1900:, which provides for five different amending formulae. Amendments can be brought forward under section 46(1) by any province or the federal legislature. The general formula set out in section 38(1), known as the "7/50 formula", requires: (a) assent from both the House of Commons and the Senate; (b) the approval of two-thirds of the provincial legislatures (at least seven provinces) representing at least 50 per cent of the population of the provinces (effectively, this would include at least Quebec or Ontario, as they are the most populous provinces). This formula specifically applies to amendments related to the proportionate representation in Parliament, powers, selection, and composition of the Senate, the Supreme Court and the addition of provinces or territories.
1604:, provided that existing Dominions became fully sovereign of the United Kingdom and any new Dominions would be fully sovereign upon the grant of Dominion status. Although listed, Newfoundland never ratified the statute so was still subject to imperial authority when its entire system of government and economy collapsed in the mid-1930s. Canada did ratify the statute but with a requested exception—the Canadian federal and provincial governments could not agree on an amending formula for the Canadian constitution. It would be another 50 years before this was achieved. In the interim, the British parliament periodically passed constitutional amendments when requested by the government of Canada. This was never anything but a
1907:, the use of either official language (subject to section 43), the amending formula itself, or the composition of the Supreme Court, must be adopted by unanimous consent of all the provinces in accordance with section 41. In the case of an amendment related to provincial boundaries or the use of an official language within a province alone, the amendment must be passed by the legislatures affected by the amendment (section 43). In the case of an amendment that affects the federal government only, the amendment does not need the approval of the provinces (section 44). The same applies to amendments affecting the provincial government alone (section 45).
2248:) and poured red paint mixed with glue over a copy of the proclamation of the 1982 constitutional amendment. He said he was displeased with the federal government's decision to allow United States missile testing in Canada and had wanted to "graphically illustrate to Canadians" how wrong he believed the government to be. Greyson was charged with public mischief and sentenced to 89 days in jail, 100 hours of community work, and two years of probation. A grapefruit-sized stain remains on the original document; restoration specialists opted to leave most of the paint intact, fearing that removal attempts would only cause further damage.
1656:. The act also codified many previously oral constitutional conventions and made amendment of the constitution in general significantly more difficult. Previously, the Canadian constitution could be formally amended by an act of the British parliament, or by informal agreement between the federal and provincial governments, or even simply by adoption as the custom of an oral convention or performance that shows precedential but unwritten tradition. Since the act, textual amendments must now conform to certain specified provisions in the written portion of the Canadian constitution.
6071:
1465:
5815:
4685:
4507:
2260:
1233:
564:
248:
50:
2236:. These are Quebec statutes purporting to add sections 90Q and 128Q and a Saskatchewan statute purporting to add section 90S. Because the Senate and House of Commons did not authorise these amendments, they would only have effect if they are amendments to provincial constitutions under the section 45 amending procedure. Constitutional scholars are divided on the validity of an amendment to a provincial constitution framed as an addition to part of the Constitution of Canada.
2288:
621:
260:
2274:
1245:
322:
5827:
4671:
4519:
1774:
1678:
1652:. Before the Charter, various statutes protected an assortment of civil rights and obligations but nothing was enshrined in the constitution until 1982. The Charter has thus placed a strong focus upon individual and collective rights of the people of Canada. The enactment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has fundamentally changed much of Canadian
1830:. Part V of this act established an amending formula for the Canadian constitution, the lack of which (due to more than 50 years of disagreement between the federal and provincial governments) meant Canada's constitutional amendments still required enactment by the British parliament after Statute of Westminster in 1931.
1417:
has held that this list is not exhaustive and that the
Constitution of Canada includes a number of pre-confederation acts and unwritten components as well. The Canadian constitution also includes the fundamental principles of federalism, democracy, constitutionalism and the rule of law, and respect
1485:
and sent a wave of
British loyalist refugees northward to Quebec and Nova Scotia. In 1784, the two provinces were divided: Nova Scotia was split into Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island (rejoined to Nova Scotia in 1820), Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick, while Quebec was split into Lower Canada
2164:
All provinces have enacted legislation that establishes other rules for the structure of government. For example, every province (and territory) has an act governing elections to the legislature, and another governing procedure in the legislature. Two provinces have explicitly listed such acts as
2035:
The
Constitution is more than a written text. It embraces the entire global system of rules and principles which govern the exercise of constitutional authority. A superficial reading of selected provisions of the written constitutional enactment, without more, may be
2152:
Overall structures of provincial governments (like the legislature and cabinet) are described in parts of the
Constitution of Canada. Governmental structure of the original four provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario) is described in Part V of the
2161:, which now form part of Canada's Constitution. The remaining three provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta) were created by federal statute. Their constitutional structures are described in those statutes, which now form part of Canada's Constitution.
2209:. However, if the desired change would require an amendment to any documents that form part of the Constitution of Canada, it would require the consent of the Senate and House of Commons under section 43. This was done, for example, by the
2157:. The three colonies that joined Canada after Confederation (British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador) had existing UK legislation which described their governmental structure, and this was affirmed in each colony's
2699:, Canada and other British dominions, acquired full independence(4) and with it authority to act internationally with all the attributes of a sovereign state. Full power over foreign affairs was thus conferred on Canada and section 132 of the
1444:
as
Province of Quebec, roughly coextensive with the southern third of contemporary Quebec. The proclamation, which established an appointed colonial government, was the constitution of Quebec until 1774 when the British parliament passed the
6192:
1960:
Constitutional entrenchment of an otherwise statutory
English, British, or Canadian document because its (still in force) subject-matter provisions are explicitly assigned to one of the methods of the amending formula (per the
1395:
states that "the
Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of Canada" and that any inconsistent law is of no force or effect. It further lists written documents which are included in the Constitution of Canada; these are the
2228:
settlement members before that Act can be amended. Courts have not yet ruled about whether this kind of language really would bind future legislatures, but it might do so if the higher bar was met when creating the law.
6172:
6035:
4193:
3561:
3363:
3857:
6177:
4646:
4605:
3556:
1871:. The Charter is the constitutional guarantee of the civil rights and liberties of every citizen in Canada, such as freedom of expression, of religion, and of mobility. Part II addresses the rights of
1878:
It is written in plain language to ensure accessibility to the average citizen. It applies only to government and government actions to prevent the government from creating unconstitutional laws.
2189:
constitutional charter of rights. For example, laws preventing discrimination in employment, housing, and services have clauses making them quasi-constitutional in ten of thirteen jurisdictions.
2178:. However, these acts do not, generally, supersede other legislation and do not require special procedures to amend, and so they function as regular statutes rather than constitutional statutes.
4620:
2062:
to bills adopted by both houses of
Parliament, and the requirement that the prime minister either resign or request a dissolution and general election upon losing a vote of confidence in the
6045:
6167:
2220:
A small number of statutes within provincial constitutions cannot be amended by a simple majority of the legislative assembly, despite section 45. For example, section 7 of the
6220:
6182:
1497:
established the
Dominion of Canada as a federation of provinces. Initially, on 1 July 1867, four provinces entered into confederation as "One dominion under the name of Canada":
6225:
6215:
6162:
6132:
4600:
2857:
5489:
4630:
2800:
1461:). Significantly, the Quebec Act also replaced French criminal law with the English common law system; but the French civil law system was retained for non-criminal matters.
6030:
5900:
4610:
1984:; and the Statute of Westminster 1931. If still at least partially unrepealed those laws then became entrenched when the amending formula was made part of the constitution.
1841:, a British Act of Parliament which was introduced at the request of a joint address to Queen Elizabeth II by the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. The version of the
6152:
6147:
6142:
2072:
Reserve powers of the
Canadian Crown, being remnants of the powers once held by the British Crown, reduced over time by the parliamentary system. Primarily, these are the
1108:
887:
4071:
3331:
1486:(southern Quebec) and Upper Canada (southern through lower northern Ontario). The winter of 1837–38 saw rebellion in both Canadas, contributing to their re-union as the
6092:
5762:
5499:
4595:
3373:
2076:, which give the government the authority to declare war, conclude treaties, issue passports, make appointments, make regulations, incorporate, and receive lands that
288:
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858:
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4011:
4006:
4001:
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3991:
3852:
3832:
178:
1826:
Endorsed by all provincial governments except that of Quebec, this was the formal Act of Parliament that effected Canada's full legislative independence from the
1752:. In recent years, the 1867 document has mainly served as the basis on which the division of powers between the provinces and the federal government is analyzed.
4827:
4656:
3986:
2703:
became obsolete." Footnote 4: "Except with respect to amendments to Canada's Constitution, which remained under the British Parliament's jurisdiction until 1982.
2092:, including a statement that the constitution is "similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom", much of which is unwritten. Unlike conventions, they are
2014:
Crucially, this includes Aboriginal rights and Crown treaties with particular First Nations (e.g., historic "numbered" treaties; modern land-claims agreements).
1945:. Canada's constitution is composed of several individual statutes. There are three general methods by which a statute becomes entrenched in the Constitution:
3290:
Taillon, Patrick; Cauchon, Hubert (2023), "Formal Constitutions of the Federating and Federated States of Canada", in Albert, Richard; Sirota, LĂ©onid (eds.),
1845:
which is in force in Britain is in English only, but the version of the act in force in Canada is bilingual, English and French. In addition to enacting the
3117:
5717:
1924:
1121:
760:
1734:. It outlined Canada's system of government, which combines Britain's Westminster model of parliamentary government with the division of sovereignty (
3070:
2181:
A small number of non-constitutional provincial laws do supersede all other provincial legislation, as a constitution would. This is referred to as
6202:
5494:
3598:
2145:
Unlike in most federations, Canadian provinces do not have written provincial constitutions. Provincial constitutions are instead a combination of
1615:
of the Canadian constitution was achieved in 1982 when the British parliament, with the request and assent of the Canadian parliament, passed the
4209:
912:
836:
831:
594:
281:
1896:
for enacting legislation, amendments to any of the acts that collectively form the constitution must be done in accordance with Part V of the
6197:
4787:
4241:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3814:
3809:
3439:
2047:
1853:
provides that no further British acts of Parliament will apply to Canada as part of its law, finalizing Canada's legislative independence.
1331:
1285:
982:
638:
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518:
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992:
928:
873:
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3618:
1916:
1458:
1419:
274:
166:
2897:
5880:
5865:
4177:
3623:
3305:
1887:
853:
173:
4723:
3978:
1862:
1791:
1695:
1648:
1353:
1085:
1004:
999:
960:
208:
5955:
4557:
4262:
3771:
3341:
1258:
6025:
4289:
3493:
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3400:
3041:
3014:
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17:
1627:. The United Kingdom thus renounced any remaining responsibility for, or jurisdiction over, Canada. In a formal ceremony on
6127:
4802:
4403:
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1133:
1049:
814:
431:
343:
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1997:
1367:
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723:
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153:
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1813:
1717:
1322:
of those who are citizens of Canada and non-citizens in Canada. Its contents are an amalgamation of various codified
955:
733:
508:
133:
2050:
form part of the constitution, but they are not judicially enforceable. They include the existence of the office of
5798:
5752:
5416:
4852:
4822:
4590:
3643:
3057:
2027:
1431:
1278:
348:
61:
6259:
5665:
4887:
4523:
4342:
3664:
3584:
3142:
1977:
1470:
826:
198:
33:
3110:
2232:
Three amendments to provincial constitutions in the 2020s have been controversially framed as amendments to the
5239:
2201:
allows each province to amend its own constitution. This applies, for example, to provincial statute laws like
1795:
1699:
1024:
938:
513:
933:
6237:
5313:
5116:
4867:
3541:
2136:(1997), a law was held invalid for contradicting an unwritten principle (in this case judicial independence).
770:
580:
536:
3516:
6187:
5858:
5389:
5364:
5296:
4757:
4438:
4252:
2117:
1872:
1482:
1341:, take precedence over all other laws and place substantive limits on government action; these include the
1148:
868:
694:
3566:
1903:
The other amendment formulae are for particular cases as provided by the act. An amendment related to the
6157:
5965:
5788:
5369:
5244:
5102:
4716:
4392:
3914:
3659:
3206:
3074:
3071:"ARCHIVED - Key Terms - Provinces and Territories - Canadian Confederation - Library and Archives Canada"
2603:
2245:
2133:
1593:
1271:
1201:
1181:
1037:
749:
371:
366:
191:
128:
2326:
The Supreme Court of Canada and its Justices 1875-2000: La Cour suprĂŞme du Canada et ses juges 1875-2000
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88:
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2608:
1565:, Britain's oldest colony in the Americas and by then also a Dominion, joined Confederation in 1949.
1211:
987:
841:
662:
541:
233:
4535:
2025:
The existence of unwritten constitutional components was reaffirmed in 1998 by the Supreme Court in
1920:
6040:
6015:
5990:
5950:
5935:
5905:
5783:
5411:
5210:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5111:
3748:
3726:
2051:
1573:
1562:
1196:
1075:
775:
728:
3571:
2882:
2678:
2319:
6055:
5995:
5960:
5915:
5851:
5374:
5340:
5227:
4842:
4750:
4585:
4476:
4418:
4306:
3731:
3679:
3628:
3531:– Charter of Rights and Freedoms website with video, audio and the Charter in over 20 languages.
2320:
2185:. Quasi-constitutionality is often applied to human rights laws, allowing those laws to act as a
2182:
2146:
2125:
1928:
1784:
1688:
1605:
1601:
1534:
1478:
1414:
1386:
1371:
1327:
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488:
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414:
409:
223:
98:
3414:
6010:
6000:
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5910:
5778:
5722:
5710:
5700:
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5575:
5426:
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5345:
5281:
5222:
4709:
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4267:
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3758:
3715:
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2129:
2113:
2088:
1970:
1763:
1745:
1667:
1623:
1391:
1343:
1176:
923:
900:
755:
716:
493:
481:
451:
421:
376:
305:
228:
148:
118:
108:
83:
78:
68:
2950:
2923:
2716:
2634:
2554:
2450:
6097:
5985:
5930:
5843:
5453:
5335:
5291:
5249:
5234:
4984:
4543:
3031:
3004:
2977:
2770:
2743:
2651:
2584:
2527:
2477:
2378:
2351:
2324:
2121:
1942:
1530:
1090:
1044:
468:
391:
381:
3480:
3459:
703:
6020:
5945:
5558:
5541:
5531:
5473:
5468:
5195:
5165:
4958:
4428:
4423:
4363:
2244:
In 1983, Peter Greyson, an art student, entered Ottawa's National Archives (known today as
2008:
1546:
1315:
1191:
809:
633:
138:
3959:
1937:
Canada's constitution has roots going back to the thirteenth century, including England's
8:
6079:
5645:
5563:
5519:
5458:
5271:
5151:
5008:
4368:
3766:
2353:
The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada, Sixth Edition
1966:
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1379:
1186:
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503:
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446:
426:
213:
73:
3510:
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5262:
5183:
5146:
5070:
4448:
4443:
4408:
4277:
3899:
3736:
3654:
2580:
2086:
Principles that are incorporated into the Canadian constitution by the preamble of the
1904:
1653:
1487:
1464:
657:
611:
3525:– a comprehensive history of the Canadian Constitution with digitized primary sources.
3267:
2925:
Minority Groups and Judicial Discourse in International Law: A Comparative Perspective
2349:
5757:
5727:
5675:
5635:
5625:
5597:
5570:
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5352:
5327:
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3431:
3037:
3010:
2983:
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2929:
2837:
2776:
2749:
2722:
2657:
2653:
Canadian Society in the Twenty-First Century, 3e: An Historical Sociological Approach
2590:
2560:
2533:
2510:
2483:
2456:
2433:
2413:
2384:
2357:
2330:
2301:
2105:
2101:
2055:
1932:
1454:
1338:
1323:
1080:
744:
386:
113:
103:
5793:
5670:
5620:
5615:
5199:
4928:
4882:
4272:
3954:
3919:
3909:
3422:
2812:
2073:
1542:
821:
787:
1892:
Instead of the usual parliamentary procedure, which includes the monarch's formal
1337:
The Canadian constitution includes core written documents and provisions that are
1326:, treaties between the Crown and Indigenous Peoples (both historical and modern),
5831:
5650:
5587:
5553:
5357:
5082:
5060:
5055:
4675:
4353:
4299:
3536:
2831:
2556:
Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language
2279:
1628:
1617:
1550:
1398:
1303:
1249:
1138:
548:
143:
1406:), the acts and orders referred to in its schedule (including in particular the
1053:
5705:
5655:
5077:
5065:
5031:
4837:
4284:
2952:
The Least Examined Branch: The Role of Legislatures in the Constitutional State
2093:
1827:
1597:
1158:
739:
49:
3111:"Conference on "Federalism and Sub-national Constitutions: Design and Reform""
2816:
6253:
5819:
5173:
5087:
4938:
4689:
4511:
4413:
4316:
3690:
3528:
3435:
2265:
1526:
1440:. The act renamed the northeasterly portion of the former French province of
1311:
1237:
568:
321:
313:
252:
218:
2898:"The Statute of Westminster: A Stepping Stone towards Canadian Independence"
2040:
In practice, there have been three sources of unwritten constitutional law:
1366:
provides for a constitution "similar in principle" to the largely unwritten
5610:
5041:
4968:
3883:
3562:
CBC Digital Archives – Canada's Constitutional Debate: What Makes a Nation?
3269:
The Constitutional Amendments in Quebec's Bill 96: Whose Consent is Needed?
3146:, 16 May 1871 (UK), reprinted in RSC 1985, App II, No 10; the schedules of
2833:
Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government
2059:
1893:
1632:
1558:
1514:
1502:
1319:
2718:
The Language of Canadian Politics: A Guide to Important Terms and Concepts
1468:
A painting depicting negotiations that would lead to the enactment of the
5136:
4948:
3904:
3576:
3410:
3096:< Parliamentary Government in Canada: Basic Organization and Practices
2109:
2096:. Amongst those principles most recognized as constitutional to date are
2058:, the practise that the Crown in most circumstances is required to grant
1938:
1577:
1522:
1510:
1498:
802:
668:
2273:
1748:. With the patriation of the Constitution in 1982, this Act was renamed
1244:
4772:
3938:
3674:
2293:
2097:
1798: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1702: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1612:
1585:
1541:(the first to be established by the Parliament of Canada) was created.
1450:
1446:
1441:
1375:
684:
620:
264:
203:
93:
3158:, 12 & 13 Geo VI, c 22 (UK), reprinted in RSC 1985, App II, No 32.
1949:
Specific mention as a constitutional document in section 52(2) of the
1334:. Canada is one of the oldest constitutional monarchies in the world.
6084:
5441:
4565:
3557:
CBC Digital Archives – Charting the Future: Canada's New Constitution
2350:
Patrick Malcolmson; Richard Myers; Gerald Baier; Tom Bateman (2016).
2149:, provisions of the Constitution of Canada, and provincial statutes.
1976:
English and British statutes are part of Canadian law because of the
650:
2287:
1773:
1677:
1576:
that included the leaders of all Dominions and representatives from
259:
6070:
5695:
4933:
3368:
3336:
1589:
1538:
2323:; Public Works and Government Services Canada (November 1, 2000).
2225:
1153:
4989:
4953:
4923:
3520:
2077:
1730:
This was an Act of the British parliament, originally called the
1581:
1566:
1554:
1506:
3415:"The Philosophical Basis of Constitutional Discussion in Canada"
2819:– via Cambridge University Press Journals Digital Archive.
4963:
4732:
3152:, 29 June 1873 (UK), reprinted in RSC 1985, App II, No 12; and
2217:
to allow it to end denominational quotas for religion classes.
1518:
5873:
3642:
2649:
2213:, when Newfoundland asked the federal government to amend the
1989:
Reference by an entrenched document—e.g., the Preamble of the
1965:)—e.g., provisions with regard to the monarchy in the English
4994:
3029:
2639:. Cambridge University Press. p. 250. GGKEY:Z7HUCT7C4X9.
2482:. Dundurn - University of Ottawa Faculty of Law. p. 13.
2948:
2636:
Government in Great Britain the Empire, and the Commonwealth
2376:
1996:
entrenchment of written and unwritten principles from the
1856:
4701:
1561:
in 1905 (all out of parts of the Northwest Territories).
1436:
The first semblance of a constitution for Canada was the
3529:
Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2505:
Monahan, Patrick J.; Shaw, Byron; Ryan, Padraic (2017).
2428:
Monahan, Patrick J.; Shaw, Byron; Ryan, Padraic (2017).
2408:
Monahan, Patrick J.; Shaw, Byron; Ryan, Padraic (2017).
3884:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
3552:
Results of Referendum on the Charlottetown Accord, 1992
3332:"Missile Protester sentenced for defacing constitution"
3294:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 88
2975:
2772:
Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States
2432:(5th ed.). Toronto, ON: Irwin Law Inc. pp. 52-54.
4466:
4391:
3478:
3461:
Essential Readings in Canadian Constitutional Politics
2452:
Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics, Third Edition
2239:
3968:
3757:
1596:. The statute, an essential transitory step from the
4171:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
2921:
2509:(5th ed.). Toronto, ON: Irwin Law Inc. pp.7-8.
2412:(5th ed.). Toronto, ON: Irwin Law Inc. pp.3-9.
2255:
2192:
1569:
was created in 1999 from the Northwest Territories.
3457:
3023:
2643:
1925:
The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada
1744:, it is the most famous as the primary document of
3002:
2579:
2343:
2020:
1449:, which expanded the province's boundaries to the
2768:
2721:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 271–272.
2529:The Constitution of Canada: A Contextual Analysis
2165:being part of their provincial constitution; see
6251:
4187:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
3979:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3482:Contested Constitutionalism: Reflections on the
2969:
2955:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–161.
2942:
2915:
2855:
2448:
2370:
1385:The Constitution of Canada includes written and
3242:Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act)
2741:
2356:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 75–76.
2313:
1553:was created by Parliament in 1898, followed by
1109:Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands
3691:Report on the Affairs of British North America
3479:Manfredi, Christopher; James B. Kelly (2009).
3289:
1910:
1425:
5859:
4717:
4551:
3592:
2979:How Constitutions Change: A Comparative Study
2805:International & Comparative Law Quarterly
2714:
2685:. Public Works and Government Services Canada
2525:
2112:, and respect for minorities. Others include
1279:
783:Provincial and territorial executive councils
588:
282:
6193:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2976:Dawn Oliver; Carlo Fusaro (August 9, 2011).
2928:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 117.
2860:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from
2708:
2656:. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 67–69.
2455:. University of Toronto Press. p. 297.
3685:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
3254:Constitution of Alberta Amendment Act, 1990
3036:. University of Toronto Press. p. 21.
2996:
2735:
2679:"International Treaties: Canadian Practice"
2552:
2222:Constitution of Alberta Amendment Act, 1990
2140:
1410:), and any amendments to these documents.
5874:Constitutions of countries in the Americas
5866:
5852:
4788:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)
4724:
4710:
4558:
4544:
3644:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
3606:
3599:
3585:
3155:Terms of Union of Newfoundland with Canada
2762:
2475:
1545:joined Confederation in 1871, followed by
1286:
1272:
595:
581:
289:
275:
4341:
3073:. Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from
2775:. York University Press. pp. 63–65.
2650:Trevor Harrison; John W. Friesen (2015).
2628:
2626:
2589:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. p. 71.
2519:
1917:List of Canadian constitutional documents
1814:Learn how and when to remove this message
1755:
1718:Learn how and when to remove this message
1659:
1459:United States Declaration of Independence
1420:list of Canadian constitutional documents
3364:"Missile Protestor defaces Constitution"
3292:Does Quebec Need a Written Constitution?
3244:, SI/98-25, (1998) C Gaz II, Extra No 1.
3030:Penny Bryden; Dimitry Anastakis (2009).
2884:Re: Resolution to amend the Constitution
2829:
2798:
2632:
2469:
2442:
2380:The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics
1888:Amendments to the Constitution of Canada
1592:), led to the eventual enactment of the
1463:
1378:, and outlines the legal foundations of
5260:
3960:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
3853:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
3484:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3265:
2982:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 16–.
2949:Richard W. Bauman; Tsvi Kahana (2006).
2546:
2383:. Oxford University press. p. 21.
1863:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1857:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1649:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1354:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
929:Courts of the Provinces and Territories
14:
6252:
5684:
3003:D. Michael Jackson (August 31, 2013).
2836:, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 54,
2799:Phillips, O. Hood (January 17, 2008).
2676:
2623:
1867:As noted above, this is Part I of the
1621:, which included in its schedules the
1537:in 1870, out of which the province of
888:Provincial and territorial parliaments
124:British North America Acts (1867–1975)
5847:
5490:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
4705:
4539:
4465:
4390:
4340:
4290:Individual ministerial responsibility
4239:
3936:
3882:
3713:
3641:
3580:
3409:
3399:Munro, Joseph Edwin Crawford (1889),
3398:
3266:England, Elizabeth (August 3, 2021),
3123:from the original on November 7, 2019
3105:
3103:
2794:
2792:
2532:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 11.
1457:(one of the grievances listed in the
3858:Matters of a local or private nature
3445:from the original on October 3, 2011
3306:"Why the Charter has its red blotch"
3213:Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
2501:
2499:
2404:
2402:
2400:
1796:adding citations to reliable sources
1767:
1700:adding citations to reliable sources
1671:
5763:Topics by provinces and territories
4487:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
3272:, Centre for Constitutional Studies
3149:Prince Edward Island Terms of Union
2856:Senate of Canada (March 20, 2013).
2377:John Courtney. David Smith (2010).
2240:Vandalism of the proclamation paper
2207:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1921:Aboriginal land title § Canada
1881:
134:Succession to the Throne Act (1937)
24:
4467:Provincial constitutions of Canada
4393:Interpretation of the Constitution
3391:
3198:The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code
3100:
2789:
1998:constitution of the United Kingdom
1738:). Although it is the first of 20
1368:constitution of the United Kingdom
320:
154:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013
48:
25:
6276:
4258:Cabinet collective responsibility
3800:Peace, order, and good government
3714:
3504:
3224:, 2010, SNL 2010, c H-13.1, s 5;
3006:The Crown and Canadian Federalism
2496:
2397:
2193:Amending provincial constitutions
1837:was enacted as a schedule to the
956:Peace, order, and good government
6069:
6036:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5826:
5825:
5813:
4683:
4670:
4669:
4518:
4517:
4505:
3619:List of constitutional documents
3058:Reference re Secession of Quebec
2745:Accommodating Cultural Diversity
2677:Dupras, Daniel (April 3, 2000).
2286:
2272:
2258:
2028:Reference re Secession of Quebec
1772:
1676:
1432:Constitutional history of Canada
1349:British North America Act, 1867)
1243:
1231:
619:
562:
258:
246:
4848:Former colonies and territories
4240:
3464:. University of Toronto Press.
3356:
3324:
3298:
3283:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3181:
3161:
3143:British Columbia Terms of Union
3135:
3089:
3063:
3050:
2890:
2876:
2849:
2823:
2670:
2573:
2021:Unwritten or uncodified sources
1978:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
1783:needs additional citations for
1732:British North America Act, 1867
1687:needs additional citations for
1495:British North America Act, 1867
1471:British North America Act, 1867
1104:Canada–European Union relations
837:Opposition Leader in the Senate
832:Government Leader in the Senate
4783:Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
3937:
3727:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
3624:Amendments to the Constitution
3220:, RSPEI 1988, c H-12, s 1(2);
3196:, RSA 2000, c A-25.5, s 1(1);
2422:
2215:Terms of Union of Newfoundland
1389:components. Section 52 of the
1099:Canada–Latin America relations
1000:Provincial electoral districts
961:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
869:His Majesty's Loyal Opposition
864:Opposition Leader in the house
859:Government Leader in the house
761:President of the Privy Council
209:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
13:
1:
4374:Other unsuccessful amendments
3511:Full text of the Constitution
3210:, RSO 1990, c H.19, s 47(2);
2922:Gaetano Pentassuglia (2009).
2307:
129:Statute of Westminster (1931)
4439:Interjurisdictional immunity
4263:Disallowance and reservation
3915:Statute of Westminster, 1931
3458:Christian Leuprecht (2011).
3405:, Cambridge University Press
2211:Constitution Amendment, 1998
2118:representation by population
1873:Aboriginal peoples in Canada
1483:American War of Independence
1149:Indigenous Peoples in Canada
1122:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
4828:Crown and Indigenous people
3815:Matters excepted from s. 92
3200:, SS 1979, c S-24.1, s 44;
3033:Framing Canadian Federalism
2683:Depository Services Program
2251:
2246:Library and Archives Canada
2134:Provincial Judges Reference
1911:Sources of the constitution
1639:into law on 17 April 1982.
1594:Statute of Westminster 1931
1574:Imperial Conference in 1926
1426:History of the constitution
1339:constitutionally entrenched
983:Federal electoral districts
750:List of Canadian ministries
10:
6281:
5718:Provincial and territorial
5641:Inventions and discoveries
4778:British Canada (1763–1867)
4731:
4404:Indigenous self-government
3894:British North America Acts
3680:Constitutional Act of 1791
3670:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3665:Constitution of New France
3547:Charlottetown Accord, 1992
3402:The Constitution of Canada
2769:Stephen L. Newman (2004).
2559:. Routledge. p. 248.
2048:Constitutional conventions
1943:English Parliament of 1275
1914:
1885:
1860:
1761:
1741:British North America Acts
1665:
1438:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1429:
1134:Aboriginal self-government
766:Clerk of the Privy Council
6211:
6178:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6078:
6067:
5879:
5807:
5771:
5745:
5596:
5512:
5482:
5434:
5425:
5326:
5164:
5100:
5016:
5007:
4977:
4944:Newfoundland and Labrador
4916:
4905:
4811:
4748:
4739:
4665:
4639:
4606:Newfoundland and Labrador
4578:
4499:
4472:
4461:
4399:
4386:
4349:
4336:
4312:Parliamentary sovereignty
4253:At His Majesty's pleasure
4248:
4235:
4202:
4186:
4170:
3977:
3945:
3932:
3889:
3878:
3848:Administration of justice
3843:Property and civil rights
3823:
3790:
3722:
3709:
3650:
3637:
3614:
3228:, RSY 2002, c 116, s 39;
3192:, RSBC 1996, c 210, s 4;
3056:these were identified in
3009:. Dundurn. pp. 61–.
2830:Tidridge, Nathan (2010),
2748:. Routledge. p. 95.
2609:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2479:The Canadian Constitution
2449:Christopher Dunn (2015).
2329:. Dundurn. pp. 27–.
1370:, recognizes Canada as a
1207:Provinces and territories
1005:Politics of the provinces
993:List of federal elections
690:Monarchy in the provinces
542:Law School Admission Test
234:Canadian Human Rights Act
99:Constitutional Act (1791)
89:Royal Proclamation (1763)
6265:Uncodified constitutions
6198:Turks and Caicos Islands
3749:Fathers of Confederation
3629:Quasi-constitutional law
3194:Alberta Human Rights Act
2742:Stephen Tierney (2016).
2224:requires plebiscites of
2141:Provincial constitutions
988:Federal electoral system
874:Leader of the Opposition
432:Immigration and refugees
114:Supreme Court Act (1875)
79:Act of Settlement (1701)
4878:Persons of significance
4873:National Historic Sites
4477:Constitution of Alberta
4419:Equal authenticity rule
4307:Parliamentary privilege
3744:London Conference, 1866
3732:Quebec Conference, 1864
3542:Meech Lake Accord, 1987
3535:August 9, 2012, at the
3232:, CSNu, c H-70, s 5(1).
2886:, 1 SCR 753 at p. 785.
2817:10.1093/iclqaj/31.4.845
2321:Supreme Court of Canada
2197:Section 45 of the
2183:quasi-constitutionality
2147:uncodified constitution
2126:parliamentary supremacy
1929:Canadian Aboriginal law
1602:Commonwealth of Nations
1533:was transferred by the
1479:Treaty of Paris of 1783
1415:Supreme Court of Canada
1372:constitutional monarchy
1314:. It outlines Canada's
1129:Canadian Aboriginal law
920:Chief Justice of Canada
734:List of prime ministers
224:Canadian Bill of Rights
179:Unsuccessful amendments
119:Constitution Act (1886)
109:Constitution Act (1867)
6260:Constitution of Canada
6113:British Virgin Islands
4773:New France (1534–1763)
4567:Constitution of Canada
4482:Constitution of Quebec
4434:Implied Bill of Rights
4268:Responsible government
3970:Constitution Act, 1982
3950:Fulton–Favreau formula
3920:Newfoundland Act, 1949
3910:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
3838:Works and undertakings
3759:Constitution Act, 1867
3608:Constitution of Canada
3572:Constitution of Canada
3517:"Canada in the Making"
2715:John McMenemy (2006).
2701:Constitution Act, 1867
2697:Statute of Westminster
2604:"Treaty of Paris 1783"
2526:Jeremy Webber (2015).
2203:Constitution of Quebec
2199:Constitution Act, 1982
2168:Constitution of Quebec
2155:Constitution Act, 1867
2130:implied bill of rights
2114:responsible government
2089:Constitution Act, 1867
2038:
2002:Constitution Act, 1982
1991:Constitution Act, 1867
1982:Constitution Act, 1867
1971:Act of Settlement 1701
1963:Constitution Act, 1982
1955:Constitution Act, 1867
1951:Constitution Act, 1982
1898:Constitution Act, 1982
1869:Constitution Act, 1982
1847:Constitution Act, 1982
1835:Constitution Act, 1982
1764:Constitution Act, 1982
1757:Constitution Act, 1982
1750:Constitution Act, 1867
1746:Canadian Confederation
1668:Constitution Act, 1867
1661:Constitution Act, 1867
1644:Constitution Act, 1982
1637:Constitution Act, 1982
1624:Constitution Act, 1982
1474:
1408:Constitution Act, 1867
1404:Constitution Act, 1982
1392:Constitution Act, 1982
1344:Constitution Act, 1867
1320:civil and human rights
1308:Constitution du Canada
1307:
1300:Constitution of Canada
1064:Diplomatic missions of
756:29th Canadian Ministry
422:Civil and human rights
325:
229:Implied bill of rights
149:Constitution Act, 1982
84:Treaty of Paris (1763)
69:Implied bill of rights
62:Constitutional history
53:
42:Constitution of Canada
6026:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4985:Northwest Territories
4888:Territorial evolution
4647:Northwest Territories
4571:province or territory
4343:Constitutional debate
3655:Iroquois constitution
3523:on December 10, 2005.
3216:, CQLR c C-12, s 52;
3204:, CCSM c H175, s 58;
3202:The Human Rights Code
2858:"LCJC Meeting No. 74"
2801:"The Canada act 1982"
2234:Constitution Act 1867
2122:judicial independence
2033:
1980:; section 129 of the
1915:Further information:
1580:(which then included
1531:Northwest Territories
1467:
1045:Global Affairs Canada
827:Speaker of the Senate
464:Labour and employment
437:Intellectual property
324:
199:Constitutional debate
139:Letters Patent (1947)
74:Bill of Rights (1689)
52:
18:Canadian Constitution
4959:Prince Edward Island
4621:Prince Edward Island
4364:Charlottetown Accord
3660:Mi'kmaq constitution
3567:OriginalDocuments.ca
3376:on December 23, 2012
3174:, SC 1905, c 3; and
3077:on February 13, 2013
2553:Stephen May (2013).
2083:Unwritten principles
2009:Proclamation of 1763
1792:improve this article
1696:improve this article
1547:Prince Edward Island
1535:Hudson's Bay Company
1418:for minorities. See
1402:(which includes the
1316:system of government
1025:Municipal government
854:Speaker of the house
771:Privy Council Office
724:King’s Privy Council
695:Lieutenant governors
6203:U.S. Virgin Islands
6046:Trinidad and Tobago
5891:Antigua and Barbuda
5314:Firearms regulation
4369:Calgary Declaration
3767:Canadian federalism
3256:, RSA 2000, c C-24.
2695:In 1931, under the
2586:American Revolution
2476:Adam Dodek (2016).
2132:. In one case, the
1967:Bill of Rights 1689
1380:Canadian federalism
1250:Politics portal
1139:First Nations bands
815:List of parliaments
349:Provincial statutes
214:Canadian federalism
104:Act of Union (1840)
5956:Dominican Republic
5495:Population centres
4449:Dialogue principle
4409:Pith and substance
4278:King-in-Parliament
4203:Part VII – General
3900:Manitoba Act, 1870
3805:Trade and commerce
3737:Quebec Resolutions
3675:Quebec Act of 1774
3344:on October 9, 2016
3310:The Globe and Mail
3168:Manitoba Act, 1870
2581:James Harley Marsh
2507:Constitutional Law
2430:Constitutional Law
2410:Constitutional Law
2176:(British Columbia)
1905:Office of the King
1654:constitutional law
1488:Province of Canada
1475:
1455:Mississippi Rivers
1182:Constitutional law
810:Federal parliament
612:Politics of Canada
326:
192:Constitutional law
54:
6247:
6246:
5841:
5840:
5820:Canada portal
5741:
5740:
5508:
5507:
5322:
5321:
5277:Political parties
5245:Foreign relations
5160:
5159:
5047:Canadian Prairies
5037:Pacific Northwest
5003:
5002:
4901:
4900:
4858:Foreign relations
4699:
4698:
4690:Canada portal
4533:
4532:
4512:Canada portal
4495:
4494:
4457:
4456:
4382:
4381:
4359:Meech Lake Accord
4332:
4331:
4322:Royal prerogative
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
3928:
3927:
3905:Alberta Act, 1905
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3705:
3704:
3697:Act of Union 1840
3495:978-0-7748-1674-8
3471:978-1-4426-0368-4
3207:Human Rights Code
3189:Human Rights Code
3043:978-0-8020-9436-0
3016:978-1-4597-0990-4
2989:978-1-84731-788-9
2962:978-1-139-46040-8
2935:978-90-04-17672-0
2782:978-0-7914-5937-9
2755:978-1-317-18591-8
2728:978-0-88920-694-6
2663:978-1-55130-735-0
2596:978-0-7710-2099-5
2566:978-1-136-83706-7
2539:978-1-78225-631-1
2515:978-1-55221-587-6
2489:978-1-4597-3505-7
2462:978-1-4426-3399-5
2438:978-1-55221-587-6
2418:978-1-55221-587-6
2390:978-0-19-533535-4
2363:978-1-4426-3598-2
2336:978-1-77070-095-6
2302:Constitutionalism
2106:constitutionalism
2102:liberal democracy
2074:orders in Council
2069:Royal prerogative
2007:reference to the
1933:Numbered treaties
1824:
1823:
1816:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1631:in Ottawa, Queen
1310:) is the supreme
1296:
1295:
1238:Canada portal
1202:Political culture
1086:Visa requirements
1038:Foreign relations
951:Constitution Acts
704:Royal prerogative
605:
604:
569:Canada portal
299:
298:
253:Canada portal
144:Canada Act (1982)
94:Quebec Act (1774)
16:(Redirected from
6272:
6168:Saint Barthélemy
6128:Falkland Islands
6073:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5829:
5828:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5682:
5681:
5525:Higher education
5432:
5431:
5417:Science and tech
5304:Multiculturalism
5258:
5257:
5240:Local government
5205:House of Commons
5189:Governor General
5025:
5014:
5013:
4929:British Columbia
4914:
4913:
4768:Pre-colonization
4746:
4745:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4673:
4672:
4591:British Columbia
4560:
4553:
4546:
4537:
4536:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4463:
4462:
4444:Purposive theory
4388:
4387:
4338:
4337:
4273:Fusion of powers
4237:
4236:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3955:Victoria Charter
3934:
3933:
3880:
3879:
3788:
3787:
3755:
3754:
3711:
3710:
3639:
3638:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3524:
3519:. Archived from
3499:
3475:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3419:
3406:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3372:. Archived from
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3340:. Archived from
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:. April 15, 2012
3302:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3230:Human Rights Act
3226:Human Rights Act
3222:Human Rights Act
3218:Human Rights Act
3185:
3179:
3178:, SC 1905, c 42.
3176:Saskatchewan Act
3170:, SC 1870, c 3;
3165:
3159:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2864:on June 14, 2013
2853:
2847:
2846:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2796:
2787:
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6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6133:French Guiana
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
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6051:United States
6049:
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5688:
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5669:
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5666:Protectionism
5664:
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5341:Dairy farming
5339:
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5325:
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5307:
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5228:Supreme Court
5226:
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5086:
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4937:
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4843:First Nations
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4609:
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4601:New Brunswick
4599:
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4352:
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4323:
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4317:Reserve power
4315:
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3488:. UBC Press.
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2266:Canada portal
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1685:This section
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1528:
1527:New Brunswick
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1439:
1433:
1423:
1422:for details.
1421:
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1376:federal state
1373:
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1346:
1345:
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1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:law in Canada
1309:
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1217:Republicanism
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908:Supreme court
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5427:Demographics
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41:
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3172:Alberta Act
2110:rule of law
2094:justiciable
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2036:misleading.
1953:(e.g., the
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2294:Law portal
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3369:CBC News
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2252:See also
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2054:and the
1590:Pakistan
1539:Manitoba
1513:(former
1501:(former
1351:and the
1318:and the
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901:Judicial
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34:a series
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2907:July 8,
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2000:or the
1969:or the
1600:to the
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1555:Alberta
1507:Ontario
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333:Sources
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4626:Quebec
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3687:(1838)
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1517:, now
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1304:French
822:Senate
482:Courts
447:Patent
427:Family
36:on the
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5216:list
4569:(by
4072:16.1
3490:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3451:2011
3432:ISSN
3382:2012
3350:2017
3318:2019
3278:2023
3129:2019
3083:2013
3038:ISBN
3011:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2930:ISBN
2909:2021
2870:2013
2838:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2691:2010
2658:ISBN
2617:2019
2591:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2205:and
2171:and
1833:The
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