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487:, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. In the 12-page document, the members agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C". In the course of the debates, island states of the Pacific, the Seychelles, but also the Philippines, their very existence threatened by sea level rise, had strongly voted for setting a goal of 1.5 °C instead of only 2 °C. France's Foreign Minister,
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lowest level in nearly two decades. And then, with our historic joint announcement with China last year, we showed it was possible to bridge the old divide between developed and developing nations that had stymied global progress for so long ... That was the foundation for success in Paris." Harvard
University published a case study on one aspect of the negotiations, focussing on the protection of forests.
192:, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties. The agreement was due to enter into force when joined by at least 55 countries which together represented at least 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions., a target reached on 4 November 2016. On 22 April 2016 (
523:, including high polluters such as China, US, India, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO
503:
The
Agreement will not become binding on its member states until 55 parties who produce over 55% of the world's greenhouse gas have ratified the Agreement. There is doubt whether some countries, especially the United States, will agree to do so, though the United States publicly committed, in a joint
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insisted on
America's essential role in that regard: "We've led by example ... from Alaska to the Gulf Coast to the Great Plains ... we've seen the longest streak of private job creation in our history. We've driven our economic output to all time-highs while driving our carbon pollution down to its
494:
On 4th June 2024, the United
Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) opened in Dubai, marking an important event in the timeline of the Paris Agreement. The conference concluded the global stocktake, a process evaluating the progress made on the Paris Agreement. The assessment exposed that the
452:
or INDCs. Together, the INDCs would reduce global warming from an estimated 4â5 °C (by 2100) to 2.7 °C, and reduce emissions per capita by 9% by 2030, while providing hope in the eyes of the conference organizers for further reductions in the future that would allow meeting a 2 °C
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intended, in part, to influence the conference. The encyclical calls for action against climate change: "Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or aggravate it." The
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To some extent, France served as a model country for delegates attending COP21 because it is one of the few developed countries in the world to decarbonize electricity production and fossil fuel energy while still providing a high standard of living. As of 2012, France generated over 90% of its
559:'s portfolio needs to be scrutinized from purely a financial view about its future, 'Why is this we would want to hold over a five- to 20-year period?'... If we continue to hold major energy companies that don't have an answer to a basic financial test, we are just gambling. We have to take a
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argued that the keys to success lay in convincing officials in the U.S. and China, by far the two largest national emitters: "As long as policy makers in
Washington and Beijing didn't put all their political capital behind the adoption of ambitious carbon-emission capping targets, the laudable
507:
Each country that ratifies the agreement will be required to set a target for emission reduction or limitation, called a "nationally determined contribution", or NDC, but the amount will be voluntary. There will be neither a mechanism to force a country to set a target by a specific date nor
215:
to be reached during the second half of the 21st century. In the adopted version of the Paris
Agreement, the parties will also "pursue efforts to" limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. The 1.5 °C goal will require zero emissions sometime between 2030 and 2050, according to some
495:
current attempts are insufficient to limit the global warming to the target of 1.5°C, highlighting the need for accelerated climate action. There were strong emphases on the need for more climate finance and collaboration to reach climate goals during the conference.
445:: "The current pledges under the second commitment period of the Kyoto protocol are clearly not enough to guarantee that the temperature will stay below 2 °C and there is an ever increasing gap between the action of countries and what the science tells us."
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adapting to climate change is designed to protect the
Mediterranean from the imminent rising waters caused by the polar thaw. More than 24 countries, over 500 million people, more than 15,000 islands and thousands of kilometres of coast which can be saved from
857:), but allowed thousands to demonstrate on 12 December against what they felt was a too-weak treaty. There was also an illegal demonstration in Paris, including violent clashes between police and anarchists; ten policemen were injured and 317 people arrested.
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As is usual before such major conferences, major NGOs and groups of governments have drafted and published a wide variety of declarations they intend to seek a consensus on, at the Paris conference itself. These include at least the following major efforts:
491:, said this "ambitious and balanced" plan was an "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing global warming. However, some others criticized the fact that significant sections are "promises" or aims and not firm commitments by the countries.
231:" which revisits the national goals to "update and enhance" them every five years beginning 2023. However, no detailed timetable or country-specific goals for emissions were incorporated into the Paris Agreement â as opposed to the previous
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efforts of other G20 governments often remained in the realm of pious wishes. Things changed for the better on 12 November 2014 when
President Obama and General Secretary Xi Jinping agreed to limit greenhouse gases emissions."
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570:, insisting that "no agreement is perfect, and this one must be strengthened over time, but groups across every sector of society will now begin to reduce dangerous carbon pollution through the framework of this agreement."
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According to the organizing committee of the summit in Paris, the objective of the 2015 conference was to achieve, for the first time in over 20 years of UN negotiations, a binding and universal agreement on climate.
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757:(OPEC). Ahead of the climate summit, the two leaders sent written invitations to over 100 countries to join the coalition proposed to be called the International Agency for Solar Policy and Application (InSPA).
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623:, Mayor of Rome, who argue that "urban areas exposed to climate change are also essential innovation testing zones", which is the focus of the ICLEI mechanisms, metrics and 2005 declaration.
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639:, invited a coalition of governments, businesses and investors to sign a draft "Paris Declaration" at World Climate Summit in Lima 2014, World Green Economy Summit 2015 in Dubai and COP21.
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During previous climate negotiations, countries agreed to outline actions they intended to take within a global agreement, by 1 October 2015. These commitments are known as
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would eventually divest from carbon-reliant firms if they could not react to political and regulatory efforts to halt climate change: "Every energy company in a
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A vast range of groups and peoples "seeking presence in post-2015" development, e.g. the Centre for
Autonomy and Development of Indigenous People in Nicaragua
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to limit the global temperature increase. Since COP 17 this increase is set at 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels. However,
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Some analysts have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris
Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption â that
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According to the organizing committee at the outset of the talks, the expected key result was an agreement to set a goal of limiting
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Why COP21 matters, and how climate change impacts sustainable development. Video by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
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suggested INDC is a commitment to a 40 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. The agreement establishes a "
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intended to progress local and subnational action ahead of COP21 to build on its 2005 COP11 (Montreal summit) commitments,
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emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a
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Prior to the conference, 146 national climate panels publicly presented a draft of national climate contributions (called "
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seeking "powerful submissions by worldwide women" sharing "stories, struggles, solutions and action plans ... women's
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emitting countries and related in the world in 1990 and 2012, including per capita figures. The data is taken from the
223:", INDCs). These suggested commitments were estimated to limit global warming to 2.7 °C by 2100. For example, the
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196:), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through
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1286:"Issues and reasons behind the French offer to host the 21st Conference of the Parties on Climate Change 2015"
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186.87m at the time). The French government said that 20% of the cost would be borne by French firms such as
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2446:"G20 summit: Modi pushes for $ 100 bn finances to pursue clean energy, proposes grand global solar alliance"
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On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the
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was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly session of the
2238:"Asia Indigenous Peoples' Declaration on the 21st Session of the UNFCCC-Conference of Parties (COP21)"
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Rassemblement Champ-de-Mars 12 décembre 2015 [Gathering at the Champ-de-Mars on 12 December 2015]
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enforcement measures if a set target is not met. There will be only a "name and shame" system or, as
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1356:
Guivarch, Celine and Hallegatte, S., 2C or Not 2C? 19 January 2012. FEEM Working Paper No. 87.2011.
709:] mining corporations, and they have tended to have relative impunity in the Canadian Courts" -
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1569:"Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement"
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Around the world, 600,000 took part in demonstrations in favour of a strong agreement, such as the
760:
A vast range of other activities in preparation to influence the major decisions at the conference.
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2526:"Event: UNFCCC COP 21 | Climate Change Policy & Practice | IISD Reporting Services"
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1654:"The Pacific countries that need the Paris 1.5C temperature rise agreement to 'stay alive'"
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8:
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Global climate march 2015: hundreds of thousands march around the world â as it happened
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2101:"ICLEI World Congress 2015 sees Mayors commit ahead of Paris COP 21 - Bridging the Gap"
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COP21 questions and answers. Video by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
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933:
692:, has announced it will send a diplomatic representative regarding events in 2013 in
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has called for the goal to be "zero carbon, zero poverty", and its general secretary
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242:
Climate Change Conference, 19 to 23 October 2015, which produced a draft agreement.
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2012:"Investment Governance: The Real Fight against Emissions is Being Waged by Markets"
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1189:
864:" was organised by students in over 100 countries; over 50,000 people participate.
774:
613:
European capital and large cities for climate action en route to COP 21 Declaration
228:
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electricity from zero carbon sources, including nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind.
211:
compared to pre-industrial levels. The agreement calls for zero net anthropogenic
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Global Response to Climate Change Keeps Door Open to 2 Degree C Temperature Limit
1215:
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884:
753:, intends to propose creating an alliance of solar-rich countries similar to the
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2496:"Narendra Modi, Francois Hollande invite over 100 countries for solar alliance"
1743:"James Hansen, father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud'"
1543:
814:
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377:
332:
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204:
189:
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103:
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2623:
2288:"Looking ahead COP21: State of negotiations on the Indigenous Peoples' agenda"
177:(UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997
4755:
4733:
4596:
4528:
4253:
4075:
4060:
3995:
3890:
2684:
1229:"Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States"
1038:"Adoption of the Paris agreement â by the President â Draft decision -/CP.21"
746:
710:
693:
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366:
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in Lima. In 2015 this will include those with specific grievances, e.g. the
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4278:
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616:
582:
556:
323:
2552:"France defends 'imperfect' fossil fuel sponsors for Paris climate summit"
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2191:
1376:
Paris Climate Conference to Proceed with Heightened Security After Attacks
498:
42:
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4017:
3267:
2157:"European capital and large cities for climate action en route to COP 21"
1361:
818:
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Many indigenous polities and sovereignties seeking recognition under the
353:
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2801:
Background on COP21 from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
238:
A number of meetings took place in preparation for COP21, including the
4540:
3917:
2883:
Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties of the
2876:
Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties of the
2396:"When Drones Guard the Pipeline: Militarizing Fossil Fuels in the East"
1431:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Archived from
826:
798:
749:
announced at the 2015 G-20 Summit that he, along with French President
528:
381:
78:
1950:"Paris climate deal: What the agreement means for India and the world"
1798:"Obama praises Paris climate deal as 'tribute to American leadership'"
666:
acting for African indigenous peoples in particular but also worldwide
3485:
2710:"Climate Strike 2015: Students Skip School demanding Climate Actions"
2370:"Summary of Indigenous People's Demands for UNFCCC CoP20, Lima, Peru"
1713:"World seals landmark climate accord, marking turn from fossil fuels"
1456:
560:
504:
Presidential Statement with China, to joining the Agreement in 2016.
193:
1595:"Nearly 200 Nations Adopt Climate Agreement At COP21 Talks In Paris"
1132:"Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'"
1828:"Obama: Climate agreement 'best chance we have' to save the planet"
1209:
New UN Report Synthesizes National Climate Plans from 146 Countries
513:
2314:"Indigenous Peoples Seek Presence in Post-2015 Development Agenda"
2126:"World Mayors and Municipal Leaders Declaration on Climate Change"
3463:
3121:
2717:
842:
631:
At the World Summit of Regions for Climate (WSRC) in Paris 2014,
567:
208:
2339:"United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples"
732:
Dam Bridge, Strait of Gibraltar, S.A. (PPEGSA). The first draft
305:
4476:
2744:
2421:"Global Women's Climate Justice Day of Action - Sept. 29, 2015"
2042:"Jeffrey Sachs: Fund Managers Have a Duty to Dump Fossil Fuels"
512:, the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told
86:
2766:
2632:. One of the slogan was "Ătat d'urgence climatique" (state of
2471:"India should take initiatives to form league like OPEC: Modi"
1106:"Earth is a wilder, warmer place since last climate deal made"
535:
Institutional investors' contribution to limiting fossil fuels
376:
The location of UNFCCC talks is rotated by regions throughout
145:
4390:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
3473:
2852:
2072:"Paris Climate Agreement 'May Signal End of Fossil Fuel Era'"
1683:"Will '1.5 to stay alive' deal be enough to save Seychelles?"
1503:"Climate: Renewed Sense of Urgency in Washington and Beijing"
965:"19th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC"
794:
782:
733:
663:
598:
465:
82:
1891:"Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy"
900:
PostâKyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions
1861:"COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?"
1554:
786:
696:
that highlighted the relative imbalance of power to resist
239:
4566:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
1403:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
1335:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2013-11-22. Archived from
1288:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2013-05-22. Archived from
810:
705:
2612:
1982:"Climate negotiators strike deal to slow global warming"
1002:"Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris"
676:
who demanded recognition and change also in 2014 at the
345:
has repeated that there are "no jobs on a dead planet".
2774:"Short Answers to Hard; Questions About Climate Change"
2673:"Protesters Are in Agreement as Well: Pact Is Too Weak"
1008:. Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
849:). Paris had a ban on public gatherings in the wake of
499:
Non-binding commitments, lack of enforcement mechanisms
224:
2263:"Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee"
1162:"U.S. joins 174 nations to sign hard-won climate pact"
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
609:
framework arising from that, and other local efforts.
4787:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4705:
4407:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2872:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1333:"France confirmed as host of 2015 Climate Conference"
1261:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
175:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2009:
929:
Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories
860:
On 30 November, the first day of the conference, a "
573:
433:
The overarching goal of the Convention is to reduce
2584:"Sponsors and Partners of UNFCCC COP 21 side event"
2213:"signs a declaration in preparation for the COP 21"
1457:"What is an INDC? | World Resources Institute"
1071:
1023:
969:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
703:"Canada is the home to 75% of the worlds [
628:Private, corporate and private-public partnerships
1921:"Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris"
27:Diplomatic summit resulting in the Paris Agreement
2190:. Regions-climate.org. 2014-10-11. Archived from
1826:Sutter, John D.; Berlinger, Joshua (2015-12-12).
1000:Sutter, John D.; Berlinger, Joshua (2015-12-12).
755:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
4753:
4607:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1834:. CNN Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
2671:Rubin, Alissa J.; Peltier, Elian (2015-12-12).
2103:. Transport2020.org. 2015-04-15. Archived from
1854:
1852:
1825:
1539:"President Obama's Statement on Climate Change"
1536:
999:
674:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1711:Doyle, Allister; Lewis, Barbara (2015-12-12).
3342:History of climate change policy and politics
3137:
2838:
2750:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2549:
2039:
678:2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference
357:The heads of delegations from left to right:
348:
159:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
2670:
2502:. Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 2015-11-25.
1849:
450:Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
441:acknowledged in the closing briefing at the
391:The conference took place two weeks after a
221:Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
3459:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1159:
1065:
563:responsibility â these are not good bets."
543:held on the sidelines of the COP21 Summit,
380:countries. The 2015 conference was held at
4688:
4676:
4133:
3144:
3130:
2845:
2831:
2069:
1710:
1401:"Status of Ratification of the Convention"
1103:
4782:United Nations climate change conferences
4428:
4234:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
3367:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2854:United Nations climate change conferences
1979:
1918:
1622:
566:Some US policy makers concurred, notably
188:, a global agreement on the reduction of
3938:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
3077:COP27âCMP17âCMA4 (Sharm El Sheikh, 2022)
2813:A Plan to strengthen the Paris Agreement
2372:. Forest Peoples Programme. 2014-12-01.
1795:
1501:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (September 2015).
1074:"What the Paris Climate Meeting Must Do"
768:
720:Women's Earth and Climate Action Network
601:at its World Congress, launched the new
585:illuminated in green in response to the
577:
424:
352:
304:
4294:National Adaptation Programme of Action
4083:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2398:. Earth First! Newswire. Archived from
2311:
1625:"'Historic' Paris climate deal adopted"
1592:
1491:, UNFCCC press office, 30 October 2015.
1372:
420:
339:International Trade Union Confederation
200:, acceptance, approval, or accession).
14:
4754:
3943:Economics of climate change mitigation
3906:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
3419:
3247:Scientific consensus on climate change
2771:
2393:
1888:
1858:
1740:
1500:
925:
384:from 30 November to 12 December 2015.
4602:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
4427:
4132:
3868:
3418:
3330:
3211:
3163:
3125:
2826:
2188:"World Summit of Regions for Climate"
1393:
995:
993:
991:
989:
825:, the Climate Resources Exchange and
773:Greenpeace activists, demanding 100%
4624:Representative Concentration Pathway
3565:Tipping points in the climate system
3241:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1278:
926:Jepsen, Henrik; et al. (2021).
847:Alternatiba, Village of Alternatives
781:The conference was budgeted to cost
700:corporations even on unceded lands:
659:Asian indigenous peoples declaration
603:Transformative Actions Program (TAP)
413:The European Union and 195 nations (
4395:Nationally determined contributions
4105:Individual action on climate change
3310:World energy supply and consumption
3051:COP24âCMP14âCMA1.3 (Katowice, 2018)
2523:
2290:. IPCCA. 2015-09-11. Archived from
2131:. Archive.iclei.org. Archived from
2010:M. Nicolas J. Firzli (2016-01-25).
1129:
730:Countries of the Mediterranean Sea.
521:member states of the United Nations
24:
4534:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
3151:
3041:COP22âCMP12âCMA1 (Marrakech, 2016)
1072:The Editorial Board (2015-11-28).
986:
417:) were the participating parties.
25:
4813:
4461:Satellite temperature measurement
4066:forestry for carbon sequestration
3347:History of climate change science
2767:Official Paris Climate Conference
2738:
2215:. The Shift Project. 2014-07-17.
890:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
832:
647:by French business organizations.
574:Declarations of non-state parties
4739:
4727:
4715:
4687:
4675:
4664:
4663:
4651:
4312:Climate Change Performance Index
3691:Destruction of cultural heritage
3104:
3103:
3072:COP26âCMP16âCMA3 (Glasgow, 2021)
2743:
1321:from the original on 2016-03-03.
1257:"Bonn Climate Change Conference"
531:) to discourage bad behaviour."
41:
4451:Instrumental temperature record
4402:Sustainable Development Goal 13
3056:COP25âCMP15âCMA2 (Madrid, 2019)
3046:COP23âCMP13âCMA1.2 (Bonn, 2017)
2724:from the original on 2019-09-22
2702:
2691:from the original on 2016-11-11
2664:
2639:
2605:
2594:from the original on 2021-02-27
2576:
2562:from the original on 2015-09-23
2543:
2532:from the original on 2015-11-14
2517:
2506:from the original on 2015-11-28
2488:
2477:from the original on 2016-10-26
2463:
2452:from the original on 2015-11-19
2438:
2413:
2387:
2376:from the original on 2015-11-17
2362:
2351:from the original on 2015-11-06
2331:
2320:from the original on 2015-11-17
2305:
2280:
2255:
2230:
2219:from the original on 2015-11-17
2205:
2180:
2169:from the original on 2015-11-17
2149:
2118:
2093:
2082:from the original on 2016-11-04
2063:
2052:from the original on 2015-12-23
2033:
2022:from the original on 2016-01-26
2003:
1992:from the original on 2015-12-13
1973:
1962:from the original on 2015-12-14
1942:
1931:from the original on 2015-12-14
1919:Davenport, Coral (2015-12-12).
1912:
1901:from the original on 2015-12-13
1882:
1871:from the original on 2015-12-14
1838:from the original on 2015-12-13
1819:
1808:from the original on 2016-11-26
1796:Pengelly, Martin (2015-12-12).
1789:
1764:
1753:from the original on 2015-12-14
1734:
1723:from the original on 2015-12-12
1704:
1693:from the original on 2016-04-16
1689:. London, England. 2015-12-12.
1675:
1664:from the original on 2016-04-04
1660:. London, England. 2015-12-12.
1646:
1635:from the original on 2015-12-12
1616:
1605:from the original on 2015-12-12
1586:
1575:from the original on 2021-03-29
1561:
1530:
1494:
1474:
1463:from the original on 2015-11-17
1449:
1418:
1407:from the original on 2012-11-11
1383:from the original on 2015-12-16
1366:
1350:
1325:
1303:
1249:
1221:
1202:
1172:from the original on 2016-10-26
1142:from the original on 2021-05-08
1112:from the original on 2015-12-02
1104:Borenstein, Seth (2015-11-29).
1086:from the original on 2015-11-29
1054:from the original on 2015-12-12
1012:from the original on 2015-12-12
975:from the original on 2013-02-13
946:from the original on 2022-12-10
777:at Climate March 2015 in Madrid
541:5th annual World Pensions Forum
516:, a "name and encourage" plan.
4797:December 2015 events in France
4792:November 2015 events in France
4519:Climate variability and change
3869:
3550:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3082:COP28âCMP18âCMA5 (Dubai, 2023)
2312:Schiavi, Gloria (2014-09-04).
2162:. Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de.
1537:President Obama (2015-12-12).
1373:Worland, Justin (2015-11-14),
1263:. October 2015. Archived from
1183:
1153:
1123:
1097:
957:
932:. Cambridge University Press.
919:
797:(formerly known as GDF Suez),
184:The conference negotiated the
13:
1:
4629:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
4164:Climate emergency declaration
3087:COP29âCMP19âCMA6 (Baku, 2024)
2995:COP15âCMP5 (Copenhagen, 2009)
2772:Gillis, Justin (2015-11-28).
2611:Organisers of events include
2394:LaDuke, Winona (2013-07-02).
2240:. Aippnet.org. Archived from
1741:Milman, Oliver (2015-12-12).
913:
809:. Sponsors were among others
245:
4612:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3838:Middle East and North Africa
3164:
2661:. Accessed 13 December 2015.
2550:Arthur Neslen (2015-05-29).
2040:Andrew Pearce (2015-12-06).
1593:Chappel, Bill (2015-12-12).
1238:. 2015-03-06. Archived from
1199:access date 30 November 2015
880:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
764:
458:World Pensions Council (WPC)
429:COP 21: Heads of delegations
7:
3686:Depopulation of settlements
3331:
2975:COP11âCMP1 (Montreal, 2005)
1889:Reguly, Eric (2015-12-14).
1859:Kinver, Mark (2015-12-14).
867:
393:series of terrorist attacks
10:
4818:
4446:Global surface temperature
4337:Popular culture depictions
4249:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3979:Carbon capture and storage
3901:Carbon offsets and credits
3212:
2980:COP12âCMP2 (Nairobi, 2006)
2970:COP10 (Buenos Aires, 2004)
1160:Pamela Falk (2016-04-22).
1130:Yeo, Sophie (2016-10-06).
895:Politics of global warming
845:(and other events such as
476:
472:
349:Location and participation
207:to "well below 2 °C"
63:12 December 2015
53:30 November 2015
4658:Climate change portal
4645:
4584:
4551:Extreme event attribution
4469:
4438:
4434:
4423:
4367:
4302:
4224:
4174:School Strike for Climate
4146:
4142:
4128:
4097:
4053:Climate-smart agriculture
4014:
3971:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3788:
3641:
3588:
3431:
3427:
3414:
3337:
3326:
3255:
3224:
3220:
3207:
3190:Climate change adaptation
3185:Climate change mitigation
3180:Effects of climate change
3170:
3159:
3099:
3064:
3036:COP21âCMP11 (Paris, 2015)
3026:COP19âCMP9 (Warsaw, 2013)
3016:COP17âCMP7 (Durban, 2011)
3011:COP16âCMP6 (CancĂșn, 2010)
3003:
2990:COP14âCMP4 (PoznaĆ, 2008)
2937:
2924:COP4 (Buenos Aires, 1998)
2901:
2894:
2868:Conference of the Parties
2860:
2818:NOAA State of the Climate
2448:. Firstpost. 2015-11-15.
2070:John Vidal (2015-12-13).
1311:"Laudato si', section 23"
817:, Carbon Trade Exchange,
171:Conference of the Parties
141:
131:
121:
110:
92:
74:
49:
40:
35:Climate Change Conference
4561:Global warming potential
4368:International agreements
4015:Preserving and enhancing
3449:Arctic methane emissions
3371:Years in climate change
3278:Greenhouse gas emissions
3175:Causes of climate change
3031:COP20âCMP10 (Lima, 2014)
2651:26 November 2016 at the
2613:Non-violent action COP21
2473:. Charanka. 2012-04-19.
2016:Dow Jones Financial News
1980:no byline (2015-12-12).
1623:no byline (2015-12-12).
1218:, UNFCCC 30 October 2015
1195:10 December 2015 at the
851:recent terrorist attacks
745:: Indian Prime Minister
456:Think-tanks such as the
435:greenhouse gas emissions
406:of Paris, as well as in
255:carbon dioxide emissions
213:greenhouse gas emissions
4767:2015 in the environment
4592:Climate change scenario
4244:Disaster risk reduction
3896:Carbon emission trading
3706:U.S. insurance industry
3676:Civilizational collapse
3523:sea surface temperature
3021:COP18âCMP8 (Doha, 2012)
2985:COP13âCMP3 (Bali, 2007)
2757:Official French website
2423:. WECAN. Archived from
2316:. Inter Press Service.
2265:. IPACC. Archived from
1988:. CBS Interactive Inc.
1487:8 December 2015 at the
1459:. Wri.org. 2015-11-10.
1214:8 December 2015 at the
553:institutional investors
4585:Research and modelling
4269:Nature-based solutions
4089:Nature-based solutions
4031:Carbon dioxide removal
3948:Fossil fuel divestment
3933:Climate risk insurance
3843:Small island countries
3454:Arctic sea ice decline
2960:COP8 (New Delhi, 2002)
2955:COP7 (Marrakech, 2001)
2945:COP6 (The Hague, 2000)
2618:1 October 2016 at the
2528:. Climate-l.iisd.org.
1772:"COP28 Opens in Dubai"
1315:The Holy See - Francis
875:Environmental politics
778:
619:, Mayor of Paris, and
590:
430:
373:
318:
4546:Earth's energy budget
4429:Background and theory
4317:Climate crisis (term)
3989:Fossil fuel phase-out
3883:Economics and finance
3848:by individual country
3790:By country and region
3765:Security and conflict
3760:Psychological impacts
3439:Abrupt climate change
3362:Charles David Keeling
3195:By country and region
2752:at Wikimedia Commons
823:The Coca-Cola Company
772:
684:in its opposition to
633:Arnold Schwarzenegger
581:
428:
415:see list in reference
356:
308:
4777:Conferences in Paris
4375:Glasgow Climate Pact
4036:Carbon sequestration
3601:Mass mortality event
1631:. CBC/Radio Canada.
1426:"Schedule of Events"
1362:10.2139/ssrn.1988201
839:Global Climate March
686:hydraulic fracturing
682:Wabanaki Confederacy
443:2012 Doha conference
421:Negotiations process
257:by country in 2015.
33:2015 United Nations
4514:Climate sensitivity
4289:The Adaptation Fund
3745:Infectious diseases
3642:Social and economic
2914:COP2 (Geneva, 1996)
2909:COP1 (Berlin, 1995)
2762:Official UN website
1897:. Toronto, Canada.
1804:. London, England.
1749:. London, England.
1719:. Thomson Reuters.
587:One heart, One tree
439:Christiana Figueres
309:Shows the top 40 CO
299: Other (31.4%)
287: Russia (4.9%)
263: China (29.5%)
37:
4085:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
4057:Forest management
4041:Direct air capture
4006:Sustainable energy
3963:Net zero emissions
3958:Low-carbon economy
3953:Green Climate Fund
3740:Indigenous peoples
3633:Plant biodiversity
3421:Effects and issues
2965:COP9 (Milan, 2003)
2919:COP3 (Kyoto, 1997)
2806:2020-12-07 at the
2677:The New York Times
2588:www.cop21paris.org
2500:The Economic Times
2344:. UN. March 2008.
1510:Analyse FinanciĂšre
1079:The New York Times
906:The Standing March
855:state of emergency
779:
653:Indigenous peoples
607:Triple Bottom Line
591:
431:
374:
359:Enrique Peña Nieto
319:
293: Japan (3.5%)
281: India (6.8%)
173:(COP) to the 1992
81:in the suburbs of
32:
4703:
4702:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4576:Radiative forcing
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4239:Adaptive capacity
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
3984:Energy transition
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3570:Tropical cyclones
3496:Urban heat island
3410:
3409:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3283:Carbon accounting
3237:Greenhouse effect
3203:
3202:
3119:
3118:
3095:
3094:
2950:COP6 (Bonn, 2001)
2929:COP5 (Bonn, 1999)
2748:Media related to
2634:climate emergency
1555:National Archives
751:François Hollande
655:efforts include:
644:The Shift Project
635:, the Founder of
371:Michelle Bachelet
363:François Hollande
328:encyclical letter
315:EU Edgar database
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
4809:
4762:2015 conferences
4744:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4719:
4711:
4691:
4690:
4679:
4678:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4619:Paleoclimatology
4436:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4186:Ecological grief
4169:Climate movement
4144:
4143:
4130:
4129:
4110:Plant-based diet
4001:Renewable energy
3879:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3701:Economic impacts
3623:Invasive species
3479:Coastal flooding
3429:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3352:Svante Arrhenius
3328:
3327:
3298:from agriculture
3288:Carbon footprint
3273:Greenhouse gases
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3161:
3160:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3106:
2899:
2898:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2747:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2668:
2662:
2643:
2637:
2626:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2524:Bisiaux, Alice.
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1762:
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1759:
1758:
1738:
1732:
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1729:
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1708:
1702:
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1679:
1673:
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1669:
1650:
1644:
1643:
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1640:
1620:
1614:
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1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1512:. Archived from
1507:
1498:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
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1416:
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1413:
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1397:
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1390:
1389:
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1370:
1364:
1354:
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1347:
1345:
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1329:
1323:
1322:
1307:
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1300:
1298:
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1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1253:
1247:
1246:
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1233:
1225:
1219:
1206:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
997:
984:
983:
981:
980:
961:
955:
954:
952:
951:
923:
775:renewable energy
539:Speaking at the
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
269: US (14.3%)
268:
262:
229:global stocktake
136:Marrakech 2016 â
70:
68:
60:
58:
45:
38:
36:
31:
21:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4802:Events in Paris
4752:
4751:
4750:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4714:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4652:
4650:
4633:
4580:
4571:Orbital forcing
4465:
4430:
4411:
4385:Paris Agreement
4363:
4359:Warming stripes
4298:
4264:Managed retreat
4259:Loss and damage
4220:
4154:Business action
4138:
4116:
4093:
4016:
4010:
3967:
3928:Climate finance
3873:
3852:
3784:
3637:
3613:Extinction risk
3589:Flora and fauna
3584:
3545:Permafrost thaw
3540:Ozone depletion
3469:Extreme weather
3423:
3406:
3333:
3314:
3251:
3216:
3199:
3166:
3155:
3150:
3120:
3115:
3091:
3060:
2999:
2933:
2890:
2885:Paris Agreement
2861:Types of events
2856:
2851:
2808:Wayback Machine
2782:
2780:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2669:
2665:
2653:Wayback Machine
2644:
2640:
2624:
2620:Wayback Machine
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1955:Hindustan Times
1948:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1857:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1790:
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1739:
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1709:
1705:
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1647:
1638:
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1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1489:Wayback Machine
1479:
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1428:
1424:
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1399:
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1386:
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1371:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1342:
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1331:
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1326:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1255:
1254:
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1242:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1216:Wayback Machine
1207:
1203:
1197:Wayback Machine
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1158:
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1128:
1124:
1115:
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1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1015:
1013:
998:
987:
978:
976:
963:
962:
958:
949:
947:
940:
924:
920:
916:
911:
885:Paris Agreement
870:
835:
767:
724:climate justice
576:
545:Earth Institute
537:
526:
501:
485:Paris Agreement
481:
479:Paris Agreement
475:
423:
404:Arrondissements
351:
312:
303:
302:
301:
300:
296:
294:
290:
288:
284:
282:
278:
276:
275: EU (9.6%)
272:
270:
266:
264:
260:
248:
186:Paris Agreement
148:
114:Parties to the
101:
66:
64:
62:
56:
54:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4749:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4722:Global warming
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
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4621:
4616:
4615:
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4604:
4599:
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4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4524:Cloud feedback
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4467:
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4432:
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4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4380:Kyoto Protocol
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4332:Media coverage
4329:
4324:
4322:Climate spiral
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4211:Public opinion
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4159:Climate action
4156:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4071:REDD and REDD+
4068:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4048:Carbon farming
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
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3991:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
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3862:
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3858:
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3845:
3840:
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3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3780:Water security
3777:
3775:Water scarcity
3772:
3770:Urban flooding
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
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3698:
3693:
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3683:
3678:
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3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3618:Forest dieback
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Sea level rise
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3528:stratification
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Carbon leakage
3290:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3232:Climate system
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3153:Climate change
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
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3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
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3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2881:
2878:Kyoto Protocol
2874:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2740:
2739:External links
2737:
2735:
2734:
2720:. 2016-03-01.
2714:Climate Strike
2701:
2663:
2638:
2604:
2575:
2542:
2516:
2487:
2462:
2437:
2412:
2386:
2361:
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2304:
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2254:
2229:
2204:
2179:
2148:
2117:
2092:
2062:
2046:Financial News
2032:
2002:
1972:
1958:. 2015-12-14.
1941:
1925:New York Times
1911:
1895:Globe and Mail
1881:
1848:
1818:
1788:
1763:
1733:
1703:
1674:
1645:
1615:
1585:
1560:
1544:whitehouse.gov
1529:
1493:
1480:Nick Nuttall,
1473:
1448:
1417:
1392:
1365:
1349:
1324:
1302:
1277:
1248:
1245:on 2015-10-10.
1220:
1201:
1190:What is COP21?
1182:
1152:
1122:
1096:
1064:
1047:. 2015-12-12.
1022:
985:
956:
938:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
871:
869:
866:
862:climate strike
834:
833:Demonstrations
831:
815:Avery Dennison
803:Renault-Nissan
766:
763:
762:
761:
758:
742:Solar alliance
738:
727:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
670:
667:
661:
650:
649:
648:
640:
626:
625:
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621:Ignazio Marino
575:
572:
536:
533:
524:
500:
497:
489:Laurent Fabius
477:Main article:
474:
471:
422:
419:
378:United Nations
350:
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310:
295:
289:
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277:
271:
265:
259:
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250:
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233:Kyoto Protocol
205:global warming
190:climate change
179:Kyoto Protocol
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
122:Previous event
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
104:Kyoto Protocol
94:
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
51:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4814:
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4798:
4795:
4793:
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4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:2015 in Paris
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4747:
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4737:
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4723:
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4709:
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4648:
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4644:
4630:
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4622:
4620:
4617:
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4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Climate model
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
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4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:Cloud forcing
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4422:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
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4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4304:Communication
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Vulnerability
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Flood control
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
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4209:
4207:
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4199:
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4157:
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4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4076:reforestation
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:afforestation
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Nuclear power
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
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3949:
3946:
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3941:
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3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Carbon budget
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
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3831:
3829:
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3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
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3729:
3728:Mental health
3726:
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3674:
3672:
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3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:United States
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3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
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3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
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3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
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3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:deoxygenation
3511:
3509:
3508:acidification
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
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3430:
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3398:
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3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:from wetlands
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Deforestation
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
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2907:
2906:
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2870:(COP) of the
2869:
2866:
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2546:
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