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he has never encountered a member of the 364th or any of the other 30,000 soldiers at the camp at the time who remember the alleged atrocity." Case relied on a dramatic account of a white man about the alleged massacre; his Army service record showed that he was not stationed at the camp at the time and had died by the time the book was published.
1963:
noted that, in his book "Case has no clear explanation of why the shootings took place, no firm date for the event nor the names of any of the other participants or victims. Although Case presents accounts from at least two other local residents who claim to have witnessed the killings, in 15 years
1871:
man, and a civilian, and twelve enlisted men were injured. There have been persistent claims that more civilians were killed in events that included attacks on the black neighborhood in south
Phoenix in an effort to round up the soldiers. While in Phoenix, members of the 364th were also involved in
1904:
plantations, with the black majority of civilians dominated by whites. Centerville had only 1,200 residents, while the total population of Camp Van Dorn totaled nearly 30,000 men, with a majority being white. There were about 3,000 men in the 364th
Infantry, and another 3,653 black troops at the
1781:, consists of two sections: Part One has 54 pages of purported history, and Part Two has 200+ pages, described by Case as a fictionalized account of the alleged events. No hard evidence has been found to support Case's allegations, despite a more than year-long investigation by the
1975:, conducted an investigation into the allegations. The organization has supported research and publicity about black military history since 1978. Spokesman Charles Blatcher said the foundation concluded that Case's claim is “not sufficiently supported by historical documentation.”
2119:
1995:, the Department of Defense conducted a more than year-long investigation of the 364th Regiment and the alleged events. They concluded Case's allegations were without merit, and said in December 1999 that no hard evidence of the alleged massacre had been found.
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Civilians came under attack after the MPs together with other law enforcement blockaded a 28-block square area to capture soldiers who had fled into the civilian areas. In total, three people were documented as killed: an officer, an
49:
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Part one is short and presents some limited historical documentation. Most of the book consists of Part Two, Case's admittedly fictional account, entitled "The
Evangeline File", based on his allegations about Camp Van Dorn.
1947:, conducted an investigation and self-published a book in 1998 alleging that some 1200 members of the all-black 364th Regiment were killed by whites in a riot at Camp Van Dorn on an unspecified date in 1943. His book,
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1859:. In a melee that erupted in the black neighborhood of the city, where many of the 364th soldiers had gone to the bars, an expanding group reacted to a shooting and detention of some members by black
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2174:"Inventory for FOIA Request 2007-0096-F/Records relating to the United States Army, Camp Van Dorn, Mississippi incident in 1943 and Carroll Case's book The Slaughter: An American Atrocity"
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from Camp
Florence, and came back to the area armed. As the confrontation spread, other soldiers were assigned to the areas, and local civilian law enforcement entered the battle.
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2023:
published an extensive account of the failures of Case to support his allegations. It reviewed the research and tracking of personnel of the unit by the
Department of Defense.
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2003:
was released
December 23, 1999. It noted that "All of the nearly 4,000 men who were assigned to the 364th in 1943 have been traced to their separation from military service."
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1999:, deputy assistant secretary of defense for equal opportunity, said the book was a "work of fiction and a marketing grab." The Army report, entitled
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William Walker, was fatally shot by a local sheriff assisting military police at the front gate of the camp while returning to base from
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held there. Phoenix was a highly segregated city, and blacks made up about 7% of the population. They and other minorities, such s
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In
November 1942, an estimated 100 soldiers of the 364th were involved in a racial incident in Phoenix known as
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had been repelled the year before. Some 300 members of the regiment were reassigned to other units in the US.
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2009:, president of the NAACP, asked for another federal investigation, to be conducted by Attorney General
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counties in the southwest of the state near the
Louisiana border. This rural area along the
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Universal Negro
Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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wrote in 2020 that this documentary was "still enjoyed by conspiracy theorists".
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show discussing it, the
National Minority Military Museum Foundation, based in
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2148:"Black soldiers die on Mississippi Army base - African American Registry"
2006:
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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2216:"Racial Tension Stoked the Deadly 1942 Phoenix Thanksgiving Day Riot"
1810:
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2120:"Were Blacks in Troubled WWII Regiment Sent to Front as Punishment?"
4084:
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1951:, published in August 1998, initially it attracted little notice.
2701:
1778:
1122:
428:
24:
3535:
1924:
1901:
1029:
1785:, and most observers have dismissed this claim of a massacre.
1777:
in June 1943 . Case's book, more than two-thirds acknowledged
3347:
1992:
1967:
When publicity broke about the book after Case appeared on a
802:
2203:. The Victoria Advocate. Associated Press. 21 December 1999.
2001:
A Historical Analysis of the 364th Infantry in World War II,
3392:
832:
1968:
1935:
Self-published book alleging massacre of black soldiers
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1852:, were restricted in their daily lives and rights.
1797:'s 364th Infantry Regiment was one of numerous all-
1625:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
2069:What Really Happened to the Soldiers of the 364th?
2077:
4313:Conspiracy theories involving race and ethnicity
4294:
3383:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2201:"Army Investigators Deny Book's Massacre Claims"
2142:
2140:
3428:Black players in professional American football
3378:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2171:
1919:Most of the 364th was stationed in 1943 in the
2064:
2062:
352:Education of freed people during the Civil War
2274:
2137:
1723:
3141:Historically black colleges and universities
2195:
2193:
2191:
1813:, and included numerous black soldiers from
363:Historically black colleges and universities
2059:
347:Education during the slave period in the US
2281:
2267:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
1769:'s 364th Infantry Regiment were killed by
1730:
1716:
670:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
3358:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
2188:
126:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
4323:Military and warfare conspiracy theories
4308:Conspiracy theories in the United States
2117:
2165:
2102:
1825:. That year, the 364th was assigned to
4295:
4257:Topics related to the African diaspora
3363:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
1880:In 1942, the 364th was transferred to
4237:Landmark African-American legislation
2288:
2262:
2213:
2026:
868:Athletic associations and conferences
357:History of African-American education
16:Fictional racially-motivated massacre
3368:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
2247:(1998), First Biltmore Corporation,
2207:
2118:Clifford, James (14 February 1999).
791:Association for the Study of African
18:
3722:African-American Vernacular English
2245:The Slaughter: An American Atrocity
1949:The Slaughter: An American Atrocity
1756:The Slaughter: An American Atrocity
1605:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1106:African-American Vernacular English
675:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
3640:U.S. cities with large populations
3343:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2237:
808:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
4354:
2513:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
2509:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
2316:African American founding fathers
2172:Staff Archivist (December 2009).
2035:broadcast a documentary entitled
1983:At the request of Representative
1978:
1512:Places by plurality of population
178:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
168:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
121:Abolitionism in the United States
4275:
3393:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
2538:Nadir of American race relations
2092:"Mississippi Massacre, or Myth?"
1875:
1805:. It had been formed in 1941 at
1687:
209:Black Belt in the American South
23:
2399:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
2389:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
2214:Stern, Ray (25 November 2020).
813:National Council of Negro Women
3388:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
2394:Civil right movement 1896–1954
2176:. Clinton Presidential Library
1610:Racism against Black Americans
1:
3568:Cherokee freedmen controversy
2544:The Negro Motorist Green Book
2052:
1900:was still largely devoted to
1788:
1761:Case alleged that some 1,200
818:National Pan-Hellenic Council
2039:(May 20, 2001), produced by
1821:laws and segregation in the
1620:School segregation in the US
1158:Black American Sign Language
1132:Languages and other dialects
7:
4343:Hoaxes in the United States
3438:Black players in ice hockey
3373:National Urban League (NUL)
3199:American Society of Muslims
2437:Selma to Montgomery marches
2357:Brown v. Board of Education
1833:to serve as guards for the
447:African-American businesses
10:
4359:
3595:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
3353:Nashville Student Movement
2364:Children of the plantation
1991:from Mississippi) and the
985:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
660:Congressional Black Caucus
627:African Diaspora Religions
414:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4318:Death conspiracy theories
4265:
4232:Index of related articles
4110:
4025:
3749:
3682:
3620:
3520:
3481:
3413:
3406:
3321:
3241:
3233:Doctrine of Father Divine
3179:
3121:
2770:
2625:
2617:Women's suffrage movement
2570:Reconstruction Amendments
2377:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2296:
1872:other disruptive events.
1857:The Thanksgiving Day Riot
1758:by Carroll Case in 1998.
1492:US states and territories
793:American Life and History
515:Lift Every Voice and Sing
224:Treatment of the enslaved
4282:United States portal
3717:African-American English
3146:Inventors and scientists
2838:George Washington Carver
2442:Chicago Freedom Movement
1886:Centerville, Mississippi
1694:United States portal
1101:African-American English
612:African-American Muslims
173:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
4205:African-American firsts
3254:Back-to-Africa movement
3223:Black Hebrew Israelites
3003:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2551:Partus sequitur ventrem
1997:William E. Leftwich III
1943:, writer and artist in
1744:Camp Van Dorn Slaughter
1615:Reparations for slavery
703:Back-to-Africa movement
602:Black Hebrew Israelites
480:African-American beauty
38:, as no other articles
4173:Spingarn Medal winners
3662:States and territories
3433:Black NFL quarterbacks
2933:Martin Luther King Jr.
2465:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2404:Montgomery bus boycott
1908:In 1943, one soldier,
1817:, who bristled at the
1801:regiments in the then-
1085:Dialects and languages
245:Second Great Migration
3483:Athletic associations
3418:Negro league baseball
3189:African-American Jews
2908:Ketanji Brown Jackson
2873:Henry Highland Garnet
2732:Negro National Anthem
2482:George Floyd protests
2447:Post–civil rights era
1914:rest and recuperation
1783:Department of Defense
1497:US metropolitan areas
1324:List of neighborhoods
938:Alabama Creole people
928:African-American Jews
860:Negro league baseball
823:National Urban League
775:Civic/economic groups
607:African-American Jews
497:African-American hair
359:, after the Civil War
188:Post–civil rights era
3690:Afro-Seminole Creole
3216:Azusa Street Revival
3088:Booker T. Washington
2612:Underground Railroad
2477:Free people of color
2331:Atlantic slave trade
2037:Mystery of the 364th
1654:Criminal stereotypes
1429:District of Columbia
1146:Afro-Seminole Creole
588:Non-Christian groups
183:Black power movement
147:during the Civil War
116:Atlantic slave trade
4085:Trinidad and Tobago
3700:Black American Sign
3527:By African descent
3521:Ethnic subdivisions
3508:Southwestern (SWAC)
3423:Baseball color line
3338:Black Panther Party
3242:Political movements
3159:in computer science
2818:Carol Moseley Braun
2607:Tulsa race massacre
2600:Treatment of slaves
2432:March on Washington
2427:Birmingham movement
2043:. Ray Stern of the
2021:The Washington Post
1973:Oakland, California
1960:The Washington Post
1945:McComb, Mississippi
1750:popularized in the
1050:Sierra Leone Creole
1011:Specific ancestries
896:Southwestern (SWAC)
419:Black History Month
250:New Great Migration
204:Agriculture history
4183:US representatives
4178:US cabinet members
4070:Dominican Republic
3657:Metropolitan areas
3498:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
3323:Civic and economic
3301:Self-determination
3122:Education, science
3043:Fred Shuttlesworth
3023:A. Philip Randolph
2928:Coretta Scott King
2853:Frederick Douglass
2680:Harlem Renaissance
2585:Separate but equal
2575:Reconstruction era
2563:Plessy v. Ferguson
2454:Cornerstone Speech
2368:Civil Rights Acts
2351:Black Lives Matter
2326:American Civil War
2027:In popular culture
2015:Justice Department
1861:military policemen
1795:United States Army
1767:United States Army
1059:Sexual orientation
933:Afro-Puerto Ricans
886:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
521:Self-determination
485:Black is beautiful
151:Reconstruction era
57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
4290:
4289:
4118:African Americans
3990:Dallas–Fort Worth
3585:Black Southerners
3516:
3515:
2968:Thurgood Marshall
2938:Bernard Lafayette
2533:Million Man March
2290:African Americans
2253:978-0-9666499-0-1
2220:Phoenix New Times
2124:Los Angeles Times
2046:Phoenix New Times
1898:Mississippi River
1740:
1739:
1677:
1676:
1575:
1574:
1349:Dallas-Fort Worth
1166:
1165:
1076:
1075:
1020:Americo-Liberians
903:
902:
841:
840:
766:
765:
635:
634:
579:Womanist theology
529:
528:
471:Symbols and ideas
257:
256:
136:Antebellum period
131:Revolutionary War
86:African Americans
71:
70:
4350:
4303:Buffalo Soldiers
4280:
4279:
4278:
4242:Lynching victims
3741:Louisiana Creole
3712:American English
3600:Louisiana Creole
3573:Choctaw freedmen
3411:
3410:
2948:Huddie Ledbetter
2888:Fannie Lou Hamer
2858:W. E. B. Du Bois
2848:Claudette Colvin
2843:Shirley Chisholm
2660:Family structure
2528:Military history
2410:Browder v. Gayle
2283:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:(self-published)
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2150:. Archived from
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2075:
2066:
1939:Carroll Case, a
1921:Aleutian Islands
1846:Native Americans
1838:prisoners of war
1831:Phoenix, Arizona
1799:African-American
1765:soldiers of the
1763:African-American
1732:
1725:
1718:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1639:media depictions
1588:
1587:
1483:Population count
1179:
1178:
1113:Liberian English
1092:English dialects
1089:
1088:
1045:Samaná Americans
970:Creoles of color
916:
915:
854:
853:
798:Black conductors
779:
778:
648:
647:
622:Louisiana Voodoo
544:
543:
289:Family structure
272:
271:
219:Military history
214:Business history
145:military history
100:
99:
73:
72:
66:
63:
52:
50:related articles
27:
19:
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4357:
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4348:
4347:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4261:
4227:Historic places
4220:US state firsts
4106:
4021:
3745:
3678:
3650:2010 majorities
3645:2000 majorities
3616:
3563:Black Seminoles
3512:
3503:Southern (SIAC)
3486:
3485:and conferences
3484:
3477:
3473:Serena Williams
3468:Jackie Robinson
3402:
3326:
3324:
3317:
3237:
3204:Nation of Islam
3175:
3123:
3117:
3058:Sojourner Truth
3048:Clarence Thomas
3013:Gabriel Prosser
2913:Michael Jackson
2788:Crispus Attucks
2778:Ralph Abernathy
2766:
2722:Musical theater
2621:
2487:Great Migration
2459:COVID-19 impact
2417:Sit-in movement
2292:
2287:
2240:
2238:Further reading
2235:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2103:
2096:Washington Post
2090:
2089:
2078:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2033:History Channel
2029:
1985:Bennie Thompson
1981:
1937:
1878:
1815:Northern states
1803:segregated army
1791:
1736:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1629:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1516:
1478:
1454:Omaha, Nebraska
1419:Historic places
1413:
1305:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1127:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1054:
1006:
948:Black Seminoles
913:
912:Sub-communities
905:
904:
891:Southern (SIAC)
851:
843:
842:
837:
792:
776:
768:
767:
762:
679:
645:
637:
636:
631:
617:Nation of Islam
583:
560:
541:
531:
530:
525:
466:
433:
400:
372:
333:
309:Musical theater
269:
259:
258:
240:Great Migration
97:
67:
61:
58:
48:
45:introduce links
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4193:Visual artists
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:Mathematicians
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3970:South Carolina
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:North Carolina
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3885:Massachusetts
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3727:social context
3724:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3578:Creek Freedmen
3575:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3553:Alabama Creole
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Central (CIAA)
3489:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Pan-Africanism
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:Black theology
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:in STEM fields
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3124:and technology
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Harriet Tubman
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Michelle Obama
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Barbara Jordan
2920:
2918:Harriet Jacobs
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Amelia Boynton
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2771:Notable people
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:LGBT community
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Freedom Riders
2419:
2414:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2346:Black genocide
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2243:Carroll Case,
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2206:
2187:
2164:
2136:
2101:
2076:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2028:
2025:
1980:
1979:Investigations
1977:
1936:
1933:
1877:
1874:
1807:Camp Claiborne
1790:
1787:
1771:White American
1752:self-published
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Black genocide
1596:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1507:US communities
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1464:South Carolina
1461:
1459:North Carolina
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:South Carolina
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:North Carolina
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1118:Samaná English
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1068:LGBT community
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Creek Freedmen
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
995:Carmel Indians
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
956:
955:
950:
940:
935:
930:
924:
921:
920:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
901:
900:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
876:Central (CIAA)
870:
869:
865:
864:
863:
862:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
787:
784:
783:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
764:
763:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
743:Pan-Africanism
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
686:
685:
681:
680:
678:
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629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
582:
581:
576:
574:Black theology
570:
567:
566:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
549:
548:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
526:
524:
523:
518:
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494:
489:
488:
487:
476:
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468:
467:
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459:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
438:Economic class
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
407:
406:
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
377:Academic study
374:
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371:
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365:
360:
354:
349:
343:
340:
339:
335:
334:
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331:
326:
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138:
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128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
69:
68:
55:Find link tool
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4355:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4333:Racial hoaxes
4331:
4329:
4328:Pseudohistory
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Neighborhoods
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Sports firsts
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
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4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
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4154:
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4149:
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4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
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4109:
4101:
4098:
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4093:
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4086:
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4078:
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4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4017:West Virginia
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:Pennsylvania
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3933:New York City
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3777:San Francisco
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:By state/city
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:American Sign
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:Neighborhoods
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:Black Indians
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
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3374:
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3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
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3149:
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3136:Black schools
3134:
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3131:Black studies
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3120:
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3113:Whitney Young
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3103:Oprah Winfrey
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2154:on 2016-10-05
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1876:Camp Van Dorn
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1669:Minstrel show
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1664:Magical Negro
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1040:Nova Scotians
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943:Black Indians
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881:HBCU (HBCUAC)
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319:Neighborhoods
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41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4168:Sportspeople
4138:Billionaires
4055:Sierra Leone
3958:Philadelphia
3794:Jacksonville
3621:Demographics
3453:Jack Johnson
3443:Muhammad Ali
3276:Conservatism
3211:Black church
3108:Andrew Young
3093:Ida B. Wells
3083:David Walker
3078:C. T. Vivian
3033:Paul Robeson
3028:Hiram Revels
3008:Colin Powell
2988:Barack Obama
2943:James Lawson
2898:Jimi Hendrix
2868:James Farmer
2863:Medgar Evers
2833:Ralph Bunche
2783:Maya Angelou
2757:Middle class
2635:Afrofuturism
2561:
2549:
2542:
2463:
2408:
2355:
2321:Afrocentrism
2311:Abolitionism
2244:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2209:
2178:. Retrieved
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2127:. Retrieved
2123:
2095:
2072:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2020:
2019:
2005:
2000:
1982:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1941:loan officer
1938:
1927:, where the
1918:
1907:
1879:
1865:
1854:
1792:
1773:soldiers at
1760:
1755:
1743:
1741:
1567:Sierra Leone
1399:Philadelphia
1369:Jacksonville
965:Brass Ankles
718:Conservatism
693:Afrocentrism
665:Joint Center
556:Black church
547:Institutions
462:Billionaires
452:Middle class
405:Celebrations
368:Fraternities
59:
33:
4338:1998 hoaxes
4188:US senators
4158:Republicans
4143:Journalists
4000:San Antonio
3965:Puerto Rico
3906:Mississippi
3799:Tallahassee
3772:Los Angeles
3463:Jesse Owens
3448:Arthur Ashe
3306:Nationalism
3296:Raised fist
3259:Black power
3164:in medicine
3098:Roy Wilkins
3053:Emmett Till
3038:Al Sharpton
2803:Julian Bond
2798:James Bevel
2762:Upper class
2752:Stereotypes
2645:Black mecca
2557:Plantations
2336:Black Codes
2041:Greg DeHart
2007:Kwesi Mfume
1748:racial hoax
1635:Stereotypes
1562:Nova Scotia
1444:Mississippi
1404:San Antonio
1384:Los Angeles
1319:Black mecca
1246:Mississippi
1153:Negro Dutch
975:Dominickers
919:Multiethnic
828:TransAfrica
738:Nationalism
708:Black power
492:Black pride
457:Upper class
156:Politicians
4297:Categories
4133:Astronauts
3923:New Jersey
3767:California
3271:Capitalism
3068:Nat Turner
2998:Rosa Parks
2983:Diane Nash
2953:John Lewis
2742:Newspapers
2712:Literature
2697:Juneteenth
2650:Businesses
2504:Exodusters
2472:Free Negro
2225:14 October
2180:15 October
2158:2016-10-04
2129:11 October
2053:References
2011:Janet Reno
1789:Background
1201:California
1175:Population
748:Patriotism
733:Liberalism
713:Capitalism
684:Ideologies
565:Theologies
424:Juneteenth
396:Literature
324:Newspapers
232:Migrations
163:Juneteenth
62:March 2023
53:; try the
40:link to it
4247:Monuments
4123:Activists
3975:Tennessee
3895:Michigan
3879:Baltimore
3869:Louisiana
3862:Lexington
3845:Davenport
3784:Cleveland
3683:Languages
3612:Melungeon
3590:Blaxicans
3458:Joe Louis
3313:Socialism
3249:Anarchism
2978:Bob Moses
2963:Malcolm X
2883:Fred Gray
2747:Soul food
2685:New Negro
2670:Folktales
2580:Redlining
1890:Wilkinson
1842:Hispanics
1811:Louisiana
1659:Hollywood
1649:Blackface
1584:Prejudice
1502:US cities
1379:Lexington
1354:Davenport
1334:Baltimore
1310:US cities
1286:Tennessee
1236:Louisiana
1182:US states
990:Melungeon
960:Blaxicans
758:Socialism
723:Garveyism
698:Anarchism
502:Good hair
329:Soul food
299:Folktales
43:. Please
4270:Category
4061:America
4027:Diaspora
4012:Virginia
3945:Oklahoma
3928:New York
3911:Nebraska
3874:Maryland
3857:Kentucky
3823:Illinois
3762:Arkansas
3667:Illinois
3605:of color
3291:Populism
3264:Movement
3181:Religion
2523:Lynching
2306:Timeline
2073:Newsweek
2013:and the
1989:Democrat
1929:Japanese
1869:enlisted
1819:Jim Crow
1699:Category
1522:Diaspora
1449:Missouri
1374:Kentucky
1301:Virginia
1271:Oklahoma
1256:New York
1251:Nebraska
1241:Maryland
1216:Illinois
1196:Arkansas
1035:Merikins
980:Freedmen
953:Mascogos
753:Populism
644:Politics
539:Religion
509:Stepping
275:Lifeways
111:Timeline
78:a series
76:Part of
4198:Writers
4163:Singers
4148:Jurists
4096:Europe
4050:Liberia
3995:Houston
3899:Detroit
3835:Indiana
3828:Chicago
3811:Atlanta
3806:Georgia
3789:Florida
3757:Alabama
3707:English
3281:Leftism
3151:Museums
2702:Kwanzaa
2627:Culture
2595:Slavery
2298:History
1910:Private
1884:, near
1779:fiction
1557:Liberia
1439:Georgia
1434:Florida
1364:Houston
1359:Detroit
1344:Chicago
1329:Atlanta
1221:Indiana
1211:Georgia
1206:Florida
1191:Alabama
1123:Tutnese
1002:Redbone
728:Leftism
429:Kwanzaa
386:Studies
338:Schools
267:Culture
196:Aspects
141:Slavery
103:Periods
95:History
4210:Mayors
4128:Actors
4100:France
4092:Israel
4080:Mexico
4065:Canada
4040:Gambia
4035:Africa
3985:Austin
3950:Oregon
3889:Boston
3852:Kansas
3818:Hawaii
3736:Gullah
3546:Yoruba
3536:Gullah
3407:Sports
3325:groups
3155:Women
2692:Hoodoo
2566:(1896)
2492:Second
2468:(1857)
2413:(1956)
2360:(1954)
2251:
1925:Alaska
1905:camp.
1902:cotton
1850:Asians
1848:, and
1835:German
1746:was a
1591:Racism
1552:Israel
1542:France
1537:Canada
1532:Africa
1339:Boston
1276:Oregon
1231:Kansas
1141:Gullah
1030:Gullah
850:Sports
597:Hoodoo
36:orphan
34:is an
4111:Lists
4075:Haiti
4045:Ghana
3980:Texas
3916:Omaha
3194:Islam
2727:Names
2717:Music
2655:Dance
1993:NAACP
1894:Amite
1829:near
1823:South
1754:book
1704:Index
1547:Ghana
1469:Texas
1394:Omaha
1291:Texas
803:NAACP
314:Names
304:Music
284:Dance
4007:Utah
3840:Iowa
3672:Ohio
3633:list
3541:Igbo
3531:Fula
2675:Hair
2665:Film
2382:1968
2372:1964
2249:ISBN
2227:2021
2182:2021
2131:2021
2031:The
1892:and
1793:The
1742:The
1637:and
1296:Utah
1266:Ohio
1226:Iowa
833:UNCF
294:Film
143:and
2640:Art
2497:New
1987:(a
1969:BET
1923:in
1809:in
391:Art
4299::
2511:/
2218:.
2190:^
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2094:.
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2017:.
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2229:.
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2133:.
2098:.
1731:e
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517:"
513:"
64:)
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