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30:
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320:, normally have two X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals, including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y chromosome. Since the Y chromosome does not have any locus for the orange gene, it is not possible for a normal XY male cat to have both orange and non-orange genes together, which is what typically results in
304:
shuts off. She observed this in the coat color patterns of mice. There are two different alleles in Calico cats, one received from each parent, that can determine their fur coloration: each allele is responsible for either orange or black fur. Typically, each allele received would create a solid coat
355:
chromosomes. The female cat, therefore, can have the orange mutant gene on one X chromosome and the gene for a black coat on the other. The piebald gene is on a different chromosome. If expressed, this gene codes for white, or no color, and is dominant over the alleles that code for a certain color (
354:
The mutation that gives male cats a ginger-colored coat and females ginger, tortoiseshell, or calico coats produced a particularly telling map. The orange mutant gene is found only on the X, or female, chromosome. As with humans, female cats have paired sex chromosomes, XX, and male cats have XY sex
192:
The tri-color coat characteristic of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats who express a range of color patterns; accordingly, the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil
359:
orange or black), making the white spots on calico cats. If that is the case, those several genes will be expressed in a blotchy coat of the tortoiseshell or calico kind. But the male, with his single X chromosome, has only one of that particular coat-color gene: he can be not-ginger or he can be
112:
fabric, when the term "calico" is applied to cats, it refers only to a color pattern of the fur, not to a cat breed or any reference to any other traits, such as their eyes. Formal standards set by professional and show animal breeders limit the breeds among which they permit registration of cats
224:
in southwestern India. Printed calico was imported into the United States from
Lancashire, England, in the 1780s, and a linguistic separation occurred there. While Europe maintained the word calico for the fabric, in the US it was used to refer to the printed design or pattern. These colorful,
342:
because of the chromosome abnormality and breeders reject any exceptions for stud purposes because they generally are of poor physical quality and fertility. Even in the rare cases where a male calico is healthy and fertile, most cat registries will not accept them as show animals.
65:
of any breed with a tri-color coat. The calico cat is most commonly thought of as being 25% to 75% white with large orange and black patches; however, they may have other colors in their patterns. Calicoes are almost exclusively female except under rare genetic conditions.
268:
coat. In contrast, a non-white-spotted tortoiseshell usually has small patches of color or even something resembling a salt-and-pepper sprinkling. This reflects the genetic effects on relative speeds of migration of melanocytes and
263:
in most ways, except the tortoiseshell has a black undercoat and the calico has a white undercoat. One anomaly is that, as a rule of thumb the larger the areas of white, the fewer and larger the patches of ginger and dark or
183:
Some calico cats, called "dilute calicoes", may be lighter in color overall. Dilutes are distinguished by having grey (known as blue), cream, and gold colors instead of the typical colors along with the white.
73:, who has a black undercoat and a mostly mottled coat of black/red or blue/cream with relatively few to no white markings. However, outside North America, the calico pattern is more commonly called
225:
small-patterned printed fabrics gave rise to the use of the word calico to describe a cat coat of tri-color; "calico" as an adjective being synonymous to "mottled" or "resembling printed calico".
200:
The calico has been
Maryland's state cat since 1 October 2001. Calico cats were chosen as the state cat because their white, black, and orange coloring is in harmony with the coloring of the
391:
in the folklore of many cultures. In
Germany, the word for a cat with calico coloring is "GlĂĽckskatze" or "lucky cat". In the United States, calicoes sometimes are referred to as
894:
335:. Such a combination of chromosomes could produce tortoiseshell or calico markings in the affected male, in the same way as XX chromosomes produce them in the female.
963:
172:. In most cases, males are only one color (for instance, black) as they have only one X chromosome. Male calicoes can happen when a male cat has two X chromosomes (
312:
of the gene for the orange/non-orange coloring is on the X chromosome. In the absence of other influences, such as color inhibition that causes white fur, the
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of black and orange fur, but, with Calico cats, Lyonization (commonly known as X-inactivation), occurs at random, which makes for the very distinct fur coat.
193:
Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and
Northern Africa. The proportion of cats having the orange
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1031:
379:
The study of Calico cats may have provided significant findings relating to physiological differences between female and male mammals.
751:
197:
found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the
Mediterranean in Greece, France, Spain, and Italy, originating from Egypt.
2015:
1550:
168:, calicoes are nearly always female, with one color linked to the maternal X chromosome and a second color linked to the paternal
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One rare genetic exception resulting in a male calico is when faulty cell division leaves an extra X chromosome in one of the
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284:-shaped masses inside the nuclei of nerve cells of female cats, but not in male cats. These dark masses became known as
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that produced the male cat. That extra X then is reproduced in each of his cells, a condition referred to as XXY, or
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376:, whose genetic donor, Rainbow, was a calico domestic longhair. Copy Cat and Rainbow had different fur patterns.
205:
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can add a bit of white here and there), but unless he has a chromosomal abnormality he cannot be a calico cat.
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present in those orange loci determine whether the fur is orange or not. Female cats, like all female
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926:"An animal model for the XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man: tortoiseshell and calico male cats"
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964:"What's A Chimera? Thanks To A Genetic Anomaly, An Extremely Rare Fertile Male Calico Is Born"
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figures depict calico cats, bringing good luck. Japanese sailors often kept a calico as their
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Gilbert, Scott F. "Transcriptional
Regulation of an Entire Chromosome: Dosage Compensation."
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All but approximately one in ten thousand of the rare calico or tortoiseshell male cats are
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Currently, it has been very difficult to reproduce the fur patterns of calico cats by
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proposed the concept of X-inactivation: when one of the two X chromosomes inside a
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Roelen, Bernard A. J. (2020), Rodrigues, Gabriela; Roelen, Bernard A. J. (eds.),
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Because the genetic determination of coat colors in calico cats is linked to the
998:
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505:"How To Tell Difference Between Calico, Tortie, Torbie, Tabby Cats and Kittens"
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176:, with XXY sex chromosomes and generally they are sterile); the condition is a
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2005:
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419:", a poem for children also known as "The Gingham Dog and the Calico Cat".
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Cat Colors FAQ: Common Colors - Torties, Patched
Tabbies and Calicos
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89:. Occasionally, the tri-color calico coloration is combined with a
1980:
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Shrinking the Cat: Genetic
Engineering Before We Knew About Genes
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348:
Shrinking the Cat: Genetic
Engineering Before We Knew About Genes
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993:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–113,
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895:"Are All Orange Cats are Male, and Calico Cats are Female?"
388:
276:
Serious study of calico cats apparently began in 1948 when
81:
coloration (blue tortoiseshell and white) have been called
1076:"Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first Century"
1038:". The University of Virginia. 2004. Accessed 23 May 2010.
1475:
1178:
602:
1050:"Feline Folktails - Cats in Folklore and Superstition"
836:"The Genetics of Calico Cats - QPS Clinical Research"
603:
Malouf, Najla; Benirschke, K.; Hoefnagel, D. (1967).
280:
and his graduate student E. G. Bertram noticed dark,
924:
Centerwall, W. R.; Benirschke, K. (September 1975).
923:
387:Cats with calico coloration are believed to bring
648:Todd, Neil B. (November 1977) Cats and Commerce.
545:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 76-80.
308:Calico cats are almost always female because the
97:A calico-patched tabby cat may be referred to as
2220:
49:Calico kitty with predominantly-black coloration
1069:
877:Gunter, Chris. "She Moves in Mysterious Ways".
991:Concepts and Applications of Stem Cell Biology
822:, Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 2000.
1163:
873:
871:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
660:
658:
113:with calico coloration; those breeds are the
1107:"4 Things You Didn't Know About Calico Cats"
752:"The Science Behind the Calico Cat's Colors"
774:Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians
705:
537:
535:
533:
1170:
1156:
868:
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655:
605:"XX/XY Chimerism in a Tricolored Male Cat"
69:A calico cat is not to be confused with a
689:
1047:
713:"You searched for calico, Muslin, gauze"
530:
250:
242:
44:
36:
28:
20:
930:American Journal of Veterinary Research
776:, Butterworth-Heinemann Medical, 1991.
259:In genetic terms, calico cats resemble
2221:
1531:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
1104:
984:
403:to protect against misfortune at sea.
1151:
889:
887:
830:
828:
554:
766:
502:
801:Travis, John. "Silence of the Xs".
288:. In 1959, Japanese cell biologist
13:
1556:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
1105:Finlay, Katie (25 November 2017).
884:
825:
754:. Lets talk science. 17 March 2020
486:. London: Chancellor Press, p219.
220:" was originally from the city of
33:Calico cat with diluted coloration
14:
2245:
2016:Congenital sensorineural deafness
1571:The International Cat Association
1526:American Cat Fanciers Association
1177:
1129:
668:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
555:Trent, Courtney (16 March 2022).
346:As Sue Hubble stated in her book
180:, with two different cell types.
2203:
2202:
1551:Fédération Internationale Féline
1135:
1029:Mammalian Genetics: X/imprinting
862:"Calico Cats: Guide & Facts"
679:"Calico Cat, Maryland State Cat"
541:Robinson, Richard. "Mosaicism".
411:In the late nineteenth century,
292:determined the Barr bodies were
108:Derived from a colorful printed
1098:
1063:
1041:
1021:
978:
956:
917:
854:
812:
744:
727:"Calico definition and meaning"
719:
671:
609:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
206:Baltimore checkerspot butterfly
95:tortoiseshell tabby with white.
642:
615:(3–4). Cytogenetics: 228–241.
596:
574:
548:
511:
496:
476:
255:A long-haired adult calico cat
41:Calico cat with tabby markings
1:
469:
406:
16:Cat with a three colored coat
557:"Are All Calico Cats Female"
211:
7:
2185:List of longest-living cats
2066:Lower urinary tract disease
2046:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1566:Southern Africa Cat Council
999:10.1007/978-3-030-43939-2_6
966:. Cat Gazette. 6 April 2018
422:
382:
228:
10:
2250:
1541:Cat Aficionado Association
1080:Cambridge University Press
809:(6): 92–94. 5 August 2000.
731:Collins English Dictionary
232:
187:
2198:
2172:
2129:
2021:Feline corneal sequestrum
1989:
1951:
1911:
1608:
1589:
1546:Cat Fanciers' Association
1516:
1382:
1305:
1260:
1185:
584:. Encyclopædia Britannica
503:Bojo, Amy (9 June 2020).
204:(the state bird) and the
1536:Canadian Cat Association
1048:Hartwell, Sarah (1995).
2180:List of individual cats
1027:Pearson-White, Sonia. "
696:Encyclopædia Britannica
484:Encyclopedia of the Cat
75:tortoiseshell and white
2056:Infectious peritonitis
2051:Immunodeficiency virus
524:5 October 2011 at the
366:
360:ginger (although some
256:
248:
50:
42:
34:
26:
2121:Viral rhinotracheitis
2096:Tritrichomonas foetus
1561:New Zealand Cat Fancy
1429:Cats in ancient Egypt
820:Developmental Biology
352:
254:
246:
48:
40:
32:
24:
1683:Colorpoint Shorthair
1581:World Cat Federation
1315:Cat–dog relationship
1144:at Wikimedia Commons
1034:17 June 2010 at the
482:Sayer, Angela 1996.
333:Klinefelter syndrome
324:or calico coloring.
208:(the state insect).
174:Klinefelter syndrome
159:Norwegian Forest cat
2234:Symbols of Maryland
1883:Traditional Persian
1668:California Spangled
1638:Brazilian Shorthair
1434:Cultural depictions
1419:Cat-scratch disease
864:. 22 December 2020.
650:Scientific American
372:. This is shown in
216:The fabric called "
93:patterning, called
1803:Oriental Shorthair
1713:European Shorthair
1628:American Shorthair
1576:World Cat Congress
1109:. iHeartCats.com.
1086:on 12 January 2013
842:. 16 December 2020
561:Wind Haven Ocicats
257:
249:
247:Calico cat sisters
119:American Shorthair
51:
43:
35:
27:
2216:
2215:
2041:Hepatic lipidosis
1947:
1946:
1643:British Shorthair
1252:Tortoiseshell cat
1140:Media related to
1070:Finegan, Edward;
1008:978-3-030-43938-5
621:10.1159/000129944
464:Tortoiseshell cat
439:Cat coat genetics
318:placental mammals
235:Tortoiseshell cat
127:British Shorthair
2241:
2206:
2205:
2190:Cats in folklore
1788:Norwegian Forest
1758:Kurilian Bobtail
1738:Japanese Bobtail
1718:Exotic Shorthair
1606:
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1471:National Cat Day
1228:
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1113:. HomeLife Media
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1082:. Archived from
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936:(9): 1275–1280.
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901:. Archived from
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454:Point coloration
202:Baltimore oriole
143:Exotic Shorthair
139:Japanese Bobtail
77:. Calicoes with
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1783:Neva Masquerade
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905:on 30 June 2020
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1111:Iheartcats.com
1097:
1072:Rickford, John
1062:
1040:
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1007:
977:
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883:
881:17 March 2005.
867:
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782:978-0750635400
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664:Hubbell, Sue.
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444:Deaf white cat
441:
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424:
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408:
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384:
381:
362:modifier genes
271:X-inactivation
261:tortoiseshells
239:X-inactivation
230:
227:
213:
210:
189:
186:
155:Turkish Angora
15:
9:
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2164:United States
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2119:
2117:
2116:Toxoplasmosis
2114:
2112:
2109:
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2104:
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2099:
2097:
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2071:Panleukopenia
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1364:Play and toys
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1337:Communication
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1226:Coat genetics
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1179:Domestic cats
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322:tortoiseshell
319:
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311:
306:
303:
302:female mammal
299:
295:
294:X chromosomes
291:
287:
283:
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88:
87:clouded tiger
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:tortoiseshell
67:
64:
60:
56:
47:
39:
31:
23:
19:
1991:Diseases and
1833:Russian Blue
1708:Egyptian Mau
1600:experimental
1451:Dog-like cat
1394:Ailurophobia
1359:Intelligence
1241:
1215:Odd-eyed cat
1115:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1043:
1023:
1012:, retrieved
990:
980:
968:. Retrieved
958:
933:
929:
919:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
898:
878:
856:
844:. Retrieved
839:
819:
814:
806:
803:Science News
802:
773:
768:
756:. Retrieved
746:
734:. Retrieved
730:
721:
707:
695:
691:
682:
673:
665:
649:
644:
632:. Retrieved
612:
608:
598:
586:. Retrieved
582:"Calico cat"
576:
564:. Retrieved
560:
550:
542:
513:
498:
483:
478:
413:Eugene Field
410:
395:. In Japan,
392:
386:
378:
367:
356:
353:
347:
345:
337:
326:
307:
275:
258:
215:
199:
191:
182:
170:X chromosome
166:X chromosome
163:
107:
102:
98:
94:
86:
82:
74:
68:
63:domestic cat
54:
52:
25:A calico cat
18:
2154:New Zealand
2081:Polydactyly
2011:Calicivirus
1903:Turkish Van
1843:Selkirk Rex
1798:Ojos Azules
1688:Cornish Rex
1496:Library cat
1481:Working cat
1409:Cat massage
1404:Cat killers
1386:interaction
1297:Vaccination
1232:Bicolor cat
1142:Calico cats
736:10 February
449:Maltese cat
429:Bicolor cat
415:published "
397:Maneki-neko
296:. In 1961,
290:Susumu Ohno
286:Barr bodies
278:Murray Barr
195:mutant gene
151:Turkish Van
135:Arabian Mau
131:Persian cat
2223:Categories
2076:Giardiasis
1929:Highlander
1828:Ragamuffin
1768:Maine Coon
1748:Khao Manee
1728:German Rex
1618:Abyssinian
1518:Registries
1501:Ship's cat
1486:Bodega cat
1242:Calico cat
1187:Felinology
1117:17 January
1090:22 January
1055:22 January
588:5 December
470:References
407:Literature
401:ship's cat
393:money cats
157:, and the
123:Maine Coon
59:US English
55:calico cat
2139:Australia
2101:Roundworm
2036:Heartworm
1993:disorders
1953:Landraces
1939:Serengeti
1888:Tonkinese
1858:Singapura
1818:Pixie-bob
1813:Peterbald
1733:Himalayan
1698:Devon Rex
1673:Chartreux
1594:full list
1456:Feral cat
1439:fictional
1399:Cat cafés
1384:Human–cat
1275:Declawing
1247:Tabby cat
1237:Black cat
1205:Dwarf cat
987:"Cloning"
942:0002-9645
459:Tabby cat
389:good luck
298:Mary Lyon
282:drumstick
212:Etymology
83:calimanco
2208:Category
2091:Ringworm
2031:Coccidia
1934:Savannah
1863:Snowshoe
1853:Siberian
1778:Munchkin
1743:Javanese
1663:Burmilla
1633:Balinese
1611:domestic
1508:Zoonosis
1491:Farm cat
1444:Internet
1424:Cat show
1414:Cat meat
1354:Kneading
1330:valerian
1320:Catfight
1307:Behavior
1220:Squitten
1200:Genetics
1074:(2004).
1032:Archived
1014:4 August
899:PussMeow
846:18 March
758:16 March
700:"calico"
698:(2008).
566:10 April
543:Genetics
522:Archived
423:See also
417:The Duel
383:Folklore
374:Copy Cat
229:Genetics
147:Siberian
115:Manx cat
2173:Related
1924:Chausie
1848:Siamese
1823:Ragdoll
1808:Persian
1703:Donskoy
1658:Burmese
1476:Pet cat
1195:Anatomy
970:24 June
950:1163864
634:22 June
629:6035565
520: :
434:Brindle
370:cloning
340:sterile
329:gametes
314:alleles
222:Calicut
188:History
178:chimera
103:torbico
79:diluted
61:) is a
2144:Canada
2086:Rabies
2006:Asthma
1976:Sokoke
1971:Kellas
1966:Cyprus
1961:Aegean
1919:Bengal
1912:Hybrid
1893:Toyger
1873:Sphynx
1868:Somali
1793:Ocicat
1723:Foldex
1693:Cymric
1653:Bombay
1648:Birman
1590:Breeds
1466:Lolcat
1374:Senses
1325:Catnip
1290:senior
1262:Health
1210:Kitten
1005:
948:
940:
879:Nature
780:
627:
490:
218:calico
110:Calico
99:caliby
2149:Japan
1763:Lykoi
1753:Korat
1609:Fully
1270:Aging
909:4 May
310:locus
266:tabby
91:tabby
2111:Tick
2026:Flea
2001:Acne
1878:Thai
1773:Manx
1347:Purr
1342:Meow
1280:Diet
1119:2018
1092:2009
1057:2009
1016:2024
1003:ISBN
972:2020
946:PMID
938:ISSN
911:2020
848:2022
778:ISBN
760:2022
738:2023
636:2020
625:PMID
590:2014
568:2022
488:ISBN
357:i.e.
237:and
1981:Van
995:doi
840:QPS
807:158
617:doi
101:or
85:or
2225::
1078:.
1001:,
989:,
944:.
934:36
932:.
928:.
897:.
886:^
870:^
838:.
827:^
805:.
788:^
729:.
681:.
657:^
623:.
611:.
607:.
559:.
532:^
350:,
161:.
153:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
105:.
53:A
1602:)
1598:(
1596:)
1592:(
1171:e
1164:t
1157:v
1121:.
1094:.
1059:.
997::
974:.
952:.
913:.
850:.
762:.
740:.
715:.
702:.
685:.
652:.
638:.
619::
613:6
592:.
570:.
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
