925:
Shots 28 to 32 were fired without bore maintenance between the five consecutive shots to gauge the eventual multishot operation of the CCEMG launcher. During shots 33 to 39, launcher IIA was subjected to maximum stress levels by increasing the initial capacitor charge voltage and the resultant peak current delivered to the launcher. Consequently, shot 39 demonstrated the highest performance with a peak current of 766 kA as well as the highest muzzle current at 384 kA. However, since the launcher was not designed to withstand this level of force at the muzzle, substantial structural deformation and rail wear at the muzzle were observed afterwards. At the conclusion of the test, it was determined that launcher IIA was rendered unusable due to the resulting damage, and the remaining flatjack was pressurized to failure to determine its upper design limit. The flatjack reached a pressure ceiling of 30 ksi without failure, but the pressurization stopped shortly afterwards to prevent damage to the augmenting rails, which was salvaged for reuse. Upon the disassembly of launcher IIA, several cracks in the sidewalls were observed, likely due to stress concentration. However, the rail bonds and the aluminum-coated rail bore surfaces sustained very little damage.
292:
contact with the rail at two distinct places. The launch package was also calculated by EXCaliber to have a total mass of 180 grams, which was evenly split between the armature and the sub-projectile. Other design choices included the incorporation of ceramic sidewalls, internal preloading, and chromium copper rails. For the ILP, the Kaman
Science Corporation designed the launch package to operate at a launch velocity of 1,850 m/s to meet the penetration at range requirement, resulting in a peak axial acceleration of 2.06 x 10 m/s or 210,000 g's. The pulsed power supply (PPS) for the CCEMG launcher was composed of eight banks, each of which was nominally 200 kJ at a rated maximum charge voltage of 10 kV. As the CCEMG launcher's power supply, the air-core compulsator weighed 2,045 kg and stored 40 MJ at 12,000 rpm. At the conclusion of the CCEMG program's development process, two single-shot railguns (known as CCEMG launchers IIA and IIB) and a water-glycol cooled, rapid-fire railgun (CCEMG launcher III) were built. The only listed difference between launchers IIA and IIB from launcher III was that launcher III possessed coolant passages to cool the rail sets between salvos and a deceleration guide required for
889:
electrical testing in order to determine whether the flatjacks had an effect on bore straightness, which indicated the integrity of the adhesive bonds between the rails and the sidewall as well as the symmetry of the structural preload. The bore straightness changed very little even after the 11th shot, deviating from a straight line by at most 0.2 mm, suggesting that either a uniform amount of axial strain was being applied to the structure or that the flatjack axial strains had minimal effect on the structure. Launcher IIA demonstrated its highest performance on shot 7, which had a peak current of 552 kA. During the last shot, testers found an insulation flaw within the launcher. As a result, modifications were made to the electrical insulation design of launchers IIB and III, such as the thickening of the
57:
between the main and augmenting rails of the railgun. The flatjacks countered the electromagnetic loading and applied pressure to the main rails so that the ceramic sidewalls (made of AD-96 alumina) remained in compression throughout the discharge. They were required to be pressurized to 138 MPa for a full current shot and had to endure a displacement of about 1.3 mm. The filament-wound composite overwrap, composed of 82 percent graphite fibers and 18 percent fiberglass, reacted the preload and provided stiffness to the launcher in the axial direction. The rails were made out of chromium copper due to its strength (310 MPa yield),
934:
system, and determining the necessary parameters for the pulse power system. Multishot testing took place with incremental increases in system energy in subsequent tests. A total of six single shots were fired for this trial, of which the sixth shot demonstrated the highest muzzle energy with 279 kJ. The results showed no damage to the rail or sidewall of the launcher with the exception of minor arc erosion caused by the last shot.
214:
optimization algorithm determined that the minimum breech energy demand occurred at 1.85 km/s launch velocity and that the breech energy demand for one-turn (simple rail) designs increased at a higher rate than two- or three-turn (augmented) designs as launch velocity increased. The results from EXCaliber also concluded that a rectangular bore cross-section provided a higher launch efficiency than a round-bore design.
909:, MD. The launcher was powered by a 1.55 MJ capacitor-based pulsed power supply composed of eight banks, each of which could be charged to different initial voltages and be triggered independently in time. Throughout testing, muzzle velocity was measured using various techniques, such as by recording the time rate of change of the armature's in-bore induction field. Other methods included the use of a
209:
EXCaliber (short for
Electromagnetic eXperimental Caliber) was developed to take into account details surrounding armature and barrel structural and thermal design requirements as well as analyze the impact of different launch environment conditions on power supply size and mass. The equations governing armature and barrel design were coded into a
61:(82 percent IACS), relatively low cost, and dimensional stability. The main rails were slit transverse to the launcher's axis to the midpoint of the ceramic wall in order to achieve a breech efficiency (kinetic energy of the armature divided by the energy delivered to the breech of the gun) of 50 percent.
924:
The launcher fired a total of 39 shots at APG, where shots 1 to 9 focused on component characterization, shots 10 to 16 focused on armature development, shots 17 to 27 focused on launch dynamics, shots 28 to 32 focused on pseudo multishot capabilities, and shots 33 to 39 focused on peak performance.
933:
The performance test of the CCEMG launcher III was conducted by CEM-UT in 1996. Despite being a multishot system, launcher III underwent only single-shot testing during this evaluation for the purposes of verifying the accuracy of the computer simulation, establishing the reliability of the control
291:
In order to fulfill these target specifications, several design choices were made to the CCEMG to optimize its performance. The CCEMG armature, which had to carry the accelerating current and distribute the accelerating force to the sub-projectile, was designed to be discarded after launch and made
208:
was commissioned to construct the launcher as well as provide the pulsed power supply and armature development, while the Kaman
Science Corporation was tasked with developing the Integrated Launch Package (ILP) for the railgun. In order to design the CCEMG launcher, an optimization algorithm called
203:
The CCEMG launcher was developed in the early 1990s as part of the Cannon-Caliber
Electromagnetic Gun (CCEMG) Program to demonstrate the viability of an electromagnetic multi-shot weapon. The CCEMG program was sponsored by the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center and the
56:
and its structurally stiff makeup, which resulted from incorporating a directional preloading mechanism, ceramic sidewalls, and a composite overwrap in its design. The performance of the CCEMG launcher relied on the system's directional preloading mechanism, called “flatjacks,” which were located
313:
from 1994 to 1995. The primary purpose of the experimental test was to verify the performance of the single-shot launcher and the ILP to determine whether they met the CCEMG system requirements. Improvements and modifications to the launcher and ILP were made during various phases of testing.
213:
program structure, and the thermal and structural design constraints for both the armature and barrel were interdependently modeled. EXCaliber was used to calculate the minimum armature and barrel bass as well as the minimum required gun breech energy demands. Based on these calculations, the
888:
The CCEMG launcher IIA fired a total of 11 shots at UT-CEM. The launcher was powered with a 1 MJ/pulse iron core compulsator, and the shots were fired with a gradual increase in system energy. The deviation of the bore centerline was measured before and after flatjack pressurization prior to
47:
of 185-g launch packages at a velocity of 1,850 m/s with a firing rate of 5 Hz. It was a 2.25 m long, water-glycol cooled launcher with a 30 mm rectangular bore and achieved rapid fire operation with the help of a CCEMG
1468:
Price, J.H.; Yun, H.D.; Kajs, J.P.; Kitzmiller, J.R.; Pratap, S.B.; Werst, M.D. (January 1995). "Discarding armature and barrel optimization for a cannon caliber electromagnetic launcher system".
917:
was also used to evaluate the subprojectile velocity degradation that occurred over the flight range. Fifteen yaw cards that served as cardboard targets were used to assess the free-flight
1278:
1214:
In 1999, researchers at ARL conducted a series of experiments on the CCEMG launcher at the
Transonic Experimental Facility at Aberdeen to investigate the effects of
217:
In designing the CCEMG launcher, UT-CEM and the Kaman
Science Corporation were given a specific set of requirements that the launcher had to meet. (See table below)
893:
insulation, the addition of a composite insulating barrier between the flatjack manifold region and the augmenting rails, and the incorporation of an additional
1552:
Zielinski, A.; Hildenbrand, D. (January 1997). "Observation and simulation of armature contact performance in the cannon-caliber electromagnetic gun".
1342:
Werst, Michael; Hotz, Thomas; Kitzmiller, Jon; Penney, Chuck; Telander, R.M. (January 1997). "Testing of the Cannon
Caliber Rapid Fire Railgun".
1304:
Tzeng, Jerome; Schmidt, Edward (2004). "Advanced
Materials Bring Electromagnetic Gun Technology One Step Closer to the Battlefield".
310:
1451:
1668:
52:
that provided multiple 835 kA peak pulses. The CCEMG launcher had an overall mass of only 273 kg despite its solid
35:
launcher developed by the U.S. military in the early 1990s to study and test the viability of electromagnetic weapons.
1622:
Zielinski, A.E.; Weinacht, P.; Powell, J.D. (January 1999). "Effect of railgun electrodynamics on armature discard".
1288:
1587:
Zielinski, A.E.; Weinacht, P. (January 1999). "Effect of railgun electrodynamics on projectile launch dynamics".
205:
49:
1663:
58:
1318:
43:
The CCEMG launcher (version III) was a series augmented railgun capable of firing three five-round
905:
The ARL testing of the CCEMG launcher IIA took place at the EM Facility at the
Transonic Range in
906:
1402:
Zielinski, Alexander; Werst, Michael (January 1997). "Cannon-Caliber
Electromagnetic Launcher".
1313:
53:
1448:
An Investigation of the Ballistic Performance for an Electromagnetic Gun-Launched Projectile
1631:
1596:
1561:
1526:
1477:
1411:
1351:
8:
1635:
1600:
1565:
1530:
1481:
1415:
1355:
1261:
1673:
1454:
from the original on April 25, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
1284:
1283:. 18th International Symposium on Ballistics. San Antonio, Texas. pp. 325–326.
1639:
1604:
1569:
1534:
1493:
1485:
1419:
1367:
1359:
1215:
204:
U.S. Marine Corps. As part of the project, the Center for Electromechanics at the
1447:
1446:
Zelinski, Alexander; Weinacht, Paul; Webb, David; Soencksen, Keith (March 1997).
309:
Preliminary testing of the CCEMG launcher IIA took place at UT-CEM and at the
1657:
918:
910:
1513:
Zielinski, A.E.; Soencksen, K.; Webb, D.W.; Weinacht, P. (January 1997).
894:
293:
1643:
1608:
1573:
1538:
1515:"Integrated launch package performance in the cannon-caliber launcher"
1498:
1489:
1423:
1372:
1363:
1218:
on the sabot discard process and on the subprojectile during launch.
1514:
1263:
Rapid Fire Railgun For The Cannon Caliber Electromagnetic Gun System
69:
The following tables display the parameters for the CCEMG launcher:
210:
32:
1512:
1445:
914:
44:
1266:. 8th Electromagnetic Launch Symposium. Baltimore, Maryland.
229:
131 mm RHA at 1.5 km; 66 mm RHA at 3 km
890:
1341:
1450:(Report). The U.S. Army Research Laboratory. ADA326880.
1621:
1467:
1551:
1260:Zielinski, Alexander; Werst, Michael (July 1995).
1586:
1655:
1401:
1259:
921:of the projectile launched from the railgun.
897:layer to the bore of the composite overwrap.
1303:
285:Compatible with Amphibious Assault Vehicle
221:CCEMG Statement of Work (SOW) Requirements
226:Armor penetration at 56 degrees obliquity
1497:
1371:
1317:
1280:Electric Launch: An Inevitable Technology
1209:
1276:
928:
304:
1656:
277:5,000 lb (2,286 kg) maximum
206:University of Texas at Austin (UT-CEM)
1255:
1253:
1251:
1463:
1461:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1277:Fontani, Harry (November 10, 1999).
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
311:U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
73:CCEMG launcher physical properties
13:
21:Cannon-Caliber Electromagnetic Gun
14:
1685:
1458:
1430:
1380:
1326:
1228:
883:
1089:Primary flatjack pressure (ksi)
938:Summary of launcher III testing
318:Summary of launcher IIA testing
1615:
1580:
1624:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1589:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1554:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1545:
1519:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1506:
1470:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1404:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1344:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
1297:
1270:
900:
781:Armature current at exit (kA)
749:Armature insertion force (kN)
198:
38:
1:
1221:
1084:Launcher/Armature parameters
907:Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG)
245:300 to 400 rounds per minute
64:
7:
136:CCEMG launcher performance
16:Rapid-fire railgun launcher
10:
1690:
1669:Electromagnetic components
1140:ILP muzzle velocity (m/s)
913:, flash x-ray, and radar.
876:
647:
386:
110:Stiffness at peak current
1083:
976:
977:Power supply parameters
845:Flatjack pressure (MPa)
648:Launcher/ILP parameters
299:
189:Time between salvos (s)
141:Launch package mass (g)
520:Firing angle (degrees)
1191:Breech efficiency (%)
1050:Peak gun current (kA)
717:Breech efficiency (%)
149:Muzzle velocity (m/s)
121:Water-ethylene glycol
1210:Follow-up experiments
813:Action at exit (MAs)
424:Field excitation (A)
102:Augmented length (m)
86:Bore dimensions (cm)
1174:Muzzle current (kA)
1033:Fire angle (degree)
999:Field rise time (s)
929:Launcher III testing
305:Launcher IIA testing
258:Time between salvos
1664:Military technology
1636:1999ITM....35..112Z
1601:1999ITM....35..118Z
1566:1997ITM....33..157Z
1531:1997ITM....33..163Z
1482:1995ITM....31..225P
1416:1997ITM....33..630Z
1356:1997ITM....33..613W
1157:Muzzle energy (kJ)
939:
319:
266:Probability of hit
222:
137:
94:Overall length (m)
74:
1016:Peak AC volts (V)
937:
616:Time to peak (ms)
552:Peak current (kA)
317:
220:
157:Peak current (kA)
135:
72:
1644:10.1109/20.738387
1609:10.1109/20.738388
1574:10.1109/20.559935
1539:10.1109/20.559936
1490:10.1109/20.364697
1424:10.1109/20.560087
1364:10.1109/20.560084
1306:AMPTIAC Quarterly
1207:
1206:
1123:Load force (lbf)
1067:Pulse width (ms)
881:
880:
877:Note: *estimated
584:Pulse width (ms)
456:Peak voltage (V)
289:
288:
261:2 to 2.5 seconds
237:20 to 40 mm
196:
195:
181:Firing rate (Hz)
173:Rounds per salvo
165:Number of salvos
133:
132:
81:Series augmented
1681:
1648:
1647:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1510:
1504:
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1501:
1465:
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1443:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1378:
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1375:
1339:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1216:electromagnetism
982:Field amps (kA)
940:
936:
392:CPA speed (rpm)
320:
316:
282:Weapon platform
223:
219:
138:
134:
113:0.2% deflection
75:
71:
31:is a rapid-fire
1689:
1688:
1684:
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1620:
1616:
1585:
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1507:
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1400:
1381:
1340:
1327:
1319:10.1.1.383.9304
1302:
1298:
1291:
1275:
1271:
1258:
1229:
1224:
1212:
931:
903:
886:
653:Velocity (m/s)
387:PPS parameters
307:
302:
201:
67:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1650:
1649:
1630:(1): 112–117.
1614:
1595:(1): 118–123.
1579:
1560:(1): 157–162.
1544:
1525:(1): 163–168.
1505:
1476:(1): 225–230.
1457:
1429:
1410:(1): 630–635.
1379:
1350:(1): 613–618.
1325:
1296:
1289:
1269:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
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1080:
1077:
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1068:
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989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
974:
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967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
930:
927:
902:
899:
885:
884:CEM-UT testing
882:
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
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852:
849:
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842:
841:
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835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
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724:
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685:ILP mass (kg)
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678:
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488:CPA volts (V)
485:
484:
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478:
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472:
469:
466:
463:
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453:
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437:
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428:
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408:
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402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
384:
383:
380:
377:
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371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
352:
351:
348:
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342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
306:
303:
301:
298:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
275:
274:System weight
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
253:5 to 7 rounds
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238:
235:
231:
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66:
63:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1662:
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1637:
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1625:
1618:
1610:
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1602:
1598:
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1583:
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1290:9781566769013
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1199:
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1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:ILP mass (g)
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
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1038:
1035:
1032:
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1027:
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1021:
1018:
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1007:
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984:
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975:
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968:
965:
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948:
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935:
926:
922:
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916:
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898:
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892:
875:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
385:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
315:
312:
297:
295:
284:
281:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
252:
249:
248:
244:
241:
240:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
224:
218:
215:
212:
207:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
78:Railgun type
77:
76:
70:
62:
60:
55:
51:
46:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1473:
1469:
1407:
1403:
1347:
1343:
1312:(4): 79–84.
1309:
1305:
1299:
1279:
1272:
1262:
1213:
943:Shot number
932:
923:
919:aerodynamics
911:smear camera
904:
887:
323:Shot Number
308:
290:
242:Firing rate
216:
202:
126:Weight (kg)
89:1.73 x 2.73
68:
59:conductivity
42:
28:
24:
20:
18:
901:ARL testing
294:autoloading
250:Salvo size
199:Development
50:compulsator
39:Description
1658:Categories
1499:2152/30918
1373:2152/30557
1222:References
895:fiberglass
65:Properties
1314:CiteSeerX
370:10/21/94
1674:Railguns
1452:Archived
963:1/24/96
382:8/17/95
379:8/16/95
376:8/15/95
367:9/28/94
364:8/31/94
361:3/14/94
234:Caliber
118:Coolant
54:armature
29:launcher
1632:Bibcode
1597:Bibcode
1562:Bibcode
1527:Bibcode
1478:Bibcode
1412:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
972:2/9/96
969:2/7/96
966:2/5/96
373:6/1/95
358:3/1/94
350:ARL 39
347:ARL 38
344:ARL 37
341:ARL 34
338:ARL 16
335:ARL 14
329:CEM 11
211:FORTRAN
33:railgun
1316:
1287:
1152:1,900
1149:1,530
1146:1,729
1143:1,187
1135:3,136
1132:3,360
1129:3,200
1126:3,100
1118:154.5
1115:163.3
1112:148.4
1109:135.3
1028:2,835
1025:2,485
1022:2,510
1019:1,910
1011:0.160
1008:0.195
1005:0.195
1002:0.192
712:0.180
709:0.180
706:0.180
703:0.180
700:0.180
697:0.178
694:0.174
691:0.098
688:0.186
631:0.38*
332:ARL 7
326:CEM 7
152:1,850
45:salvos
1160:95.3
1101:15.0
1098:13.0
1095:13.0
1092:10.0
1079:2.97
1076:2.97
1073:2.97
1070:3.30
994:30.5
991:27.4
988:27.4
985:22.0
960:Date
915:Radar
796:300*
776:5.57
773:5.57
770:5.57
767:5.58
764:7.57
761:5.89
758:2.79
755:5.98
752:11.6
744:44.6
741:39.8
738:39.1
680:1785
677:1639
674:1492
671:1350
668:1492
665:1369
662:1886
659:1350
656:1339
643:0.46
640:0.46
637:0.46
634:0.47
628:0.38
625:0.38
599:1.9*
567:667*
526:5.00
523:5.84
483:9100
480:8600
477:7800
474:7400
471:9200
468:8400
465:8500
462:1612
459:1638
430:1500
427:1489
398:3837
395:3774
355:Date
300:Tests
105:1.85
97:2.25
25:CCEMG
1285:ISBN
1186:212
1180:125
1177:0.0
1169:279
1166:191
1163:222
1062:660
1059:605
1056:599
1053:496
891:mica
872:128
869:110
866:110
863:96*
848:103
840:642
837:527
834:500
831:468
828:511
825:436
822:367
819:355
816:515
808:384
805:134
802:146
799:132
793:263
790:294
784:123
732:42*
622:1.9
619:1.9
611:2.0
608:2.1
605:2.3
602:2.6
596:2.2
593:1.9
590:4.1
587:4.1
579:766
576:716
573:666
570:639
564:586
561:609
558:462
555:552
494:220
491:110
269:90%
192:2.5
160:835
144:180
129:273
19:The
1640:doi
1605:doi
1570:doi
1535:doi
1494:hdl
1486:doi
1420:doi
1368:hdl
1360:doi
1203:49
1200:49
1197:53
1194:44
1183:68
860:96
857:93
854:96
851:96
787:94
735:37
729:42
726:37
723:30
720:51
547:NA
544:NA
541:NA
538:NA
535:NA
532:NA
529:NA
515:NA
512:NA
509:NA
506:NA
503:NA
500:NA
497:NA
451:NA
448:NA
445:NA
442:NA
439:NA
436:NA
433:NA
419:NA
416:NA
413:NA
410:NA
407:NA
404:NA
401:NA
1660::
1638:.
1628:35
1626:.
1603:.
1593:35
1591:.
1568:.
1558:33
1556:.
1533:.
1523:33
1521:.
1517:.
1492:.
1484:.
1474:31
1472:.
1460:^
1432:^
1418:.
1408:33
1406:.
1382:^
1366:.
1358:.
1348:33
1346:.
1328:^
1308:.
1230:^
1045:5
1042:5
1039:5
1036:5
955:6
952:5
949:4
946:3
296:.
184:5
176:5
168:3
27:)
1646:.
1642::
1634::
1611:.
1607::
1599::
1576:.
1572::
1564::
1541:.
1537::
1529::
1502:.
1496::
1488::
1480::
1426:.
1422::
1414::
1376:.
1370::
1362::
1354::
1322:.
1310:8
1293:.
23:(
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