274:
4909:
358:
devices are buffered, the programmer does not know how long it will take before written data is passed from the kernel's buffers to the actual device, or indeed in what order two separate writes will arrive at the physical device. Additionally, if the same hardware exposes both character and block devices, there is a risk of data corruption due to clients using the character device being unaware of changes made in the buffers of the block device.
4920:
992:, the device numbers of primary and the optional extended partition are numbered 1 through 4, while the indexes of any logical partitions are 5 and onwards, regardless of the layout of the former partitions (their parent extended partition does not need to be the fourth partition on the disk, nor do all four primary partitions have to exist).
1497:(IOCS) implementing a number of standard character and block device drivers as well as special file devices including STDO:/SCRN: (display), STDI:/KYBD: (keyboard), COM: (serial I/O), STDL:/PRN: (printer), CAS: (cassette tape), E:/F:/G: (memory file), S1:/S2:/S3: (memory card), X:/Y: (floppy), SYSTM: (system), and NIL: (function).
1112:, supported similar device names to DOS, but unlike DOS it required a trailing ":" character (on DOS, this is optional) to identify them as devices as opposed to normal filenames (thus "CON:" would work on both DOS and TOS, but "CON" would name an ordinary file on TOS but the console device on DOS). In
361:
Most systems create both block and character devices to represent hardware like hard disks. FreeBSD and Linux notably do not; the former has removed support for block devices, while the latter creates only block devices. To get the effect of a character device from a block device on Linux, one must
332:
provide unbuffered, direct access to the hardware device. They do not necessarily allow programs to read or write single characters at a time; that is up to the device in question. The character device for a hard disk, for example, will normally require that all reads and writes be aligned to block
189:, possibly associated with a controlling daemon, which monitors hardware addition and removal at run time, making corresponding changes to the device file system if that's not automatically done by the kernel, and possibly invoking scripts in system or user space to handle special device needs. The
173:
returns the error message, "This file does not have a program associated with it for performing this action. Create an association in the Folder
Options control panel." Attempting to rename any file or folder using a reserved name silently reverts the object to its previous name (or "New Folder",
357:
provide buffered access to hardware devices, and provide some abstraction from their specifics. Unlike character devices, block devices will always allow the programmer to read or write a block of any size (including single characters/bytes) and any alignment. The downside is that because block
316:
As with other special file types, the computer system accesses device nodes using standard system calls and treats them like regular computer files. Two standard types of device files exist; unfortunately their names are rather counter-intuitive for historical reasons, and explanations of the
1799:
DeviceFS was started in 1991 and first appeared in RISC OS 3. It manages several device like special files, most commonly: Parallel, Serial, FastParallel, and USB. The SystemDevices module implements the pseudo devices such as: Vdu, Kbd, Null and
Printer.
305:. Generally, the major number identifies the device driver and the minor number identifies a particular device (possibly out of many) that the driver controls: in this case, the system may pass the minor number to a driver. However, in the presence of
1080:
DOS uses device files for accessing printers and ports. Most versions of
Windows also contain this support, which can cause confusion when trying to make files and folders of certain names, as they cannot have these names. Versions 2.x of
1021:
Maintaining these special files on a physically-implemented file system such as a hard drive is inconvenient, and as it needs kernel assistance anyway, the idea arose of a special-purpose logical file system that is not physically stored.
1067:. This means that certain file names were reserved for devices, and should not be used to name new files or directories. The reserved names themselves were chosen to be compatible with "special files" handling of
1025:
Defining when devices are ready to appear is not trivial. The devfs approach is for the device driver to request creation and deletion of devfs entries related to the devices it enables and disables.
2599:
1018:
is a specific implementation of a device file system on Unix-like operating systems, used for presenting device files. The underlying mechanism of implementation may vary, depending on the OS.
973:
For most devices, this prefix is followed by a number uniquely identifying the particular device. For hard drives, a letter is used to identify devices and is followed by a number to identify
1545:
101:
Device files usually provide simple interfaces to standard devices (such as printers and serial ports), but can also be used to access specific unique resources on those devices, such as
257:) by making each device file exclusive open. An application attempting to access a device already in use would discover itself unable to open the device file node. A variety of
2292:
1949:
prefix makes supporting APIs access the Win32 device namespace instead of the Win32 file namespace. The Win32 device names are symbolic links to device names under
Windows NT
342:
to avoid the confusion surrounding the fact that a character device for a piece of block-based hardware will typically require programs to read and write aligned blocks.
306:
238:; these mount points will be visible on the host OS at various nodes in the global file system tree. By restricting the device nodes populated into chroot instances of
4955:
1077:. There were two kinds of devices in DOS: Block Devices (used for disk drives) and Character Devices (generally all other devices, including COM and PRN devices).
2090:
242:, hardware isolation can be enforced by the chroot environment (a program can not meddle with hardware that it can neither see nor name—an even stronger form of
2132:
The next step beyond a single-open device is to let a single user open a device in multiple processes but allow only one user to have the device open at a time.
93:. Using standard system calls simplifies many programming tasks, and leads to consistent user-space I/O mechanisms regardless of device features and functions.
430:
2804:
162:
and are still present in modern
Windows for backwards compatibility. Names are not case-sensitive, so "con", "Con", and "CON" are all invalid names.
2676:
4381:
2040:
4784:
1836:
As implemented in the kernel, character devices appear in the virtual \DEV directory and any disk directory. Under MS-DOS/PC DOS 2.x, the
1702:
1595:
625:. It only makes sense on systems whose devices are statically assigned major numbers (e.g., by means of hardcoding it in their kernel module).
178:
and later, attempting to use a reserved name for a file or folder brings up an error message saying, "The specified device name is invalid."
2583:
128:. The difference between them lies in how much data is read and written by the operating system and hardware. These together can be called
382:. They provide various functions handled by the operating system. Some of the most commonly used (character-based) pseudo-devices include:
2317:
4924:
2553:
2496:
2321:
4950:
2456:
415: – produces a continuous stream of null characters (zero-value bytes) as output when read from, and generates an
3090:
3065:
4960:
3749:
2614:
2270:
4965:
4374:
2957:
640:
command exist to keep compatibility with POSIX, but manually created device nodes outside devfs will not function at all.
4421:
4322:
3797:
254:
2853:
4312:
3483:
3292:
1120:, a special UNIX-like unified filesystem view accessed via the "U:" drive letter also placed device files in "U:\DEV".
3690:
86:. These special files allow an application program to interact with a device by using its device driver via standard
4416:
3934:
2981:
2172:
3848:
2828:
2213:
3600:
3322:
3282:
2398:
4913:
4534:
4367:
1840:
2997:
793:: Abstraction that represents block devices that are mounted through the network (or from images using qemu-nbd)
1636:
A hybrid kernel/userspace approach of a device filesystem to provide nodes before udev runs for the first time
1452:
and pipes, data can be sent to or received from a device. For example, typing the following will send the file
213:
implementation, but it was abandoned later, and then removed since version 2.6.17; Linux now primarily uses a
3379:
2233:
4744:
4317:
3733:
3307:
719:
59:
2689:
4829:
4779:
4238:
4086:
4018:
3312:
3119:
3014:"How to setup devfs with your current LFS-configuration using devfsd. How you can use devfs from scratch"
2949:
2006:
1494:
106:
3029:
1604:. Device files can be stored on a conventional general-purpose file system, or in a memory file system (
995:
Device names are usually not portable between different Unix-like system variants, for example, on some
4859:
4123:
4113:
4103:
3495:
3085:
3058:
1641:
3013:
277:
A simplified structure of the Linux kernel. File systems are implemented as part of the I/O subsystem.
4449:
2114:
Corbet, Jonathan; Kroah-Hartman, Greg; Rubini, Alessandro (2005). "Access
Control on a Device File".
1226:
282:
198:
4188:
4041:
3944:
3889:
3764:
3620:
3389:
1922:
1060:
147:
2779:
4774:
4749:
4287:
4243:
4225:
3924:
3914:
3369:
2618:
2549:
2502:
1449:
403: – accepts and discards all input written to it; produces a continuous stream of
294:
247:
114:
2688:, Information Systems Group, Personal Equipment Division. March 1990. p. 17. Archived from
632:
use kernel-based device node management via devfs only and do not support manual node creation.
4559:
4133:
4098:
4036:
3515:
3335:
3199:
3129:
2164:
2153:
1874:
The special U: drive contains a virtual DEV directory, inside which one can find device files.
4390:
4269:
4178:
4128:
4071:
3817:
3787:
3738:
3590:
3563:
3440:
3330:
3243:
3134:
3051:
2920:
2642:
1818:
1759:
4945:
4426:
4343:
4304:
4118:
3837:
3812:
3453:
3270:
3260:
3216:
3181:
2907:
2894:
2001:
1996:
1976:
874:
790:
273:
17:
2746:
Devfsd provides configurable management of device nodes using the Linux Device
Filesystem.
2714:
2540:
1554:
to handle device node events in user space. Obsolete – users are encouraged to migrate to
8:
4719:
4348:
4294:
4233:
3822:
3490:
3431:
3347:
1208:
595:
182:
27:
Interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file
2941:
4699:
4694:
4539:
4431:
4338:
4200:
4163:
4076:
3802:
3792:
3777:
3718:
3548:
3211:
3204:
3191:
3144:
3034:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2615:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/SKELIO.TXT, /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM"
2587:
2332:
2144:
1631:
1587:
1312:
989:
727:
584:
231:
2374:
4839:
4153:
4093:
3929:
3615:
3585:
3577:
3446:
3421:
3342:
3317:
3139:
2685:
2638:
2168:
2121:
1678:
1471:
974:
963:
938:
683:
302:
262:
120:
There are two general kinds of device files in Unix-like operating systems, known as
102:
43:
3426:
4173:
4081:
3879:
3529:
3473:
3162:
2633:(Note: While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is
2115:
1981:
1654:
1433:
1363:
1348:
456:
298:
4589:
4282:
4195:
3703:
3097:
2634:
2011:
1794:
1749:
1474:
919:: "ROM" driver (data-oriented optical disc drives; scd is just a secondary alias)
723:
710:
674:
469:
375:
4544:
4359:
4183:
4168:
4108:
3286:
3157:
2965:
1489:
interpreter, a DOS 2-like File
Control System (FCS) implementing a rudimentary
1482:
1063:
hierarchy, devices were distinguished from regular files by making their names
832:
822:
549:
404:
243:
150:
hierarchy, devices were distinguished from regular files by making their names
2406:
2069:
689:
Some additional prefixes have come into common use in some operating systems:
433:. Its exact behavior varies by implementation, and sometimes variants such as
4939:
4834:
4689:
4584:
4213:
4158:
3832:
3772:
3631:
2884:
2849:
2253:
2160:
1688:
1478:
1308:
1064:
926:
771:
590:
495:
391: – accepts and discards all input written to it; provides an
258:
194:
175:
151:
71:
63:
2998:"How to create a basic mk_initrd command that works nice with LFS and devfs"
817:: first registered device's first namespace's first partition (block device)
4709:
4664:
4277:
3985:
3573:
3540:
3478:
3458:
2879:
2735:
2610:
2420:
2353:
2326:
866:
697:
660:
374:
Device nodes on Unix-like systems do not necessarily have to correspond to
206:
87:
2933:
2316:
4854:
4519:
3074:
2824:
2655:
1991:
1986:
1627:
1591:
1515:
1357:
Sends data to the line printer. (LPT2 for
Hewlett-Packard's MS-DOS 2.11)
1038:
947:
796:
780:
737:
706:
575:
392:
170:
158:
is a reserved word. These were chosen for a degree of compatibility with
136:, which are not connected to a device but are not ordinary files either.
90:
67:
31:
981:, for example, or "see" a networked terminal session as associated with
4604:
4594:
4491:
4481:
4461:
4253:
4051:
1900:
1879:
1837:
1725:
1600:
Implemented largely in user space, device information is gathered from
1490:
1091:
1069:
1034:
870:
554:
338:
214:
166:
133:
582:. Nodes can be moved or deleted by the usual filesystem system calls (
181:
In some Unix-like systems, most device files are managed as part of a
174:"New Text Document", etc.), with no notification or error message. In
4849:
4804:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4659:
4208:
3949:
3827:
3558:
2622:
2402:
1940:
1912:
1891:
1843:=FALSE directive can be used to force devices to exist only in \DEV.
1771:
1272:
1109:
962:
The canonical list of the prefixes used in Linux can be found in the
878:
664:
648:
The following prefixes are used for the names of some devices in the
606:
600:
110:
40:
333:
boundaries and most certainly will not allow reading a single byte.
4879:
4844:
4644:
4629:
4624:
4569:
4564:
4454:
4026:
3970:
3939:
3728:
3553:
3409:
3302:
3255:
3149:
2758:
2189:
2148:
1856:
1559:
1326:
1300:
1258:
1087:
154:
that cannot be used as folder or file names; for example: the word
2946:
The Linux 2.4 SCSI subsystem HOWTO: Chapter 3. Names and
Addresses
1175:
Reads data from an auxiliary device, usually a serial device like
709:, though this same abbreviation is also commonly used to refer to
4894:
4864:
4819:
4794:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4619:
4609:
4599:
4579:
4549:
4524:
4501:
4496:
4486:
4411:
3980:
3954:
3781:
3414:
3384:
3275:
3231:
2074:
1781:
1664:
1373:
1286:
1222:
1204:
1055:
borrowed the concept of special files from Unix but renamed them
1046:
836:
629:
529:
417:
310:
205:; device nodes are managed automatically by this file system, in
190:
142:
borrowed the concept of special files from Unix but renamed them
83:
2584:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT"
1182:
Sends data to an auxiliary device, usually a serial device like
805:: first registered device's device controller (character device)
281:
Device nodes correspond to resources that an operating system's
4874:
4869:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4734:
4684:
4649:
4574:
4529:
4471:
4444:
4408:
3990:
3899:
3894:
3698:
3399:
3043:
2458:
IBM Operating System/2 Technical Reference - Programming Family
2261:
1966:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1535:
1396:(in DR-DOS 7.02 and higher and some versions of Multiuser DOS)
1344:
1304:
1105:
1102:, thus allowing ordinary files to be created with these names.
1082:
1052:
862:
545:
533:
520:
297:. The assignment of these numbers occurs uniquely in different
227:
139:
2548:(2 ed.). Portable Computer Division, Corvallis, OR, USA:
2190:"Ghosts of Unix Past: a historical search for design patterns"
4889:
4824:
4814:
4799:
4764:
4654:
4614:
4476:
4466:
4248:
4046:
4031:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3909:
3904:
3842:
3723:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3605:
3595:
3500:
3468:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3248:
3176:
3124:
2354:"Avoid Creating Macintosh Filenames that are NT Device Names"
2276:
1971:
1869:
1848:
1735:
1712:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1577:
1567:
1528:
1486:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1240:
1183:
1176:
1157:
1117:
578:. The command-line program for creating nodes is also called
481:
2982:"How to use kernel module autoloading with devfs and devfsd"
2759:"Driver Core: devtmpfs - kernel-maintained tmpfs-based /dev"
2542:
Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS
2498:
Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS
1462:
PIPE, MAILSLOT, and MUP are other standard Windows devices.
429: – produces bytes generated by the kernel's
317:
difference between the two are often incorrect as a result.
285:
has already allocated. Unix identifies those resources by a
4884:
4809:
4789:
4739:
4704:
4554:
3919:
3884:
3874:
3869:
3807:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3644:
3639:
3610:
3519:
3510:
3463:
3404:
3374:
3265:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3186:
3168:
2016:
1852:
1573:
1555:
1347:
and DOS 1.x, also in Hewlett-Packard's MS-DOS 2.11 for the
1340:
1244:
1191:
1169:
1161:
1148:
1113:
1074:
1042:
858:
525:
219:
159:
79:
2091:"[PATCH] devfs: Remove devfs from the kernel tree"
811:: first registered device's first namespace (block device)
4512:
3525:
3505:
3394:
3296:
2465:
2399:"MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used As File Names"
2113:
2035:
2033:
1098:, makes these special names only active if prefixed with
996:
740:(usually identified by major number 3 and minor number 0)
75:
966:, the official registry of allocated device numbers and
494: – allows userland processes to control
109:
that have no connection with any actual device, such as
2925:
Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide
2912:
Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide
2899:
Common threads: Advanced filesystem implementor's guide
2656:"REG: CurrentControlSet Entries PART 2: SessionManager"
261:
semantics are implemented in Unix and Linux concerning
3629:
2505:, Portable Computer Division. August 1985. 45559-90001
2269:"envstat -- utility to handle environmental sensors".
2030:
1659:
Introduced with dynamic loaded drivers in Solaris-2.1
1550:
Implemented fully in the kernel, with optional daemon
1432:
82164A (only in Hewlett-Packard's MS-DOS 2.11 for the
1049:
systems to allow access to certain ports and devices.
431:
cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
105:. Additionally, device files are useful for accessing
2921:"Part 6: Implementing devfs (using the init wrapper)"
1059:. Because early versions of MS-DOS did not support a
977:. Thus a file system may "know" an area on a disk as
146:. Because early versions of MS-DOS did not support a
2603:
540:
425:
1362:PLT (only in Hewlett-Packard's MS-DOS 2.11 for the
421:("disk full") error when attempting to write to it.
2784:man pages section 7: Device and Network Interfaces
2577:
2575:
2573:
2152:
1156:Prints text to the printer, usually redirected to
479:Additionally, BSD-specific pseudo-devices with an
234:, typically each chroot environment needs its own
4956:Pseudo file systems supported by the Linux kernel
2609:
1376:. The attached plotter device is reconfigurable.
1140:Receives typed data until Z (Ctrl-Z) is pressed.
1028:
621:to create all necessary devices in the directory
378:. Nodes that lack this correspondence are called
4937:
4389:
3027:
970:directory nodes for the Linux operating system.
411:
399:
387:
2570:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
1868:Application Systems Heidelberg, Eric R. Smith,
253:MS-DOS managed hardware device contention (see
3011:
2995:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2393:
2391:
2042:Microsoft MS-DOS Operating System User's Guide
899:, etc.: second, third, etc. registered devices
506:
4375:
3059:
2877:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2405:. 2003-05-12. KB74496, Q74496. Archived from
2143:
2088:
1186:. Sometimes reconfigurable to other devices.
1179:. Sometimes reconfigurable to other devices.
1164:. Sometimes reconfigurable to other devices.
752:: the master device on the second ATA channel
268:
2931:
2438:
1033:A device file is a reserved keyword used in
758:: the slave device on the second ATA channel
490:
407:(zero-value bytes) as output when read from.
293:, both stored as part of the structure of a
2388:
851:: first registered device's first partition
746:: the slave device on the first ATA channel
652:hierarchy, to identify the type of device:
4919:
4382:
4368:
3066:
3052:
2979:
2516:
2472:
2318:Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority
2187:
1424:Reads data from the selected serial port.
1402:Sends data to the selected parallel port.
613:Some Unix versions include a script named
468: – accesses the process's
2880:"devfs for Management and Administration"
514:access to devices otherwise not found as
336:Character devices are sometimes known as
2964:. Gentoo Foundation, Inc. Archived from
2322:"Linux allocated devices (2.6+ version)"
2070:"The 3-Letter C Word That Windows Hates"
2064:
2062:
1427:Sends data to the selected serial port.
455: – access the process's
362:open the device with the Linux-specific
272:
1261:(only in multitasking MS-DOS and OS/2)
14:
4938:
2715:"Linux Devfs (Device File System) FAQ"
2246:
4363:
3047:
2712:
2059:
956:: USB serial converters, modems, etc.
887:: mass-storage driver (block device)
643:
2581:
839:cards, eMMC chips on laptops, etc.)
544: – used by NetBSD's
320:
309:, this may not be the case (e.g. on
2658:. Support.microsoft.com. 2006-11-01
2356:. Support.microsoft.com. 2006-11-01
999:systems, the IDE devices are named
552:, accessed in the userland through
255:terminate-and-stay-resident program
74:. There are also special files in
24:
2871:
2678:Technical Reference Manual PC-E500
2501:(1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA:
2089:Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2005-06-20).
2048:. Microsoft. 1983. p. 3-5
1500:
1493:-like filesystem, and a BIOS-like
25:
4977:
2733:
2299:. The FreeBSD Project. 2016-10-03
2117:Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition
1754:Implemented fully in the kernel.
1730:Implemented fully in the kernel.
1707:Implemented fully in the kernel.
1683:Implemented fully in the kernel.
1211:in some versions of MS-DOS 2.11)
736:: the master device on the first
369:
4918:
4908:
4907:
3073:
2582:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02).
2155:The UNIX Programming Environment
1511:Filesystem or managing software
1398:
1334:
1331:
1329:(only in MS-DOS 7.0 and higher)
1320:
1317:
1216:
1213:
1152:
722:driver (previously used for ATA
628:Some other Unix systems such as
566:
345:
3028:Tushar Teredesai (2003-03-05).
2895:"Part 4: Introduction to devfs"
2856:from the original on 2017-01-15
2842:
2831:from the original on 2017-01-15
2817:
2797:
2772:
2751:
2727:
2706:
2669:
2648:
2559:from the original on 2016-11-28
2552:. December 1986 . 45559-90006.
2413:
2367:
2346:
2310:
2285:
2234:"FreeBSD Architecture Handbook"
2214:"IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition"
223:, but there are many variants.
209:. Linux used to have a similar
4951:Interfaces of the Linux kernel
2464:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.).
2272:NetBSD System Manager's Manual
2226:
2206:
2181:
2137:
2107:
2082:
1619:devtmpfs with or without udev
1470:The 8-bit operating system of
1029:PC DOS, TOS, OS/2, and Windows
988:On disks using the typical PC
226:In Unix systems which support
13:
1:
3012:Jeroen Coumans (2003-04-19).
2996:Martial Daumas (2003-09-18).
2919:Daniel Robbins (2001-10-01).
2906:Daniel Robbins (2001-10-01).
2893:Daniel Robbins (2001-10-01).
2713:Gooch, Richard (2002-08-20).
2023:
201:have a dedicated file system
4961:Special-purpose file systems
2942:"3.3. Device Names in devfs"
2878:Philip Streck (2002-09-24).
2850:"FreeMiNT-Portal - mint.doc"
2254:"usr.sbin/envstat/envstat.c"
1143:Prints data to the console.
510: – provides
485:interface may also include:
7:
4966:Unix file system technology
4450:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
4239:Filesystem-level encryption
2950:Linux Documentation Project
2932:Doug Gilbert (2001-01-22).
2613:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) .
2329:(Documentation/devices.txt)
2007:User space and kernel space
1959:
1930:Windows NT Win32 Subsystem
1923:Windows NT object namespace
1776:Implemented in the kernel.
1495:Input/Output Control System
1372:Sends data to the assigned
230:process isolation, such as
96:
10:
4982:
4860:Technical Support SuperDOS
3086:Comparison of file systems
2962:Gentoo Linux Documentation
2958:"Device File System Guide"
2908:"Part 5: Setting up devfs"
2805:"Project Black change log"
1094:parameter that, if set to
395:indication when read from.
269:Unix and Unix-like systems
169:, entering "Con" into the
70:as if it were an ordinary
29:
4903:
4637:
4510:
4407:
4398:
4331:
4303:
4268:
4224:
4149:
4142:
4064:
4017:
3963:
3865:
3858:
3763:
3689:
3572:
3539:
3115:
3106:
3081:
2980:Mark Ellis (2003-09-23).
2188:Neil Brown (2010-10-27).
1459:TYPE c:\data.txt > PRN
1196:Returns null or no data.
893:: first registered device
845:: first registered device
571:Nodes are created by the
307:dynamic number allocation
185:traditionally mounted at
4189:Extended file attributes
3890:Compact Disc File System
3030:"Using devfs and devfsd"
2736:"My Linux Contributions"
2427:. Kevtronics. 2002-04-12
2095:Linux kernel source tree
1199:Discards received data.
1010:
217:implementation known as
115:random number generators
30:Not to be confused with
4288:Installable File System
2825:"The drive U: in MagiC"
2619:Computer History Museum
2550:Hewlett-Packard Company
2503:Hewlett-Packard Company
2421:"Undocumented Commands"
1921:directory is a part of
1576:on any fs, but usually
1465:
1108:, the DOS-like part of
326:Character special files
248:file system permissions
122:character special files
4560:Datapac System Manager
4391:Disk operating systems
3336:TiVo Media File System
3200:Encrypting File System
278:
3331:Macintosh File System
2643:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11
861:driver, also used by
831:: storage driver for
276:
4344:GUID Partition Table
3691:Distributed parallel
3439:Shared File System (
2297:FreeBSD Manual Pages
2002:Storage area network
1997:Hardware abstraction
913:: generic SCSI layer
791:Network block device
130:device special files
4720:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11
4399:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,
4349:Apple Partition Map
4295:Virtual file system
4234:Access-control list
3348:NetWare File System
2375:"device attributes"
2258:BSD Cross Reference
2145:Kernighan, Brian W.
1485:etc. consists of a
1442:Redirects to COM2.
1439:Redirects to COM2.
1227:multitasking MS-DOS
728:optical disc drives
644:Naming conventions
550:hardware monitoring
351:Block special files
183:virtual file system
126:block special files
4700:Concurrent DOS V60
4695:Concurrent DOS 68K
4540:Concurrent CP/M-86
4401:compatible systems
4339:Master Boot Record
4164:Data deduplication
3803:Google File System
3719:Google File System
3205:Extent File System
3167:Byte File System (
3035:Linux From Scratch
3019:Linux From Scratch
3003:Linux From Scratch
2987:Linux From Scratch
2468:. September 1987 .
1632:Greg Kroah-Hartman
1588:Greg Kroah-Hartman
1531:2.3.46pre5–2.6.17
1313:Concurrent DOS 386
990:master boot record
907:: Enclosure driver
783:(character device)
441:are also provided.
303:computer platforms
279:
232:Solaris Containers
66:that appears in a
4933:
4932:
4440:
4439:
4357:
4356:
4264:
4263:
4154:Case preservation
4060:
4059:
3759:
3758:
3685:
3684:
3447:Smart File System
2686:Sharp Corporation
2639:Altos MS-DOS 2.11
2637:and a mixture of
2194:Linux Weekly News
1957:
1956:
1679:Poul-Henning Kamp
1508:Operating System
1446:
1445:
1369:Returns no data.
1354:Returns no data.
964:Linux Device List
330:character devices
321:Character devices
301:and on different
299:operating systems
263:concurrent access
44:operating systems
16:(Redirected from
4973:
4922:
4921:
4911:
4910:
4405:
4404:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4174:Execute in place
4147:
4146:
3880:Boot File System
3863:
3862:
3627:
3626:
3163:Boot File System
3113:
3112:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3008:
2992:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2953:
2937:
2934:"DEVFS and SCSI"
2928:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2734:Gooch, Richard.
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2683:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2586:. Archived from
2579:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2547:
2537:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2493:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2401:. Revision 2.0.
2395:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:. Stanislavs.org
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2331:. Archived from
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2275:. Archived from
2265:
2264:. November 2021.
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2037:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1920:
1909:
1888:
1865:
1829:
1825:
1791:
1768:
1746:
1722:
1699:
1675:
1655:Sun Microsystems
1651:
1624:
1584:
1542:
1505:
1504:
1475:pocket computers
1456:to the printer:
1455:
1434:HP Portable Plus
1392:, and sometimes
1364:HP Portable Plus
1349:HP Portable Plus
1307:(since 5.0) and
1123:
1122:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1072:
1006:
1002:
984:
980:
969:
955:
945:
936:
924:
918:
912:
906:
898:
892:
886:
850:
844:
830:
816:
810:
804:
788:
778:
769:
765:
757:
751:
745:
735:
717:
704:
695:
681:
675:pseudo-terminals
672:
658:
651:
639:
636:system call and
635:
624:
609:
603:
593:
587:
581:
574:
561:
557:
543:
523:
517:
513:
509:
501:
493:
484:
464:
457:standard streams
454:
450:
446:
440:
436:
428:
420:
414:
402:
390:
376:physical devices
365:
241:
237:
188:
157:
107:system resources
21:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4899:
4638:Other platforms
4633:
4590:NetWare PalmDOS
4506:
4436:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4358:
4353:
4327:
4299:
4283:File system API
4260:
4220:
4196:File change log
4138:
4114:Record-oriented
4087:Self-certifying
4056:
4013:
3959:
3854:
3755:
3681:
3625:
3568:
3535:
3108:
3102:
3098:Unix filesystem
3077:
3072:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2940:
2874:
2872:Further reading
2869:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2635:SCP MS-DOS 1.25
2627:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2495:
2494:
2473:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2268:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2142:
2138:
2126:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2012:Unix file types
1962:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1918:
1907:
1886:
1863:
1827:
1823:
1795:Acorn Computers
1789:
1766:
1744:
1720:
1697:
1673:
1649:
1622:
1582:
1540:
1503:
1501:Implementations
1468:
1460:
1453:
1289:(only in OS/2)
1275:(only in OS/2)
1126:Device keyword
1099:
1095:
1086:
1068:
1031:
1013:
1004:
1000:
982:
978:
967:
953:
943:
934:
922:
916:
910:
904:
896:
890:
884:
848:
842:
828:
814:
808:
802:
786:
776:
767:
763:
755:
749:
743:
733:
724:hard disk drive
715:
711:file descriptor
702:
693:
679:
670:
656:
649:
646:
637:
633:
622:
605:
599:
589:
583:
579:
572:
569:
559:
553:
539:
519:
518:nodes, used by
515:
511:
505:
499:
489:
480:
470:file descriptor
462:
452:
448:
444:
438:
434:
424:
416:
410:
405:null characters
398:
386:
372:
363:
348:
323:
271:
239:
235:
186:
155:
132:in contrast to
103:disk partitions
99:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4979:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4916:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Concurrent DOS
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4323:Log-structured
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4226:Access control
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4184:File attribute
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:Data scrubbing
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Steganographic
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Log-structured
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3427:Reliance Nitro
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3287:Classic Mac OS
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:Be File System
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3025:
3009:
2993:
2977:
2954:
2938:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2852:. 2000-04-27.
2841:
2827:. 2016-03-28.
2816:
2796:
2786:. Oracle. 2014
2771:
2750:
2726:
2705:
2668:
2647:
2602:
2569:
2515:
2471:
2437:
2412:
2409:on 2012-07-21.
2387:
2366:
2345:
2320:(2009-04-06).
2309:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2279:on 2019-03-23.
2245:
2225:
2205:
2180:
2173:
2136:
2106:
2081:
2058:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:, Jan Blunck,
1625:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1585:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1172:(not in OS/2)
1166:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:Use as output
1130:
1127:
1065:reserved words
1030:
1027:
1012:
1009:
960:
959:
958:
957:
951:
932:
931:
930:
920:
914:
908:
902:
901:
900:
894:
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
846:
820:
819:
818:
812:
806:
794:
784:
774:
772:parallel ports
761:
760:
759:
753:
747:
741:
718:: ("classic")
713:
700:
687:
686:
677:
668:
645:
642:
568:
565:
564:
563:
548:framework for
537:
528:management in
503:
477:
476:
460:
442:
422:
408:
396:
380:pseudo-devices
371:
370:Pseudo-devices
368:
347:
344:
322:
319:
270:
267:
244:access control
152:reserved words
98:
95:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4978:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Sinclair QDOS
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Commodore DOS
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Multiuser DOS
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Cryptographic
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:Copy-on-write
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3632:wear leveling
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2968:on 2008-05-21
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:Linux Journal
2881:
2876:
2875:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2806:
2800:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2737:
2730:
2716:
2709:
2695:on 2017-03-14
2691:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:Paterson, Tim
2606:
2600:
2590:on 2003-10-04
2589:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2335:on 2016-04-24
2334:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2235:
2229:
2215:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2174:0-13-937681-X
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Prentice-Hall
2157:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2078:. 2016-04-14.
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:DragonFly BSD
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1546:Richard Gooch
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1309:Multiuser DOS
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1207:(still named
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:Use as input
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1008:
998:
993:
991:
986:
976:
971:
965:
952:
949:
946:: (platform)
942:
941:
940:
933:
928:
927:magnetic tape
921:
915:
909:
903:
895:
889:
888:
883:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
847:
841:
840:
838:
834:
827:
826:
824:
821:
813:
807:
801:
800:
798:
795:
792:
785:
782:
775:
773:
762:
754:
748:
742:
739:
732:
731:
729:
725:
721:
714:
712:
708:
705:: (platform)
701:
699:
692:
691:
690:
685:
678:
676:
669:
666:
662:
661:line printers
655:
654:
653:
641:
631:
626:
620:
616:
611:
608:
602:
597:
592:
586:
577:
567:Node creation
556:
551:
547:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
524:to implement
522:
508:
504:
497:
492:
488:
487:
486:
483:
474:
471:
467:
461:
458:
443:
432:
427:
423:
419:
413:
409:
406:
401:
397:
394:
389:
385:
384:
383:
381:
377:
367:
359:
356:
355:block devices
352:
346:Block devices
343:
341:
340:
334:
331:
327:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
266:
264:
260:
259:device driver
256:
251:
249:
245:
233:
229:
224:
222:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:DragonFly BSD
192:
184:
179:
177:
176:Windows Vista
172:
168:
163:
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:device driver
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4710:Cromemco DOS
4665:Apple ProDOS
4278:File manager
3975:
3847:
3748:
3574:Flash memory
3541:Optical disc
3479:soft updates
3459:Soup (Apple)
3109:non-rotating
3075:File systems
3033:
3017:
3001:
2985:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2961:
2945:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2883:
2858:. Retrieved
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2819:
2808:. Retrieved
2799:
2788:. Retrieved
2783:
2780:"devfs(7FS)"
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2753:
2745:
2739:. Retrieved
2729:
2718:. Retrieved
2708:
2697:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2677:
2671:
2660:. Retrieved
2650:
2626:. Retrieved
2605:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2561:. Retrieved
2541:
2507:. Retrieved
2497:
2457:
2429:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2407:the original
2379:. Retrieved
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2327:Linux kernel
2325:
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2277:the original
2271:
2257:
2248:
2237:. Retrieved
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:
2183:
2154:
2139:
2131:
2125:. Retrieved
2116:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2073:
2050:. Retrieved
2041:
1703:Alex Hornung
1596:Dan Stekloff
1551:
1469:
1461:
1448:Using shell
1447:
1315:) families)
1104:
1085:provide the
1079:
1056:
1051:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:
994:
987:
972:
961:
707:floppy disks
698:frame buffer
688:
647:
627:
618:
614:
612:
570:
478:
472:
465:
439:/dev/arandom
435:/dev/urandom
379:
373:
360:
354:
350:
349:
337:
335:
329:
325:
324:
315:
291:minor number
290:
287:major number
286:
280:
252:
225:
218:
210:
207:kernel space
202:
180:
164:
143:
138:
129:
125:
121:
119:
100:
91:system calls
88:input/output
56:special file
55:
51:
47:
38:
36:
4946:Device file
4855:SpartaDOS X
4244:Permissions
3859:Specialized
3091:distributed
1992:File system
1987:Data buffer
1953:directory.
1870:Atari Corp.
1810:PC DOS
1628:Kay Sievers
1592:Kay Sievers
1516:mount point
1454:c:\data.txt
1450:redirection
1073:command in
983:/dev/pts/14
948:serial port
781:Main memory
738:ATA channel
576:system call
541:/dev/sysmon
498:through an
453:/dev/stderr
449:/dev/stdout
426:/dev/random
393:end-of-file
339:raw devices
313:5 and up).
171:Run command
134:named pipes
68:file system
52:device node
48:device file
32:Device tree
4940:Categories
4605:PC-MOS/386
4595:Novell DOS
4492:SISNE plus
4482:Novell DOS
4462:IBM PC DOS
4422:Comparison
4270:Interfaces
4254:Sticky bit
4134:Versioning
4099:Journaling
4042:Rubberhose
3838:SMB (CIFS)
3630:host-side
2972:2008-06-19
2860:2017-01-09
2835:2017-01-09
2810:2016-05-15
2790:2021-06-12
2765:2009-08-10
2741:2021-06-13
2720:2021-06-13
2699:2017-03-14
2662:2014-01-22
2628:2014-03-25
2594:2009-03-29
2563:2016-11-27
2509:2016-11-27
2431:2014-05-16
2381:2014-01-22
2360:2014-01-22
2339:2013-06-08
2303:2024-04-21
2293:"mknod(8)"
2239:2013-03-07
2219:2014-04-24
2199:2014-03-30
2163:. p.
2127:2017-04-28
2100:2021-06-12
2052:2024-04-20
2024:References
1977:Block size
1901:Windows NT
1887:\\devices\
1880:Windows 9x
1838:CONFIG.SYS
1726:Apple Inc.
1534:devfs and
1491:12-bit FAT
1092:CONFIG.SYS
975:partitions
555:proplib(3)
502:interface.
445:/dev/stdin
246:than Unix
215:user space
167:Windows XP
111:data sinks
4850:SpartaDOS
4805:NewDos/80
4680:Atari TOS
4675:Atari DOS
4670:Apple SOS
4660:Apple DOS
4129:Synthetic
4072:Clustered
4019:Encrypted
3950:OverlayFS
3559:ISO 13490
3135:Amiga OFS
3130:Amiga FFS
2623:Microsoft
2425:4dos.info
2403:Microsoft
2149:Pike, Rob
1941:Microsoft
1913:Microsoft
1892:Microsoft
1786:DeviceFS
1772:Bell Labs
1514:Standard
1477:like the
1343:(only in
1303:(only in
1273:POINTER$
1243:(only in
1225:(only in
1110:Atari TOS
1061:directory
979:/dev/sda3
939:terminals
879:IEEE 1394
873:driver),
849:mmcblk0p1
815:nvme0n1p1
684:terminals
663:(compare
412:/dev/full
400:/dev/zero
388:/dev/null
148:directory
60:interface
41:Unix-like
4914:Category
4880:TurboDOS
4845:SmartDOS
4785:MicroDOS
4645:AmigaDOS
4630:TurboDOS
4625:Towns OS
4570:K8918-OS
4565:DOS Plus
4455:MS-DOS 7
4427:Commands
4417:Timeline
4214:Symbolic
4143:Features
4119:Semantic
4027:eCryptfs
3971:configfs
3940:SquashFS
3828:POHMELFS
3729:OrangeFS
3554:ISO 9660
3474:UFS/UFS2
3422:Reliance
3410:ReiserFS
3256:Files-11
3150:bcachefs
3107:Disk and
2854:Archived
2829:Archived
2554:Archived
2151:(1984).
2122:O'Reilly
1982:Blocking
1960:See also
1857:MultiTOS
1841:AVAILDEV
1833:various
1790:Devices:
1738:B.11.31
1650:/devices
1616:2.6.32–
1560:devtmpfs
1483:PC-E500S
1327:CONFIG$
1301:$ IDLE$
1259:SCREEN$
1088:AVAILDEV
1005:/dev/wd1
1001:/dev/wd0
897:sdb, sdc
881:, etc.:
865:(modern
825:driver:
799:driver:
730:, etc.)
726:, ATAPI
638:mknod(8)
634:mknod(2)
596:commands
562:utility.
507:/dev/bio
463:/dev/fd/
364:O_DIRECT
97:Overview
4895:Z80-RIO
4865:Top-DOS
4820:RealDOS
4795:MSX-DOS
4730:DOS/360
4725:DIP DOS
4715:CSI-DOS
4620:SCP1700
4610:REAL/32
4600:OpenDOS
4580:MP/M-86
4550:CP/M-86
4525:4690 OS
4520:4680 OS
4502:FreeDOS
4497:PTS-DOS
4487:ROM-DOS
4332:Layouts
4318:Default
3981:debugfs
3955:UnionFS
3849:more...
3782:OpenAFS
3750:more...
3415:Reiser4
3385:OpenZFS
3276:HAMMER2
3232:ext3cow
3212:Episode
2075:YouTube
1951:\Device
1919:\Device
1908:\Device
1782:RISC OS
1691:2.3.2–
1665:FreeBSD
1642:Solaris
1558:and/or
1520:Author
1479:PC-E500
1374:plotter
1311:(since
1287:MOUSE$
1223:KEYBD$
1205:CLOCK$
1057:devices
1047:Windows
1007:, etc.
843:mmcblk0
835:media (
809:nvme0n1
764:parport
630:FreeBSD
619:MAKEDEV
615:makedev
560:envstat
558:by the
530:OpenBSD
491:/dev/pf
311:FreeBSD
191:FreeBSD
144:devices
84:Windows
4923:
4912:
4875:TRSDOS
4870:TR-DOS
4770:iS-DOS
4760:IDEDOS
4755:GEMDOS
4735:DOS XL
4685:BW-DOS
4650:AMSDOS
4575:FlexOS
4530:86-DOS
4511:Other
4472:DR-DOS
4445:MS-DOS
4205:Links
4179:Extent
4109:Object
4077:Global
3995:specfs
3991:procfs
3986:kernfs
3964:Pseudo
3945:UMSDOS
3900:Davfs2
3895:cramfs
3833:Hadoop
3813:Lustre
3699:BeeGFS
3665:NILFS2
3400:QNX4FS
3363:NILFS2
3271:HAMMER
3261:Fossil
2927:. IBM.
2914:. IBM.
2901:. IBM.
2262:NetBSD
2171:
1967:devfsd
1864:U:\DEV
1814:DR-DOS
1806:MS-DOS
1760:Plan 9
1741:devfs
1717:devfs
1694:devfs
1670:devfs
1646:devfs
1552:devfsd
1536:devfsd
1523:Notes
1345:86-DOS
1305:DR-DOS
1106:GEMDOS
1083:MS-DOS
1053:MS-DOS
1045:, and
1035:PC DOS
954:ttyUSB
950:driver
929:driver
863:libATA
829:mmcblk
594:) and
591:unlink
585:rename
546:envsys
534:NetBSD
521:bioctl
418:ENOSPC
366:flag.
289:and a
283:kernel
228:chroot
199:Darwin
140:MS-DOS
82:, and
58:is an
4890:Z-DOS
4825:SB-80
4815:PTDOS
4800:MyDOS
4765:IMDOS
4655:ANDOS
4615:SB-86
4477:H-DOS
4467:DOS/V
4432:Games
4393:(DOS)
4305:Lists
4249:Modes
4094:Flash
4065:Types
4047:SSHFS
4032:EncFS
4009:WinFS
4004:tmpfs
3999:sysfs
3976:devfs
3910:FTPFS
3905:EROFS
3843:SSHFS
3724:OCFS2
3677:UBIFS
3672:YAFFS
3660:NILFS
3655:LogFS
3650:JFFS2
3606:EROFS
3596:exFAT
3501:Xiafs
3484:WAPBL
3469:UBIFS
3380:OneFS
3358:NILFS
3353:Next3
3343:MINIX
3249:exFAT
3177:Btrfs
3145:AthFS
3125:AdvFS
3037:Hints
3021:Hints
3005:Hints
2989:Hints
2761:. LWN
2693:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2462:(PDF)
2046:(PDF)
1972:sysfs
1849:MagiC
1826:(and
1736:HP-UX
1713:macOS
1667:2.0–
1614:Linux
1606:tmpfs
1602:sysfs
1578:tmpfs
1570:2.5–
1568:Linux
1529:Linux
1487:BASIC
1472:Sharp
1241:KBD$
1209:CLOCK
1118:MagiC
1100:\DEV\
1096:FALSE
1016:devfs
1011:devfs
803:nvme0
580:mknod
573:mknod
512:ioctl
500:ioctl
482:ioctl
211:devfs
203:devfs
62:to a
54:, or
4925:List
4885:UDOS
4840:RDOS
4810:OS/M
4790:MP/M
4780:MDOS
4775:ISIS
4750:FLEX
4740:Edos
4705:CP/M
4555:CP/K
4535:ADOS
4209:Hard
4201:Fork
4082:Grid
3935:MVFS
3930:NOVA
3925:LTFS
3920:Lnfs
3915:FUSE
3885:CDfs
3875:AXFS
3870:Aufs
3808:GPFS
3793:Coda
3744:Xsan
3734:PVFS
3714:GFS2
3709:CXFS
3704:Ceph
3645:JFFS
3640:CHFS
3621:NVFS
3611:F2FS
3601:TFAT
3586:APFS
3576:and
3520:z/OS
3511:Xsan
3496:WAFL
3491:VxFS
3464:Tux3
3454:SNFS
3436:SFS
3405:ReFS
3375:NTFS
3327:MFS
3313:HTFS
3308:HPFS
3303:HFS+
3266:GPFS
3237:ext4
3227:ext3
3222:ext2
3196:EFS
3187:CXFS
3182:CVFS
3169:z/VM
3154:BFS
3140:APFS
3120:ADFS
2641:and
2169:ISBN
2017:udev
1947:\\.\
1945:The
1936:\\.\
1917:The
1853:MiNT
1828:/DEV
1824:\DEV
1745:/dev
1721:/dev
1698:/dev
1674:/dev
1623:/dev
1594:and
1583:/dev
1574:udev
1556:udev
1541:/dev
1466:IOCS
1420:COM4
1416:COM3
1412:COM2
1408:COM1
1394:LPT4
1390:LPT3
1386:LPT2
1382:LPT1
1245:OS/2
1184:COM1
1177:COM1
1158:LPT1
1137:CON
1116:and
1114:MiNT
1075:CP/M
1043:OS/2
968:/dev
944:ttyS
871:SATA
867:PATA
859:SCSI
797:NVMe
650:/dev
623:/dev
532:and
526:RAID
516:/dev
295:node
240:/dev
236:/dev
220:udev
197:and
187:/dev
160:CP/M
124:and
113:and
80:OS/2
72:file
46:, a
18:CON:
4830:SCP
4745:EOS
4513:x86
4412:API
4052:ZFS
4037:EFS
3823:NFS
3818:NCP
3798:DFS
3788:AFP
3778:AFS
3765:NAS
3739:QFS
3616:JFS
3591:FAT
3578:SSD
3564:UDF
3549:HSF
3530:Sun
3526:ZFS
3516:zFS
3506:XFS
3432:RFS
3395:QFS
3390:PFS
3370:NSS
3323:LFS
3318:JFS
3297:MVS
3293:HFS
3283:HFS
3244:FAT
3217:ext
3192:DFS
2466:IBM
1819:FAT
1608:).
1341:LST
1192:NUL
1170:AUX
1162:LST
1160:or
1149:PRN
1070:PIP
1039:TOS
997:BSD
935:tty
905:ses
891:sda
875:USB
833:MMC
823:MMC
787:nbd
777:mem
756:hdd
750:hdc
744:hdb
734:hda
720:IDE
680:tty
617:or
610:).
437:or
353:or
328:or
250:).
165:In
156:CON
76:DOS
39:In
4942::
3773:9P
3441:VM
3032:.
3016:.
3000:.
2984:.
2960:.
2948:.
2944:.
2923:.
2910:.
2897:.
2882:.
2782:.
2744:.
2684:.
2645:.)
2621:,
2617:.
2572:^
2518:^
2474:^
2440:^
2423:.
2390:^
2324:.
2295:.
2260:.
2256:.
2192:.
2167:.
2165:66
2159:.
2147:;
2130:.
2120:.
2093:.
2072:.
2061:^
2032:^
1925:.
1855:,
1851:,
1830:)
1812:,
1808:,
1750:HP
1590:,
1562:.
1481:,
1436:)
1418:,
1414:,
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1003:,
985:.
937::
925::
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917:sr
911:sg
885:sd
877:,
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789::
779::
770::
768:pp
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716:hd
703:fd
696::
694:fb
682::
673::
671:pt
665:lp
659::
657:lp
607:rm
604:,
601:mv
588:,
496:PF
451:,
447:,
265:.
193:,
117:.
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