9080:
come from the Hunza dialect of
Burushaski, but analogous phenomena can be observed in other dialects. This research is based on a corpus of 120 dd-prefix verbs. This research has showed that position {-2} on the verb template is occupied by voice-marker in Burushaski. The author argues that the middle marker is a semantic category of its own and that it is clearly distinguished from the reflexive marker in this language. The middle marker (MM) means the grammatical device used to "indicate that the two semantic roles of Initiator and Endpoint refer to a single holistic entity" (Kemmer 1993: 47). In the view of that definition, I look at a middle marked verb in Burushaski and illustration follows the example.
9168:
5398:
5393:
5388:
53:
5383:
15419:
221:
212:
11892:
7192:, when a member of the x-class, means salt in clumps, but when in the y-class, it means powdered salt. Fruit trees are understood collectively and placed in the y-class, but their individual fruits belong to the x-class. Objects made of particular materials can belong to either the x- or the y- class: stone and wood are in the x-class, but metal and leather in the y-class. The
1877:). It contains words that are not Sanskrit but which have not, thus far, been demonstrated satisfactorily to be relatable either to Burushaski, or to any other language (or, for that matter, to be purely "elfic"). If at least part of this text had actually been translated from Burushaski, it would make it one of the major monuments of an apparently lost literature.
7181:" will stand for the combination of the m-, f- and x-classes. Nouns in the x-class typically refer to countable, non-human beings or things, for example animals, fruit, stones, eggs, or coins; conversely, nouns in the y-class are as a rule uncountable abstractions or mass nouns, such as rice, fire, water, snow, wool, etc.
7519:, 'the people of Hussein' (ergative plural). The genitive ending is irregular, /mo/, for singular f-class nouns, but /-e/ in all others (identical to the ergative ending). The dative ending, /-ar/, /-r/ is attached to the genitive ending for singular f-class nouns, but to the stem for all others. Examples:
659:
Burushaski primarily has five vowels, /i e a o u/. There are two sets of long vowels, distinguished by whether it's the first or the second mora that bears a stress or higher pitch. Various contractions result in long vowels; stressed vowels (marked with acute accents in Berger's transcription) tend
9079:
A master's thesis research work of a native speaker of
Burushaski on Middle Voice Construction in the Hunza Dialect claims that the verbal prefix is an overt morphological middle marker for MV constructions, while the verbal prefix is a morphological marker for passive voice. The data primarily
8387:
The formation of the tenses and moods involves the use of several positions, or slots, in complicated ways. The preterite, perfect, pluperfect and conative are formed from the 'simple stem,' whereas the present, imperfect, future and conditional are formed from the 'present stem,' which is itself
8177:
All verb forms can be constructed according to a complex but regular position system. Berger describes a total of 11 possible positions, or slots, although not all of these will be filled in any given verb form. Many positions also have several alternative contents (indicated by A/B/C below). The
9023:
Personal prefixes do not occur in all verbs and all tenses. Some verbs do not admit personal prefixes, others still do so only under certain circumstances. Personal prefixes used with intransitive verbs often express a volitional function, with prefixed forms indicating an action contrary to the
7551:
The endings of the secondary cases are formed from a secondary case suffix (or infix) and one of the primary endings /-e/, /-ar/ or /-um/. These endings are directional, /-e/ being locative (answering 'where?'), /-ar/ being terminative (answering 'where to?'), and /-um/ being ablative (answering
9623:
Linguistic influence from Urdu on JKB is primarily via second language speakers of Urdu. This is because Urdu is the second language of the people of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. On the other hand, linguistic contact with
Kashmiri is mediated through first language or native speakers of
1508:) (Morgenstierne 1945); and "a curious sound whose phonetic realizations vary from a retroflex, spirantized glide to a retroflex velarized spirant" (Anderson forthcoming). In any case, it does not occur in the Yasin dialect, and in Hunza and Nager it does not occur at the beginning of words.
9143:
The J & K Burushos – speakers of the variety of
Burushaski spoken in Jammu & Kashmir (henceforth "JKB") in India – are settled in and around a small locality by the foothills of Hari Parbat Fort in Srinagar, the capital of the state of Jammu & Kashmir (henceforth "J &
534:
Blench (2008) notes that the supposed evidence for external relationships of
Burushaski rely on lexical data which may be better explained as originating from language contact. In particular, almost all Burushaski agricultural vocabulary appears to be borrowed from
611:, is much more divergent. Intelligibility between Yasin and Hunza-Nagar is difficult, and Yasin is sometimes considered a distinct language and thought to be the "pure" or "original" Burushaski by the speakers of Yasin valley itself. Yasin is the least affected by
1817:
Parallel to this, a Latin-derived orthography was created by
Hermann Berger - a system which has found favour among many researchers and linguists. The "Burushaski Research Academy" currently recognises both the Urdu-based and the Latin-based orthography.
8168:
forms – which in
Burushaski are the absolutives of the past and present, the perfect participle, and two infinitives – admit all the finite variations except tense and mood. Infinitive forms are made together with auxiliary verbs and periphrastic forms.
8164:, in addition to the subject, the (direct) object is also indicated, also by pronominal prefixes which vary according to person, number and class. All verbs have negative forms, and many intransitive verbs also have derived transitive forms. The
9756:
De bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi thugs gsang ba’i ye shes | don gyi snying po rdo rje bkod pa’i rgyud | rnal ’byor grub pa’i lung | kun ’dus rig pa’i mdo | theg pa chen po mngon par rtogs pa | chos kyi rnam grangs rnam par bkod pa zhes bya ba’i
7710:
Nouns indicating parts of the body and kinship terms are accompanied by an obligatory pronominal prefix. Thus, one cannot simply say 'mother' or 'arm' in
Burushaski, but only 'my arm', 'your mother', 'his father', etc. For example, the root
1833:
and published by the university's "Bureau of
Composition, Compilation & Translation". This dictionary uses primarily the Urdu-derived alphabet, while employing Berger's Latin alphabet-derived orthography in a supplementary capacity.
1791:-derived alphabet geared specifically to the accurate transcription of the Burushaski language. To this end, he went on to create the new consonants ݼ , څ , ڎ , ݽ , ڞ , and ݣ . Furthermore, innovative writers of Burushaski began to use
9624:
Kashmiri. In addition to language contact via spoken interaction, contact with Urdu is also mediated through local media and television. Television is also a source of linguistic influence from Hindi, which is very close to Urdu.
626:, Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski (JKB) "has developed divergent linguistic features which make it systematically different from the varieties spoken in Pakistan." The dialect of Burushashki spoken in India has been influenced by
1487:
This phoneme has various pronunciations, all of which are rare sounds cross-linguistically. Descriptions include: "a voiced retroflex sibilant with simultaneous dorso-palatal narrowing" (apparently ) (Berger 1998); "a fricative
7118:
features: transitive verbs and unaccusatives mark both the subject and the object of a clause, while unergatives verbs mark only subject agreement on the verb. Altogether, a verb can take up to four prefixes and six suffixes.
8738:
The personal prefixes are identical to the pronominal prefixes of nouns (mandatory with body parts and kinship terms, as above). A simplified overview of the forms of the affixes is given in the following table:
7038:). The assignment of a noun to a particular gender is largely predictable. Some words can belong both to the countable and to the uncountable class, producing differences in meaning. For example, when countable,
6894:
Knowledge and literature are a limitlessly sweet by the grace and mercy of Allah almighty. Bountiful in this world and the next are those who are blessed by them. Oh Allah, grant us the ability to thank You.
518:. The various proposals linking Burushaski to Indo-European make divergent—or in the case of Čašule even contradictory—claims about the nature of the relationship, and are rejected by mainstream scholarship.
6816:
for its role in documentation and preservation of
Burushaski language and literature, is presented as a sample text in Burushaski Arabic alphabet, alongside Urdu and English translation of each verse.
6979:جب گلاب نو شگفتہ ہو، تو اسکی خوشبو مثالی ہوتی ہے، جہاں دوستی کی دھنی اور اپنے ماضی کی دھنی بناتے ہیں تو اس کا دھواں بھی شیریں ہوتا ہے، اھل قلم کی شان و مرتبت لذیذ ہوتی ہے، یا اللہ تیرا شکر ہے۔
6983:
Just as a newly blooming rose, whose fragrance is ideal, where friendships and memories are made, then its scent is also sweet, the glory of the pen is delicious, O Allah, thanks be to you.
7738:
The pronominal, or personal, prefixes agree with the person, number and – in the third person, the class of their noun. A summary of the basic forms is given in the following table:
10014:
Munshi, Sadaf. 2010. "Contact-induced language change in a trilingual context: the case of Burushaski in Srinagar". In Diachronica. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 27.1: pp32–72.
14734:
8178:
verb stem is in position 5, preceded by four possible prefixes and followed by seven possible suffixes. The following table gives an overview of the positions and their functions
660:
to be longer and less "open" than unstressed ones ( as opposed to ). Some have described this as an intentional utterance of a rising tone or a falling tone. For example, a word
9062:. The precise semantic function of the d-prefix is unclear. With primary transitive verbs the d-prefix, always without personal prefixes, forms regular intransitives. Examples:
1892:
In addition, linguists working on Burushaski use various makeshift transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet, most commonly that by Berger (see below), in their publications.
6939:
All the scholars of the University are famous and renowned, they are the knights of the field of pen. And the crowned kings of knowledge and literature. God we thank you.
9839:
6917:
By means of this , we have been blessed with the friendship of all those who possess knowledge, literature, grace and perfection. God, we thank you for this blessing.
646:
variety of Burushaski has been known as low toned and is spoken a Kashmiri way of speaking the language. The Srinagar variety of Burushaski has only 300 speakers.
11880:
552:
6890:اللہ تعالی کے فضل و کرم سے علم وادب بے حد شیریں ہیں، ان سے فیضیاب ہونے والوں کی دنیا و آخرت آباد ہو جاتی ہیں، یا اللہ ہمیں توفیق عطا فرما تا کہ ہم تیرا شکر کریں۔
10257:
10048:
Casule, Ilija. 2017. Burushaski etymological dictionary of the inherited Indo-European lexicon. München: Lincom GmbH. 325 p. (LINCOM Etymological Studies; no. 6)
9667:
Piar, Karim. 2012. « Phonological Sketch of the Hunza Dialect of Burushaski: The CVX Theory and Burushaski Syllable Structure ». University of Texas.
9097:
8388:
formed from the simple stem by placing -č- in position 7. The optative and imperative are derived directly from the stem. Altogether, the schema is as follows:
6850:
It has been such an incredible blessing from God that we have been granted with the eternal gift of proximity and literary patronage of University of Karachi.
9835:
Burushaski Research Academy. University of Karachi: Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. Pakistan Literature Academy.
1775:
Burushaski is predominantly a spoken rather than a written language. One of the earliest examples of modern Burushaski literature was the poetry written by
508:
10051:
Casule, Ilija. 2018, New Burushaski etymologies and the origin of the ethnonym Burúśo, Burúśaski, Brugaski and Miśáski. Acta Orientalia. Vol. 79: 27–71.
426:
Attempts have been made to establish links between Burushaski and several different language families, although none has been accepted by a majority of
6961:
The university is like the fountain of life, the students are all evergreen gardens in the sense that teachers keep irrigating them. God we thank you.
607:. The varieties of Hunza and Nagar diverge slightly, but are clearly dialects of a single language. The Yasin variety, also known by the Khowar exonym
11923:
10213:
10045:
Casule Ilija. 2016. Evidence for the Indo-European and Balkan Origin of Burushaski.München: Lincom GmbH. 205 p. Lincom Etymological Studies 05.
9321:
1783:
to write the language, but soon realized that Urdu script was not adequate to the task, since it lacked the necessary letters to represent certain
10166:
9485:
I. Čašule. Correlation of the Burushaski pronominal system with Indo-European and phonological and grammatical evidence for a genetic relationship
9058:
A number of verbs – mostly according to their root form – are found with the d-prefix in position 2, which occurs before a consonant according to
11249:
10180:
7005:
Nasir, the shepherd of the old times! How should I know that you have completed university? By turning into dust and saying, "O God, thank you."
6957:جامعہ گویا سرچشمۂ آب حیات ہے، شاگرد سب اس معنی میں سدا بہار باغات ہیں کہ اساتذۂ کرام اُن کی آبیاری کرتے رہتے ہیں۔ خدایا ہم تیرا شکر ادا کرتے ہیں۔
6935:جامعہ والے تمام صاحبان نامور و نامدار ہیں، وہ رخش قلم کے میدان کے شہسوار ہیں۔ اور علم و ادب کے تاجدار بادشاہ ہیں۔ خدایا ہم تیرا شکر ادا کرتے ہیں۔
5785:
This letter represents vowel phonemes and , long vowels and with a rising tone. When representing , the preceding letter will have to carry a
5112:
This letter represents vowel phonemes and , long vowels and with a rising tone. When representing , the preceding letter will have to carry a
1757:
595:
Burushaski is spoken by about 120,000 speakers in Pakistan, and also by a few hundred in India. In Pakistan, it is spoken in three main valleys:
15483:
13932:
6872:
University of Karachi is a modern institution for us. Colleagues! Look with your eyes and heart, there is a miracle of Allah in this matter.
1849:
language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski and the script of which was one of five used also to write the extinct
14067:
11873:
14784:
12034:
11832:
11176:
5290:
No word begins with this letter. Not a standalone letter, its only function is to be part of digraphs representing aspirated consonants.
231:
9466:
Correlation of the Burushaski Pronominal System with Indo-European and Phonological and Grammatical Evidence for a Genetic Relationship.
702:
and usually only appear in unstressed syllables. Furthermore, the pair and alternate with and respectively in a stressed syllable.
513:
11858:
8119:
5216:
At the end of the word, depending on context, this letter can represent the consonant or the short vowel . For a word-final vowel, an
9784:
in Tibet, but does not deal in depth with the issue of its original source and whether it was actually translated from the Burushaski.
14724:
8698:
The subject and object of the verb are indicated by the use of personal prefixes and suffixes in positions 3, 8 and 10 as follows:
792:
All vowels have nasal counterparts in Hunza (in some expressive words) and in Nager (also in proper names and a few other words).
15463:
14941:
12001:
11866:
10262:
10089:
van Skyhawk, Hugh. 2003. Burushaski-Texte aus Hispar. Materialien zum Verständnis einer archaischen Bergkultur in Nordpakistan.
642:. Jammu & Kashmir Burushaski shares more similarities with the dialect spoken in Nagar than with that spoken in Hunza. The
15468:
15458:
7263:
Some nouns admit two or three different suffixes, while others have no distinctive suffix, and occur only in the plural, e.g.
1683:
1680:
1677:
1662:
1659:
1605:
1563:
1560:
10206:
9974:
9451:
Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European.
9242:
It's spoken by about 90,000 people, the Burusho people, and nearly all of them live in Pakistan. A few hundred live in India.
9229:
8040:
The verbal morphology of Burushaski is extremely complicated and rich in forms. Many sound changes can take place, including
7224:. The singular is unmarked, while the plural is expressed by means of suffix, which vary depending on the class of the noun:
6913:اس وسیلے سے علم وادب اور فضل و کامل والے تمام حضرات کی دوستی کی سعادت ہم کو نصیب ہوئی، خدایا اس نعمت پر ہم تیرا شکر کرتے ہیں۔
9836:
7094:
have three basic stems: past tense, present tense, and consecutive. The past stem is the citation form and is also used for
13447:
13028:
9668:
7245:-o, -išo, -ko, -iko, -juko; -ono, -u; -i, -ai; -ts, -uts, -muts, -umuts; -nts, -ants, -ints, -iants, -ingants, -ents, -onts
13557:
11897:
11242:
4839:
4588:
3590:
2749:
1750:
1395:
1365:
1254:
1163:
253:
100:
10188:
collection of Burushaski language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive
6846:ذات خدا کی طرف سے ہم پر یہ ایسی عجیب رحمت ہوئی کہ جامعہ کراچی کی نزدیکی اور ادبی سر پرستی کی لازوال نعمت ہمیں نصیب ہوئی.
15448:
12529:
11181:
9777:
7111:
10171:
9204:/ بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد اول (الف تا څ). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi.
1869:, which has been the subject of numerous Tibetological publications, including a recent monograph by Jacob P. Dalton,
13714:
11186:
10790:
10127:
10113:
10098:
10083:
9856:
9647:
9819:/ بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد دوم (ف تا ی). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi.
9800:/ بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد دوم (د تا غ). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi.
9537:
5683:
This letter represents short vowel . When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by
5019:
This letter represents short vowel . When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by
14807:
14060:
13690:
12929:
11296:
10683:
10199:
10054:
9209:
7115:
5695:. In a final position, this letter represents short vowel . For writing short vowel in final position, the letter
1202:
17:
12848:
12784:
12027:
9915:
9006:'the man died'. With intransitive verbs, the subject function is indicated by both a prefix and a suffix, as in:
7702:
The regular endings /-ul-e/ and /-ul-ar/ are archaic and are now replaced by /-ul-o/ and /-ar-ulo/ respectively.
5945:
5893:
5841:
5718:
5625:
5488:
1903:
243:
14649:
14637:
7283:'horses'. Adjectives have a unique plural suffix, whose form depends on the class of the noun they modify, e.g.
458:
15453:
13461:
12703:
11637:
11235:
9637:
1743:
1704:
13212:
7140:, but unlike Indo-European, the nominal classes in Burushaski are associated with four grammatical "genders":
410:. It is generally believed that the language was spoken in a much wider area in the past. It is also known as
14864:
14854:
14849:
14714:
14542:
14326:
14321:
13927:
13574:
12709:
12534:
12320:
12314:
12238:
10808:
5555:
This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant , or long vowels with falling tone, , and .
4904:
This letter represents three phonemes based on context, consonant , or long vowels with falling tone, , and .
3896:
3659:
3047:
1264:
1173:
14869:
14839:
14694:
13937:
13922:
13621:
12922:
12909:
12680:
12641:
11822:
10762:
10752:
10267:
9892:
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1999. M. Witzel's "South Asian Substrate Languages" from a Burushaski Perspective.
9392:
John Bengtson and V. Blazek, "Lexica Dene–Caucasica". Central Asiatic Journal 39, 1995, 11-50 & 161-164
5300:
5054:
4961:
4846:
3756:
3521:
3271:
2888:
2617:
1798:
to indicate different stress patterns, tones and vowel-lengths. For example, in Burushaski, the letter ـو (
1385:
1244:
1153:
565:
198:
7184:
However, these rules are not universal – countable objects in the y-class are sometimes encountered, e.g.
1493:
1436:
1423:
14934:
14817:
14719:
14158:
14053:
13917:
13911:
13696:
12969:
12887:
12860:
12564:
12554:
10042:
Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache . Indo-Iranian Journal 3.1: 17–43.
7021:
5725:
5632:
5495:
5156:
2818:
2548:
1963:
1278:
1003:
580:
391:
88:
11888:
9985:
Middle Voice Construction in Burushaski: From the Perspective of a Native Speaker of the Hunza Dialect.
7188:, 'house'. Related words can subtly change their meanings when used in different classes – for example,
14995:
14984:
14486:
13483:
13144:
12941:
12739:
12599:
12569:
12559:
12549:
12255:
12020:
11150:
10308:
9419:
8041:
7279:). On the other hand, there are also nouns which have identical forms in the singular and plural, e.g.
5481:
3966:
2410:
2280:
2202:
2119:
1949:
1375:
1212:
991:
981:
9858:
MIDDLE VOICE CONSTRUCTION IN BURUSHASKI: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NATIVE SPEAKER OF THE HUNZA DIALECT
9002:
The personal affixes are also used when the noun occupies the role of the subject or the object, e.g.
5031:. In a final position, this letter also represents short vowel , with the preceding letter carrying a
15069:
14884:
14879:
14874:
14742:
14664:
14659:
14315:
14301:
14076:
13895:
13702:
13678:
13653:
13626:
13609:
12619:
12574:
12544:
12517:
12088:
12043:
11772:
11654:
11201:
11166:
6577:
6343:
5943:
5891:
5839:
5723:
5716:
5630:
5623:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5409:
5298:
5154:
5059:
5052:
4966:
4959:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4793:
4724:
4655:
4586:
4517:
4445:
4376:
4307:
4112:
4104:
4036:
4034:
3964:
3894:
3826:
3824:
3754:
3657:
3588:
3519:
3426:
3424:
3372:
3321:
3269:
3219:
3217:
3166:
3115:
3045:
2886:
2816:
2747:
2615:
2546:
2477:
2408:
2339:
2278:
2200:
2117:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1861:
manuscripts are known to have survived. There is a very voluminous Buddhist tantra of the 'Ancient' (
1830:
1792:
1776:
1299:
831:
544:
522:
466:
434:
359:
15094:
15021:
9167:
7001:زمانہ قدیم کا چوپان نصیر! میں کیا جانوں کہ تو جامعہ ہو گیا ہے۔ خاک بن کرکہا کر «یا خدا تیرا شکر ہے»۔
15176:
15124:
15026:
15000:
14709:
14654:
14425:
14255:
14144:
13942:
13749:
13386:
13374:
13206:
12268:
12261:
12077:
11196:
10237:
7050:
7046:
6868:جامعہ کراچی ہمارے لئے ایک جدید کا ئنات ہے۔ ساتھیو! چشم دل سے دیکھو اس امر میں اللہ کا ایک معجزہ ہے۔
5061:
4968:
4853:
4309:
3168:
2479:
1956:
1911:
1066:
1023:
15478:
15042:
15037:
15011:
14523:
14418:
14368:
14347:
14338:
14220:
14137:
14097:
12947:
12872:
12275:
12225:
10813:
10691:
10242:
10223:
10011:
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Linguistics.
7205:
7137:
7107:
7103:
7017:
5363:
4378:
3722:
3117:
2951:
2341:
1795:
1726:
1315:
1054:
1044:
1013:
540:
496:
446:
15186:
9956:
9317:
1478:
Berger (1998) regards and as allophones of /u/ and /i/ that occur in front of stressed vowels.
568:, may have been borrowed from a language ancestral to Burushaski. ("Apple" and "apple tree" are
15422:
15343:
15303:
15283:
15278:
15264:
15233:
15119:
15006:
14927:
14679:
14674:
14439:
14411:
14402:
14361:
13961:
13809:
13604:
13380:
13333:
12963:
12880:
12539:
12523:
12331:
12232:
12095:
12071:
11730:
11554:
10823:
10289:
8045:
5883:
This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with falling tone .
5572:
If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant , it will be written standalone (
5362:
No word begins with this letter. In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small
4921:
If used at the beginning of a word, if representing consonant , it will be written standalone (
1709:
1097:
911:
687:
Long vowels only ever appear in stressed syllables, and will thus carry one tone or the other.
474:
15329:
13599:
8052:, which are unique for almost every verb. Here, we can specify only certain basic principles.
5987:
This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents long vowel with rising tone .
5557:
In order for this letter to represent vowel and not , the letter before will have to carry a
4906:
In order for this letter to represent vowel and not , the letter before will have to carry a
15348:
15298:
15156:
14989:
14974:
14831:
14704:
14684:
14432:
14227:
14165:
14007:
13905:
13594:
13397:
13187:
13176:
13138:
12745:
12719:
12624:
12614:
12297:
12213:
12064:
11725:
11345:
11330:
11258:
10452:
10284:
10069:
9112:
7201:
6813:
5818:
diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel . Instead, the letter
5602:
diacritic. In final position, this letter does not represent the vowel . Instead, the letter
4726:
4657:
3374:
3323:
1886:
1826:
1825:
Dictionary was compiled in a collaboration between the "Burushaski Research Academy" and the
1336:
876:
866:
15218:
13708:
13433:
11943:
10185:
9700:
15378:
15373:
15197:
15064:
14979:
14812:
14802:
14792:
14642:
14496:
14309:
14193:
13982:
13739:
13547:
13520:
13503:
13471:
13369:
13083:
13008:
12935:
12714:
12691:
12663:
12594:
12505:
12286:
11807:
11767:
11649:
11191:
10739:
10549:
10419:
10139:
Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and other ancient substrata in northwest South Asia.
9929:, ed. by Hermann Berger, Lothar Lutze and Günther Sontheimer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
9212:
7053:
4519:
2082:) . Second, it acts as a vowel carrier for diacritics of three short vowels of Burushaski,
1076:
438:
383:
15202:
13867:
9484:
8:
15443:
15389:
14859:
14632:
14617:
14552:
14354:
14276:
14186:
14179:
14130:
14088:
13759:
13663:
13563:
13552:
13514:
13493:
13391:
13350:
13125:
13107:
13101:
13076:
13069:
13062:
12975:
12958:
12697:
12363:
12350:
12244:
12194:
12051:
11913:
11720:
11574:
11479:
11206:
10472:
10387:
10382:
10331:
10247:
9990:
9683:
6012:
1850:
1229:
1126:
1116:
1106:
960:
950:
940:
928:
918:
838:
639:
584:
576:
470:
442:
315:
9952:(ed. by Hermann Berger, Heidrun Brückner and Lothar Lutze). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.
9406:
Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region,
15293:
14593:
14547:
14462:
14457:
14452:
13673:
13668:
13658:
13641:
13636:
13631:
13615:
13584:
13579:
13532:
13526:
13477:
13422:
13345:
13229:
13193:
13154:
13096:
12903:
12898:
12609:
12368:
12337:
12303:
12291:
12250:
12125:
11529:
11446:
11079:
11001:
10886:
10519:
10457:
10407:
10374:
10279:
10252:
9343:
8139:
8126:
8102:
8077:
7397:
7217:
7057:
7034:: human masculine, human feminine, countable objects, and uncountable ones (similar to
7031:
6579:
6345:
4447:
4106:
1940:
890:
826:
816:
781:
765:
756:
742:
733:
575:
Kashmiri linguist Sadaf Munshi stated that Burushaski may have developed alongside the
13770:
13733:
9912:
Languages of northern areas, Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2. Islamabad
7067:. Distinctions in number are singular, plural, indefinite, and grouped. Cases include
2244:
Only occurs at the end of the word. Elsewhere, the short vowel is represented with a
2010:
at the beginning of a word can serve two functions. First, it precedes vowel letters (
190:
15339:
15288:
15269:
15140:
15109:
14797:
14774:
14769:
14747:
14689:
14467:
14390:
14283:
13684:
13589:
13569:
13508:
13488:
13199:
13160:
13131:
13119:
13056:
13002:
12980:
12953:
12893:
12866:
12685:
12646:
12636:
12604:
12477:
12403:
12385:
12379:
12281:
12199:
12113:
11938:
11847:
11837:
11817:
11707:
11702:
11469:
11378:
11325:
11282:
11276:
11138:
10891:
10800:
10663:
10589:
10554:
10524:
10499:
10467:
10437:
10432:
10402:
10316:
10123:
10109:
10094:
10079:
9970:
9773:
9643:
9299:
9254:
9205:
8091:
8073:
7193:
5397:
1854:
1714:
1290:
1191:
1037:
853:
627:
485:
478:
13775:
13764:
13744:
12082:
9987:
Unpublished MA Thesis. Denton: University of North Texas. Department of Linguistics.
9815:
Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2013).
9796:
Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2009).
9200:
Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2006).
5392:
1787:
unique to Burushaski. This led him to undertake the task of devising a standardised
672:‘i made them say’ has a falling tone and the stress is on first mora. Another word,
249:
15399:
15369:
15319:
15259:
15223:
15181:
15171:
15145:
15129:
15114:
15099:
15016:
14759:
14752:
14699:
14627:
14622:
14579:
14572:
14502:
14446:
14384:
14290:
14262:
14248:
14234:
14151:
14123:
14111:
14104:
13992:
13852:
13842:
13837:
13791:
13785:
13754:
13647:
13542:
13466:
13404:
13356:
13291:
13284:
13277:
13270:
13263:
13252:
13236:
13171:
13166:
13149:
13090:
12984:
12916:
12827:
12794:
12762:
12658:
12630:
12579:
12500:
12484:
12470:
12452:
12445:
12431:
12391:
12373:
12357:
12343:
12165:
12148:
11968:
11963:
11812:
11747:
11682:
11644:
11632:
11617:
11612:
11589:
11564:
11559:
11509:
11459:
11416:
11398:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11353:
11211:
11039:
11024:
10919:
10911:
10901:
10896:
10861:
10767:
10724:
10719:
10650:
10640:
10622:
10597:
10579:
10574:
10564:
10544:
10529:
10509:
10504:
10442:
10397:
9738:
9701:"Shaping behavior of Burushaski characters and other Arabic additions in L2/06-149"
9420:"The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View"
9401:
9289:
8107:
8049:
5387:
1497:
848:
821:
612:
536:
395:
351:
343:
276:
138:
13832:
13780:
12772:
10785:
9820:
9801:
5798:). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by
5125:). When a word begins with this vowel phoneme, the letter needs to be preceded by
15393:
15364:
15353:
15208:
15161:
15104:
15059:
14964:
14586:
14537:
14491:
14374:
14269:
14241:
14200:
14117:
13987:
13862:
13847:
13816:
13537:
13498:
13363:
13309:
13181:
13043:
12809:
12804:
12669:
12584:
12465:
12458:
12438:
12420:
12325:
12308:
12107:
11973:
11787:
11777:
11757:
11752:
11742:
11737:
11697:
11692:
11627:
11622:
11579:
11569:
11544:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11499:
11494:
11474:
11464:
11421:
11358:
11335:
11320:
11029:
11011:
10986:
10871:
10856:
10777:
10757:
10701:
10635:
10569:
10534:
10514:
10447:
10359:
10339:
10321:
9964:
9465:
8161:
8115:
7417:
7095:
7068:
1898:
1492:, pronounced with the tongue in the retroflex ('cerebral') position" (apparently
1328:
860:
843:
616:
462:
387:
375:
130:
92:
10191:
9727:
8949:'to tie', with prefixes and suffixes separated by hyphens, is as follows :
7853:, 'he, that one there'. In the oblique, there are additional abbreviated forms.
7256:-ng, -ang, -ing, -iang; -eng, -ong, -ongo; -ming, -čing, -ičing, -mičing, -ičang
203:
52:
15473:
15358:
15309:
15274:
15243:
15238:
15150:
15135:
14764:
14532:
14045:
13997:
13857:
13826:
13797:
13428:
13314:
13297:
13247:
13242:
13113:
13050:
12820:
12814:
12734:
12729:
12675:
12652:
12397:
12219:
12176:
12159:
12153:
12131:
12119:
11983:
11928:
11687:
11677:
11602:
11597:
11534:
11484:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11406:
11315:
11126:
11059:
11054:
11044:
10957:
10924:
10866:
10836:
10714:
10658:
10612:
10462:
10392:
10354:
10035:
Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski .
7276:
7099:
1731:
399:
371:
367:
347:
111:
84:
80:
9684:"N3117: Proposal to add characters needed for Khowar, Torwali, and Burushaski"
9639:
Srinagar Burushaski: A Descriptive and Comparative Account with Analyzed Texts
5935:
This letter is only used at the end of a word and it represents short vowel .
15437:
15384:
15334:
15324:
15228:
14950:
13881:
13821:
13803:
13319:
13303:
13257:
13014:
12834:
12799:
12789:
12767:
12724:
12589:
12170:
12102:
11953:
11712:
11216:
11069:
10978:
10951:
10876:
10851:
10841:
10729:
10668:
10539:
10364:
10274:
9381:
Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque).
9376:
9303:
9059:
7491:
7430:
7084:
7080:
7072:
5998:
Below table shows the digraphs, a combination of a consonant with the letter
1822:
1788:
1780:
1695:
1448:
The Yasin dialect lacks aspirated affricates and uses the plain ones instead.
1235:
1144:
974:
715:
433:
Some hypotheses posit a genealogical relationship between Burushaski and the
12012:
10074:
van Skyhawk, Hugh. 1996. Libi Kisar. Ein Volksepos im Burushaski von Nager.
7845:
Personal pronouns in Burushaski distinguish proximal and distal forms, e.g.
7056:(mandatory for some nouns, and thus an example of inherent possession), and
698:, , can appear in either stressed syllables or unstressed syllables. short
15166:
14669:
14477:
14211:
12778:
11672:
11307:
11087:
11064:
10962:
10747:
10673:
10025:
9679:
9107:
8083:
7445:
7076:
5411:
5382:
4795:
4114:
604:
600:
596:
504:
492:
379:
9500:. Routledge Language Family Series. New York: Routledge. pp. 117–138.
9155:
174:
15314:
15089:
11762:
11504:
11171:
11049:
10881:
10831:
10709:
10001:
9278:"Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar"
8056:
7468:
7087:; the latter indicate both location and direction and may be compounded.
6098:
Below tables show how vowels are written in different parts of the word.
5982:
5930:
5878:
5780:
5678:
5550:
5466:
5355:
5285:
5211:
5107:
5014:
4899:
4824:
4781:
4712:
4643:
4574:
4502:
4433:
4364:
4294:
4232:
4169:
4091:
4021:
3951:
3881:
3811:
3714:
3645:
3576:
3507:
3463:
3411:
3360:
3308:
3256:
3205:
3154:
3102:
3033:
2943:
2873:
2804:
2735:
2672:
2603:
2534:
2465:
2396:
2326:
2239:
2169:
2165:
2001:
1357:
727:
710:
699:
450:
403:
96:
11227:
9294:
9277:
7042:
means 'apple' but when uncountable, it means 'apple tree' (Grune 1998).
1814:
with a superscript 3) represents a long vowel with a rising tone, "oó".
15074:
14844:
14563:
14513:
11019:
10068:. A digital collection of Burushaski oral literature available at URL:
9160:
9101:
8165:
8149:
8095:
7552:'where from?'). The infixes, and their basic meanings, are as follows:
7393:
7197:
7133:
7102:; the consecutive stem is similar to a past participle and is used for
7061:
773:
720:
695:
8945:
For example, the construction of the preterite of the transitive verb
2174:
Vowel phoneme (long vowel with a falling tone) is represented with (
402:
to the north. In India, Burushaski is spoken in Botraj Mohalla of the
15191:
15084:
14969:
11978:
11948:
10968:
10349:
10009:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change.
9914:, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qaid-i-Azam University and
9619:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change
9604:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change
9568:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change
9139:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change
8209:
d-prefix (creates intransitive verbs) / n-prefix (absolutive prefix)
8087:
7862:
7425:
The subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive ones.
7160:
7035:
1091:
750:
691:
500:
358:. There are also a few hundred speakers of this language in northern
183:
167:
9759:, in the mTshams brag edition of the rNying ma rgyud 'bum: vol. 16 (
9725:
Collaboration of Burushaski Research Academy with Karachi University
9383:
Cahiers de l’Institut de Linguistique de Louvain (CILL) 30.4: 33-54,
1802:) represents a long vowel with a falling tone, "óo". The letter ـݸ (
684:‘i did not say’ has a rising tone and stress is on the second mora.
220:
14919:
11131:
11034:
10996:
10846:
10559:
10487:
10181:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, Language contact and change
8538:
stem + present marker + linking vowel + m-Suffix (except 1. pl.) +
8301:
m-suffix: forms the future and conditional from the present stem /
8111:
7483:
7460:
805:
643:
427:
407:
355:
338:
261:
66:
9496:
Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "Burushaski". In Lyle Campbell (ed.).
8293:
m-suffix: forms the m-participle and m-optative from the simple /
7581:
From these, the following secondary or compound cases are formed:
15031:
14080:
11388:
10344:
10167:
Burushaski basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
10161:
10132:
Tiffou, Étienne. 2000. Current Research in Burushaski: A Survey.
9957:
Burushaski – An Extraordinary Language in the Karakoram Mountains
7177:" will stand for the combination of the m- and f-classes, while "
1784:
905:
801:
257:
211:
14521:
10061:(3 vols.). Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.
9511:
8721:
direct object of transitive verbs, subject of intransitive ones
285:
15404:
14172:
14021:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
14002:
13900:
11958:
11908:
11827:
11607:
11549:
11539:
11489:
11383:
11103:
10607:
10494:
10427:
8132:
7221:
1505:
228:
10146:
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology.
3721:
In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small
2950:
In Burushaski orthography, it is more common to write a small
11933:
11841:
11664:
10477:
8154:
the four noun classes m, f, x and y (only in the 3rd person)
8144:
1st, 2nd and 3rd Person (2nd person only in the imperative).
7064:
1842:
1719:
631:
623:
561:
363:
70:
2331:
Vowel phoneme represents a long vowel with a rising tone.
15213:
11988:
11782:
11272:
11143:
10991:
10602:
10482:
8368:
for forming the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect
7091:
7027:
635:
306:
10070:
https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/BURUS/
9043:"he went willingly underwater", "he dove" (without prefix)
7715:'mother', is never found in isolation, instead one finds:
7515:
The case suffixes are appended to the plural suffix, e.g.
4805:
1873:, which is supposed to be translated from the Burushaski (
1865:) school of Tibetan Buddhism, preserved in Tibetan as the
1821:
In the years, 2006, 2009, and 2013, a 3-volume Burushaski-
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
294:
288:
260:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
9049:"he went unwillingly underwater", "he sank" (with prefix)
8524:
stem + present marker + linking vowel + perfect auxiliary
8510:
stem + present marker + linking vowel + present auxiliary
297:
9878:
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Morphology. In
8556:
stem + present marker + linking vowel + 1. pl. ending +
8317:š-suffix: forms the š-optative and the -iš-Infinitive /
7374:
7362:
7350:
7338:
7326:
7314:
7302:
7254:
7243:
7232:
5581:), if representing a vowel or , it will be preceded by
4930:), if representing a vowel or , it will be preceded by
328:
10148:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Letters
9901:
Language Islands: Isolates and Microfamilies of Eurasia
9885:
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Phonology. In
9538:"Re-evaluating the linguistic prehistory of South Asia"
8693:
1885:
Below table shows the standardized orthography used in
1853:. Although Burushaski may once have been a significant
619:. Yasin is spoken by a quarter of Burushaski speakers.
9899:
Anderson, Gregory D. S. forthcoming b. Burushaski. In
9570:. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 12, 105.
9475:, with review by Hamp, Huld, and Bengtson & Blazek
9358:
9230:"Pakistan's 'Burushaski' Language Finds New Relatives"
8220:: subject of intransitive, object of transitive verbs
8172:
564:', the only name for a fruit (tree) reconstructed for
9678:
9621:. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 17–18.
9606:. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 13, 19.
583:
to South Asia, mentioning the fact that both possess
366:. In Pakistan, Burushaski is spoken by people in the
303:
300:
279:
9833:
Jawaahir Paaree – Some Glimps of Burushaski language
282:
9682:; Hussain, Sarmad; Anderson, Deborah (5 May 2006).
9629:
7705:
7544:The genitive is placed before the thing possessed:
3956:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
3313:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
3107:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
1810:) represents a short vowel "o", and the letter ـݹ (
800:Berger (1998) finds the following consonants to be
291:
10028:. 2000. A Thematic Survey of Burushaski Research.
9780:. This book is a state of the art history of this
9772:Dalton, Jacob P. 2016. Columbia University Press.
8391:The formation of the tenses and moods of the verb
8309:n-suffix: marks the absolutive (see position 2) /
5360:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
4507:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
3719:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
2948:Unique letter in Burushaski, not in Urdu alphabet.
10221:
9889:, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
9882:, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
8348:of the 2nd and 3rd Person and 1. pl. (subject) /
2270:) can also be used for a word-final short vowel
15435:
14075:
9811:
9809:
9792:
9790:
9141:. The University of Texas at Austin. p. 6.
9031:"he sat down" (volitional action without prefix)
8382:
8356:Imperative forms (added directly to the stem) /
8285:(subject) / linking vowel (no semantic meaning)
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6659:
6647:
6635:
6623:
6611:
6559:
6547:
6535:
6523:
6511:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6456:
6444:
6425:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6377:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6266:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6199:
6180:
6168:
6156:
6144:
6132:
6003:
5965:
5953:
5913:
5901:
5861:
5849:
5823:
5802:
5790:
5769:
5757:
5745:
5733:
5700:
5687:
5667:
5655:
5640:
5607:
5586:
5573:
5562:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5455:
5443:
5431:
5419:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5274:
5262:
5250:
5238:
5221:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5130:
5117:
5096:
5081:
5069:
5036:
5023:
5003:
4988:
4976:
4935:
4922:
4911:
4888:
4873:
4861:
4814:
4802:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4386:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4122:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3737:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3490:
3478:
3446:
3434:
3394:
3382:
3343:
3331:
3291:
3279:
3239:
3227:
3188:
3176:
3137:
3125:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2966:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2315:
2300:
2288:
2262:
2249:
2222:
2210:
2184:
2175:
2139:
2127:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
1990:
1972:
1530:
676:
664:
40:
9580:Backstrom & Radloff (1992), Anderson (2006)
9255:"Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
9196:
9194:
9192:
9190:
7865:, i.e. based on the number 20. For example, 20
6969:تازہ گلابݺ نَس اُیَم، دوستیݺ تھݸمَلݺ تَھس اُیَم
9642:. Srinagar: University of Austin. p. 26.
8270:..) forming the present, future and imperfect
8228:s-prefix (creates secondary transitive verbs)
7169:= abstract concepts, fluids, uncountable nouns
6971:قَلَم گیݸ شان کݺ ہَس اُیَم شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!
227:Burushaski is classified as Vulnerable by the
14935:
14061:
12042:
12028:
11874:
11243:
10207:
9903:, ed. by D.A. Abondolo. London: Curzon Press.
9806:
9787:
9728:https://www.burushopedia.org/burushaski_urdu/
9597:
9595:
8732:subject of transitive and intransitive verbs
7726:'her mother', "gu-mi" 'your mother'(3f sg.),
2183:) when at the beginning of a word, and with (
1751:
394:. Their native region is located in northern
14905:Families with more than 30 languages are in
14031:Families with more than 30 languages are in
9663:
9661:
9659:
9187:
9132:
9130:
9128:
8956:"he ties him" (filled positions: 3-5-8-9-10)
1474:
1472:
461:" macrofamily includes Burushaski alongside
11177:Meitei associate official language movement
9864:. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS. pp. 1–10.
9545:Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past
2154:
14942:
14928:
14068:
14054:
12035:
12021:
11881:
11867:
11250:
11236:
10214:
10200:
9934:Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager
9592:
9075:'to break open, to explode' (intransitive)
9037:"he died" (involuntary action with prefix)
7509:Indicates separation (e.g. 'from where?')
7000:
6993:تِک نُمݳ سݵن تِل اَکول شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!
6978:
6956:
6949:شگِرِشݸ ڞا ݽِقَم بَسݵݣ شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!
6934:
6912:
6905:اُیون کݺ اُیون دوستان! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!
6889:
6867:
6845:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
5369:
5368:
4299:Only used in loanwords of foreign origin.
3735:, in place of 4 dots. However, the letter
3728:
3727:
2964:, in place of 4 dots. However, the letter
2957:
2956:
1758:
1744:
521:A possible connection specifically to the
320:
219:
210:
42:
11257:
10174:A reference grammar of Eastern Burushaski
10162:Burushaski Language Documentation Project
9656:
9293:
9125:
8182:The positions of Burushaski finite verbs
7877:(3 times 20) etc. The base numerals are:
7298:Examples of pluralisation in Burushaski:
6991:یَرمݸ ہݸئیلتَرڎ نصیر! جامِعه گمَنا بݵیَم؟
6947:جامِعَه آبِ حیات مَعَلِّمِین اُبون باغبان
4174:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
4096:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
4026:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
3886:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
3816:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
3261:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
2878:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
2677:Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin.
1481:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1429:
1416:
319:
27:Language isolate spoken by Burusho people
10037:Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft
9411:
9269:
8496:stem + present marker + personal ending
6903:علم و ادبݺ صاحِبان، فضل و ہُنرݺ کامِلان!
6882:اَلتݸ جَہانِݣ ݽِقَم! شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!
5376:, in place of 4 dots. However, a letter
232:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
9993:. 1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology.
9024:intention of the subject. For example:
6925:جامِعَه کُڎ نامدار، اسپِ قلَمݺ شَہسَوار
6880:رَبِّ تَعالیٰ کرم! علم و ادب بُٹ اُیَم!
6836:ذاتِ خدا یَکُ ڎُم کھݸت بݺ اکھݵݽ رَحمتَن
2192:) when in the middle or end of a word.
1889:-published Burushaski-Urdu Dictionary.
350:, who predominantly reside in northern
254:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
15436:
9635:
9616:
9601:
9565:
9559:
9535:
9282:Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
9136:
9098:Burushaski comparative vocabulary list
7463:; the basis of secondary case endings
7208:with the noun class of their subject.
6860:چشمِ بصیرت پُھٹ اݺ عَقَلݺ نِشانَن بِلݳ
337:
14923:
14049:
12016:
11862:
11231:
10195:
9962:
9854:
9850:
9848:
9817:Burushaski Urdu Dictionary – Volume 3
9798:Burushaski Urdu Dictionary – Volume 2
9495:
9364:
9275:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9202:Burushaski Urdu Dictionary – Volume 1
8059:falls into the following categories:
7147:= male human beings, gods and spirits
7136:, similar to declensional classes in
6927:علم و ادبݺ تاجدار شُکرݸ مَنِݽ یا خدا!
5401:) is also an acceptable alternative.
1831:Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai
1777:Prof. Allamah Nasiruddin Nasir Hunzai
556:dictionaries suggested that the word
57:Burushaski written in Nastaliq style.
14949:
9469:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
9453:The Journal of Indo-European Studies
9417:
9324:from the original on 2 February 2017
8694:Indication of the subject and object
7030:in Burushaski are divided into four
6838:جامعهٔ کراچی میر اݹدِکِھرَس نِعمَتَن
1779:in the 1940s. He began by using the
15079:
10002:Burushaski and its Alien Neighbours
9995:Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
8173:The 11 positions of the finite verb
6812:Below poetry, written in praise of
5370:
3746:is also an acceptable alternative.
3729:
2975:is also an acceptable alternative.
2958:
1770:
1523:
638:. Unique to JKB is the features of
615:, though speakers are bilingual in
529:
488:", links Burushaski with Yeniseian.
484:Another proposed family, known as "
24:
11182:Meitei classical language movement
10018:
9966:Advances in Burushaski Linguistics
9845:
9217:
9182:The Linguistics Student’s Handbook
9149:
8434:stem + m-suffix + personal suffix
7577:'near' (only in the Hunza dialect)
6858:جامعهٔ کراچی میر تازہ جَہانَن بِلݳ
613:contact with neighboring languages
25:
15495:
11187:Meitei linguistic purism movement
10155:
9923:Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar)
9910:in Backstrom and Radloff (eds.),
7440:The subject of transitive verbs.
7287:'white' gives the x-class plural
7234:-ting, -aro, -daro, -taro, -tsaro
7153:= female human beings and spirits
6605:Vowel at the beginning of a word
6371:Vowel at the beginning of a word
6126:Vowel at the beginning of a word
5471:No word begins with this letter.
4829:No word begins with this letter.
4509:No word begins with this letter.
3416:No word begins with this letter.
1515:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1335:
1314:
1298:
1277:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1211:
1201:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1075:
1065:
1053:
1043:
1022:
1012:
1002:
990:
980:
959:
949:
939:
927:
917:
889:
875:
865:
780:
764:
755:
741:
732:
421:
15418:
15417:
11890:
9166:
9069:'he breaks it open' (transitive)
9053:
7861:The Burushaski number system is
7706:Pronouns and pronominal prefixes
7211:
7204:and other attributes must be in
6818:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
808:and in his romanization scheme:
491:A relationship to the proposed "
275:
51:
10108:. University of Calgary Press.
9916:Summer Institute of Linguistics
9880:Morphologies of Asia and Africa
9872:
9825:
9766:
9748:
9732:
9717:
9693:
9672:
9610:
9583:
9574:
9529:
9504:
9489:
9478:
9458:
9445:
9395:
9386:
9370:
7976:Examples of compound numerals:
7255:
7244:
7233:
7127:
5293:
4440:
4239:
4099:
4029:
3959:
3889:
3819:
3749:
3652:
3264:
3212:
3040:
2881:
2811:
2610:
1496:, a sound which also occurs in
15464:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
9896:(Special Issue, October 1999).
9887:Phonologies of Asia and Africa
9346:. Ethnologue. 19 February 1999
9336:
9310:
9247:
9174:
8376:Nominal endings and particles
7396:language. It has five primary
7132:In Burushaski, there are four
6807:
6672:Vowel at the middle of a word
6438:Vowel at the middle of a word
6193:Vowel at the middle of a word
5820:big ye with a superscript "3"'
13:
1:
15484:Subject–object–verb languages
15469:Endangered languages of India
15459:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
9723:Burushaski Research Academy.
9418:Hamp, Eric P. (August 2013).
9118:
8530:'he was crying, used to cry'
8383:Formation of tenses and moods
8337:(added directly to the stem)
7387:
7049:consists of the noun stem, a
5697:big ye with a superscript "2"
795:
550:Following Berger (1956), the
10186:Burushaski Language Resource
10066:Burushaski Language Resource
8395:'to cry', without prefixes:
8364:Forms of the auxiliary verb
7375:
7363:
7351:
7339:
7327:
7315:
7303:
7220:in Burushaski: singular and
7020:and word order is generally
5993:
649:
590:
457:The proposed but contended "
329:
7:
9743:Languages of the Himalayas,
9091:
8190:Affixes and their meanings
8035:
7856:
6739:Vowel at the end of a word
6505:Vowel at the end of a word
6260:Vowel at the end of a word
6093:
1880:
1871:The Gathering of Intentions
10:
15500:
14725:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
10258:list by number of speakers
9963:Holst, Jan Henrik (2014).
9948:. Altogether Volume 13 of
7011:
6794:
6782:
6770:
6758:
6746:
6727:
6715:
6703:
6691:
6679:
6660:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6612:
6560:
6548:
6536:
6524:
6512:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6426:
6414:
6402:
6390:
6378:
6326:
6314:
6302:
6290:
6278:
6267:
6236:
6212:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6015:that occur in Burushaski.
6004:
5966:
5954:
5914:
5902:
5862:
5850:
5824:
5803:
5791:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5701:
5688:
5668:
5656:
5641:
5608:
5587:
5574:
5563:
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5420:
5345:
5333:
5321:
5309:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5239:
5222:
5201:
5189:
5177:
5165:
5131:
5118:
5097:
5082:
5070:
5037:
5024:
5004:
4989:
4977:
4936:
4923:
4912:
4889:
4874:
4862:
4815:
4803:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4702:
4690:
4678:
4666:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3835:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3738:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3491:
3479:
3447:
3435:
3395:
3383:
3344:
3332:
3292:
3280:
3240:
3228:
3189:
3177:
3138:
3126:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2967:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2316:
2301:
2289:
2263:
2257:). Alternatively, a final
2250:
2223:
2211:
2185:
2176:
2155:
2140:
2128:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
1991:
1973:
1837:
1531:
677:
665:
41:
15449:Language isolates of Asia
15413:
15252:
15052:
14957:
14893:
14830:
14783:
14733:
14613:
14606:
14561:
14512:
14476:
14401:
14337:
14300:
14210:
14087:
14016:
13975:
13952:
13891:
13880:
13724:
13457:
13446:
13414:
13341:
13332:
13221:
13038:
13027:
12994:
12856:
12847:
12755:
12513:
12499:
12413:
12208:
12190:
12141:
12059:
12050:
12044:Primary language families
11997:
11904:
11800:
11663:
11588:
11445:
11397:
11344:
11306:
11291:
11265:
11159:
11116:
11096:
11078:
11010:
10977:
10944:
10937:
10910:
10822:
10799:
10776:
10738:
10700:
10682:
10649:
10621:
10588:
10418:
10373:
10330:
10307:
10298:
10230:
9855:Karim, Piar B.A. (2013).
9257:. Original.britannica.com
8936:
8842:
8572:Optatives and Imperative
8534:
8462:stem + perfect auxiliary
8448:stem + present auxiliary
7849:'he, this one here', but
7836:
7783:
7768:
7753:
7743:
7730:'their mother' (3h pl.),
7347:'girl', 'unmarried woman'
7173:Below, the abbreviation "
6990:
6968:
6946:
6924:
6902:
6879:
6857:
6835:
6795:
6783:
6771:
6759:
6747:
6738:
6728:
6716:
6704:
6692:
6680:
6671:
6661:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6613:
6604:
6575:
6561:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6504:
6494:
6482:
6470:
6458:
6446:
6437:
6427:
6415:
6403:
6391:
6379:
6370:
6342:Long vowel, falling tone
6341:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6268:
6259:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6213:
6201:
6192:
6182:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6134:
6125:
6103:
6005:
5967:
5955:
5915:
5903:
5863:
5851:
5825:
5804:
5792:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5702:
5689:
5669:
5657:
5642:
5609:
5588:
5575:
5564:
5541:
5529:
5517:
5505:
5457:
5445:
5433:
5421:
5346:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5276:
5264:
5252:
5240:
5223:
5218:alef with superscript "2"
5202:
5190:
5178:
5166:
5150:
5132:
5119:
5098:
5083:
5071:
5038:
5025:
5005:
4990:
4978:
4937:
4924:
4913:
4890:
4875:
4863:
4816:
4804:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4736:
4703:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4598:
4565:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4388:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4187:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3976:
3942:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3739:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3669:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3492:
3480:
3448:
3436:
3396:
3384:
3345:
3333:
3293:
3281:
3241:
3229:
3190:
3178:
3139:
3127:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2968:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2525:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2317:
2302:
2290:
2264:
2251:
2224:
2212:
2186:
2177:
2156:
2141:
2129:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1992:
1974:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1356:
1327:
1228:
1090:
904:
859:
813:
678:
666:
654:
523:North Caucasian languages
435:North Caucasian languages
240:
218:
209:
197:
181:
165:
160:
145:
127:
117:
107:
76:
62:
50:
39:
34:
12861:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
10000:Lorimer, D. L. R. 1937.
9831:Hunzai, A. N. N. (2005)
9318:"Dissertation Abstracts"
8030:
7734:'their mothers'(3h pl.).
7122:
6576:Long vowel, rising tone
1829:, under the auspices of
154:Burushaski (Hunza-Nagar)
123:130,000 (2018–2020)
14902:have no living members.
14785:East and Southeast Asia
14028:have no living members.
11823:Pakistani Sign Language
10692:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
10224:languages of South Asia
10118:Tiffou, Étienne. 1999.
10104:Tiffou, Étienne. 1993.
10059:The Burushaski Language
9942:Texte mit Übersetzungen
9932:Berger, Hermann. 1998.
9921:Berger, Hermann. 1974.
9689:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2.
9276:Ahmed, Musavir (2016).
9013:"you will die" (future)
8968:"he ties them (pl. hx)"
7548:, 'the Emir of Hunza.'
7335:'woman' (stress shifts)
7291:and the y-class plural
7138:Indo-European languages
7018:double-marking language
6742:
6675:
6608:
6508:
6441:
6374:
6263:
6248:
6224:
6200:
6196:
6129:
572:in modern Burushaski.)
447:Indo-European languages
390:Valley of the northern
14008:Unclassified languages
13962:list of sign languages
12930:Northeastern Tasmanian
10122:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
10091:Beiträge zur Indologie
9636:Munshi, Sadaf (2018).
9617:Munshi, Sadaf (2006).
9602:Munshi, Sadaf (2006).
9566:Munshi, Sadaf (2006).
9536:Blench, Roger (2008).
9137:Munshi, Sadaf (2006).
8420:stem + personal suffix
1466:Sometimes pronounced .
1457:Sometimes pronounced .
1435:Pronunciation varies:
1422:Pronunciation varies:
503:has been suggested by
449:, usually in proposed
398:. It also borders the
339:[bʊˈruːɕʌskiː]
242:This article contains
15454:Languages of Pakistan
13983:Constructed languages
11259:Languages of Pakistan
10064:Munshi, Sadaf. 2016.
10007:Munshi, Sadaf. 2006.
9464:Čašule, Ilija. 2012.
9113:Languages of Pakistan
9019:"he sank" (preterite)
8980:"we/you/they tie him"
7540:'to the woman' (dat.)
7323:'man' (stress shifts)
7110:on the verb has both
6814:University of Karachi
1887:University of Karachi
1827:University of Karachi
804:, shown below in the
690:As for short vowels,
15130:Marwari (Rajasthani)
12530:Binanderean–Goilalan
11808:Indo-Aryan languages
10120:Parlons Bourouchaski
9991:Morgenstierne, Georg
9906:Backstrom, Peter C.
9427:Sino-Platonic Papers
9180:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
8855:(Positions 8 and 10)
8475:Present stem tenses
7530:'the woman's' (gen.)
7253:: possible suffixes
7242:: possible suffixes
7231:: possible suffixes
6828:English Translation
6013:aspirated consonants
5476:Y y / Ée ée / Íi íi
5378:ye with 4 dots below
5229:) can also be used.
4834:W w / Óo óo / Úu úu
1935:- / A a / U u / I i
581:Indo-Aryan migration
497:Indo-European family
439:Kartvelian languages
384:Gupis-Yasin District
14543:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
14327:Northwest Caucasian
14322:Northeast Caucasian
13812:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
13715:Tequiraca–Canichana
13558:Harákmbut–Katukinan
12321:Northwest Caucasian
12315:Northeast Caucasian
12239:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
11297:administrative unit
11207:Pure Tamil movement
10763:Southern Nicobarese
10134:History of Language
10030:History of Language
9983:Karim, Piar. 2013.
9955:Grune, Dick. 1998.
9950:Neuindische Studien
9927:Neuindische Studien
9589:Anderson 1997: 1022
9232:. NPR. 20 June 2012
8857:
8748:
8573:
8476:
8426:'he starts to cry'
8400:
8399:Simple stem tenses
8346:Pronominal suffixes
8218:Pronominal prefixes
8183:
7022:subject–object–verb
1851:Zhangzhung language
1806:with a superscript
1696:Perso-Arabic script
1524:Burushaski alphabet
1131:⟨c̣h⟩
577:Dravidian languages
566:Proto-Indo-European
443:Yeniseian languages
14808:Austronesian–Ongan
14607:Proposed groupings
13434:Tarascan/Purépecha
12923:Northern Tasmanian
12681:South Bougainville
12642:North Bougainville
11447:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
11266:Official languages
11117:Prestige language-
10753:Central Nicobarese
10076:Asiatische Studien
9969:. Tübingen: Narr.
9087:'the boy drenched'
8851:
8742:
8571:
8474:
8398:
8333:/ optative suffix
8325:Infinitive ending
8258:Present stem mark
8181:
8009:alto-altar-toorumo
7311:'vizier, minister'
1217:⟨j̣⟩
1178:⟨c̣⟩
1121:⟨ćh⟩
1111:⟨ch⟩
965:⟨qh⟩
955:⟨kh⟩
945:⟨ṭh⟩
933:⟨th⟩
923:⟨ph⟩
151:Burushaski (Yasin)
15431:
15430:
14917:
14916:
14826:
14825:
14818:Sino-Austronesian
14602:
14601:
14077:Language families
14043:
14042:
13993:Language isolates
13971:
13970:
13876:
13875:
13442:
13441:
13328:
13327:
13023:
13022:
12970:Western Tasmanian
12888:Eastern Tasmanian
12843:
12842:
12565:East Geelvink Bay
12495:
12494:
12186:
12185:
12010:
12009:
11898:Jammu and Kashmir
11856:
11855:
11796:
11795:
11225:
11224:
11139:Perso-Arabization
11112:
11111:
10933:
10932:
10141:Studia Orientalia
10055:Lorimer, D. L. R.
9976:978-3-8233-6908-0
9936:. Three volumes:
9512:"John D Bengtson"
9498:Language isolates
9455:31:1–2, pp 21–86.
9367:, pp. 15–16.
9320:. Linguist List.
9295:10.29333/ejecs/51
9164:(27th ed., 2024)
9085:hiles dd-i-il-imi
8986:"you/they tie us"
8962:"he ties her (f)"
8943:
8942:
8852:Personal suffixes
8849:
8848:
8736:
8735:
8691:
8690:
8646:+ personal suffix
8585:Form and meaning
8569:
8568:
8488:Form and meaning
8472:
8471:
8412:Form and meaning
8380:
8379:
8279:Pronominal suffix
8250:on the verb stem
8158:
8157:
7873:(2 times 20), 60
7843:
7842:
7700:
7699:
7513:
7512:
7392:Burushaski is an
7009:
7008:
6805:
6804:
6571:
6570:
6337:
6336:
6091:
6090:
6011:) that represent
5991:
5990:
1855:literary language
1845:sources record a
1768:
1767:
1409:
1408:
1400:⟨w⟩
1390:⟨ỵ⟩
1380:⟨y⟩
1370:⟨l⟩
1341:⟨r⟩
1320:⟨ġ⟩
1304:⟨z⟩
1293:
1283:⟨h⟩
1269:⟨ṣ⟩
1259:⟨ś⟩
1249:⟨s⟩
1238:
1207:⟨j⟩
1194:
1168:⟨ć⟩
1158:⟨c⟩
1147:
1100:
1081:⟨g⟩
1071:⟨ḍ⟩
1059:⟨d⟩
1049:⟨b⟩
1040:
1028:⟨q⟩
1018:⟨k⟩
1008:⟨ṭ⟩
996:⟨t⟩
986:⟨p⟩
977:
914:
895:⟨ṅ⟩
881:⟨n⟩
871:⟨m⟩
790:
789:
640:vowel syncopation
553:American Heritage
360:Jammu and Kashmir
327:
268:
267:
250:rendering support
246:phonetic symbols.
101:Jammu and Kashmir
16:(Redirected from
15491:
15421:
15420:
14951:Arabic alphabets
14944:
14937:
14930:
14921:
14920:
14885:Proto-Euphratean
14611:
14610:
14519:
14518:
14487:Great Andamanese
14070:
14063:
14056:
14047:
14046:
13889:
13888:
13843:Huaorani/Waorani
13727:(extant in 2000)
13691:Esmeralda–Yaruro
13462:Andoque–Urequena
13455:
13454:
13339:
13338:
13145:Plateau Penutian
13036:
13035:
13011:(Northern Daly?)
12854:
12853:
12740:Northwest Papuan
12704:Trans–New Guinea
12570:East New Britain
12545:Central Solomons
12511:
12510:
12256:Great Andamanese
12206:
12205:
12057:
12056:
12037:
12030:
12023:
12014:
12013:
11895:
11894:
11893:
11883:
11876:
11869:
11860:
11859:
11818:Iranic languages
11813:Dardic languages
11628:Pothwari Punjabi
11399:Gilgit-Baltistan
11304:
11303:
11300:
11252:
11245:
11238:
11229:
11228:
11212:Sanskrit revival
11202:Punjabi Movement
11167:Bengali movement
10942:
10941:
10309:Great Andamanese
10305:
10304:
10216:
10209:
10202:
10193:
10192:
9980:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9852:
9843:
9829:
9823:
9813:
9804:
9794:
9785:
9770:
9764:
9754:Complete title:
9752:
9746:
9739:George van Driem
9736:
9730:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9705:
9697:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9676:
9670:
9665:
9654:
9653:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9599:
9590:
9587:
9581:
9578:
9572:
9571:
9563:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9542:
9533:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9493:
9487:
9482:
9476:
9462:
9456:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9438:
9424:
9415:
9409:
9402:George van Driem
9399:
9393:
9390:
9384:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9340:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9314:
9308:
9307:
9297:
9273:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9239:
9237:
9226:
9215:
9198:
9185:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9134:
8858:
8856:
8850:
8749:
8747:
8741:
8701:
8700:
8652:"he should cry"
8630:
8621:stem + m-suffix
8609:
8600:(in all persons)
8574:
8570:
8550:
8477:
8473:
8401:
8397:
8198:Negative prefix
8184:
8180:
8162:transitive verbs
8062:
8061:
7741:
7740:
7584:
7583:
7403:
7402:
7378:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7318:
7306:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7246:
7236:
7235:
7016:Burushaski is a
7002:
6994:
6980:
6972:
6958:
6950:
6936:
6928:
6914:
6906:
6891:
6883:
6869:
6861:
6847:
6839:
6825:Urdu Translation
6819:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6349:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6101:
6100:
6082:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6018:
6017:
6010:
6009:
6007:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5949:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5897:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5845:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5729:
5722:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5636:
5629:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5160:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5065:
5058:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5007:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4972:
4965:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4661:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4592:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4313:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4040:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3970:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1895:
1894:
1771:Modern evolution
1760:
1753:
1746:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1498:Standard Chinese
1495:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1342:
1339:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1270:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1234:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1006:
997:
994:
987:
984:
973:
966:
963:
956:
953:
946:
943:
934:
931:
924:
921:
910:
896:
893:
882:
879:
872:
869:
811:
810:
784:
768:
759:
745:
736:
705:
704:
683:
682:
680:
671:
670:
668:
585:retroflex sounds
530:Language contact
517:
396:Gilgit–Baltistan
352:Gilgit-Baltistan
346:, spoken by the
344:language isolate
341:
336:
332:
326:romanized:
325:
323:
322:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
234:
223:
214:
193:
177:
170:
139:Language isolate
133:
55:
46:
45:
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Burusho language
15499:
15498:
15494:
15493:
15492:
15490:
15489:
15488:
15434:
15433:
15432:
15427:
15409:
15354:Koyraboro Senni
15248:
15125:Ottoman Turkish
15048:
15027:Ottoman Turkish
14953:
14948:
14918:
14913:
14912:
14889:
14880:Paleo-Laplandic
14875:Pre-Finno-Ugric
14822:
14779:
14743:Greater Siangic
14729:
14715:Uralic–Yukaghir
14665:Ibero-Caucasian
14660:Elamo-Dravidian
14598:
14557:
14508:
14472:
14397:
14333:
14316:North Caucasian
14296:
14206:
14145:Paleo-Sardinian
14083:
14074:
14044:
14039:
14038:
14012:
13998:Mixed languages
13967:
13948:
13883:
13872:
13726:
13720:
13575:Katembri–Taruma
13449:
13438:
13410:
13324:
13217:
13030:
13019:
12990:
12839:
12751:
12710:Turama–Kikorian
12620:Lower Mamberamo
12575:East Strickland
12503:
12491:
12409:
12197:
12192:
12182:
12137:
12046:
12041:
12011:
12006:
11993:
11900:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11857:
11852:
11838:Pakistani Hindi
11792:
11659:
11584:
11525:Kohistani Shina
11495:Indus Kohistani
11441:
11393:
11340:
11336:Pahari-Pothwari
11294:
11293:
11292:Other languages
11287:
11261:
11256:
11226:
11221:
11197:Nepali movement
11155:
11151:Sanskritisation
11119:
11118:
11108:
11092:
11074:
11006:
10987:Arabi Malayalam
10973:
10929:
10906:
10818:
10795:
10772:
10734:
10696:
10678:
10645:
10617:
10584:
10414:
10369:
10326:
10300:
10294:
10226:
10220:
10158:
10153:
10021:
10019:Further reading
9977:
9875:
9870:
9869:
9861:
9853:
9846:
9830:
9826:
9814:
9807:
9795:
9788:
9771:
9767:
9753:
9749:
9737:
9733:
9722:
9718:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9699:
9698:
9694:
9686:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9657:
9650:
9634:
9630:
9615:
9611:
9600:
9593:
9588:
9584:
9579:
9575:
9564:
9560:
9550:
9548:
9540:
9534:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9494:
9490:
9483:
9479:
9463:
9459:
9450:
9446:
9436:
9434:
9422:
9416:
9412:
9400:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9375:
9371:
9363:
9359:
9349:
9347:
9342:
9341:
9337:
9327:
9325:
9316:
9315:
9311:
9274:
9270:
9260:
9258:
9253:
9252:
9248:
9235:
9233:
9228:
9227:
9218:
9199:
9188:
9179:
9175:
9165:
9154:
9150:
9135:
9126:
9121:
9094:
9056:
8862:
8854:
8853:
8753:
8745:
8744:
8743:Personal prefix
8696:
8674:
8658:
8628:
8607:
8578:
8565:'we would cry'
8551:he would cry',
8548:
8516:'he is crying'
8481:
8468:'he had cried'
8454:'he has cried'
8405:
8385:
8175:
8068:Possible forms
8055:The Burushaski
8038:
8033:
7859:
7785:
7708:
7390:
7259:(Nagar dialect)
7214:
7130:
7125:
7014:
6997:
6992:
6975:
6970:
6953:
6948:
6931:
6926:
6909:
6904:
6886:
6881:
6864:
6859:
6842:
6837:
6810:
6792:
6780:
6768:
6756:
6744:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6558:
6546:
6534:
6522:
6510:
6491:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6324:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6276:
6275:
6265:
6246:
6234:
6222:
6210:
6198:
6179:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6131:
6096:
5996:
5964:
5952:
5912:
5900:
5860:
5848:
5814:will carry the
5768:
5756:
5744:
5732:
5666:
5654:
5639:
5598:will carry the
5571:
5556:
5538:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5367:
5361:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5199:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5142:will carry the
5095:
5080:
5068:
5002:
4987:
4975:
4947:will carry the
4920:
4905:
4887:
4872:
4860:
4769:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4562:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4508:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4009:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3597:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3489:
3477:
3445:
3433:
3393:
3381:
3342:
3330:
3290:
3278:
3238:
3226:
3187:
3175:
3136:
3124:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2965:
2955:
2949:
2931:
2919:
2907:
2895:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2314:
2299:
2287:
2221:
2209:
2168:
2153:
2138:
2126:
1989:
1971:
1945:
1899:Transliteration
1883:
1867:mDo dgongs 'dus
1840:
1773:
1764:
1710:Transliteration
1693:
1532:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1340:
1319:
1303:
1282:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1216:
1206:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1080:
1070:
1058:
1048:
1027:
1017:
1007:
995:
985:
964:
954:
944:
932:
922:
894:
880:
870:
833:
825:
798:
657:
652:
593:
545:North Caucasian
532:
511:
467:North Caucasian
424:
392:Ghizer District
376:Gilgit District
374:, the northern
334:
278:
274:
248:Without proper
236:
235:
226:
189:
173:
166:
141:
134:
131:Language family
129:
120:
119:Native speakers
95:(Pakistan) and
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15497:
15487:
15486:
15481:
15479:Burusho people
15476:
15471:
15466:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15429:
15428:
15426:
15425:
15414:
15411:
15410:
15408:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15387:
15382:
15376:
15367:
15362:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15301:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15256:
15254:
15250:
15249:
15247:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15206:
15200:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15056:
15054:
15050:
15049:
15047:
15046:
15040:
15034:
15032:Serbo-Croatian
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15012:Dobrujan Tatar
15009:
15004:
14998:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14961:
14959:
14955:
14954:
14947:
14946:
14939:
14932:
14924:
14915:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14903:
14895:
14894:
14891:
14890:
14888:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14862:
14857:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14836:
14834:
14828:
14827:
14824:
14823:
14821:
14820:
14815:
14810:
14805:
14800:
14795:
14789:
14787:
14781:
14780:
14778:
14777:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14757:
14756:
14755:
14750:
14739:
14737:
14731:
14730:
14728:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14710:Uralo-Siberian
14707:
14702:
14697:
14695:Serbi–Mongolic
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14655:Dravido-Korean
14652:
14650:Dené–Yeniseian
14647:
14646:
14645:
14640:
14638:Dené–Caucasian
14635:
14625:
14620:
14614:
14608:
14604:
14603:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14596:
14591:
14583:
14576:
14568:
14566:
14559:
14558:
14556:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14529:
14527:
14516:
14510:
14509:
14507:
14506:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14483:
14481:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14443:
14436:
14429:
14422:
14415:
14407:
14405:
14399:
14398:
14396:
14395:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14365:
14358:
14351:
14343:
14341:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14331:
14330:
14329:
14324:
14312:
14306:
14304:
14298:
14297:
14295:
14294:
14287:
14280:
14273:
14266:
14259:
14256:Hurro-Urartian
14252:
14245:
14238:
14231:
14224:
14216:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14204:
14197:
14190:
14183:
14176:
14169:
14162:
14155:
14148:
14141:
14138:Paleo-Corsican
14134:
14127:
14120:
14115:
14108:
14101:
14093:
14091:
14085:
14084:
14073:
14072:
14065:
14058:
14050:
14041:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14029:
14022:
14018:
14017:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13979:
13977:
13973:
13972:
13969:
13968:
13966:
13965:
13956:
13954:
13950:
13949:
13947:
13946:
13940:
13935:
13930:
13925:
13923:Indo-Pakistani
13920:
13915:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13892:
13886:
13878:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13806:
13801:
13794:
13789:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13730:
13728:
13722:
13721:
13719:
13718:
13712:
13706:
13700:
13694:
13688:
13682:
13676:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13622:Piaroa–Saliban
13619:
13612:
13607:
13602:
13597:
13592:
13587:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13567:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13523:
13518:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13458:
13452:
13444:
13443:
13440:
13439:
13437:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13418:
13416:
13412:
13411:
13409:
13408:
13401:
13394:
13389:
13387:Tequistlatecan
13384:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13360:
13353:
13348:
13342:
13336:
13330:
13329:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13300:
13295:
13288:
13281:
13274:
13267:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13233:
13225:
13223:
13219:
13218:
13216:
13215:
13210:
13203:
13196:
13191:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13157:
13152:
13147:
13142:
13135:
13128:
13123:
13116:
13111:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13087:
13080:
13073:
13066:
13059:
13054:
13047:
13039:
13033:
13025:
13024:
13021:
13020:
13018:
13017:
13012:
13006:
12998:
12996:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12988:
12978:
12973:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12945:
12938:
12933:
12926:
12919:
12914:
12910:Marrku–Wurrugu
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12884:
12877:
12869:
12864:
12857:
12851:
12845:
12844:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12837:
12832:
12824:
12818:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12776:
12770:
12765:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12752:
12750:
12749:
12743:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12700:
12695:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12520:
12514:
12508:
12497:
12496:
12493:
12492:
12490:
12489:
12481:
12474:
12468:
12463:
12455:
12450:
12442:
12435:
12428:
12423:
12417:
12415:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12401:
12395:
12389:
12383:
12377:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12354:
12347:
12340:
12335:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12272:
12269:Hurro-Urartian
12265:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12241:
12236:
12229:
12222:
12217:
12209:
12203:
12188:
12187:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12180:
12174:
12168:
12163:
12156:
12151:
12145:
12143:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12117:
12111:
12105:
12100:
12092:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12068:
12060:
12054:
12048:
12047:
12040:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12017:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12004:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11886:
11885:
11878:
11871:
11863:
11854:
11853:
11851:
11850:
11845:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11804:
11802:
11801:Related topics
11798:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11734:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11715:
11710:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11669:
11667:
11661:
11660:
11658:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11600:
11594:
11592:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11451:
11449:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11403:
11401:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11350:
11348:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11312:
11310:
11301:
11289:
11288:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11262:
11255:
11254:
11247:
11240:
11232:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11192:Newar movement
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11163:
11161:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11153:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11136:
11135:
11134:
11127:Englishisation
11123:
11121:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11100:
11098:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11090:
11084:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11016:
11014:
11008:
11007:
11005:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10983:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10971:
10966:
10965:(Undeciphered)
10960:
10955:
10948:
10946:
10939:
10935:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10928:
10927:
10922:
10916:
10914:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10828:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10811:
10805:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10793:
10788:
10782:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10744:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10698:
10697:
10695:
10694:
10688:
10686:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10655:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10627:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10616:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10594:
10592:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10491:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10424:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10379:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10336:
10334:
10328:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10319:
10313:
10311:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10227:
10219:
10218:
10211:
10204:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10183:
10178:
10172:Noboru. 2012.
10169:
10164:
10157:
10156:External links
10154:
10152:
10151:
10144:
10137:
10130:
10116:
10106:Hunza Proverbs
10102:
10087:
10072:
10062:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10043:
10040:
10033:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9988:
9981:
9975:
9960:
9953:
9930:
9925:. Volume 3 of
9919:
9918:(1992), 31–54.
9904:
9897:
9890:
9883:
9874:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9844:
9824:
9805:
9786:
9778:978-0231176002
9765:
9747:
9745:Brill 2001:921
9731:
9716:
9692:
9671:
9655:
9648:
9628:
9609:
9591:
9582:
9573:
9558:
9528:
9503:
9488:
9477:
9471:40:1–2, pp 59
9457:
9444:
9410:
9394:
9385:
9369:
9357:
9335:
9309:
9268:
9246:
9216:
9186:
9173:
9148:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9077:
9076:
9070:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9047:i-ghurts-i-m-i
9044:
9038:
9032:
9021:
9020:
9017:i-ghurts-i-m-i
9014:
9000:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8984:mi-phus-i-m-an
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8941:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8874:1st/2nd Person
8871:
8870:
8867:
8864:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8777:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8705:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8663:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8632:
8631:should.. cry“
8622:
8619:
8612:
8611:
8610:should.. cry"
8601:
8594:
8587:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8567:
8566:
8560:
8553:
8552:
8542:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8503:
8502:'he will cry'
8497:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8470:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8456:
8455:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8374:
8370:
8369:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8350:
8349:
8343:
8339:
8338:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8276:
8272:
8271:
8256:
8252:
8251:
8246:Plural suffix
8244:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8196:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8174:
8171:
8156:
8155:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8080:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8015:and so on; 21
7974:
7973:
7967:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7905:
7894:
7858:
7855:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7744:
7736:
7735:
7722:'his mother',
7707:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7691:
7685:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7579:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7542:
7541:
7536:'to the man',
7531:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7480:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7458:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7372:
7360:
7348:
7336:
7324:
7312:
7277:plurale tantum
7275:, 'fur', (cf.
7261:
7260:
7248:
7240:h- and x-class
7237:
7216:There are two
7213:
7210:
7171:
7170:
7164:
7154:
7148:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7100:nominalization
7083:, and several
7013:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6998:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6976:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6954:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6932:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6887:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6865:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6843:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6656:
6644:
6632:
6620:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6584:
6569:
6568:
6556:
6544:
6532:
6520:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6489:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6422:
6410:
6398:
6386:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6335:
6334:
6322:
6310:
6304:◌ُ / ◌ُݸ / ـُݸ
6298:
6286:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6177:
6165:
6153:
6141:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:Transcription
6022:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5962:
5950:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5858:
5846:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5783:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5714:
5713:Eé eé / Ií ií
5710:
5709:
5681:
5676:
5664:
5652:
5649:
5637:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5553:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5428:
5416:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5358:
5353:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5305:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5247:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5214:
5209:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5110:
5105:
5093:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5050:
5049:Oó oó / Uú uú
5046:
5045:
5017:
5012:
5000:
4997:
4985:
4973:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4902:
4897:
4885:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4812:
4800:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4560:
4548:
4536:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3717:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2946:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2312:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2172:
2163:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2004:
1999:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1882:
1879:
1875:bru zha'i skad
1839:
1836:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1516:Writing system
1514:
1511:
1510:
1480:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
998:
988:
978:
970:
969:
967:
957:
947:
937:
935:
925:
915:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
887:
885:
883:
873:
863:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
829:
819:
814:
797:
794:
788:
787:
785:
778:
776:
770:
769:
762:
760:
753:
747:
746:
739:
737:
730:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
656:
653:
651:
648:
592:
589:
531:
528:
527:
526:
519:
495:clade" of the
489:
482:
459:Dené–Caucasian
423:
422:Classification
420:
400:Pamir corridor
382:Valley in the
372:Nagar District
368:Hunza District
348:Burusho people
266:
265:
252:, you may see
238:
237:
225:
224:
216:
215:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
187:
179:
178:
171:
163:
162:
161:Language codes
158:
157:
156:
155:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
135:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
78:
74:
73:
64:
63:Native to
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15496:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15465:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15424:
15416:
15415:
15412:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15395:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15385:Swahili Ajami
15383:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15305:
15302:
15300:
15297:
15295:
15292:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15251:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15051:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15007:Crimean Tatar
15005:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14962:
14960:
14956:
14952:
14945:
14940:
14938:
14933:
14931:
14926:
14925:
14922:
14908:
14904:
14901:
14897:
14896:
14892:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14838:
14837:
14835:
14833:
14829:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14811:
14809:
14806:
14804:
14801:
14799:
14796:
14794:
14791:
14790:
14788:
14786:
14782:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14758:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14746:
14745:
14744:
14741:
14740:
14738:
14736:
14732:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14720:Eskimo–Uralic
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14630:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14615:
14612:
14609:
14605:
14595:
14592:
14589:
14588:
14584:
14582:
14581:
14577:
14575:
14574:
14570:
14569:
14567:
14565:
14560:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14524:Paleosiberian
14520:
14517:
14515:
14511:
14505:
14504:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14475:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14448:
14444:
14442:
14441:
14437:
14435:
14434:
14430:
14428:
14427:
14423:
14421:
14420:
14419:Austroasiatic
14416:
14414:
14413:
14409:
14408:
14406:
14404:
14400:
14393:
14392:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14370:
14369:Austroasiatic
14366:
14364:
14363:
14359:
14357:
14356:
14352:
14350:
14349:
14348:Indo-European
14345:
14344:
14342:
14340:
14336:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14319:
14318:
14317:
14313:
14311:
14308:
14307:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14293:
14292:
14288:
14286:
14285:
14281:
14279:
14278:
14274:
14272:
14271:
14267:
14265:
14264:
14260:
14258:
14257:
14253:
14251:
14250:
14246:
14244:
14243:
14239:
14237:
14236:
14232:
14230:
14229:
14225:
14223:
14222:
14221:Indo-European
14218:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14209:
14203:
14202:
14198:
14196:
14195:
14191:
14189:
14188:
14184:
14182:
14181:
14177:
14175:
14174:
14170:
14168:
14167:
14163:
14161:
14160:
14156:
14154:
14153:
14149:
14147:
14146:
14142:
14140:
14139:
14135:
14133:
14132:
14128:
14126:
14125:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14113:
14109:
14107:
14106:
14102:
14100:
14099:
14098:Indo-European
14095:
14094:
14092:
14090:
14086:
14082:
14078:
14071:
14066:
14064:
14059:
14057:
14052:
14051:
14048:
14034:
14030:
14027:
14023:
14020:
14019:
14015:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13974:
13964:
13963:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13951:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13933:Original Thai
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13913:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13879:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13799:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13735:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13723:
13716:
13713:
13710:
13707:
13704:
13701:
13698:
13697:Hibito–Cholón
13695:
13692:
13689:
13686:
13683:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13649:
13645:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13617:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13565:
13561:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13528:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13516:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13479:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13459:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13445:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13424:
13420:
13419:
13417:
13413:
13407:
13406:
13402:
13400:
13399:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13382:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13365:
13361:
13359:
13358:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13331:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13305:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13293:
13289:
13287:
13286:
13282:
13280:
13279:
13275:
13273:
13272:
13268:
13266:
13265:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13238:
13234:
13232:
13231:
13227:
13226:
13224:
13220:
13214:
13213:Yuman–Cochimí
13211:
13209:
13208:
13204:
13202:
13201:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13189:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13140:
13136:
13134:
13133:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13121:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13109:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13092:
13088:
13086:
13085:
13081:
13079:
13078:
13074:
13072:
13071:
13067:
13065:
13064:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13052:
13048:
13046:
13045:
13041:
13040:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13026:
13016:
13013:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13004:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12993:
12986:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12971:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12949:
12948:Southern Daly
12946:
12944:
12943:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12931:
12927:
12925:
12924:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12912:
12911:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12889:
12885:
12883:
12882:
12878:
12875:
12874:
12873:Darwin Region
12870:
12868:
12865:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12846:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12829:
12825:
12822:
12819:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12780:
12777:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12766:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12754:
12747:
12744:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12705:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12693:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12671:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12654:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12632:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12555:Demta–Sentani
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12525:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12502:
12498:
12488:
12486:
12482:
12480:
12479:
12475:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12447:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12436:
12434:
12433:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12416:
12412:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12396:
12393:
12390:
12387:
12384:
12381:
12378:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
12359:
12355:
12353:
12352:
12348:
12346:
12345:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12333:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12299:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12277:
12276:Indo-European
12273:
12271:
12270:
12266:
12264:
12263:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12246:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12234:
12230:
12228:
12227:
12226:Austroasiatic
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12215:
12211:
12210:
12207:
12204:
12201:
12196:
12189:
12178:
12175:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12161:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12140:
12133:
12130:
12127:
12124:
12121:
12118:
12115:
12112:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12093:
12091:
12090:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12073:
12069:
12067:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12038:
12033:
12031:
12026:
12024:
12019:
12018:
12015:
12003:
12000:
11999:
11996:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11896:Languages of
11884:
11879:
11877:
11872:
11870:
11865:
11864:
11861:
11849:
11846:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11805:
11803:
11799:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11662:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11396:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11343:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11305:
11302:
11298:
11290:
11284:
11281:
11278:
11274:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11264:
11260:
11253:
11248:
11246:
11241:
11239:
11234:
11233:
11230:
11218:
11217:Urdu movement
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11158:
11152:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11141:
11140:
11137:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11124:
11122:
11115:
11105:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11095:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11081:
11077:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10970:
10967:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10953:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10943:
10940:
10936:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10909:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10802:
10798:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10745:
10743:
10741:
10737:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10684:Malay creoles
10681:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10620:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10587:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10475:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10372:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10337:
10335:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10217:
10212:
10210:
10205:
10203:
10198:
10197:
10194:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10149:
10145:
10142:
10138:
10135:
10131:
10129:
10128:2-7384-7967-7
10125:
10121:
10117:
10115:
10114:1-895176-29-8
10111:
10107:
10103:
10100:
10099:3-447-04645-7
10096:
10092:
10088:
10085:
10084:3-447-03849-7
10081:
10077:
10073:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10047:
10044:
10041:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10026:Bashir, Elena
10024:
10023:
10013:
10010:
10006:
10003:
9999:
9996:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9968:
9967:
9961:
9958:
9954:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9894:Mother Tongue
9891:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9877:
9876:
9860:
9859:
9851:
9849:
9841:
9837:
9834:
9828:
9822:
9818:
9812:
9810:
9803:
9799:
9793:
9791:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9769:
9762:
9758:
9751:
9744:
9740:
9735:
9729:
9726:
9720:
9702:
9696:
9685:
9681:
9680:Bashir, Elena
9675:
9669:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9651:
9649:9789004387898
9645:
9641:
9640:
9632:
9625:
9620:
9613:
9605:
9598:
9596:
9586:
9577:
9569:
9562:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9517:
9513:
9507:
9499:
9492:
9486:
9481:
9474:
9470:
9467:
9461:
9454:
9448:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9414:
9407:
9403:
9398:
9389:
9382:
9378:
9377:John Bengtson
9373:
9366:
9361:
9345:
9339:
9323:
9319:
9313:
9305:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9272:
9256:
9250:
9243:
9231:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9214:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9183:
9177:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9145:
9140:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9124:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:vowel harmony
9054:The d- prefix
9048:
9045:
9042:
9039:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9011:gu-ir-č-u-m-a
9009:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:hir i-ír-i-mi
8997:
8996:gu-phus-i-m-a
8994:
8991:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8978:i-phus-i-m-an
8976:
8973:
8972:mi-phus-i-m-i
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8960:mu-phus-i-m-i
8958:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8860:
8859:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8756:
8751:
8750:
8740:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8661:
8656:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8626:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8588:
8584:
8582:Construction
8581:
8576:
8575:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8526:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8485:Construction
8484:
8479:
8478:
8467:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8422:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8409:Construction
8408:
8403:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8389:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8284:
8281:of the 1.sg.
8280:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8179:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8053:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
8001:altar-toorumo
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7703:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7547:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:'the man's',
7525:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:Huséiniukutse
7508:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7383:'walnut tree'
7382:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7353:
7349:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7252:
7249:
7241:
7238:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7212:Pluralisation
7209:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7004:
6999:
6996:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6974:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6952:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6930:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6908:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6863:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6737:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6670:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6621:
6609:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6574:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6509:
6503:
6490:
6478:
6466:
6454:
6442:
6436:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6375:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6340:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6287:
6264:
6258:
6253:
6245:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6178:
6166:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6099:
6087:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6001:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5963:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5859:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5801:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5698:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5650:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5584:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5128:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5094:
5091:
5079:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5034:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5001:
4998:
4986:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4933:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4886:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4744:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2313:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:Urdu alphabet
1778:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
999:
993:
989:
983:
979:
976:
972:
971:
968:
962:
958:
952:
948:
942:
938:
936:
930:
926:
920:
916:
913:
909:
907:
903:
900:
898:
892:
888:
886:
884:
878:
874:
868:
864:
862:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
830:
828:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
803:
793:
786:
783:
779:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
763:
761:
758:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
740:
738:
735:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
685:
675:
663:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:, as well as
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
548:
546:
542:
541:Tibeto-Burman
538:
524:
520:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
454:
452:
451:macrofamilies
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
331:
317:
311:
272:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
239:
233:
230:
222:
217:
213:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
169:
164:
159:
153:
150:
149:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
126:
122:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
54:
49:
38:
33:
30:
19:
15349:Koyra Chiini
14994:Circassian (
14906:
14899:
14898:Families in
14855:Pre-Goidelic
14850:Pre-Germanic
14680:Indo-Semitic
14675:Indo-Pacific
14670:Indo-Hittite
14585:
14578:
14571:
14501:
14478:Indian Ocean
14445:
14440:Austronesian
14438:
14431:
14424:
14417:
14412:Sino-Tibetan
14410:
14389:
14379:
14367:
14362:Sino-Tibetan
14360:
14353:
14346:
14314:
14289:
14282:
14275:
14268:
14261:
14254:
14247:
14240:
14233:
14226:
14219:
14199:
14192:
14185:
14178:
14171:
14166:North Picene
14164:
14157:
14150:
14143:
14136:
14129:
14122:
14110:
14103:
14096:
14032:
14025:
14024:Families in
13959:
13910:
13808:
13796:
13646:
13614:
13605:Pano-Tacanan
13562:
13525:
13513:
13484:Arutani–Sape
13476:
13421:
13403:
13396:
13381:Oto-Manguean
13379:
13362:
13355:
13302:
13290:
13283:
13276:
13269:
13262:
13235:
13228:
13205:
13198:
13186:
13159:
13137:
13130:
13118:
13106:
13089:
13082:
13075:
13068:
13061:
13049:
13042:
13001:
12968:
12964:Western Daly
12942:Pama–Nyungan
12940:
12928:
12921:
12908:
12886:
12881:Eastern Daly
12879:
12871:
12826:
12702:
12690:
12668:
12651:
12629:
12600:Kaure–Kosare
12560:Doso–Turumsa
12550:Chimbu–Wahgi
12540:Bulaka River
12524:Austronesian
12522:
12483:
12476:
12457:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12425:
12356:
12349:
12342:
12332:Sino-Tibetan
12330:
12313:
12296:
12274:
12267:
12260:
12243:
12233:Austronesian
12231:
12224:
12212:
12158:
12096:Nilo-Saharan
12094:
12087:
12072:Austronesian
12070:
12063:
11918:
11454:
11411:
11331:Kundal Shahi
11308:Azad Kashmir
10824:Sino-Tibetan
10630:
10453:Chittagonian
10299:Contemporary
10231:Languages of
10173:
10147:
10143:64: 303–325.
10140:
10136:6(1): 15–20.
10133:
10119:
10105:
10090:
10075:
10065:
10058:
10036:
10029:
10008:
9994:
9984:
9965:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9926:
9922:
9911:
9907:
9900:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9873:Bibliography
9857:
9832:
9827:
9816:
9797:
9781:
9768:
9763:), p. 2-617.
9760:
9755:
9750:
9742:
9734:
9724:
9719:
9707:. Retrieved
9695:
9674:
9638:
9631:
9622:
9618:
9612:
9603:
9585:
9576:
9567:
9561:
9551:10 September
9549:. Retrieved
9544:
9531:
9519:. Retrieved
9515:
9506:
9497:
9491:
9480:
9472:
9468:
9460:
9452:
9447:
9435:. Retrieved
9430:
9426:
9413:
9405:
9397:
9388:
9380:
9372:
9365:Holst (2014)
9360:
9350:14 September
9348:. Retrieved
9344:"Burushaski"
9338:
9328:14 September
9326:. Retrieved
9312:
9285:
9281:
9271:
9261:14 September
9259:. Retrieved
9249:
9241:
9236:23 September
9234:. Retrieved
9210:969-404-66-0
9201:
9181:
9176:
9159:
9151:
9142:
9138:
9108:Partawi Shah
9084:
9078:
9072:
9067:i-phalt-i-mi
9066:
9057:
9046:
9040:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9003:
9001:
8995:
8990:i-phus-i-m-a
8989:
8983:
8977:
8974:"he ties us"
8971:
8966:u-phus-i-m-i
8965:
8959:
8954:i-phus-i-m-i
8953:
8946:
8944:
8937:
8934:3rd Person y
8927:
8922:
8919:3rd Person x
8912:
8907:
8904:3rd Person f
8897:
8892:
8889:3rd Person m
8882:
8877:
8843:
8840:3rd Person y
8833:
8828:
8825:3rd Person x
8818:
8813:
8810:3rd Person f
8803:
8798:
8795:3rd Person m
8788:
8783:
8773:
8768:
8746:(Position 3)
8737:
8697:
8684:
8679:
8665:
8649:
8643:
8636:
8624:
8615:
8603:
8597:
8590:
8562:
8557:
8545:her-č-u-m-če
8544:
8539:
8527:
8513:
8499:
8465:
8451:
8437:
8423:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8365:
8345:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8282:
8278:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8247:
8236:
8217:
8199:
8176:
8159:
8054:
8050:accent shift
8042:assimilation
8039:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7970:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7912:
7908:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7837:
7827:
7822:
7812:
7807:
7797:
7792:
7777:
7772:
7762:
7757:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7712:
7709:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7681:
7676:
7671:'down from'
7668:
7662:
7656:
7651:
7643:
7637:
7631:
7626:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7601:
7593:Terminative
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7514:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7477:
7473:
7454:
7450:
7435:
7391:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7344:
7332:
7320:
7308:
7297:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7262:
7250:
7239:
7228:
7215:
7189:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7134:noun classes
7131:
7128:Noun classes
7104:coordination
7089:
7044:
7039:
7026:
7015:
6989:
6967:
6945:
6923:
6901:
6878:
6856:
6834:
6811:
6104:Short Vowel
6097:
5999:
5997:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5799:
5786:
5696:
5684:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5582:
5558:
5377:
5217:
5143:
5139:
5126:
5113:
5032:
5020:
4948:
4944:
4931:
4907:
2258:
2252:اَ / ◌َ / ـَ
2245:
2007:
1891:
1884:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1841:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:Urdu numbers
1774:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1410:
799:
791:
700:close vowels
689:
686:
673:
661:
658:
621:
608:
594:
574:
569:
557:
551:
549:
533:
509:Ilija Čašule
505:Eric P. Hamp
499:and ancient
493:Indo-Hittite
475:Sino-Tibetan
432:
425:
415:
411:
270:
269:
241:
182:
29:
15379:Tawellemmet
15374:Air Tamajeq
15330:Serer Ajami
15315:Hausa Ajami
15299:Fuuta Tooro
15294:Fuuta Jalon
15244:Xiao'erjing
15065:Azerbaijani
14980:Azerbaijani
14705:Ural-Altaic
14685:Indo-Uralic
14497:Sentinelese
14228:Afroasiatic
14194:Eteocypriot
13918:Germanosign
13822:Mura-Pirahã
13703:Lule–Vilela
13679:Bora-Witoto
13654:Uru–Chipaya
13627:Ticuna–Yuri
13610:Peba–Yaguan
13595:Nambikwaran
13398:Uto-Aztecan
13334:Mesoamerica
13188:Uto-Aztecan
13177:Tsimshianic
13139:Palaihnihan
13009:Malak-Malak
12746:Papuan Gulf
12720:West Papuan
12625:Lower Sepik
12615:Lakes Plain
12518:Arai–Samaia
12506:the Pacific
12214:Afroasiatic
12089:Niger–Congo
12065:Afroasiatic
11505:Kalasha-mun
11346:Balochistan
11172:Hela Havula
10882:Nepal Bhasa
10388:Bangladeshi
10238:Afghanistan
10150:7: 133–173.
10057:1935–1938.
9821:Archive.org
9802:Archive.org
9516:jdbengt.net
9288:(1): 1–10.
9213:Archive.org
9184:, Edinburgh
9073:du-phalt-as
9041:ghurts-i-mi
9029:hurúṭ-i-m-i
8998:"I tie you"
8863:noun class
8754:noun class
8577:Grammatical
8563:her-č-an-če
8535:Conditional
8480:Grammatical
8440:'he cried'
8404:Grammatical
8108:Conditional
8057:finite verb
8027:and so on.
7993:turma-hunti
7991:, ... , 19
7769:2nd person
7754:1st person
7659:'on','with'
7546:Hunzue tham
7159:= animals,
7096:imperatives
7090:Burushaski
6808:Sample text
6729:◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ
6495:◌ِیـ / ـِیـ
5831:) is used.
5793:◌ِݶـ / ـِݶـ
5789:diacritic (
5708:) is used.
5615:) is used.
5565:◌ِیـ / ـِیـ
5561:diacritic (
5364:Urdu number
5146:diacritic.
5116:diacritic (
5035:diacritic (
4951:diacritic.
4910:diacritic (
3740:ݜـ ـݜـ ـݜ ݜ
3723:Urdu number
2969:ڇـ ـڇـ ـڇ ڇ
2952:Urdu number
2248:diacritic (
2246:zabar/fatha
1793:superscript
1358:Approximant
696:open vowels
579:before the
547:languages.
512: [
404:Hari Parbat
256:instead of
97:Hari Parbat
15444:Burushaski
15438:Categories
15275:Fula Ajami
15080:Burushaski
15075:Buri Wolio
14985:Belarusian
14845:Pre-Celtic
14813:East Asian
14803:Austro-Tai
14793:Andamanese
14643:Eurasiatic
14564:North Asia
14514:North Asia
14426:Hmong–Mien
14380:Burushaski
14339:South Asia
14310:Kartvelian
14277:Philistine
14187:Eteocretan
14131:Tartessian
13912:Francosign
13760:Chiquitano
13740:Alacalufan
13548:Guaicuruan
13521:Chapacuran
13504:Cahuapanan
13472:Araucanian
13375:Mixe–Zoque
13370:Misumalpan
13084:Comecrudan
12936:Nyulnyulan
12715:Upper Yuat
12692:Torricelli
12664:Senu River
12595:Foja Range
12501:New Guinea
12426:Burushaski
12287:Kartvelian
12262:Hmong–Mien
12078:Khoe–Kwadi
11919:Burushaski
11914:Bhadarwahi
11768:Rajasthani
11650:Rajasthani
11480:Gawar-Bati
11455:Burushaski
11412:Burushaski
11080:Old Italic
11020:Devanagari
10945:Historical
10814:Portuguese
10631:Burushaski
10550:Rajasthani
10473:Hindustani
10420:Indo-Aryan
10408:Sri Lankan
10243:Bangladesh
10032:6.1: 1–14.
9997:13: 61–95.
9946:Wörterbuch
9908:Burushaski
9161:Ethnologue
9156:Burushaski
9119:References
9102:Wiktionary
9035:i-ír-i-m-i
8992:"I tie it"
8780:2nd Person
8765:1st Person
8673:Imperative
8657:Imperative
8459:Pluperfect
8166:infinitive
8150:Noun class
8131:Singular,
8116:Imperative
8096:Pluperfect
8025:altar-isko
8021:altar-alto
8013:iski-altar
8005:alto-altar
7989:turma-isko
7985:turma-alto
7875:iski-altar
7871:alto-altar
7732:u-mi-tsaro
7571:'on; with'
7418:Absolutive
7388:Declension
7309:wazíirishu
7198:adjectives
7112:nominative
7069:absolutive
7051:possessive
7047:morphology
7036:mass nouns
6822:Burushaski
5805:اݶـ / اِݶـ
5589:ایـ / اِیـ
5144:pesh/damma
5114:pesh/damma
5033:pesh/damma
4949:pesh/damma
4908:pesh/damma
2050:اِݶـ / اِݶ
2041:اِیـ / اِی
1732:Numeration
1715:Diacritics
1500:, written
832:(Alveolo-)
796:Consonants
692:mid vowels
609:Werchikwar
412:Werchikwar
406:region in
321:بُرُݸشَسکݵ
316:Burushaski
271:Burushaski
204:Burushaski
43:بُرُݸشَسکݵ
35:Burushaski
15260:Afrikaans
15209:Sulat Sug
15203:Kohistani
15192:Shahmukhi
15120:Malayalam
15085:Cham Jawi
15043:Yaña imlâ
15038:İske imlâ
15001:Kabardian
14970:Aljamiado
14870:Pre-Vedic
14860:Pre-Greek
14832:Substrata
14735:Arunachal
14633:Nostratic
14618:Alarodian
14553:Yeniseian
14403:East Asia
14355:Dravidian
14212:West Asia
14180:Tyrsenian
13943:Tanzanian
13884:languages
13781:Hodï/Joti
13725:Isolates
13664:Yanomaman
13600:Otomákoan
13564:Jirajaran
13553:Guajiboan
13515:Catacaoan
13494:Barbacoan
13423:Cuitlatec
13392:Totonacan
13351:Jicaquean
13230:Chimariko
13126:Muskogean
13108:Kalapuyan
13102:Iroquoian
13077:Chumashan
13070:Chinookan
13063:Chimakuan
12981:Yangmanic
12976:Worrorran
12959:Wagaydyic
12849:Australia
12698:Trans-Fly
12364:Yeniseian
12351:Tyrsenian
12245:Dravidian
11979:Sheikhgal
11949:Kishtwari
11530:Mankiyali
11120:influence
11040:Malayalam
11002:Shahmukhi
10969:Kharosthi
10954:(Abugida)
10887:Sikkimese
10740:Nicobaric
10403:Pakistani
10350:Malayalam
10332:Dravidian
10301:languages
10290:Sri Lanka
10268:classical
10263:scheduled
9938:Grammatik
9304:2149-1291
8866:Singular
8757:Singular
8710:Function
8707:Position
8639:-optative
8618:-optative
8593:-optative
8579:category
8528:her-č-a-m
8521:Imperfect
8514:her-č-a-i
8482:category
8438:her-i-m-i
8431:Preterite
8406:category
8237:Verb Stem
8187:Position
8160:For many
8112:Optatives
8088:Imperfect
8082:Present,
8065:Category
8017:altar-hak
7981:turma-han
7863:vigesimal
7746:Singular
7646:'out of'
7596:Ablative
7590:Locative
7412:Function
7379:(y), pl.
7367:(x), pl.
7355:(x), pl.
7343:(f), pl.
7331:(f), pl.
7319:(m), pl.
7307:(m), pl.
7293:burúm-ing
7289:burum-išo
7271:'wheat',
7206:agreement
7161:countable
7108:Agreement
7085:locatives
6772:◌ُݹ / ـُݹ
6705:◌ُݹ / ـُݹ
6538:◌ُو / ـُو
6471:◌ُو / ـُو
5994:Aspirates
5816:zer/kasra
5787:zer/kasra
5600:zer/kasra
5594:). For ,
5559:zer/kasra
5138:). For ,
5120:◌ؙݹ / ـُݹ
5039:◌ؙݸ / ـُݸ
4943:). For ,
4914:◌ؙو / ـُو
2100:) , and (
1921:Isolated
1863:rNying ma
1694:Extended
1236:voiceless
1230:Fricative
1145:voiceless
1098:aspirated
1092:Affricate
975:voiceless
912:aspirated
839:Retroflex
650:Phonology
591:Varieties
471:Yeniseian
428:linguists
330:burúśaski
184:Glottolog
168:ISO 639-3
108:Ethnicity
15423:Category
15390:Wadaad's
15335:Shimaore
15270:Comorain
15177:Rohingya
15141:Sarikoli
15095:Kashmiri
14965:Albanian
14865:Vasconic
14840:Atlantic
14594:Eskaleut
14548:Yukaghir
14463:Koreanic
14458:Tungusic
14453:Mongolic
14391:Harappan
14302:Caucasus
14284:Sumerian
14159:Ligurian
13976:See also
13953:Isolates
13928:Japanese
13868:Yuracaré
13750:Candoshi
13709:Macro-Jê
13674:Zaparoan
13669:Zamucoan
13659:Witotoan
13642:Tucanoan
13637:Tiniguan
13632:Timotean
13616:Quechuan
13585:Matacoan
13580:Mascoian
13570:Jivaroan
13533:Chibchan
13527:Charruan
13478:Arawakan
13415:Isolates
13346:Chibchan
13222:Isolates
13194:Wakashan
13155:Salishan
13097:Eskaleut
13003:Giimbiyu
12995:Isolates
12904:Jarrakan
12899:Iwaidjan
12756:Isolates
12610:Kutubuan
12478:Sumerian
12414:Isolates
12369:Yukaghir
12338:Tungusic
12304:Mongolic
12292:Koreanic
12251:Eskaleut
12142:Isolates
12126:Ubangian
12002:Category
11939:Kashmiri
11848:Chagatai
11731:Wadiyara
11708:Jandavra
11703:Gujarati
11638:dialects
11560:Shekhani
11470:Chilisso
11379:Khetrani
11369:Hazaragi
11326:Kashmiri
11277:national
11160:Activism
11132:Hinglish
11035:Gurmukhi
11030:Gujarati
10997:Nastaliq
10892:Tenyidie
10847:Dzongkha
10664:Lyngngam
10623:Isolates
10560:Sanskrit
10555:Rangpuri
10525:Maithili
10500:Kashmiri
10488:Hinglish
10468:Gujarati
10438:Bhojpuri
10433:Assamese
10398:Nepalese
10375:Germanic
10317:Aka-Jeru
10285:Pakistan
10275:Maldives
10039:9: 4-33.
9709:16 April
9521:19 March
9322:Archived
9092:See also
8726:Suffixes
8715:Prefixes
8659:singular
8650:her-š-an
8417:Conative
8120:Conative
8110:, three
8046:deletion
8036:Overview
7932:mishíndo
7857:Numerals
7773:gu-, go-
7763:mi-, me-
7538:gus-mu-r
7492:Ablative
7484:allative
7482:Dative,
7461:Genitive
7431:Ergative
7422:unmarked
7394:ergative
7371:'walnut'
7333:gushínga
7267:'rice',
7202:numerals
7116:ergative
7081:genitive
7073:ergative
7065:suffixes
6995:
6973:
6951:
6929:
6907:
6884:
6862:
6840:
6717:ݶـ / ـݶـ
6483:یـ / ـیـ
6238:ݵـ / ـݵـ
6021:Digraph
6000:round he
5810:. For ,
5620:E e / i
5542:ایـ / یـ
5133:اݸ / اُݸ
4956:O o / u
4938:او / اُو
3891:C̣h c̣h
2261:letter (
2077:اݶـ / اݻ
2073:) , or (
2068:ایـ / اے
2059:اݵـ / اݺ
2032:اݹ / اُݹ
2023:او / اُو
1930:Initial
1881:Alphabet
1785:phonemes
1727:Numerals
827:Alveolar
817:Bilabial
802:phonemic
644:Srinagar
628:Kashmiri
501:Phrygian
416:Miśa:ski
408:Srinagar
388:Ishkoman
386:and the
356:Pakistan
262:Help:IPA
191:buru1296
146:Dialects
67:Pakistan
15344:Humburi
15340:Songhay
15320:Kanembu
15310:Kibushi
15304:Maasina
15289:Nigeria
15284:Bagirmi
15279:Adamawa
15224:Turkmen
15219:Torwali
15198:Gilgiti
15196:Shina (
15182:Saraiki
15172:Persian
15157:Parkari
15146:Shughni
15136:Munjani
15134:Pamir (
15110:Kurdish
15070:Balochi
15036:Tatar (
14990:Chechen
14900:italics
14798:Austric
14775:Kho-Bwa
14770:Hrusish
14748:Siangic
14690:Karasuk
14590: ?
14503:Kenaboi
14468:Japonic
14433:Kra–Dai
14394: ?
14385:Kusunda
14291:Elamite
14263:Kassite
14249:Kaskian
14152:Camunic
14124:Iberian
14081:Eurasia
14026:italics
14003:Pidgins
13988:Creoles
13938:Swedish
13906:Chinese
13853:Urarina
13838:Puinave
13792:Itonama
13786:Irantxe
13755:Chimane
13685:Chimuan
13590:Nadahup
13509:Cariban
13489:Aymaran
13450:America
13292:Waikuri
13285:Tonkawa
13278:Timucua
13271:Takelma
13264:Siuslaw
13253:Kutenai
13237:Esselen
13200:Wintuan
13161:Shastan
13132:Na-Dene
13120:Maiduan
13057:Caddoan
13031:America
12985:Wagiman
12983:(incl.
12954:Tangkic
12894:Garawan
12867:Bunuban
12828:Tambora
12795:Maybrat
12763:Abinomn
12686:Teberan
12647:Pauwasi
12637:Mairasi
12605:Kiwaian
12485:Tambora
12471:Shompen
12453:Kusunda
12446:Kenaboi
12432:Elamite
12404:Siangic
12386:Kho-Bwa
12380:Hrusish
12298:Kra–Dai
12282:Japonic
12191:Eurasia
12166:Sandawe
12149:Bangime
12114:Songhay
11969:Rambani
11964:Punjabi
11924:Chenabi
11833:Persian
11748:Marwari
11726:Parkari
11683:Bengali
11645:Saraiki
11633:Punjabi
11618:Marwari
11613:Kabutra
11565:Torwali
11515:Kamviri
11510:Kalkoti
11460:Badeshi
11417:Dawoodi
11389:Wanetsi
11374:Jadgali
11364:Dehwari
11354:Balochi
11283:English
11060:Sinhala
11055:Ranjana
11045:Kannada
11025:Bengali
11012:Brahmic
10938:Scripts
10920:Turkmen
10902:Tripuri
10897:Tibetan
10862:Ladakhi
10801:Romance
10768:Teressa
10725:Santali
10720:Mundari
10641:Kusunda
10598:Balochi
10590:Iranian
10580:Sylheti
10575:Sinhala
10565:Saraiki
10545:Punjabi
10530:Marathi
10510:Kumaoni
10505:Konkani
10458:Dhivehi
10443:Bengali
10383:English
10345:Kannada
9840:Archive
9437:5 April
9404:(2001)
8869:Plural
8861:Person/
8760:Plural
8752:Person/
8687:"cry!"
8678:stem +
8668:"cry!"
8642:stem +
8625:her-u-m
8596:stem +
8507:Present
8500:her-č-i
8466:her-a-m
8452:her-a-i
8445:Perfect
8092:Perfect
7960:toorimi
7956:tóorumo
7944:altámbo
7786:person
7749:Plural
7696:'from'
7665:'up to'
7621:'from'
7446:Oblique
7409:Ending
7381:theleng
7345:daseyoo
7251:y-class
7229:h-class
7218:numbers
7194:article
7077:oblique
7032:genders
7012:Grammar
6798:
6786:
6774:
6762:
6750:
6731:
6719:
6707:
6695:
6683:
6664:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6616:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6516:
6497:
6485:
6473:
6461:
6449:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6330:
6318:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6271:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6185:
6173:
6161:
6149:
6137:
6008:
5970:
5958:
5918:
5906:
5866:
5854:
5828:
5807:
5795:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5705:
5692:
5672:
5660:
5645:
5612:
5591:
5578:
5567:
5544:
5532:
5520:
5508:
5460:
5448:
5436:
5424:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5313:
5279:
5267:
5255:
5243:
5226:
5205:
5193:
5181:
5169:
5135:
5122:
5101:
5086:
5074:
5041:
5028:
5008:
4993:
4981:
4940:
4927:
4916:
4893:
4878:
4866:
4819:
4809:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4568:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4163:
4151:
4139:
4127:
4085:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4022:U+0637U
4015:
4003:
3991:
3979:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3742:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3495:
3483:
3451:
3439:
3399:
3387:
3348:
3336:
3296:
3284:
3244:
3232:
3193:
3181:
3142:
3130:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2971:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2320:
2305:
2293:
2267:
2254:
2227:
2215:
2189:
2180:
2159:
2144:
2132:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2006:Letter
1995:
1977:
1927:Medial
1912:Unicode
1859:Bru zha
1847:Bru zha
1843:Tibetan
1838:History
1705:History
1411:Notes:
906:Plosive
854:Glottal
834:palatal
716:Central
681:
679:اݹسَنَم
674:oósanam
669:
667:اوسَنَم
662:óosanam
486:Karasuk
479:Na-Dene
445:and/or
342:) is a
258:Unicode
112:Burusho
103:(India)
15405:Yoruba
15394:Somali
15370:Tuareg
15365:Sorabe
15265:Berber
15253:Africa
15234:Uyghur
15187:Sindhi
15162:Pashto
15115:Kyrgyz
15105:Khowar
15100:Kazakh
15060:Arabic
15017:Kazakh
14996:Adyghe
14958:Europe
14760:Mijiic
14753:Digaro
14700:Pontic
14628:Borean
14623:Altaic
14587:Rouran
14580:Turkic
14573:Uralic
14562:Other
14447:Turkic
14375:Nihali
14270:Gutian
14242:Hattic
14235:Turkic
14201:Minoan
14173:Sicani
14118:Basque
14112:Turkic
14105:Uralic
14089:Europe
13901:BANZSL
13863:Yamana
13848:Trumai
13817:Movima
13771:Fulniô
13734:Aikanã
13648:Tupian
13543:Chonan
13467:Arauan
13405:Xincan
13357:Lencan
13310:Yokuts
13207:Yukian
13172:Tanoan
13167:Siouan
13150:Pomoan
13091:Coosan
12917:Mirndi
12810:Porome
12805:Pawaia
12659:Senagi
12631:Madang
12580:Eleman
12535:Border
12466:Nihali
12459:Minoan
12439:Hattic
12421:Basque
12392:Mijiic
12374:Digaro
12358:Uralic
12344:Turkic
12195:Europe
12052:Africa
11974:Sarazi
11959:Pogali
11944:Khashi
11909:Bateri
11828:Arabic
11788:Vaghri
11778:Sindhi
11773:Rangri
11758:Mewari
11753:Memoni
11743:Loarki
11738:Kutchi
11698:Goaria
11693:Dhatki
11655:Rangri
11623:Mewari
11608:Hindko
11590:Punjab
11580:Yidgha
11570:Ushoji
11550:Pashto
11545:Palula
11540:Ormuri
11520:Khowar
11500:Kalami
11490:Hindko
11475:Dameli
11465:Bateri
11422:Khowar
11384:Pashto
11359:Brahui
11321:Gujari
11104:Thaana
11070:Telugu
10979:Arabic
10952:Brahmi
10912:Turkic
10872:Meitei
10857:Hajong
10809:French
10791:Jarawa
10758:Chaura
10651:Khasic
10636:Nihali
10608:Pashto
10570:Sindhi
10535:Nepali
10515:Magahi
10495:Hindko
10448:Chakma
10428:Angika
10393:Indian
10360:Telugu
10340:Brahui
10322:Aka-Bo
10248:Bhutan
10222:Major
10126:
10112:
10097:
10082:
9973:
9782:tantra
9776:
9646:
9302:
9208:
8704:Affix
8685:her-in
8675:plural
8629:
8608:
8604:her-áa
8549:
8493:Future
8140:Person
8133:Plural
8127:Number
8084:Future
8078:Aspect
7958:(also
7950:hunchó
7838:i-, e-
7828:u-, o-
7823:i-, y-
7813:u-, o-
7798:u-, o-
7793:i-, e-
7694:-al-um
7688:-al-ar
7684:'near'
7669:-aṭ-um
7663:-aṭ-ar
7644:-ul-um
7640:'into'
7638:-ul-ar
7619:-ts-um
7613:-ts-ar
7587:Infix
7534:hir-ar
7528:gus-mo
7469:Dative
7304:wazíir
7273:bishké
7222:plural
7058:number
7054:prefix
6796:ݶ / ـݶ
6784:ݻ / ـݻ
6760:ݹ / ـݹ
6748:ݴ / ـݴ
6693:ݹ / ـݹ
6681:ݴ / ـݴ
6562:ی / ـی
6550:ے / ـے
6526:و / ـو
6514:ا / ـا
6459:و / ـو
6447:ا / ـا
6328:ݵ / ـݵ
6316:ݺ / ـݺ
6292:ݸ / ـݸ
6280:ہ / ـہ
6269:ݳ / ـݳ
6214:ݸ / ـݸ
6094:Vowels
5983:U+077B
5931:U+077A
5879:U+06D2
5781:U+0779
5679:U+0775
5604:big ye
5551:U+06CC
5467:U+0626
5356:U+0777
5286:U+06BE
5224:ݳ / ـݳ
5212:U+06C1
5108:U+0779
5015:U+0778
4900:U+0648
4891:او / و
4825:U+06BA
4782:U+0646
4713:U+0645
4644:U+0644
4575:U+06af
4503:U+0763
4434:U+06a9
4365:U+0642
4295:U+0641
4233:U+063a
4170:U+0639
4092:U+0638
3952:U+069E
3882:U+0636
3812:U+0635
3715:U+077D
3646:U+0634
3577:U+0633
3508:U+0698
3464:U+0632
3412:U+0691
3361:U+0631
3309:U+068E
3257:U+0630
3206:U+0688
3155:U+062f
3103:U+0685
3042:C̣ c̣
3034:U+062e
2980:Qh qh
2944:U+077C
2883:Ċh ċh
2874:U+062d
2805:U+0686
2736:U+062c
2673:U+062b
2604:U+0679
2535:U+062a
2466:U+067e
2397:U+0628
2327:U+0774
2275:Aá aá
2265:ه / ـہ
2240:U+0773
2187:ـا / ا
2170:U+0627
2166:U+0622
2114:Áa áa
2002:U+0627
1924:Final
1916:Notes
1908:Forms
1506:Pinyin
1291:voiced
1192:voiced
1038:voiced
849:Uvular
822:Dental
655:Vowels
617:Khowar
603:, and
543:, and
537:Dardic
463:Basque
378:, the
370:, the
229:UNESCO
93:Gilgit
89:Ghizer
77:Region
15474:Hunza
15400:Wolof
15359:Zarma
15239:Uzbek
15214:Tamil
15167:Pegon
15151:Wakhi
14538:Nivkh
14492:Ongan
13858:Warao
13827:Nukak
13798:Kunza
13776:Guató
13765:Cofán
13745:Camsá
13538:Choco
13499:Boran
13448:South
13429:Huave
13364:Mayan
13315:Yuchi
13298:Washo
13248:Karuk
13243:Haida
13182:Utian
13114:Keres
13051:Alsea
13044:Algic
13029:North
12821:Taiap
12815:Sulka
12670:Sepik
12585:Engan
12326:Ongan
12309:Nivkh
12177:Shabo
12160:Jalaa
12154:Hadza
12108:Mande
11984:Shina
11954:Padri
11934:Hindi
11929:Dogri
11842:Hindi
11721:Kachi
11717:Koli
11688:Bhaya
11678:Bagri
11665:Sindh
11603:Dogri
11598:Bagri
11575:Wazir
11535:Munji
11485:Gowro
11437:Wakhi
11432:Shina
11427:Purgi
11407:Balti
11316:Dogri
11097:Other
11088:Latin
11065:Tamil
10963:Indus
10958:Greek
10925:Uzbek
10867:Limbu
10837:Balti
10778:Ongan
10715:Korku
10702:Munda
10659:Khasi
10613:Wakhi
10520:Mahal
10478:Hindi
10463:Dogri
10355:Tamil
10280:Nepal
10253:India
10078:133.
9862:(PDF)
9704:(PDF)
9687:(PDF)
9547:: 169
9541:(PDF)
9423:(PDF)
9408:Brill
8662:stem
8424:her-i
8074:Tense
8031:Verbs
8023:, 23
8019:, 22
8011:, 60
8007:, 50
8003:, 40
7999:, 30
7997:altar
7995:; 20
7987:, 13
7983:, 12
7964:turma
7938:thaló
7926:čindó
7920:wálto
7913:iskey
7902:altán
7869:, 40
7867:altar
7724:mu-mi
7682:-al-e
7657:-aṭ-e
7632:-ul-e
7607:-ts-e
7524:hir-e
7406:Case
7398:cases
7376:thely
7364:thely
7359:'dog'
7340:dasín
7285:burúm
7281:hagúr
7163:nouns
7123:Nouns
7092:verbs
7045:Noun
7040:báalt
7028:Nouns
5948:]
5944:[
5896:]
5892:[
5844:]
5840:[
5728:]
5724:[
5721:]
5717:[
5635:]
5631:[
5628:]
5624:[
5498:]
5494:[
5491:]
5487:[
5484:]
5480:[
5414:]
5410:[
5366:4 ie
5303:]
5299:[
5159:]
5155:[
5064:]
5060:[
5057:]
5053:[
4971:]
4967:[
4964:]
4960:[
4856:]
4852:[
4849:]
4845:[
4842:]
4838:[
4798:]
4794:[
4729:]
4725:[
4660:]
4656:[
4591:]
4587:[
4522:]
4518:[
4450:]
4446:[
4381:]
4377:[
4312:]
4308:[
4117:]
4113:[
4109:]
4105:[
4039:]
4035:[
3969:]
3965:[
3899:]
3895:[
3829:]
3825:[
3759:]
3755:[
3725:4 ie
3662:]
3658:[
3593:]
3589:[
3524:]
3520:[
3429:]
3425:[
3377:]
3373:[
3326:]
3322:[
3274:]
3270:[
3222:]
3218:[
3171:]
3167:[
3120:]
3116:[
3050:]
3046:[
2954:4 ie
2891:]
2887:[
2821:]
2817:[
2752:]
2748:[
2620:]
2616:[
2551:]
2547:[
2482:]
2478:[
2413:]
2409:[
2344:]
2340:[
2283:]
2279:[
2205:]
2201:[
2130:آ / ا
2122:]
2118:[
2064:) , (
2055:) , (
2046:) , (
2037:) , (
2028:) , (
2019:) , (
1966:]
1962:[
1959:]
1955:[
1952:]
1948:[
1943:]
1939:[
1857:, no
1720:Hamza
1329:Trill
861:Nasal
844:Velar
728:Close
711:Front
632:Hindi
624:India
605:Nagar
601:Hunza
597:Yasin
570:báalt
562:apple
558:*abel
516:]
380:Yasin
364:India
85:Nagar
81:Hunza
71:India
15325:Maba
15229:Urdu
15090:Jawi
15053:Asia
14975:Avar
14907:bold
14765:Miju
14533:Ainu
14033:bold
13960:See
13896:Arab
13882:Sign
13833:Páez
13810:Maku
13804:Leco
13320:Zuni
13304:Yana
13258:Seri
13015:Tiwi
12835:Wiru
12800:Mpur
12790:Kuot
12773:Anêm
12768:Abun
12735:Yuat
12730:Yawa
12676:Skou
12653:Ramu
12504:and
12398:Miju
12220:Ainu
12200:Asia
12198:and
12171:Laal
12132:Kadu
12120:Ijaw
12083:Kx'a
11989:Urdu
11783:Urdu
11713:Jogi
11555:Sawi
11295:(by
11273:Urdu
11144:Urdu
11050:Odia
10992:Arwi
10877:Mizo
10852:Garo
10842:Bodo
10786:Önge
10730:Sora
10669:Pnar
10603:Dari
10540:Odia
10483:Urdu
10365:Tulu
10124:ISBN
10110:ISBN
10095:ISBN
10093:38.
10080:ISBN
9971:ISBN
9774:ISBN
9711:2020
9644:ISBN
9553:2023
9523:2019
9439:2014
9352:2013
9330:2013
9300:ISSN
9263:2013
9238:2017
9206:ISBN
9144:K").
8947:phus
8729:8/10
8644:(i)š
8627:"...
8606:"...
8547:'...
8331:-áas
8275:8a/b
8262:(or
8248:-ya-
8206:2a/b
8103:Mood
8048:and
7969:100
7962:and
7911:(or
7909:isko
7900:(or
7898:altó
7885:(or
7847:khin
7728:u-mi
7720:i-mi
7690:'to'
7677:-al-
7652:-aṭ-
7634:'in'
7627:-ul-
7615:'to'
7609:'at'
7602:-ts-
7575:-al-
7569:-aṭ-
7565:'in'
7563:-ul-
7559:'at'
7557:-ts-
7369:tilí
7357:huká
7321:hiri
7265:bras
7190:bayú
7114:and
7098:and
7062:case
7060:and
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