158:, who spent a long time among Aboriginals and was well acquainted with their customs, knew an Aboriginal woman who one day left her village to give birth a mile away, taking only her daughter with her. She then "killed and ate the baby, sharing the food with the little daughter." After her return, Bates found the place and saw "the ashes of a fire" with the baby's "broken skull, and one or two charred bones" in them. She states that "baby cannibalism was rife among these central-western peoples, as it is west of the border in
292:
22:
209:." The bodies of the killed were roasted whole in "a deep hole in the sand". There were also "killing vendettas", in which a hostile settlement was attacked and as many persons as possible killed, whose flesh was then shared according to well-defined rules: "The older men ate the soft and virile parts, and the brain; swift runners were given the thighs; hands, arms or shoulders went to the best spear-throwers, and so on." Referring to the coast of the
246:
138:
217:"pursued like a wild beast and slain and eaten". Acquiring human flesh is this manner was something to be proud of, not a reason for shame. He stresses that such flesh was nevertheless by no means a "daily food", since opportunities to capture victims were relatively rare. One specific instance of kidnapping for cannibal purposes was recorded in the 1840s by the English immigrant
120:
of food scarcity. One woman told him that her little sister had been roasted, but denied having eaten of her. Another "admitted having killed and eaten her small daughter", and several other people he talked to remembered having "eaten one of their brothers". The consumption of infants took two different forms, depending on where it was practised:
129:
Usually only babies who had not yet received a name (which happened around the first birthday) were consumed, but in times of severe hunger, older children (up to four years or so) could be killed and eaten too, though people tended to have bad feelings about this. Babies were killed by their mother,
124:
When the Yumu, Pindupi, Ngali, or
Nambutji were hungry, they ate small children with neither ceremonial nor animistic motives. Among the southern tribes, the Matuntara, Mularatara, or Pitjentara, every second child was eaten in the belief that the strength of the first child would be doubled by such
119:
heard from
Aboriginals that infanticidal cannibalism had been practised especially during droughts. "Years ago it had been custom for every second child to be eaten" – the baby was roasted and consumed not only by the mother, but also by the older siblings, who benefited from this meat during times
403:
It was considered a great triumph among the
Marquesans to eat the body of a dead man. They treated their captives with great cruelty. They broke their legs to prevent them from attempting to escape before being eaten, but kept them alive so that they could brood over their impending fate.... With
216:
Lumholtz similarly notes that "the greatest delicacy known to the
Australian native is human flesh", even adding that the "appetite for human flesh" was the primary motive for killing. Unrelated individuals and isolated families were attacked just to be eaten and any stranger was at risk of being
191:
When anyone dies, provided he or she be not too old, certain of the male relatives take the body out into the bush and cook it in a native oven.... When all the flesh is removed – apparently everything is eaten – the bones are collected, and, with the exception of the long ones from the arm, are
176:..., it was customary long ago for the first-born of every lubra to be eaten by the tribe, as part of a religious ceremony." However, there seems to be no direct evidence that such acts actually had a religious meaning, and the Australian anthropologist
213:, Bates writes: "Cannibalism had been rife for centuries in these regions and for a thousand miles north and east of them." Human flesh was not eaten for spiritual reasons and not only due to hunger; rather it was considered a "favourite food".
200:
was also practised in many regions. Foreigners and members of different ethnic groups were hunted and eaten much like animals. She met "fine sturdy fellows" who "frankly admitted the hunting and sharing of
169:
confirms that infants were commonly killed and eaten especially in times of food scarcity. He notes that people spoke of such acts "as an everyday occurrence, and not at all as anything remarkable."
1034:
Robbins, Joel (2006). "Properties of Nature, Properties of
Culture: Ownership, Recognition, and the Politics of Nature in a Papua New Guinea Society". In Biersack, Aletta; Greenberg, James (eds.).
367:
tribe killed 2,000 enemies and remained on the battlefield "eating the vanquished until they were driven off by the smell of decaying bodies". Māori warriors fighting the New
Zealand government in
320:, is said to have consumed 872 people and to have made a pile of stones to record his achievement. Fiji was nicknamed the "Cannibal Isles" by European sailors, who avoided disembarking there.
42:
is well documented for many parts of this region, with reports ranging from the early modern period to, in a few cases, the 21st century. Some archaeological evidence has also been found.
237:, cannibalism was still practised in the early 20th century, for a variety of reasons – including retaliation, to insult an enemy people, or to absorb the dead person's qualities.
112:
was widely practised as a means of population control and because mothers had trouble carrying two young children not yet able to walk) and enemy warriors slain in battle.
395:, was concentrated in narrow valleys, and consisted of warring tribes, who sometimes practised cannibalism on their enemies. Human flesh was called "long pig". Historian
130:
while a bigger child "would be killed by the father by being beaten on the head". But cases of women killing older children are on record too. In 1904 a parish priest in
1563:
180:
rejects the idea that the eaten were human sacrifices as "absolutely without foundation", arguing that religious sacrifices of any kind were unknown in
Australia.
1064:
1123:
134:, stated that infanticide was very common, including one case where a four-year-old was "killed and eaten by its mother", who later became a Christian.
272:
wherein dogs could not be eaten and they had to be kept from breathing on food, unlike humans who could be eaten and with whom food could be shared.
283:
could be one of the last surviving tribes in the world engaging in cannibalism. A local cannibal cult killed and ate victims as late as 2012.
97:
in certain circumstances, the prevalence and meaning of such acts in pre-colonial
Aboriginal societies are disputed. Before colonization,
1553:
1355:
1283:
1049:
550:
511:
481:
1007:
Savage Life and Scenes in
Australia and New Zealand: Being an Artist's Impressions of Countries and People at the Antipodes
222:
1435:
1485:
451:
1313:
Among
Cannibals: An Account of Four Years' Travels in Australia and of Camp Life with the Aborigines of Queensland
1584:
569:
1522:
1206:
108:
at times lacking in protein sources. Reported cases of cannibalism include killing and eating small children (
721:
78:
1133:
608:
542:
338:
297:
1465:
1257:
441:
280:
363:
Cannibalism was a regular practice in Māori wars. In one instance, on 11 July 1821, warriors from the
1532:
1348:
131:
81:, and human flesh was sold at markets in some Melanesian islands. Cannibalism was still practised in
931:
790:
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629:
1041:
1035:
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896:
613:
574:
210:
98:
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368:
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in 1868–1869 revived ancient rites of cannibalism as part of a radical interpretation of the
177:
1341:
1247:
900:
155:
141:
8:
1470:
1423:
1408:
1403:
1307:
1297:
431:
218:
166:
1506:
1442:
1398:
1311:
725:
497:
396:
172:
Some have interpreted the consumption of infants as a religious practice: "In parts of
417:, Irish criminal who confessed to practising cannibalism while on the run in Australia
1452:
1383:
1279:
1273:
1045:
1005:
579:
546:
507:
477:
446:
388:
159:
70:
43:
1430:
1321:
1269:
1020:"Melanesia Historical and Geographical: the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides".
414:
392:
337:
may have involved cannibalism of a Dutch sailor. In June 1772, the French explorer
116:
82:
1251:
1388:
788:
471:
184:
173:
105:
1178:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period
334:
93:
While it is generally accepted that some forms of cannibalism were practised in
66:
54:
was primarily associated with war, with victors eating the vanquished, while in
1393:
342:
313:
276:
265:
249:
197:
26:
1578:
1527:
1418:
1378:
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671:
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221:, who stated that several children were kidnapped, butchered, and eaten near
376:
1558:
1156:
420:
372:
301:(temple) with a victim about to be consumed – drawing by Alexandre de Bar (
291:
404:
this tribe, as with many others, the bodies of women were in great demand.
1364:
268:
engaged in cannibalism in war. Notably, the Urapmin also had a system of
109:
21:
269:
261:
253:
74:
364:
1548:
357:
234:
94:
55:
51:
47:
202:
245:
192:
wrapped in paperbark and handed over to the custody of a relative.
187:, the cooking and consumption of the deceased as a funerary rite.
137:
1413:
1180:. Vol. II: The Hauhau Wars, 1864–72. Wellington: R. E. Owen.
823:
961:
1326:
Children of the Desert: The Western Tribes of Central Australia
874:
734:
1333:
911:
102:
58:
it was often a contingency for hardship to avoid starvation.
862:
317:
62:
789:
Royal Commission on the Conditions of the Natives (1905).
690:
476:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 151.
1564:
Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body
850:
702:
602:
600:
206:
1224:
770:
652:
564:
562:
341:
and 26 members of his crew were killed and eaten in the
985:
949:
811:
799:
746:
1010:. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder. pp. 122–123.
973:
597:
1073:
559:
205:
and human meat as frequently as that of kangaroo and
932:"Australian Aboriginal Mortuary Rites – Cannibalism"
758:
225:
in South Australia shortly before he arrived there.
1115:
1070:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 29 September 2004
183:Another frequently reported practise was funerary
891:
889:
423:, a Papuan group with a reputation of cannibalism
65:(once nicknamed the "Cannibal Isles"), among the
1576:
1108:"Diary of du Clesmeur" in McNab, Robert (ed.).
473:Divine Hunger: Cannibalism as a Cultural System
1174:"Chapter 20: Opening of Titokowaru's Campaign"
886:
727:Australia's Aborigines: Their Life and Culture
61:Cannibalism used to be widespread in parts of
1349:
895:
792:Report Presented to Both Houses of Parliament
256:practised cannibalism until very recent times
1264:
1155:McLintock, A. H., ed. (1966). "Hongi Hika".
880:
795:. Perth: Wm. Alfred Watson. pp. 61, 63.
740:
696:
1190:
1356:
1342:
1328:. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Row.
1230:
496:
333:The first encounter between Europeans and
1299:The Native Tribes of South-East Australia
1154:
1306:
1193:Robert Louis Stevenson in the South Seas
991:
979:
967:
868:
829:
720:
606:
290:
244:
136:
20:
1122:Masters, Catherine (8 September 2007).
1121:
1033:
730:. Melbourne: Colorgravure. p. 166.
570:"Cannibal Cult Members Arrested in PNG"
506:. New York: Routledge. pp. 17–18.
16:History of human cannibalism in Oceania
1577:
1320:
1292:
1195:. Luzac Paragon House. pp. 45–50.
1079:
929:
917:
856:
776:
764:
752:
708:
658:
526:
490:
469:
352:, about 66 passengers and crew of the
115:In the late 1920s, the anthropologist
1337:
1246:
1171:
1124:"'Battle rage' fed Maori cannibalism"
1024:(1). Church Army Press. London: 1950.
1003:
955:
841:
817:
805:
627:
936:Australia: The Land Where Time Began
382:
1093:The Penguin History of New Zealand.
345:. In an 1809 incident known as the
13:
1275:The World of the First Australians
1256:. London: John Murray – via
1110:Historical Records of New Zealand.
1040:. Duke University Press. pp.
154:The journalist and anthropologist
144:with a group of Aboriginal women,
85:as of 2012, for cultural reasons.
14:
1596:
1278:(2 ed.). Sydney: Ure Smith.
607:Raffaele, Paul (September 2006).
452:List of incidents of cannibalism
1363:
1316:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
1239:
1199:
1184:
1165:
1158:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
1148:
1102:
1085:
1058:
1027:
1014:
997:
930:Monroe, M. H. (15 April 2013).
923:
835:
782:
714:
1068:Guinness Book of World Records
664:
621:
520:
463:
328:
1:
1253:The Passing of the Aborigines
1207:"Long pig – Oxford Reference"
1037:Reimagining Political Ecology
1004:Angas, George French (1847).
538:in Melanesia and Anthropology
470:Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1986).
457:
302:
240:
145:
30:
543:University of Michigan Press
387:The dense population of the
339:Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne
323:
295:Scene from outside a Fijian
228:
88:
7:
1258:Project Gutenberg Australia
630:"Cannibals and Colonialism"
442:Cannibalism in the Americas
408:
165:The Norwegian ethnographer
73:. It was also practised in
69:of New Zealand, and in the
10:
1601:
844:The Aborigines of Victoria
1541:
1515:
1494:
1451:
1371:
1191:Alanna King, ed. (1987).
842:Smith, R. Brough (1878).
832:, pp. 134, 254, 273.
628:Biber, Katherine (2005).
609:"Sleeping with Cannibals"
527:Knauft, Bruce M. (1999).
356:were killed and eaten in
132:Broome, Western Australia
970:, pp. 176, 271–272.
920:, pp. 751–753, 755.
881:Berndt & Berndt 1977
741:Berndt & Berndt 1977
697:Berndt & Berndt 1977
1211:www.oxfordreference.com
897:Spencer, Walter Baldwin
286:
279:tribe of south-eastern
1585:Cannibalism in Oceania
1129:The New Zealand Herald
1065:Most Prolific Cannibal
672:"Aboriginal Cannibals"
575:The New Zealand Herald
498:Rubinstein, William D.
406:
309:
257:
211:Great Australian Bight
194:
151:
127:
99:Aboriginal Australians
40:Cannibalism in Oceania
36:
1172:Cowan, James (1956).
901:Gillen, Francis James
437:Cannibalism in Europe
427:Cannibalism in Africa
401:
294:
248:
189:
178:Alfred William Howitt
140:
122:
24:
1302:. London: Macmillan.
1270:Berndt, Catherine H.
614:Smithsonian Magazine
196:According to Bates,
77:and in parts of the
25:A cannibal feast on
1404:Kleptopharmacophagy
883:, pp. 467–469.
871:, pp. 165–166.
859:, pp. 754–756.
743:, pp. 469–470.
722:McCarthy, Frederick
711:, pp. 751–752.
661:, pp. 748–750.
503:Genocide: A History
432:Cannibalism in Asia
219:George French Angas
167:Carl Sofus Lumholtz
101:were predominantly
1136:on 22 October 2012
779:, pp. 69, 72.
397:William Rubinstein
312:One tribal chief,
310:
258:
152:
37:
1572:
1571:
1285:978-0-7254-0272-3
1266:Berndt, Ronald M.
1091:King, M. (2003).
1051:978-0-8223-3672-3
755:, pp. 71–72.
634:Sydney Law Review
552:978-0-472-06687-2
513:978-0-582-50601-5
483:978-0-521-31114-4
447:Child cannibalism
391:, in what is now
389:Marquesas Islands
383:Marquesas Islands
260:As in some other
160:Central Australia
71:Marquesas Islands
44:Human cannibalism
1592:
1542:Related concepts
1358:
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1132:. Archived from
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905:Across Australia
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415:Alexander Pearce
393:French Polynesia
369:Tītokowaru's War
307:
304:
223:Lake Alexandrina
150:
147:
106:hunter-gatherers
83:Papua New Guinea
35:
34: 1885–1889
32:
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1523:Popular culture
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1231:Rubinstein 2014
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578:. 5 July 2012.
568:
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545:. p. 104.
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468:
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460:
411:
385:
331:
326:
305:
289:
264:societies, the
243:
231:
185:endocannibalism
174:New South Wales
148:
91:
79:Solomon Islands
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1570:
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1554:Prion diseases
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1346:
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1318:
1308:Lumholtz, Carl
1304:
1294:Howitt, A. W.
1290:
1284:
1262:
1243:
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1238:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1198:
1183:
1164:
1147:
1114:
1101:
1084:
1082:, p. 166.
1072:
1057:
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1026:
1022:Southern Cross
1013:
996:
994:, p. 274.
984:
972:
960:
948:
922:
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885:
873:
861:
849:
846:. Vol. 1.
834:
822:
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781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
713:
701:
699:, p. 470.
689:
678:. 8 March 1928
663:
651:
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519:
512:
489:
482:
461:
459:
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384:
381:
343:Bay of Islands
330:
327:
325:
322:
314:Ratu Udre Udre
288:
285:
266:Urapmin people
250:Korowai people
242:
239:
230:
227:
198:exocannibalism
90:
87:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1444:
1441:
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1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:Placentophagy
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Autovampirism
1377:
1376:
1374:
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1277:
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1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1233:, p. 18.
1232:
1227:
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1202:
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1187:
1179:
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1159:
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1038:
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1023:
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1009:
1008:
1000:
993:
992:Lumholtz 1889
988:
982:, p. 72.
981:
980:Lumholtz 1889
976:
969:
968:Lumholtz 1889
964:
957:
952:
937:
933:
926:
919:
914:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
882:
877:
870:
869:McCarthy 1957
865:
858:
853:
845:
838:
831:
830:Lumholtz 1889
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
794:
793:
785:
778:
773:
767:, p. 71.
766:
761:
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749:
742:
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723:
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531:
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405:
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370:
366:
361:
360:, Northland.
359:
355:
351:
349:
344:
340:
336:
321:
319:
316:in Rakiraki,
315:
300:
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80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
28:
23:
19:
1559:Vorarephilia
1480:
1466:The Americas
1325:
1322:Róheim, Géza
1312:
1298:
1274:
1252:
1248:Bates, Daisy
1240:Bibliography
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1140:23 September
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1127:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1087:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1016:
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987:
975:
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951:
939:. Retrieved
935:
925:
913:
904:
876:
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852:
843:
837:
825:
813:
801:
791:
784:
772:
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748:
736:
726:
716:
704:
692:
680:. Retrieved
675:
666:
654:
642:. Retrieved
637:
633:
623:
612:
587:. Retrieved
573:
537:
536:Postcolonial
533:
529:
522:
502:
492:
472:
465:
421:Asmat people
402:
386:
373:North Island
362:
353:
347:
332:
311:
296:
274:
259:
233:In parts of
232:
215:
195:
190:
182:
171:
164:
153:
128:
125:a procedure.
123:
114:
92:
67:Māori people
60:
39:
38:
18:
1365:Cannibalism
1080:Sanday 1986
918:Howitt 1904
857:Howitt 1904
777:Róheim 1976
765:Róheim 1976
753:Róheim 1976
709:Howitt 1904
659:Howitt 1904
589:28 November
329:New Zealand
306: 1860
270:food taboos
262:New Guinean
156:Daisy Bates
149: 1911
142:Daisy Bates
117:Géza Róheim
110:infanticide
29:, Vanuatu,
1533:Literature
1516:In fiction
1495:In animals
1095:London. p.
956:Bates 1938
818:Bates 1938
806:Bates 1938
458:References
379:religion.
377:Pai Mārire
298:bure kalou
254:New Guinea
241:New Guinea
75:New Guinea
1549:Man-eater
1453:In humans
1216:13 August
958:, ch. 11.
941:7 October
820:, ch. 10.
808:, ch. 17.
682:5 October
644:7 October
584:1170-0777
532:Primitive
358:Whangaroa
324:Polynesia
235:Melanesia
229:Melanesia
95:Australia
89:Australia
56:Australia
52:Polynesia
48:Melanesia
1579:Category
1324:(1976).
1310:(1889).
1296:(1904).
1272:(1977).
1250:(1938).
903:(1912).
724:(1957).
676:Register
500:(2014).
409:See also
350:massacre
203:kangaroo
1502:Poultry
1481:Oceania
1414:Oophagy
1409:Medical
1372:By type
1112:Vol 11.
1042:176–177
399:wrote:
371:on the
365:Ngāpuhi
277:Korowai
103:nomadic
1507:Spider
1476:Europe
1461:Africa
1443:Sexual
1399:Filial
1282:
1097:
1048:
582:
549:
510:
480:
1424:human
1389:Endo-
1384:Child
530:From
335:Māori
281:Papua
27:Tanna
1528:Film
1486:List
1471:Asia
1436:list
1431:Self
1394:Exo-
1280:ISBN
1218:2019
1142:2011
1099:105.
1046:ISBN
943:2023
684:2023
646:2023
591:2015
580:ISSN
547:ISBN
508:ISBN
478:ISBN
354:Boyd
348:Boyd
318:Fiji
287:Fiji
275:The
63:Fiji
50:and
640:(4)
534:to
252:of
207:emu
162:."
46:in
1581::
1268:;
1209:.
1176:.
1126:.
1044:.
934:.
899:;
888:^
674:.
638:27
636:.
632:.
611:.
599:^
572:.
561:^
541:.
303:c.
146:c.
31:c.
1357:e
1350:t
1343:v
1288:.
1260:.
1220:.
1161:.
1144:.
1054:.
945:.
907:.
686:.
648:.
617:.
593:.
555:.
516:.
486:.
308:)
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