240:2014-12-14 at the
1068:Ronald Allen Smith
893:Woodstock, Ontario
677:February 20, 1946
596:December 11, 1962
550:December 15, 1937
471:December 11, 1957
425:Leo Anthony Mantha
396:November 15, 1960
366:
294:MPs supported it.
290:and a majority of
288:Donald Mazankowski
179:
173:, March 21, 1902,
161:Post-Confederation
26:capital punishment
3001:
3000:
2890:other territories
2722:
2721:
2699:Botched execution
2067:. March 20, 2013.
2065:Yahoo News Canada
1657:on August 8, 2014
1114:Madame le Corbeau
1042:Council of Europe
854:developed in the
852:long drop hanging
814:Camille Branchaud
791:Arthur B. English
767:Sir John Thompson
716:
715:
633:Fredrick Phillips
529:Fredrick Cardinal
405:Fort Saskatchewan
201:the retention of
196:, at that time a
186:Robert Bickerdike
171:Stanislas Lacroix
169:The execution of
3031:
2958:Saint Barthélemy
2888:Dependencies and
2761:Sovereign states
2749:
2742:
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2408:Nitrogen hypoxia
2403:Lethal injection
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2085:. Archived from
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1709:Clark, Richard.
1706:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:on July 14, 2014
1677:"Bill C-25 1998"
1673:
1667:
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1653:. Archived from
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1605:. Archived from
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2396:firing squad
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2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
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2027:Toronto Star
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2015:
2004:, retrieved
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1926:
1914:. Retrieved
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1872:. Retrieved
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1851:Toronto Star
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1807:Toronto Star
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1685:. Retrieved
1681:the original
1671:
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1655:the original
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1611:. Retrieved
1607:the original
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1577:the original
1573:CBC Archives
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1551:. Retrieved
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1194:December 12,
1192:. Retrieved
1177:
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1056:Conservative
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781:Arthur Ellis
774:
764:
756:Executioners
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740:
722:
673:Saskatchewan
657:Ernest CÎté
600:Arthur Lucas
360:
350:
335:
323:Arthur Lucas
316:
296:
263:
256:
220:
207:
191:
184:
180:
175:Hull, Quebec
148:
140:
127:
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88:
57:
54:
49:
34:Arthur Lucas
16:
15:
3024:2003 in law
2953:Puerto Rico
2863:Saint Lucia
2813:El Salvador
2652:Executioner
2492:Crucifixion
2467:Brazen bull
2457:Blood eagle
2438:Ancient and
2418:Gas chamber
2113:Research Co
2083:Toronto Sun
1895:The Gazette
1874:February 3,
1720:December 8,
1633:thestar.com
1099:Albert Guay
1000:Netherlands
933:Toronto Sun
723:During the
546:Nova Scotia
115:Quebec City
95:Ville-Marie
3008:Categories
2948:Montserrat
2943:Martinique
2938:Guadeloupe
2793:Costa Rica
2616:Waist chop
2580:Mazzatello
2574:Ishikozume
2569:Impalement
2564:Immurement
2554:Guillotine
2502:Decimation
1961:Anderson,
1753:January 7,
1481:Chandler,
1426:Anderson,
1322:The Beaver
1260:"Montreal"
1160:References
969:Charles Ng
897:Royal Navy
711:Whitehorse
681:Jack Loran
534:Fort Smith
505:St. John's
381:City/town
378:Inmate(s)
321:, 29, and
243:moratorium
99:New France
91:New France
79:New France
2933:Greenland
2848:Nicaragua
2823:Guatemala
2674:Last meal
2647:Death row
2549:Gibbeting
2423:Beheading
1975:The Globe
1948:Anderson,
1748:0319-0781
1553:March 21,
1271:glbtq.com
1120:Footnotes
1028:Australia
828:Boyd Gang
787:pseudonym
733:cowardice
729:desertion
629:Earl Lund
559:Shelburne
480:Dalhousie
372:Province
284:Joe Clark
252:free vote
217:Abolition
107:Sulpician
2898:Anguilla
2833:Honduras
2803:Dominica
2778:Barbados
2679:Penology
2591:Scaphism
2529:Elephant
2517:Drowning
2497:Crushing
2391:Shooting
2297:April 3,
2291:Archived
2222:CBC News
2185:CBC News
2138:Archived
2006:June 28,
1965:, 30â31.
1916:June 28,
1828:, 1988,
1773:Archived
1661:July 29,
1613:July 28,
1583:July 28,
1548:archives
1546:CBC News
1439:Jedwar,
1430:, 27â29.
1263:Archived
1238:Archived
1188:Archived
1093:See also
1060:clemency
1053:minority
1024:Colombia
885:pinioned
876:Don Jail
864:asphyxia
661:Montreal
455:Winnipeg
442:Manitoba
327:Don Jail
225:and the
46:Don Jail
2928:Curaçao
2913:Bonaire
2908:Bermuda
2838:Jamaica
2818:Grenada
2773:Bahamas
2601:Stoning
2544:Garrote
2539:Flaying
2534:Falling
2487:Burning
2472:Boiling
2442:methods
2428:Stoning
2386:Hanging
2093:May 19,
1836:, p.136
1687:July 8,
1273:, 2004.
1064:Alberta
992:Germany
838:Methods
609:Toronto
592:Ontario
571:Nunavut
430:Oakalla
392:Alberta
331:Toronto
247:murders
229:in the
143:Halifax
111:Jesuits
74:History
42:Toronto
30:hanging
2853:Panama
2843:Mexico
2788:Canada
2783:Belize
2586:Sawing
2482:Burial
2270: (
2250: (
2246:,
1832:
1746:
1290:
1066:-born
1020:Mexico
1016:Israel
1010:, the
998:, the
996:France
737:murder
686:Regina
650:Quebec
357:Quebec
279:, and
259:parole
237:, the
103:sodomy
48:. The
22:Canada
2903:Aruba
2828:Haiti
2642:Crime
1952:, 12.
1517:(PDF)
1485:, 14.
1397:(PDF)
1247:Xtra!
1125:Notes
1008:Italy
1004:Spain
698:Yukon
578:None
375:Date
2973:Saba
2798:Cuba
2657:list
2299:2018
2095:2014
2008:2024
1918:2024
1876:2019
1830:ISBN
1755:2022
1744:ISSN
1722:2020
1689:2014
1663:2012
1615:2012
1585:2012
1555:2021
1288:ISBN
1196:2016
1026:and
974:The
796:The
731:and
631:and
602:and
581:N/A
575:N/A
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1369:87.
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