27:
242:, had attempted to create legislation prior to the CLOUD Act to amend the SCA with the concerns of Microsoft and other technology companies with respect to foreign privacy rights. The Law Enforcement Access to Data Stored Abroad Act (LEADS Act) in 2015 and the International Communications Privacy Act (ICPA) in 2017 were both previous bills intended to amend the SCA but which failed to gain passage.
214:(FBI) had with obtaining remote data through service providers through SCA warrants, as the SCA was written before cloud computing was a viable technology. The situation was highlighted from a 2013 drug trafficking investigation, during which the FBI issued an SCA warrant for emails that a U.S. citizen had stored on one of
314:
rights against unreasonable searches and seizures, since the government could enter into data rights sharing agreements with foreign countries and bypass U.S. courts, and affected users would not have to be notified when such warrants were issued. Some of these groups feared the government would not
250:
The CLOUD Act asserts that U.S. data and communication companies must provide stored data for a customer or subscriber on any server they own and operate when requested by warrant, but provides mechanisms for the companies or the courts to reject or challenge these if they believe the request
231:. The FBI contended that Microsoft had full control of the data and should be compelled to turn it over in response to the warrant, but Microsoft argued that the SCA did not cover data stored outside the United States. The challenge recognized that while the FBI could request a
202:(SCA) of 1986 to allow federal law enforcement to compel U.S.-based technology companies via warrant or subpoena to provide requested data stored on servers regardless of whether the data are stored in the U.S. or on foreign soil.
858:
235:(MLAT) to aid in data discovery during cross-border law enforcement, the process to acquire a new MLAT if one is not in place, or to process a request through an existing MLAT, can be slow and impede law enforcement efforts.
266:, agree that the foreign country has sufficient protections in place to restrict access to data related to United States citizens. The first such agreement was with the United Kingdom. There is a FAQ appended to the
348:
and remanded it back to lower court to do the same, as the
Department of Justice was able to secure a new warrant under the CLOUD Act and was no longer pursuing the initial warrant, rendering the case
447:
369:
929:
639:
980:
802:
315:
fully review requests from foreign countries for their citizens' stored on servers in the U.S., potentially allowing such data to be used in bad faith in those countries.
258:
is given the ability to enter into bi-lateral agreements with foreign countries to provide requested data related to its citizens in a streamlined manner, as long as the
885:
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665:"Promoting Public Safety, Privacy, and the Rule of Law Around the World: The Purpose and Impact of the CLOUD Act, White Paper"
505:
407:
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192:
93:
611:
361:
1011:
365:
222:
1046:
746:
342:
On April 17, 2018, the
Supreme Court, based on concurring briefs submitted by the Department of Justice, vacated the
930:"21 Thoughts and Questions about the UK-US CLOUD Act Agreement: (and an Explanation of How it Works – with Charts)"
640:"21 Thoughts and Questions about the UK-US CLOUD Act Agreement: (and an Explanation of How it Works – with Charts)"
344:
263:
227:
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211:
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Following the CLOUD Act's passage, numerous countries have enacted measures to keep data within their borders.
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339:, which passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law, P.L. 115–141, on March 23, 2018.
278:
The CLOUD Act received support from
Department of Justice and of major technology companies like
254:
It also provides an alternative and expedited route to MLATs through "executive agreements"; the
835:
566:
332:
184:
128:
1083:
1068:"Defining the Scope of 'Possession, Custody, or Control' for Privacy Issues and the Cloud Act"
336:
303:
26:
538:
510:
8:
1038:
863:
807:
373:
719:"Congress Put the CLOUD Act in Its Spending Bill. What Does That Mean For Data Privacy?"
462:
408:"The CLOUD Act and its Impact on Cross-Border Access to the Contents of Communications"
307:
1079:
1042:
859:"Justice Department asks Supreme Court to moot Microsoft email case, citing new law"
1115:
1034:
747:"House passes controversial legislation giving the US more access to overseas data"
723:
283:
1097:
156:
as the
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018, Division V on March 23, 2018
1148:
423:"The New Data Wars: How the CLOUD Act Is Likely To Trigger Legal Challenges"
1067:
163:
478:"How one judge single-handedly killed trust in the US technology industry"
251:
violates the privacy rights of the foreign country the data is stored in.
803:"Trump signs $ 1.3 trillion spending bill despite veto threat on Twitter"
267:
239:
294:. The bill was criticized by several civil rights groups, including the
688:"Microsoft bullish on Congress' inclusion of CLOUD Act in funding bill"
287:
1122:
751:
279:
215:
1066:
Hemmings, Justin; Srinivasan, Sreenidhi; Swire, Peter (2019-10-07).
910:
664:
364:(EDPS) viewed the CLOUD Act as a law in possible conflict with the
349:
886:"Supreme Court rules that Microsoft email privacy dispute is moot"
218:'s remote servers in Ireland, which Microsoft refused to provide.
16:
United States federal data privacy and government surveillance law
1004:"The transatlantic trade war: Plenty of topics to be upset about"
889:
451:
34:
981:"As Huawei frightens Europe's data protectors, America does too"
612:"The CLOUD Act, Bridging the Gap between Technology and the Law"
534:"Senate bill would ease law enforcement access to overseas data"
1027:
High Wire: How China
Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy
448:"U.S. Supreme Court wrestles with Microsoft data privacy fight"
291:
963:"German watchdog says Amazon cloud vulnerable to US snooping"
692:
482:
210:
The CLOUD Act was introduced following difficulties that the
831:"Justice Department Asks Court to Drop Microsoft Email Case"
779:
775:"Microsoft email privacy case no longer needed, DOJ says"
562:"International Communications Privacy Bill Reintroduced"
1065:
327:
as H.R.4943, the act was included as a section of the
911:
European Data
Protection Supervisor (10 July 2019).
446:
Hurley, Lawrence; Volz, Dustin (February 27, 2018).
421:Schwartz, William; Goldstein, rew; Grooms, Daniel.
420:
745:Brandom, Russell; Lecher, Colin (March 22, 2018).
310:. These groups argued that the bill stripped away
383:The law has been viewed as a parallel to China's
1146:
1001:
712:
710:
913:"EDPB-EDPS Joint Response on the US Cloud Act"
801:Wagner, John; DeBonis, Mike (March 23, 2018).
800:
744:
270:published by the U.S. Department of Justice.
707:
1160:United States federal computing legislation
1072:Journal of National Security Law and Policy
637:
591:. United States Congress. February 6, 2018
445:
355:
177:Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act
20:Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act
942:
856:
638:Christakis, Theodore (October 17, 2019).
475:
273:
1155:Acts of the 115th United States Congress
667:. U.S. Department of Justice. April 2019
559:
318:
960:
772:
609:
531:
372:has warned against the use of US based
370:German Commissioner for Data Protection
1147:
1018:
503:
191:enacted in 2018 by the passing of the
1128:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018
1108:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018
1024:
828:
685:
560:Eggerton, John (September 15, 2017).
329:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018
193:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018
94:Electronic Communications Privacy Act
945:"Don't Get Spooked by the CLOUD Act"
987:. February 24, 2019. Archived from
857:Nakashima, Ellen (March 31, 2018).
716:
506:"The LEADS Act and cloud computing"
376:for storing sensitive data for the
362:European Data Protection Supervisor
238:Congress, primarily led by Senator
198:The CLOUD Act primarily amends the
148:Passed the House of Representatives
13:
1059:
1039:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001
961:Delcker, Janosch (April 4, 2019).
773:Watters, Jackie (March 31, 2018).
610:Johnson, Ericka (March 19, 2018).
504:Maines, Patrick (March 30, 2015).
476:Whittaker, Zack (August 1, 2014).
14:
1181:
1091:
950:. International Data Corporation.
686:Foley, Mary Jo (March 22, 2018).
1170:Privacy law in the United States
1008:RaboResearch - Economic Research
345:Microsoft Corp. v. United States
228:Microsoft Corp. v. United States
221:This legal challenge led to the
25:
1123:Statute Compilations collection
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878:
850:
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794:
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532:Breland, Ali (August 1, 2017).
212:Federal Bureau of Investigation
829:Stohr, Greg (March 31, 2018).
603:
581:
553:
525:
497:
469:
439:
414:
400:
323:After being introduced in the
300:American Civil Liberties Union
296:Electronic Frontier Foundation
233:mutual legal assistance treaty
1:
1165:Privacy of telecommunications
717:Mak, Aaron (March 22, 2018).
393:
245:
205:
1025:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024).
325:115th United States Congress
52:115th United States Congress
7:
10:
1186:
943:Whitworth, Martin (2018).
262:, with concurrence of the
195:, PL 115–141, Division V.
1102:Stored Communications Act
385:National Intelligence Law
200:Stored Communications Act
120:
115:
107:
99:
90:Stored Communications Act
85:
80:
70:
65:
57:
46:
33:
24:
1031:Oxford University Press
617:The National Law Review
356:International reactions
150:on March 22, 2018
139:Committee consideration
108:U.S.C. sections amended
836:Bloomberg Businessweek
567:Broadcasting and Cable
274:Support and opposition
1002:Maartje Wijffelaars.
337:omnibus spending bill
319:Passage and aftermath
304:Amnesty International
187:) is a United States
1140:US Statutes at Large
589:"S.2383 - CLOUD Act"
427:New York Law Journal
1098:18 U.S. Code § 2713
932:. October 17, 2019.
864:The Washington Post
808:The Washington Post
374:Amazon Web Services
135:on February 6, 2018
116:Legislative history
21:
463:The Globe and Mail
308:Human Rights Watch
264:Secretary of State
133:Rep. Doug Collins
19:
1086:– via SSRN.
985:The Straits Times
173:
172:
166:on March 23, 2018
154:Passed the Senate
127:in the House as (
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1010:. Archived from
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892:. April 17, 2018
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410:. 25 March 2018.
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312:Fourth Amendment
260:Attorney General
256:executive branch
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481:
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164:Donald Trump
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86:Acts amended
81:Codification
38:(colloquial)
967:POLITICO.eu
671:October 21,
268:white paper
240:Orrin Hatch
189:federal law
1149:Categories
1078:(3): 631.
432:2020-11-11
394:References
246:Provisions
206:Background
125:Introduced
71:Public law
1138:) in the
1118:) in the
896:April 17,
814:March 23,
752:The Verge
573:March 23,
545:March 23,
517:March 23,
280:Microsoft
216:Microsoft
181:CLOUD Act
143:Judiciary
66:Citations
58:Effective
42:CLOUD Act
870:April 2,
842:April 2,
786:April 2,
758:April 2,
730:April 2,
699:April 2,
649:July 20,
623:April 3,
595:April 3,
539:The Hill
511:The Hill
489:April 3,
457:April 2,
35:Acronyms
1136:details
1116:details
1084:3469808
890:Reuters
452:Reuters
1082:
1045:
368:. The
335:), an
306:, and
298:, the
292:Google
290:, and
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948:(PDF)
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724:Slate
693:ZDNet
483:ZDNet
288:Apple
1080:SSRN
1043:ISBN
898:2018
872:2018
844:2018
816:2018
788:2018
760:2018
732:2018
701:2018
673:2019
651:2020
644:blog
625:2018
597:2018
575:2018
547:2018
519:2018
491:2018
459:2018
366:GDPR
360:The
350:moot
175:The
111:2523
50:the
1132:PDF
1120:GPO
1112:PDF
1035:doi
780:CNN
284:AWS
225:in
179:or
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