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and had "brought him up to understand race problems." The Navy began enlisting Negro seamen on June 1, 1942, and the first class of 277 enlistees began training at Camp Robert Smalls later that month. Of that class, 222 completed the training successfully on
September 3, 1942. 102 of those
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The first classes of men to be trained at the camp had "no hope of being commissioned." However, the Navy began training officer candidates at Camp Robert Smalls towards the end of 1943.
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A Navy
Captain inspects Service School personnel, 2 April 1943 at Camp Robert Smalls. (Official U.S. Navy Photograph, National Archives.)
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graduates were chosen to continue with specialized training, and the rest of the class was assigned to routine duties.
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Breaking the color barrier: the U.S. Naval
Academy's first Black midshipmen and the struggle for racial equality
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Robert Smalls's great-grandson, Edward Estes
Davidson, trained at Camp Robert Smalls, as did
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66:. The camp's first commander was Lieutenant Commander Daniel Armstrong, whose
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Milner, Lucille B. (13 March 1944). "Jim Crow in the Army: February 1944".
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Yearning to breathe free: Robert Smalls of South
Carolina and his families
252:"Negroes Finish Course: First Groups of Naval Recruits End Basic Training"
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training facility, created pursuant to an order signed April 21, 1942 by
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The Golden
Thirteen: Recollections of the First Black Naval Officers
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Sorrow Is the Only
Faithful One: The Life of Owen Dodson
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Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941-1963
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Pride against prejudice: the biography of Larry Doby
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545:African-American segregation in the United States
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550:Closed installations of the United States Navy
429:. University of California Press. p. 67.
318:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 202.
139:. Government Printing Office. pp. 67ff.
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136:Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965
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485:. Naval History and Heritage Command, USN
284:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 39–41.
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354:. University of Illinois Press. p.
43:seamen at a time when the USN was still
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426:Clark: The Autobiography of Clark Terry
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133:MacGregor, Morris J. (December 1981).
386:Moore, Joseph Thomas (3 March 1988).
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167:Schneller, Robert John (April 2005).
231:. Library of America. pp. 52–61
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555:United States Navy in World War II
346:Hatch, James V. (1 January 1995).
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52:Great Lakes Naval Training Center
423:; Terry, Gwen (1 October 2011).
312:Billingsley, Andrew (May 2007).
50:The camp was located inside the
540:1942 establishments in Illinois
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278:Stillwell, Paul (31 May 2003).
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259:. 4 September 1942. p. 21
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39:, for the purpose of training
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62:, a black naval hero of the
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458:"Charles Sebree 1914–1985"
392:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 25–.
173:. NYU Press. p. 150.
560:North Chicago, Illinois
516:42.309747°N 87.850627°W
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521:42.309747; -87.850627
37:Secretary of the Navy
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107:Executive Order 9981
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29:United States Naval
460:. Cengage Learning
257:The New York Times
64:American Civil War
45:segregated by race
25:Camp Robert Smalls
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436:978-0-520-26846-3
399:978-0-275-92984-8
365:978-0-252-06477-7
325:978-1-57003-686-6
291:978-1-59114-840-1
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464:21 February
91:Clark Terry
83:Owen Dodson
534:Categories
507:87°51′02″W
504:42°18′35″N
118:References
87:Larry Doby
33:Frank Knox
263:5 October
225:(2003).
101:See also
56:Illinois
35:, then
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68:father
27:was a
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