735:-like structure, whether it was present at or around birth or appeared later in life. In 1982, Mulliken and Glowacki proposed a new classification system for vascular anomalies which has been widely accepted and adopted by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. This classification system was recently updated in 2015. The classification of vascular anomalies is now based upon cellular features, natural history, and clinical behavior of the lesion. Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular tumors/neoplasms which include infantile hemangiomas, and vascular malformations that include entities with enlarged or abnormal vessels such as capillary malformations (port wine stains), venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations. In 2000, GLUT-1, a specific immunohistochemical marker, was found to be positive in IHs and negative in other vascular tumors or malformations. This marker has revolutionized the ability to distinguish between infantile hemangioma and other vascular anomalies.
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for treatment include functional impairment (i.e. visual or feeding compromise), bleeding, potentially life-threatening complications (airway, cardiac, or hepatic disease), and risk of long-term or permanent disfigurement. Large IHs can leave visible skin changes secondary to significant stretching of the skin or alteration of surface texture. When they interfere with vision, breathing, or threaten significant disfigurement (most notably facial lesions, and in particular, nose and lips), they are usually treated. Medical therapies are most effective when used during the period of most significant hemangioma growth, which corresponds to the first 5 months of life. Ulcerated hemangiomas, a subset of lesions requiring therapy, are usually treated by addressing wound care, pain, and hemangioma growth.
609:, IHs show a well-circumscribed lesion with intermediate and increased signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted sequences, respectively, and strong enhancement after gadolinium injections, with fast-flow vessels. Tissue for diagnosis can be obtained via fine-needle aspiration, skin biopsy, or excisional biopsy. Under the microscope, IHs are unencapsulated aggregates of closely packed, thin-walled capillaries, usually with endothelial lining. Blood-filled vessels are separated by scant connective tissue. Their lumina may be thrombosed and organized. Hemosiderin pigment deposition due to vessel rupture may be observed. The GLUT-1 histochemical marker can be helpful in distinguishing IHs from other items on the differential diagnosis, such as vascular malformations.
601:), and/or cytology or histopathology are needed to confirm the diagnosis. IHs are usually absent at birth or a small area of pallor, telangiectasias, or duskiness may be seen. A fully formed mass at birth usually indicates a different diagnosis. Superficial hemangiomas in the upper dermis have a bright-red strawberry color, whereas those in the deep dermis and subcutis, deep hemangiomas, may appear blue and be firm or rubbery on palpation. Mixed hemangiomas can have both features. A minimally proliferative IH is an uncommon type that presents with fine macular telangiectasias with an occasional bright-red, papular, proliferative component. Minimally proliferative IHs are more common in the lower body.
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the growth completed by 3 months. Finally, IHs involute over a period of years. The exceptions to these growth characteristics include minimally proliferative His, which do not substantially proliferate and large, deep IHs in which noticeable growth starts later and lasts longer. If the diagnosis is not clear based on physical examination and growth history (most often in deep hemangiomas with little cutaneous involvement), then either imaging or histopathology can help confirm the diagnosis. On
Doppler ultrasound, an IH in the proliferative phase appears as a high-flow, soft-tissue mass usually without direct arteriovenous shunting. On
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venous prominence. Deep hemangiomas have a tendency to develop a little later than superficial hemangiomas, and may have longer and later proliferative phases, as well. Deep hemangiomas rarely ulcerate, but can cause issues depending on their location, size, and growth. Deep hemangiomas near sensitive structures can cause compression of softer surrounding structures during the proliferative phase, such as the external ear canal and the eyelid. Mixed hemangiomas are simply a combination of superficial and deep hemangiomas, and may not be evident for several months. Patients may have any combination of superficial, deep, or mixed IHs.
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addition, no difference was detected between these two agents and their ability to reduce hemangioma size; however, whether a difference in safety exists is not clear. All of these results were based on moderate- to low-quality evidence, thus further randomized, controlled trials with large populations of children are needed to further evaluate these therapies. This review concluded that for now, no evidence challenges oral propranalol as the standard systemic therapy for treatment of these lesions.
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airway and high-output heart failure may lessen with involution of a hepatic hemangioma and ultimately treatment may be tapered or discontinued. In other cases, such as an untreated eyelid hemangioma, resultant amblyopia does not improve with involution of the cutaneous lesion. For these reasons, infants with infantile hemangiomas should be evaluated by an appropriate clinician during the early proliferative phase so that risk monitoring and treatment be individualized and outcomes can be optimized.
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hemangioma does not completely resolve. Residual redness may be noted and can be improved with laser therapy, most commonly PDL. Ablative fractional resurfacing may be considered for textural skin changes. Hemangiomas, especially those that have gotten very large during the growth phase, may leave behind stretched skin or fibrofatty tissue that may be disfiguring or require future surgical correction. Areas of prior ulceration may leave behind permanent scarring.
705:(PDL), plays a limited role in hemangioma management. PDL is most often used for treatment of ulcerated hemangiomas, often in conjunction with topical therapies and wound care, and may speed healing and diminish pain. Laser therapy may also be useful for early superficial IHs (although rapidly proliferating lesions may be more prone to ulceration following PDL treatment), and for the treatment of cutaneous telangiectasias which persist following involution.
60:
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394:, in premature children whose birth weight is less than 3 pounds (1.4 kg), in females, and in twin births. Early lesions may resemble a red scratch or patch, a white patch, or a bruise. The majority occur on the head and neck, but they can occur almost anywhere. The appearance and color of the IH depend on its location and depth within the level of the skin.
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which can present with yellow crusting, drainage, pain, or odor. Ulcerations are also at risk for bleeding, particularly deep lesions or in areas of friction. Multiple superficial hemangiomas, more than five, can be associated with extracutaneous hemangiomas, the most common being a liver (hepatic) hemangioma, and these infants warrant ultrasound examination.
518:. Large segmental hemangiomas over the lumbar spine can be associated with dysraphism, renal, and urogenital problems in association with a disorder called LUMBAR syndrome. Multiple cutaneous hemangiomas in infants may be an indicator for liver hemangiomas. Screening for liver involvement is often recommended in infants with five or more skin hemangiomas.
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to high injection pressures. Topical timolol maleate, a nonselective beta blocker available in a gel-forming solution approved for the treatment of glaucoma, has been increasingly recognized as a safe and effective off-label alternative for treatment of small hemangiomas. It is generally applied two to three times daily.
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skin, forming papules and confluent bright-red plaques like raised islands. Infantile hemangiomas have historically been referred to as βstrawberry marks" or "strawberry hemangiomasβ in the past, as raised superficial hemangiomas can look like the side of a strawberry without seeds, and this remains a common lay term.
511:. The potential for psychological injury develops from school age onward. Considering treatment before school begins is, therefore, important if adequate spontaneous improvement has not occurred. Large IHs can leave visible skin changes secondary to severe stretching that results in altered surface texture.
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Intralesional corticosteroid (usually triamcinolone) injection has been used for small, localized hemangiomas, where it has been demonstrated to be relatively safe and effective. Injection of upper eyelid hemangiomas is controversial, given the reported risk of retinal embolization, possibly related
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Superficial IHs in certain locations, such as the posterior scalp, neck folds, and groin/perianal areas, are at potential risk of ulceration. Ulcerated hemangiomas can present as black crusted papules or plaques, or painful erosions or ulcers. Ulcerations are prone to secondary bacterial infections,
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Infantile hemangiomas in the liver are found in 16% of all liver hemangiomas. Its sizes are usually less than 1 to 2 cm in diameter. It may show a "flash-filling" phenomenon in which there is a fast enhancement of the contrast material in the lesion instead of slow, centripetal, nodular filling
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will require potentially ongoing neurologic, cardiac, and/or ophthalmologic monitoring. In cases of IHs that compromise of vital structures, symptoms may improve with involution of the hemangioma. For example, respiratory distress would improve with involution of a space-occupying IH involving the
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Other systemic therapies which may be effective for IH treatment include vincristine, interferon, and other agents with antiangiogenic properties. Vincristine, which requires central venous access for administration, is traditionally used as a chemotherapy agent, but has been demonstrated to have
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Most IHs disappear without treatment, leaving minimal to no visible marks. This may take many years, however, and a proportion of lesions may require some form of therapy. Multidisciplinary clinical practice guidelines for the management of infantile hemangiomas were recently published. Indications
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A precise history of the growth characteristics of the IH can be very helpful in making the diagnosis. In the first 4 to 8 weeks of life, IHs grow rapidly with primarily volumetric rather than radial growth. This is usually followed by a period of slower growth that can last 6β9 months, with 80% of
405:
Deep IHs present as poorly defined, bluish macules that can proliferate into papules, nodules, or larger tumors. Proliferating lesions are often compressible, but fairly firm. Many deep hemangiomas may have a few superficial capillaries visible evident over the primary deep component or surrounding
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In most cases no treatment is needed, other than close observation. Hemangiomas may grow rapidly, before stopping and slowly fading, with maximum improvement typically occurring by the age of 3.5 years. While this birthmark may be alarming in appearance, physicians generally counsel that it be left
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IHs are often classified as focal/localized, segmental, or indeterminate. Focal IHs appear localized to a specific location and appear to arise from a solitary spot. Segmental hemangiomas are larger, and appear to encompass a region of the body. Larger or segmental hemangiomas that span a large
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Superficial IHs are situated higher in the skin and have a bright red, erythematous to reddish-purple appearance. Superficial lesions can be flat and telangiectatic, composed of a macule or patch of small, varied branching, capillary blood vessels. They can also be raised and elevated from the
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In the involution phase, an IH finally begins to diminish in size. While IHs were previously thought to improve by about 10% each year, newer evidence suggests that maximal improvement and involution is typically reached by 3.5 years of age. Most IHs resolve by age 10, but in some patients, the
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Surgical excision of hemangiomas is rarely indicated, and limited to lesions which fail medical therapy (or when it is contraindicated), which are anatomically distributed in a location which is amenable to resection, and in which resection would likely be necessary and the scar will be similar
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Since that time, topical timolol maleate in addition to oral propranalol has become a common therapy for infantile hemangiomas. According to a 2018 Cochrane review, both of these therapies have demonstrated beneficial effects in terms of clearance of hemangiomas without an increase in harms. In
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Horii KA, Drolet BA, Frieden IJ, Baselga E, Chamlin SL, Haggstrom AN, Holland KE, Mancini AJ, McCuaig CC, Metry DW, Morel KD, Newell BD, Nopper AJ, Powell J, Garzon MC (2011). "Prospective study of the frequency of hepatic hemangiomas in infants with multiple cutaneous infantile hemangiomas".
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The most frequent complaints about IHs stem from psychosocial complications. The condition can affect a person's appearance and provoke attention and malicious reactions from others. Particular problems occur if the lip or nose is involved, as distortions can be difficult to treat
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on the skin. Typically, they begin during the first four weeks of life, growing until about five months of life, and then shrinking in size and disappearing over the next few years. Often skin changes remain after they shrink. Complications may include pain, bleeding,
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Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, Chamlin SL, Garzon MC, Horii KA, Lucky AW, Mancini AJ, Metry DW, Newell B, Nopper AJ, Frieden IJ (September 2006). "Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment".
300:. It is the most common tumor of orbit and periorbital areas in childhood. It may occur in the skin, subcutaneous tissues and mucous membranes of oral cavities and lips as well as in extracutaneous locations including the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
647:, a nonselective beta blocker, is well tolerated and effective for treatment of hemangiomas, the agent was studied in a large, randomized, controlled trial and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this indication in 2014. Oral
960:
Krowchuk DP, Frieden IJ, Mancini AJ, Darrow DH, Blei F, Greene AK, Annam A, Baker CN, Frommelt PC, Hodak A, Pate BM, Pelletier JL, Sandrock D, Weinberg ST, Whelan MA, SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF INFANTILE H (January 2019).
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2a and 2b, given by subcutaneous injection, has shown efficacy against hemangiomas, but may result in spastic diplegia in up to 20% of treated children. These agents are rarely used now in the era of beta-blocker therapy.
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Chang LC, Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, Chamlin SL, Garzon MC, Horii KA, Lucky AW, Mancini AJ, Metry DW, Nopper AJ, Frieden IJ (2008). "Growth characteristics of infantile hemangiomas: implications for management".
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Additional long-term sequelae stem from the identification of extracutaneous manifestations in association with the IH. For example, a patient with a large facial hemangioma who is found to meet criteria for
4003:
Brightman LA, Brauer JA, Terushkin V, Hunzeker C, Reddy KK, Weiss ET, Karen JK, Hale EK, Anolik R, Bernstein L, Geronemus RG (Nov 2012). "Ablative fractional resurfacing for involuted hemangioma residuum".
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Treatment options for IHs include medical therapies (systemic, intralesional, and topical), surgery, and laser therapy. Prior to 2008, the mainstay of therapy for problematic hemangiomas was oral
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Egbert JE, Schwartz GS, Walsh AW (1996). "Diagnosis and treatment of an ophthalmic artery occlusion during an intralesional injection of corticosteroid into an eyelid capillary hemangioma".
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Wassef M, Blei F, Adams D, Alomari A, Baselga E, Berenstein A, Burrows P, Frieden IJ, Garzon MC, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Lord DJ, Mitchel S, Powell J, Prendiville J, Vikkula M (Jul 2015).
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regardless of timing of the surgery. Surgery may also be useful for removal of residual fibrofatty tissue (following hemangioma involution) and reconstruction of damaged structures.
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The terminology used to define, describe, and categorize vascular tumors and malformations has changed over time. The term hemangioma was originally used to describe any vascular
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Rizzo C, Brightman L, Chapas AM, et al. (2009). ""Outcomes of childhood hemangiomas treated with the pulsed-dye laser with dynamic cooling " a retrospective chart analysis".
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Ruttum MS, Abrams GW, Harris GJ, et al. (1993). "Bilateral retinal embolization associated with intralesional corticosteroid injection for capillary hemangioma of infancy".
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Krowchuk D, Frieden I, Mancini A, Darrow D, Blei F, Greene A, Annam A, Baker C, Frommelt P, Hodak A, Pate B, Pelletier J, Sandrock D, Weinberg S, Whelan MA (January 2019).
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The underlying reason for their occurrence is not clear. In about 10% of cases they appear to run in families. A few cases are associated with other abnormalities such as
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Chiller KG, Passaro D, Frieden IJ (2002). "Hemangiomas of infancy: clinical characteristics, morphologic subtypes, and their relationship to race, ethnicity, and sex".
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to disappear on its own, unless it is in the way of vision or blocking the nostrils. Certain cases, however, may result in problems and the use of medication such as
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Wilson MW, Hoehn ME, Haik BG, Rieman M, Reiss U (2007). "Low-dose cyclophosphamide and interferon alfa 2a for the treatment of capillary hemangioma of the orbit".
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Hunzeker C, Geronemus R (2010). Treatment of
Superficial Infantile Hemangiomas of the Eyelid Using the 595-nm Pulsed Dye Laser". Dermatol. Surg. 36 (5): 590β597.
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Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, et al. (2007). ""Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas " demographic, prenatal, and perinatal characteristics".
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4136:"Vascular Anomalies Classification: Recommendations From the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies. ISSVA Board and Scientific Committee"
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Couto RA, Maclellan RA, Zurakowski D, Greene AK (2012). "Infantile hemangioma: clinical assessment of the involuting phase and implications for management".
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of the lesions in usual hemangiomas. On CT and MRI, it shows rapid filling during arterial phase, with contrast retention in venous and delayed phases.
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Leon-Villapalos J, Wolfe K, Kangesu L (Apr 2005). "GLUT-1: an extra diagnostic tool to differentiate between haemangiomas and vascular malformations".
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Worle H, Maass E, Kohler B, et al. (1999). "Interferon alpha-2a therapy in haemangiomas of infancy: spastic diplegia as a severe complication".
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David LR, Malek MM, Argenta LC (2003). "Efficacy of pulse dye laser therapy for the treatment of ulcerated haemangiomas: a review of 78 patients".
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Chen MT, Yeong EK, Horng SY (2000). "Intralesional corticosteroid therapy in proliferating head and neck hemangiomas: a review of 155 cases".
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Garden JM, Bakus AD, Paller AS (1992). "Treatment of cutaneous hemangiomas by the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser: prospective analysis".
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Unless ulceration occurs, an IH does not tend to bleed and is not painful. Discomfort may arise if it is bulky and blocks a vital orifice.
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Barlow CF, Priebe CJ, Mulliken JB, et al. Spastic diplegia as a complication of interferon alfa-2a treatment of hemangiomas of infancy.
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North PE, Waner M, Mizeracki A, Mihm MC Jr (Jan 2000). "GLUT1: a newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas".
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Enjolras O, Breviere GM, Roger G, et al. (2004). "Vincristine treatment for function- and life-threatening infantile hemangioma".
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Greene AK, Couto RA (2011). "Oral prednisolone for infantile hemangioma: efficacy and safety using a standardized treatment protocol".
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area can sometimes have underlying anomalies that may require investigation, especially when located on the face, sacrum, or pelvis.
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babies. They can occur anywhere on the body, though 83% occur on the head or neck area. The word "hemangioma" comes from the Greek
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can be compromised. If located near the eye, a growing hemangioma may cause an occlusion or deviation of the eye that can lead to
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embolizes to the fetal dermis during gestation, resulting in hemangiomagenesis. However, another group of researchers conducted
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Erhardt CA, Vesoulis Z, Kashkari S (2000). "Fine needle aspiration cytology of cellular hemangioma of infancy. A case report".
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Stier MF, Glick SA, Hirsch RJ (Feb 2008). "Laser treatment of pediatric vascular lesions: Port wine stains and hemangiomas".
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1920:""(November 2006). "No evidence for maternal-fetal microchimerism in infantile hemangioma: a molecular genetic investigation"
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1737:""(December 2007). "Hypoxia-induced mediators of stem/progenitor cell trafficking are increased in children with hemangioma"
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3515:"Timolol maleate 0.5% or 0.1% gel-forming solution for infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective multicenter cohort study"
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Kumar Vinay: Robbins and
Coltran pathologic basis of disease 8ed.. pp. 520-521 Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2010.
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Waner M, Suen JY, Dinehart S, et al. (1994). "Laser photocoagulation of superficial proliferating hemangiomas".
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Infantile haemangioma, hemangioma, capillary hemangioma, capillary angioma, strawberry haemangioma, strawberry mark
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Infantile hemangioma, well-circumscribed red, violet, exophytic vascular tumor on the nose of a one-year-old child
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Kim HJ, Colombo M, Frieden IJ (2001). "Ulcerated hemangiomas: clinical characteristics and response to therapy".
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187:
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Moehrle M, Leaute-Labreze C, Schmidt V, et al. (2013). "Topical timolol for small hemangiomas of infancy".
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North PE, Mihm MC Jr (2001). "Histopathological diagnosis of infantile hemangiomas and vascular malformations".
659:. Propranolol has subsequently become the first-line systemic medical therapy for treatment of these lesions.
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85:
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Morelli JG, Tan OT, Weston WL (1991). "Treatment of ulcerated hemangiomas with the pulsed tunable dye laser".
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Guo S, Ni N (2010). "Topical treatment for capillary hemangioma of the eyelid using beta-blocker solution".
4191:"Jr. Congenital nonprogressive hemangioma: a distinct clinicopathologic entity unlike infantile hemangioma"
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Chantharatanapiboon W. Intralesional corticosteroid therapy in hemangiomas: clinical outcome in 160 cases.
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Infantile hemangiomas typically develop in the first few weeks or months of life. They are more common in
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Thampy R, Elsayes KM, Menias CO, Pickhardt PJ, Kang HC, Deshmukh SP, Ahmed K, Korivi BR (November 2017).
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Novoa M, Baselga E, Beltran S, Giraldo L, Shahbaz A, Pardo-Hernandez H, Arevalo-Rodriguez I (2018).
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Chinnadurai S, Fonnesbeck C, Snyder KM, Sathe NA, Morad A, Likis FE, McPheeters ML (February 2016).
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Hogeling M et al. (2011) "A randomized controlled trial of propranolol for infantile hemangiomas".
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The cause of hemangioma is currently unknown, but several studies have suggested the importance of
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The majority of IHs can be diagnosed by history and physical examination. In rare cases, imaging (
105:
2659:""Oral corticosteroid use is effective for cutaneous hemangiomas " an evidence-based evaluation"
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Sadan N, Wolach B (1996). "Treatment of hemangiomas of infants with high doses of prednisone".
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therapy is contraindicated or poorly tolerated. Following the serendipitous observation that
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due to the amount of blood that must be pumped to excess blood vessels. Lesions adjacent to
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Almost no IHs are associated with complications. They may break down on the surface, called
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479:, which can be painful and problematic. If the ulceration is deep, significant discomfort,
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Large segmental hemangiomas of the head and neck can be associated with a disorder called
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in babies, occurring in about 5-10% of all births. They occur more frequently in females,
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Dubois J, Alison M (Jun 2010). "Vascular anomalies: what a radiologist needs to know".
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which contradicted this hypothesis. Other studies have revealed the role of increased
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coupled with increased circulating estrogen after birth may be the stimulus. Also, a
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Mulliken JB, Glowacki J (Jul 1982). "Classification of pediatric vascular lesions".
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2189:"Infantile hemangiomas with minimal or arrested growth: A retrospective case series"
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Oakley, Amanda. "Infantile haemangioma.". DermNet NZ. Retrieved
February 11, 2013.
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1792:"Evidence by molecular profiling for a placental origin of infantile hemangioma"
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4374:
4257:
3967:
3141:
2857:
1753:
1736:
1148:
719:
672:
656:
559:
391:
324:
304:
256:
191:
4321:
3635:
3618:
2100:
4835:
496:
366:
339:
297:
293:
119:
115:
2860:"A randomized, controlled trial of oral propranolol in infantile hemangioma"
2621:
1816:
1348:
Sand M, Sand D, Thrandorf C, Paech V, Altmeyer P, Bechara FG (4 June 2010).
862:
307:. Diagnosis is generally based on the symptoms and appearance. Occasionally
4550:
4265:
4216:
4161:
4152:
4135:
4074:
4025:
3975:
3736:
3679:
3644:
3603:
3540:
3512:
3499:
3442:
3282:
3225:
3163:
3114:
3010:
2961:
2952:
2935:
2885:
2817:
2768:
2684:
2629:
2580:
2571:
2554:
2534:
2525:
2508:
2485:
2477:
2449:
2362:
2319:
2257:
2249:
2214:
2156:
2108:
2046:
2008:
1945:
1936:
1919:
1890:
1835:
1762:
1699:
1649:
1594:
1483:
1431:
1385:
1271:
1170:
1132:
1114:
988:
979:
962:
841:
832:
815:
640:
583:
555:
331:
27:
Raised red skin lesion that affects infants caused by benign vascular tumor
4304:
4189:
North PE, Waner M, James CA, Mizeracki A, Frieden IJ, Mihm MC (Dec 2001).
4117:
3932:
3883:
3834:
3785:
3393:
3344:
3217:
3065:
2922:
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205410s000lbl.pdf
2876:
2859:
2733:
2134:
1366:
1227:
667:
efficacy against hemangiomas and other childhood vascular tumors, such as
4393:
4066:
3924:
2808:
2791:
2509:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Infantile Hemangiomas"
2431:
2416:"Imaging features of rare mesenychmal liver tumours: beyond haemangiomas"
1219:
1098:
963:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Infantile Hemangiomas"
648:
644:
316:
219:
142:
77:
59:
4433:
2936:"Pharmacologic Interventions for Infantile Hemangioma: A Meta-analysis"
2790:
Leaute-Labreze C, Dumas, de la Roque E, Hubiche T, et al. (2008).
1575:
744:
590:
535:
508:
476:
374:
214:
3420:
3040:"Treatment of life-threatening infantile hemangiomas with vincristine"
2354:
1990:
578:
382:
4443:
4404:
4243:
2858:
Leaute-Labreze C, Hoeger P, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, et al. (2015).
1410:
Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Frieden IJ (1999). "Hemangiomas in
Children".
492:
488:
2656:
1734:
539:
527:
480:
2340:
1917:
1735:
Kleinman ME, Greives MR, Churgin SS, et al. (December 2007).
1461:
3513:
Chakkittakandiyii A, Phillips R, Frieden IJ, et al. (2012).
2024:
1918:
Pittman KM, Losken HW, Kleinman ME, et al. (November 2006).
1409:
652:
495:. Very rarely, extremely large hemangiomas can cause high-output
223:
3371:
3092:
2933:
2552:
639:, which are effective and remain an option for patients in whom
4316:
3657:
3322:
1789:
484:
335:
284:
148:
98:
4053:
Bruckner AL, Frieden IJ (Apr 2003). "Hemangiomas of infancy".
3812:
3714:
3578:"Topical timolol gel for infantile hemangiomas: a pilot study"
3038:
Perez
Payarols J, Pardo Masferrer J, Gomez Bellvert C (1995).
1621:
3953:
3763:
2607:
2462:
1862:
1559:"PHACES association: a neuroradiologic review of 17 patients"
732:
438:
3861:
2506:
2413:
1556:
959:
814:
Darrow DH, Greene AK, Mancini AJ, Nopper AJ (October 2015).
4438:
4325:
3575:
3260:
500:
3203:
2657:
Bennett ML, Fleischer AB, Chamlin SL, et al. (2001).
483:
and infection may occur. If a hemangioma develops in the
1004:
813:
606:
551:
1972:
1512:"GI Associated Hemangiomas & Vascular Malformations"
1067:
1065:
425:
Hemangioma on forehead showing signs of early regression
4424:
Infantile
Hemangiomas: About Strawberry Baby Birthmarks
4095:
4052:
2977:"Interventions for infantile haemangiomas of the skin"
2553:
Darrow DH, Greene AK, Mancini AJ, et al. (2015).
1347:
1099:"Infantile hemangioma: Timely diagnosis and treatment"
1056:"What is Infantile Hemangioma (Strawberry Birthmark)?"
3619:"Management of hemangiomas and other vascular tumors"
1790:
BarnΓ©s CM, Huang S, Kaipainen A, et al. (2005).
1062:
4791:
Limb CM + congenital non-progressive limb overgrowth
4294:
3910:
2297:
1622:
Heyer GL, Dowling MM, Licht DJ, et al. (2008).
1245:(11th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1075:. Parenting and Child Health website. Archived from
2746:
1032:
530:signaling in proliferation. Localized soft-tissue
2555:"Diagnosis and management of infantile hemangioma"
2186:
2086:
1557:Oza VS, Wang E, Berenstein A, et al. (2008).
816:"Diagnosis and Management of Infantile Hemangioma"
2711:
1029:
4833:
3864:The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology
1865:"Are infantile hemangiomas of placental origin?"
1457:
1455:
1266:
1264:
1262:
4595:Cutaneous and/or mucosal CM ("port-wine" stain)
2927:
2792:"Propranolol for severe hemangiomas of infancy"
1966:
2020:
2018:
1624:"The cerebral vasculopathy of PHACES syndrome"
550:in hemangioma tissue compared to the mother's
4459:
4129:
4127:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2456:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1452:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1259:
453:Hemangioma of the liver as seen on ultrasound
4498:Infantile hemangioma / Hemangioma of infancy
4278:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4229:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4174:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4089:
4038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3988:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3911:Wahrman JE, Honig PJ (1994). "Hemangiomas".
3896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3847:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2920:United States Food and Drug Administration.
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1541:
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1444:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1191:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1144:
1142:
917:"ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies"
655:, observation without intervention, or oral
4693:Familial intraosseous vascular malformation
4182:
3477:
2650:
2334:
2015:
1911:
538:was presented by researchers that maternal
4466:
4452:
4429:ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies
4124:
2851:
2783:
2740:
2541:
2182:
2180:
2075:
1783:
1392:
1293:
1291:
1000:
998:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
441:of a 2-year-old child, in the "rest stage"
58:
4206:
4151:
3634:
3616:
3593:
3530:
3055:
3000:
2951:
2875:
2807:
2705:
2674:
2570:
2524:
2439:
2391:
2286:
2221:
2204:
2123:
1998:
1935:
1880:
1856:
1825:
1815:
1752:
1670:
1639:
1615:
1584:
1574:
1375:
1365:
1139:
1122:
1005:Ronald P R, Jean L B, Joseph L J (2007).
978:
885:
883:
831:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
323:are recommended. Occasionally surgery or
263:that affects babies. Other names include
4650:βAcquiredβ progressive lymphatic anomaly
4237:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
908:
577:
569:
381:
373:
365:
2981:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2601:
2177:
1550:
1288:
1234:
1205:
995:
255:due to appearance, is a type of benign
14:
4834:
4473:
1975:"Pathogenesis of Infantile Hemangioma"
1863:North PE, Waner M, Brodsky MC (2002).
1240:
1023:
880:
762:
283:. They appear as a red or blue raised
4447:
1973:Greenberger SA, Bischoff (Jul 2013).
938:
857:
855:
853:
851:
361:
4761:Capillary-arteriovenous malformation
3778:10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160090114036
3576:Pope E, Chakkittakandiyil A (2010).
1103:Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
1096:
1030:James W, Berger T, Elston D (2005).
914:
24:
3876:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb03748.x
1206:Wahrman JE (1994). "Hemangiomas".
895:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
848:
25:
4868:
4814:Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome
4290:
562:in the etiology of hemangiomas.
4556:Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
4528:Locally aggressive or borderline
4110:10.1097/00006534-198207000-00041
3672:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01356.x
3532:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01664.x
3435:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2012.01723.x
2420:The British Journal of Radiology
1741:Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol
1692:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01420.x
470:
465:A liver hemangioma as seen on CT
458:
446:
430:
418:
354:(αΌΞ³Ξ³Ξ΅αΏΞΏΞ½) meaning "vessel"; and
169:Based on symptoms and appearance
4847:Dermal and subcutaneous growths
4799:Macrocephaly - CM (M-CM / MCAP)
4769:Associated with other anomalies
4690:Cerebral cavernous malformation
4683:Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome
4535:Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
4046:
3996:
3947:
3904:
3855:
3806:
3757:
3708:
3651:
3610:
3569:
3506:
3492:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.370
3471:
3414:
3365:
3325:J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
3316:
3303:
3254:
3197:
3184:
3135:
3086:
3031:
2968:
2914:
2838:
2500:
2407:
2300:Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am
2187:Suh KY, Frieden IJ (Sep 2010).
1532:
1518:
1504:
1412:New England Journal of Medicine
1350:"Cutaneous lesions of the nose"
1341:
1327:. CRC Press. 1999. p. 16.
1315:
1303:American Academy of Dermatology
1199:
1090:
669:kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
503:may cause erosion of the bone.
188:kaposiform hemangioendothelioma
4852:Cutaneous congenital anomalies
4633:Generalized lymphatic anomaly
4439:Vascular Birthmarks Foundation
4018:10.1001/archdermatol.2012.2346
2993:10.1002/14651858.CD006545.pub3
1979:British Journal of Dermatology
1048:
726:
701:Laser therapy, most often the
548:single-nucleotide polymorphism
86:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
13:
1:
4758:Lymphatic-venous malformation
4696:Verrucous venous malformation
4434:Hemangioma Investigator Group
3827:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)82481-3
3729:10.1016/s0007-1226(03)00152-8
3386:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70629-4
3337:10.3928/0191-3913-19930101-03
3275:10.1016/s0022-3468(00)90205-7
2726:10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70446-8
2312:10.1016/S1064-7406(23)00480-7
2206:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.197
2149:10.1016/s0046-8177(00)80192-6
1882:10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01071-0
1324:Lexicon Orthopaedic Etymology
1276:Vascular Birthmark Foundation
755:
630:
330:It is one of the most common
311:can assist in the diagnosis.
209:Close observation, medication
67:A small hemangioma of infancy
4636:Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis
4612:Incorrect name: Lymphangioma
4608:Lymphatic malformations (LM)
4208:10.1001/archderm.137.12.1607
3595:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.67
3156:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.031
3107:10.1016/j.arcped.2003.10.014
2761:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182221398
2039:10.1001/archderm.138.12.1567
1796:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1641:10.1161/strokeaha.107.485185
1243:Langman's Medical Embryology
1163:10.1097/prs.0b013e31825dc129
750:List of cutaneous conditions
708:
621:
565:
7:
4783:Servelle-Martorell syndrome
4705:Arteriovenous malformations
4679:Familial VM cutaneo-mucosal
3057:10.1056/nejm199507063330120
2676:10.1001/archderm.137.9.1208
1476:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.003
1424:10.1056/nejm199907153410307
1034:(10th ed.). Saunders.
738:
370:A flat hemangioma in a baby
10:
4873:
4802:Microcephaly - CM (MICCAP)
4776:Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
4258:10.1016/j.bjps.2004.05.029
3968:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.10.492
1754:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.150284
687:
599:magnetic resonance imaging
279:. and formerly known as a
31:
4768:
4751:
4725:
4703:
4669:
4606:
4584:
4577:
4568:
4543:
4527:
4490:
4481:
4384:
4298:
3636:10.1016/j.cps.2010.08.001
2101:10.1007/s00247-010-1621-y
1526:"Hemangiomas (Infantile)"
1007:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
521:
233:
213:
205:
173:
163:
141:
133:
125:
104:
91:
71:
66:
57:
49:
44:
4687:Glomuvenous malformation
3194:1998;132(3 pt 1):527-30.
1354:Head & Face Medicine
1272:"Hemangioma Information"
924:ISSVA Classification pdf
696:
612:
358:(-ΟΞΌΞ±) meaning "tumor".
350:(Ξ±αΌ·ΞΌΞ±) meaning "blood";
137:Superficial, deep, mixed
32:Not to be confused with
4585:Capillary malformations
4510:Spindle-cell hemangioma
3313:2008;91(suppl 3):S90-6.
2622:10.1067/mjd.2001.112382
1817:10.1073/pnas.0509579102
891:"Infantile Hemangiomas"
651:is more effective than
4570:Vascular malformations
4514:Epithelioid hemangioma
4153:10.1542/peds.2014-3673
2953:10.1542/peds.2015-3896
2572:10.1542/peds.2015-2485
2526:10.1542/peds.2018-3475
2478:10.1542/peds.2006-0413
2250:10.1542/peds.2007-2767
1937:10.1038/sj.jid.5700516
1115:10.3345/cep.2021.00752
980:10.1542/peds.2018-3475
833:10.1542/peds.2015-2485
586:
575:
387:
379:
378:A resolving hemangioma
371:
251:), sometimes called a
175:Differential diagnosis
4787:Sturge-Weber syndrome
4780:Parkes Weber Syndrome
4727:Arteriovenous fistula
4659:Nonne-Milroy syndrome
4502:Congenital hemangioma
3218:10.1007/s004310051089
2877:10.1056/NEJMoa1404710
1563:AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
1367:10.1186/1746-160X-6-7
581:
573:
385:
377:
369:
269:strawberry hemangioma
180:Congenital hemangioma
129:First 4 weeks of life
4670:Venous malformations
4643:Gorham-Stout disease
4067:10.1067/mjd.2003.200
3925:10.1542/pir.15-7-266
2809:10.1056/nejmc0708819
2432:10.1259/bjr.20170373
1220:10.1542/pir.15-7-266
1009:. St. Louis: Mosby.
574:Capillary hemangioma
281:cavernous hemangioma
273:strawberry birthmark
265:capillary hemangioma
245:infantile hemangioma
45:Infantile hemangioma
18:Capillary hemangioma
4619:Common (cystic) LM
4098:Plast Reconstr Surg
2924:; accessed 9/29/15.
2848:128 (2): e259βe266.
2749:Plast Reconstr Surg
1924:J. Invest. Dermatol
1808:2005PNAS..10219097B
1151:Plast Reconstr Surg
582:Strawberry naevus,
196:venous malformation
97:Raised red or blue
4857:Vascular anomalies
4654:Primary lymphedema
4519:Pyogenic granuloma
4475:Vascular anomalies
4385:External resources
4055:J Am Acad Dermatol
3956:J Am Acad Dermatol
3617:Greene AK (2011).
2610:J Am Acad Dermatol
2426:(1079): 20170373.
1576:10.3174/ajnr.a0937
1241:Sadler TW (2009).
587:
576:
437:Hemangioma on the
388:
380:
372:
362:Signs and symptoms
184:pyogenic granuloma
34:Hepatic hemangioma
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4795:Maffucci syndrome
4747:
4746:
4564:
4563:
4419:
4418:
2565:(4): e1060β1104.
2403:978-0-8089-2402-9
2355:10.1159/000328604
2033:(12): 1567β1576.
1991:10.1111/bjd.12435
1802:(52): 19097β102.
1334:978-90-5702-597-6
1252:978-1-60547-656-8
1016:978-1-4160-2999-1
241:
240:
165:Diagnostic method
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4864:
4842:Benign neoplasms
4810:Proteus syndrome
4613:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4488:
4487:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4296:
4295:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4269:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4220:
4210:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4173:
4165:
4155:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4037:
4029:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3838:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3789:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3740:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3691:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3552:
3534:
3519:Pediatr Dermatol
3510:
3504:
3503:
3480:Arch. Ophthalmol
3475:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3454:
3423:Pediatr Dermatol
3418:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3397:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3320:
3314:
3311:J Med Assoc Thai
3307:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3237:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3167:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3118:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3059:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3014:
3004:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2946:(2): e20153896.
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2879:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2829:
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2811:
2787:
2781:
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2744:
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2709:
2703:
2702:
2696:
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2654:
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2641:
2633:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2574:
2550:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2519:(1): e20183475.
2504:
2498:
2497:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2295:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2269:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1949:
1939:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1884:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1756:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1680:Pediatr Dermatol
1674:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1407:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1002:
993:
992:
982:
973:(1): e20183475.
957:
936:
935:
933:
931:
921:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
887:
878:
877:
875:
874:
863:"Birthmarks NHS"
859:
846:
845:
835:
826:(4): e1060-104.
811:
703:pulsed dye laser
677:Interferon-alpha
544:genetic analyses
462:
450:
434:
422:
344:low birth weight
340:prematurely born
277:strawberry nevus
200:vascular anomaly
157:low birth weight
110:Pain, bleeding,
82:gastroenterology
62:
42:
41:
21:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4821:
4806:CLOVES syndrome
4764:
4743:
4721:
4699:
4665:
4647:Channel type LM
4628:Mixed cystic LM
4611:
4610:
4602:
4560:
4539:
4523:
4483:Vascular tumors
4477:
4472:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4380:
4379:
4307:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4271:
4270:
4246:Br J Plast Surg
4242:
4238:
4222:
4221:
4201:(12): 1607β20.
4187:
4183:
4167:
4166:
4132:
4125:
4094:
4090:
4051:
4047:
4031:
4030:
4001:
3997:
3981:
3980:
3952:
3948:
3909:
3905:
3889:
3888:
3860:
3856:
3840:
3839:
3811:
3807:
3791:
3790:
3762:
3758:
3742:
3741:
3717:Br J Plast Surg
3713:
3709:
3693:
3692:
3666:(12): 1947β54.
3656:
3652:
3623:Clin Plast Surg
3615:
3611:
3574:
3570:
3554:
3553:
3511:
3507:
3476:
3472:
3456:
3455:
3419:
3415:
3399:
3398:
3374:Am J Ophthalmol
3370:
3366:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3288:
3287:
3259:
3255:
3239:
3238:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3169:
3168:
3140:
3136:
3120:
3119:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3070:
3036:
3032:
3016:
3015:
2987:(4): CD006545.
2973:
2969:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2899:
2898:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2823:
2822:
2802:(24): 2649β51.
2788:
2784:
2745:
2741:
2710:
2706:
2690:
2689:
2655:
2651:
2635:
2634:
2606:
2602:
2586:
2585:
2551:
2542:
2505:
2501:
2461:
2457:
2412:
2408:
2396:
2392:
2376:
2375:
2339:
2335:
2296:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2233:
2222:
2185:
2178:
2162:
2161:
2133:
2124:
2085:
2076:
2060:
2059:
2023:
2016:
1971:
1967:
1951:
1950:
1916:
1912:
1896:
1895:
1861:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1788:
1784:
1768:
1767:
1747:(12): 2664β70.
1733:
1729:
1713:
1712:
1675:
1671:
1655:
1654:
1620:
1616:
1600:
1599:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1489:
1488:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1393:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1239:
1235:
1204:
1200:
1184:
1183:
1147:
1140:
1109:(11): 573β574.
1097:Park M (2021).
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1003:
996:
958:
939:
929:
927:
919:
913:
909:
899:
897:
889:
888:
881:
872:
870:
861:
860:
849:
812:
763:
758:
741:
729:
711:
699:
690:
657:corticosteroids
637:corticosteroids
633:
624:
615:
568:
524:
516:PHACES syndrome
473:
466:
463:
454:
451:
442:
435:
426:
423:
364:
325:laser treatment
309:medical imaging
253:strawberry mark
153:premature birth
40:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:CLAPO syndrome
4816:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:Microcystic LM
4623:
4622:Macrocystic LM
4616:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4506:Tufted angioma
4503:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4355:
4344:
4329:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:Classification
4292:
4291:External links
4289:
4286:
4285:
4236:
4181:
4146:(1): e203β14.
4123:
4088:
4045:
4012:(11): 1294β8.
3995:
3946:
3919:(7): 266β271.
3903:
3854:
3805:
3766:Am J Dis Child
3756:
3707:
3650:
3609:
3568:
3505:
3470:
3413:
3364:
3315:
3302:
3263:J Pediatr Surg
3253:
3196:
3183:
3150:(5): 1007β11.
3134:
3085:
3030:
2967:
2926:
2913:
2850:
2837:
2782:
2739:
2704:
2669:(9): 1208β13.
2649:
2600:
2540:
2499:
2455:
2406:
2390:
2333:
2306:(4): 505β524.
2285:
2244:(2): 360β367.
2220:
2176:
2122:
2095:(6): 895β905.
2089:Pediatr Radiol
2074:
2014:
1965:
1930:(11): 2533β8.
1910:
1855:
1782:
1727:
1669:
1614:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1517:
1503:
1470:(3): 291β294.
1451:
1418:(3): 173β181.
1391:
1340:
1333:
1314:
1287:
1258:
1251:
1233:
1214:(7): 266β271.
1198:
1157:(3): 619β624.
1138:
1089:
1061:
1047:
1040:
1022:
1015:
994:
937:
907:
879:
847:
760:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
747:
740:
737:
728:
725:
720:PHACE syndrome
710:
707:
698:
695:
689:
686:
673:tufted angioma
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
567:
564:
560:vasculogenesis
523:
520:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
457:
455:
452:
445:
443:
436:
429:
427:
424:
417:
363:
360:
305:PHACE syndrome
257:vascular tumor
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
217:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
192:tufted angioma
177:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
145:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
108:
102:
101:
95:
89:
88:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4869:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4599:Reticulate CM
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:Nevus simplex
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4281:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4252:(3): 348β52.
4251:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:Arch Dermatol
4192:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4061:(4): 477β93.
4060:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:Arch Dermatol
3999:
3991:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3962:(2): 261β85.
3961:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:(4): 555β60.
3820:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3772:(9): 1062β4.
3771:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:(4): 317β27.
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:Dermatol Surg
3654:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:Arch Dermatol
3579:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:(6): 638β42.
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3206:Eur J Pediatr
3200:
3193:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:Ophthalmology
3138:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:(2): 99β107.
3100:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2870:(8): 735β46.
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:(3): 743β52.
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Arch Dermatol
2660:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:(6): 962β72.
2615:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:(6): 1090β4.
2348:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2193:Arch Dermatol
2190:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Arch Dermatol
2021:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Ophthalmology
1866:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:(3): 245β53.
1685:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1634:(2): 308β16.
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:(4): 807β13.
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1514:. 2011-09-12.
1513:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:on 2008-07-23
1078:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1041:0-7216-2921-0
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
925:
918:
911:
896:
892:
886:
884:
868:
864:
858:
856:
854:
852:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
761:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
736:
734:
724:
721:
715:
706:
704:
694:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
664:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
619:
610:
608:
602:
600:
596:
592:
585:
584:H&E stain
580:
572:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
512:
510:
504:
502:
498:
497:heart failure
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:Complications
461:
456:
449:
444:
440:
433:
428:
421:
416:
415:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
393:
384:
376:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:benign tumors
328:
327:may be used.
326:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
301:
299:
298:heart failure
295:
294:disfigurement
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
120:disfigurement
117:
116:heart failure
113:
109:
107:
106:Complications
103:
100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
4551:Angiosarcoma
4497:
4403:
4392:
4368:
4357:
4346:
4331:
4311:
4274:cite journal
4249:
4245:
4239:
4225:cite journal
4198:
4194:
4184:
4170:cite journal
4143:
4139:
4104:(1): 120β1.
4101:
4097:
4091:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4034:cite journal
4009:
4005:
3998:
3984:cite journal
3959:
3955:
3949:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3892:cite journal
3867:
3863:
3857:
3843:cite journal
3818:
3814:
3808:
3794:cite journal
3769:
3765:
3759:
3745:cite journal
3720:
3716:
3710:
3696:cite journal
3663:
3659:
3653:
3629:(1): 45β63.
3626:
3622:
3612:
3588:(5): 564β5.
3585:
3581:
3571:
3557:cite journal
3525:(3): 28β31.
3522:
3518:
3508:
3486:(2): 255β6.
3483:
3479:
3473:
3459:cite journal
3429:(2): 245β9.
3426:
3422:
3416:
3402:cite journal
3377:
3373:
3367:
3353:cite journal
3328:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3291:cite journal
3269:(3): 420β3.
3266:
3262:
3256:
3242:cite journal
3209:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3172:cite journal
3147:
3143:
3137:
3123:cite journal
3098:
3095:Arch Pediatr
3094:
3088:
3074:cite journal
3047:
3044:N Engl J Med
3043:
3033:
3019:cite journal
2984:
2980:
2970:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2916:
2902:cite journal
2867:
2864:N Engl J Med
2863:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2826:cite journal
2799:
2796:N Engl J Med
2795:
2785:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2720:(1): 141β6.
2717:
2713:
2707:
2693:cite journal
2666:
2662:
2652:
2638:cite journal
2613:
2609:
2603:
2589:cite journal
2562:
2558:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2472:(3): 882β7.
2469:
2465:
2458:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2393:
2379:cite journal
2346:
2342:
2336:
2303:
2299:
2274:cite journal
2241:
2237:
2199:(9): 971β6.
2196:
2192:
2165:cite journal
2143:(1): 11β22.
2140:
2136:
2092:
2088:
2063:cite journal
2030:
2026:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1954:cite journal
1927:
1923:
1913:
1899:cite journal
1875:(4): 633β4.
1872:
1868:
1858:
1844:cite journal
1799:
1795:
1785:
1771:cite journal
1744:
1740:
1730:
1716:cite journal
1683:
1679:
1672:
1658:cite journal
1631:
1627:
1617:
1603:cite journal
1566:
1562:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1492:cite journal
1467:
1463:
1440:cite journal
1415:
1411:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1323:
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1299:"Birthmarks"
1279:. Retrieved
1242:
1236:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1187:cite journal
1154:
1150:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1073:"Birthmarks"
1050:
1031:
1025:
1006:
970:
966:
928:. Retrieved
923:
915:Workshop I.
910:
898:. Retrieved
894:
871:. Retrieved
869:. 2017-10-20
866:
823:
819:
730:
716:
712:
700:
691:
682:
665:
661:
641:beta-blocker
634:
625:
616:
603:
588:
556:angiogenesis
525:
513:
505:
474:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
355:
351:
347:
329:
313:
302:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
252:
248:
244:
242:
143:Risk factors
29:
4394:MedlinePlus
3913:Pediatr Rev
3870:(1): 43β6.
1985:(1): 12β9.
1208:Pediatr Rev
727:Terminology
649:propranolol
645:propranolol
317:propranolol
292:formation,
220:Propranolol
126:Usual onset
114:formation,
78:Dermatology
50:Other names
4836:Categories
4370:DiseasesDB
4140:Pediatrics
3331:(1): 4β7.
3212:(4): 344.
2940:Pediatrics
2846:Pediatrics
2559:Pediatrics
2513:Pediatrics
2466:Pediatrics
2343:Acta Cytol
2238:Pediatrics
2137:Hum Pathol
1308:2008-08-02
1281:2008-08-02
1083:2008-08-02
967:Pediatrics
873:2021-04-16
820:Pediatrics
756:References
745:Hemangioma
631:Medication
591:ultrasound
536:hypothesis
509:surgically
477:ulceration
392:Caucasians
215:Medication
4740:In CM-AVM
4718:In CM-AVM
4676:Common VM
4544:Malignant
4405:eMedicine
3941:245154941
3815:J Pediatr
3192:J Pediatr
3050:(1): 69.
2894:205096769
2714:J Pediatr
1464:J Pediatr
900:7 January
709:Prognosis
622:Treatment
566:Diagnosis
493:amblyopia
489:breathing
234:Frequency
206:Treatment
147:Females,
73:Specialty
4752:Combined
4734:Sporadic
4712:Sporadic
4410:derm/201
4328:D18.010)
4266:15780229
4217:11735711
4162:26055853
4075:12664009
4026:22910902
3976:18068263
3737:12873458
3688:31998819
3680:19889007
3645:21095471
3604:20479314
3549:37378654
3541:22150436
3500:20142555
3451:42948411
3443:22471694
3283:10726680
3234:40056042
3226:10206141
3164:17337066
3115:14761730
3011:29667726
2962:26772662
2886:25693013
2818:18550886
2777:35163645
2769:21572374
2685:11559219
2630:11369908
2581:26416931
2535:30584062
2494:31052666
2486:16950977
2450:28766950
2363:11127741
2328:12205301
2320:17590939
2258:18676554
2215:20855695
2157:10665907
2117:21550296
2109:20432007
2047:12472344
2009:23668474
1946:16902414
1891:11949625
1836:16365311
1763:17872454
1708:23717344
1700:21517952
1650:18174492
1595:18223093
1484:17307549
1432:10403856
1386:20525327
1179:25687867
1171:22575857
1133:34325500
989:30584062
930:23 March
842:26416931
739:See also
540:placenta
528:estrogen
481:bleeding
321:steroids
237:Up to 5%
228:steroids
198:, other
93:Symptoms
4364:D006391
4353:M9120/0
4118:7089103
4083:4814838
3933:8084847
3884:8288807
3835:1552392
3786:1877568
3394:8644806
3345:8455125
3066:7777010
3002:6513200
2734:8551406
2441:5963373
2371:3376037
2266:5646275
2000:3707963
1827:1323205
1804:Bibcode
1586:7978195
1377:2903548
1228:8084847
1124:8566800
926:. ISSVA
688:Surgery
653:placebo
595:Doppler
532:hypoxia
352:angeion
261:anomaly
224:Timolol
4737:In HHT
4715:In HHT
4641:LM in
4578:Simple
4491:Benign
4399:001459
4342:757.32
4264:
4215:
4160:
4116:
4081:
4073:
4024:
3974:
3939:
3931:
3882:
3833:
3784:
3735:
3686:
3678:
3643:
3602:
3547:
3539:
3498:
3449:
3441:
3392:
3343:
3281:
3232:
3224:
3162:
3113:
3064:
3009:
2999:
2960:
2892:
2884:
2816:
2775:
2767:
2732:
2683:
2628:
2579:
2533:
2492:
2484:
2448:
2438:
2401:
2369:
2361:
2326:
2318:
2264:
2256:
2213:
2155:
2115:
2107:
2055:521202
2053:
2045:
2007:
1997:
1944:
1889:
1834:
1824:
1761:
1706:
1698:
1648:
1628:Stroke
1593:
1583:
1482:
1430:
1384:
1374:
1331:
1249:
1226:
1177:
1169:
1131:
1121:
1038:
1013:
987:
867:nhs.uk
840:
522:Causes
485:larynx
342:, and
336:whites
285:lesion
159:babies
149:whites
99:lesion
4375:30032
4348:ICD-O
4322:D18.0
4079:S2CID
3937:S2CID
3684:S2CID
3545:S2CID
3447:S2CID
3230:S2CID
2890:S2CID
2773:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2367:S2CID
2324:S2CID
2262:S2CID
2113:S2CID
2051:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1360:: 7.
1175:S2CID
920:(PDF)
733:tumor
697:Laser
613:Liver
593:with
439:scalp
348:haima
296:, or
290:ulcer
134:Types
112:ulcer
4359:MeSH
4337:9-CM
4326:ILDS
4280:link
4262:PMID
4231:link
4213:PMID
4176:link
4158:PMID
4114:PMID
4071:PMID
4040:link
4022:PMID
3990:link
3972:PMID
3929:PMID
3898:link
3880:PMID
3849:link
3831:PMID
3800:link
3782:PMID
3751:link
3733:PMID
3702:link
3676:PMID
3641:PMID
3600:PMID
3563:link
3537:PMID
3496:PMID
3465:link
3439:PMID
3408:link
3390:PMID
3359:link
3341:PMID
3297:link
3279:PMID
3248:link
3222:PMID
3178:link
3160:PMID
3129:link
3111:PMID
3080:link
3062:PMID
3025:link
3007:PMID
2985:2018
2958:PMID
2908:link
2882:PMID
2832:link
2814:PMID
2765:PMID
2730:PMID
2699:link
2681:PMID
2644:link
2626:PMID
2595:link
2577:PMID
2531:PMID
2482:PMID
2446:PMID
2399:ISBN
2385:link
2359:PMID
2316:PMID
2280:link
2254:PMID
2211:PMID
2171:link
2153:PMID
2105:PMID
2069:link
2043:PMID
2005:PMID
1960:link
1942:PMID
1905:link
1887:PMID
1850:link
1832:PMID
1777:link
1759:PMID
1722:link
1696:PMID
1664:link
1646:PMID
1609:link
1591:PMID
1498:link
1480:PMID
1446:link
1428:PMID
1382:PMID
1329:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1224:PMID
1193:link
1167:PMID
1129:PMID
1036:ISBN
1011:ISBN
985:PMID
932:2022
902:2019
838:PMID
671:and
558:and
501:bone
356:-oma
275:and
4333:ICD
4313:ICD
4254:doi
4203:doi
4199:137
4148:doi
4144:136
4106:doi
4063:doi
4014:doi
4010:148
3964:doi
3921:doi
3872:doi
3823:doi
3819:120
3774:doi
3770:145
3725:doi
3668:doi
3631:doi
3590:doi
3586:146
3527:doi
3488:doi
3484:128
3431:doi
3382:doi
3378:121
3333:doi
3271:doi
3214:doi
3210:158
3152:doi
3148:114
3103:doi
3052:doi
3048:333
2997:PMC
2989:doi
2948:doi
2944:137
2872:doi
2868:372
2804:doi
2800:358
2757:doi
2753:128
2722:doi
2718:128
2671:doi
2667:137
2618:doi
2567:doi
2563:136
2521:doi
2517:143
2474:doi
2470:118
2436:PMC
2428:doi
2351:doi
2308:doi
2246:doi
2242:122
2201:doi
2197:146
2145:doi
2097:doi
2035:doi
2031:138
1995:PMC
1987:doi
1983:169
1932:doi
1928:126
1877:doi
1873:109
1822:PMC
1812:doi
1800:102
1749:doi
1688:doi
1636:doi
1581:PMC
1571:doi
1472:doi
1468:150
1420:doi
1416:341
1372:PMC
1362:doi
1216:doi
1159:doi
1155:130
1119:PMC
1111:doi
975:doi
971:143
828:doi
824:136
607:MRI
552:DNA
546:of
319:or
271:",
267:, "
259:or
243:An
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