1097:
1074:. Basville's plan, approved by the king, outlined 31 parishes designated to have their populations expelled. Their 13,212 inhabitants were ordered to flee with all their cattle and furniture to government-guarded cities. The plan was carried out from September to December 1703 as French troops and militias burned down and massacred at least 466 towns in the CĂ©vennes. All 31 parishes were successfully destroyed. Florentine militiamen were responsible for numerous murders and atrocities against civilians during the operation. Support for the Camisards skyrocketed after the Burning of the CĂ©vennes, providing a major propaganda boost for the Huguenot cause and an increase of the conflict's intensity. As French authorities unsuccessfully attempted to maintain stability, Catholic militias responded to the insurgency with brutal anti-Protestant reprisals.
922:
1217:
937:
1986:
571:
209:
286:
276:
267:
258:
249:
240:
699:
878:
1138:
144:
556:
36:
379:
371:
364:
357:
340:
323:
306:
297:
222:
1430:
775:
2267:
647:
635:" in an attempt to continue following their religion, but countermeasures against Protestants strengthened since authorities used fines, sequestrated properties, military force, and took hostages as punishments. Reconversion to Protestantism was treated as a significant crime. People charged with it were often executed, tortured with
1005:
in regard for his actions. Jullien embarked on a campaign to destroy all the resources of the
Caminards. Royal troops burned Protestant and pro-Camanard towns and villages to the ground as their inhabitants were massacred and deported. Jullien made an effort not to let the war come under the public
722:
release
Protestant prisoners from the jail. They were told to wait. As the men stood outside, somebody shot one of them. The enraged mob broke through the doors of the structure, freeing the prisoners before they set the building on fire. Chayla was hunted down and killed as he tried to escape
1391:
The
Huguenot population suffered heavy losses. The guerilla warfare employed by rebels and the extreme support that it received from local peasants resulted in France's need to suppress the local population. French regulars and militiamen were responsible for numerous
1273:
The plot was foiled and the French authorities arrested one hundred people. Thirty people were sentenced to death. Vilas was beaten to death by executioners, while
Castanet and Ravanel were burned alive. Salomon Couderc perished on the stake a month later.
624:, where reformist ideas took root from 1530 to 1560. Many Huguenots decided to flee the country, while others opted to practice their faith in secret. "New Converts" (or NC) were employed by the French monarchy to monitor and suppress the Protestant faith.
1058:
refugees who had fled abroad, the
Marquis of Miremont in particularly, tried to convince the English and Dutch, who were at war with France, to land troops in the country to support the Camisards. English and Dutch warships approached the coast near
1360:
According to the historian Pierre
Rolland, of the estimated 7,500 to 10,000 Camisards who took part in the war, at least 2,000 died in action, and at least 1,000 were summarily executed. 200 people were executed via trial, including by
1298:
escaped his prison in July 1705 and fled to
England. Mazel returned to his home country in 1709 to lead a new British-backed insurrection. A hundred men with Mazel at their helm, told France to restore the
868:
Camisards held their own pious gatherings, which have been noted for their intensity and deep religiosity. Camisards were supported by local
Protestant peasants in the CĂ©vennes, which made warfare easier.
829:, usually sheep-farmers between 20 and 25 years old. Geographically, the insurrection commenced in the Bougès mountain range, situated along the southeastern edges of what is now the departement of
2251:, traduits de l'édition de Dublin (1726), en anglais et annotés par Frank Puaux, Paris : chez Payot (collection Le Regard de l'Histoire), 1973, 270 p. — Le livre était déjà paru sous le titre de
2156:
Le
Fanatisme renouvelé, ou, histoire des sacrilèges, des incendies, des meurtres et des autres attentats que les calvinistes révoltés ont commis dans les Cévennes, et des chatiments qu'on en a faits
1913:
1267:
1943:
1657:
1227:
Even though the war had ceased, Ravanel and Claris refused to submit. They were joined in by Mazel who helped organize pro-Huguenot movements. Mazel was finally arrested in
1404:
agreed that
Huguenots had been "perhaps the most brutally persecuted Protestants of the early modern era", she criticizes the narrative of the war as an ethnic cleansing.
1197:. From September to October, Castanet, Jouany, Couderc, Rose and Mazel surrendered one by one. They were given permission to leave France and took refuge in Switzerland.
1589:
La dynastie Rouvière de Fraissinet-de-Lozère. Les élites villageoises dans les Cévennes protestantes à l'époque moderne d'après un fonds documentaire inédit (1403-1908)
952:
became the site of numerous battles, skirmishes, clashes, and ambushes between Camisards and Royalists. The Protestant rebels employed some of the earliest tactics of
437:
1292:, when Bourbon troops defeated a Grand Alliance army, which included his regiment. Cavalier was seriously wounded and escaped to England, ending his military career.
1760:
956:
against the Royalists, and Captain Poul was slain on January 12. During their campaign, Camisards assassinated Catholic priests as they burnt down villages. At
1966:
742:
998:
960:, 40 women and children of Royalist forces were murdered by Castanet's troops on February 21, 1703. French forces went on to respond with harsh reprisals.
1905:
1798:
1200:
In December 1704, the last Camisards had been defeated by Villars, marking the end of the uprising. Villars left the CĂ©vennes and handed over control to
1096:
913:
1,500 to 2,000 people from the Uzège were enrolled in the "Cadets of the Cross." The militia became infamous for acts of brutality during the war.
1625:
1569:
1258:
named Vilas teamed up with Catinat and Ravanel, helping form the "league of the children of God." The League planned to kidnap the Duke of Berwick and
1739:
1310:
in June, the invaders were quickly forced to withdraw by royal forces. Mazel was taken prisoner and finally killed on October 4, 1710, in the city of
1070:
decided to depopulate the CĂ©vennes in order to isolate the Camisards and prevent them from getting vital foods and resources in what is known as the
632:
1408:
1236:
1349:
430:
1935:
1827:
2036:
1649:
1306:
Mazel refused to stop fighting for the Huguenot cause. In 1710 he organized a British-backed invasion of the country, but after landing at
2119:
Die europäische Debatte über den Religionskrieg (1679-1714). Konfessionelle Memoria und internationale Politik im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV.
1193:
Now with Cavalier's men having joined him, Laporte now commanded 1,200 men. Betrayed, Laporte died in his house on August 13, 1704, in
1239:
returned to France where they continued the uprising. They were rapidly hunted down and executed soon after. Castanet was captured in
1125:
On April 19, two days before his departure, Montrevel and an army of 1,000 men defeated Cavalier and seized his headquarters. On
17:
423:
100:
72:
2297:
600:
from the country. In the provinces which the largest Protestant (or Huguenot) minorities, Huguenots were converted by force to
2271:
2100:
1528:
53:
1597:
79:
1221:
1201:
289:
906:, forming groups such as the "Florentins" or "White Camisards", which held 200-700 people. 200-300 men from the
2346:
2285:
2017:
1884:
741:
ordered Captain Poul to crack down on the rebellion, but with little success. Despite general failures, Huguenot rebel
86:
2134:
2058:
1489:
119:
726:
During the aftermath of the attack, several Huguenot bands formed led by Protestant "prophets". The bands committed
2341:
2235:
Le Théâtre sacré des Cévennes ou récit de diverses merveilles opérées dans cette partie de la Province du Languedoc
1037:. After the population refused to cease assisting the rebels, Montrevel expelled the villages' entire populations.
891:
734:
252:
2306:
1963:
1052:
were attacked by Protestants. 71 people, comprising 60 Saturarguois and 11 Saint-SĂ©riains, were killed in total.
921:
68:
1303:
and free Camisard prisoners who had been captured during the war. The revolt was crushed by French authorities.
1906:"Williams on Randall, 'From a Far Country: Camisards and Huguenots in the Atlantic World' | H-Atlantic | H-Net"
1790:
1216:
1157:
1100:
1090:
1063:, but Montrevel took them as a serious threat, and had the coast monitored, ending the attempted intervention.
279:
57:
2175:
1396:
of Protestants in France during the war. Historian Catherine Randall described French atrocities as a form of
2361:
2351:
2326:
1285:
936:
687:
1617:
1731:
1326:
1026:
471:
2241:) ; réédition critique présentée par Jean-Paul Chabrol, à Nîmes : Ếditions Alcide, 2011, 248 p.
1172:
the king accepted the offer and a truce was declared. Cavalier would leave France with 100 of his men on
1018:
967:
925:
270:
1333:
pardoned 136 Huguenot galley slaves imprisoned for their faith, allowing them to seek exile in England.
1141:
Entrevue du maréchal de Villars et de Jean Cavalier à Nîmes, le 16 mai 1704 (painting by Jules Salles,
964:
858:
756:. Despite their loyalty, many of them lost their property in the Great Burning of the CĂ©vennes in late
1006:
scrutiny of foreign nations. He was especially concerned about possible extensions to Switzerland and
481:
2210:
2126:
1401:
466:
261:
2371:
2336:
2331:
2185:
1819:
1322:
1081:
won their greatest victory, 400-600 elite members of the navy and 60 dragoons were routed in
666:
ordered the execution of 84 people, sentenced fifty to the galleys and deported 300 people to the
93:
1448:
46:
2209:, Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français, vol. 15, No. 9, 1866, p. 444-446
2168:
Histoire des troubles des Cévennes: ou de la guerre des Camisars sous le règne de Louis le Grand
753:
2311:
970:, replaced the Count of Broglie and was placed in command of the Royal army, hiring 3,000
957:
779:
581:
540:
476:
1985:
1280:
later assembled a new regiment made up of Camisards who fought for the Grand Alliance against
1176:. The edict of Fountainebleu was not revoked, and Protestants remained a persecuted minority.
814:, commanded 300 to 400 men who were later joined by 50-100 rebels under the lead of
1168:
and the right to leave the country. He also demanded that Camasard prisoners be released. On
1115:
818:. Nicolas Jouanny led 300-400 men in the Bougès mountains. Castanet led a small band in
2227:, édité par Jean-Jules Vielles (En Cévennes), 1883 & à Nîmes : chez C. Lacour, 2008
2159:
2050:
978:
total control over the military. Surrendering Camisards holding their hands in the air were
1458:
1385:
1345:
1325:, marking the beginning of the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. At the request of
1259:
1067:
975:
881:
663:
570:
841:). The exception to this was a territory roughly corresponding to the east of a line from
719:
703:
8:
1373:. An additional 2,000 Camisards were imprisoned or conscripted into the army. 200 became
1337:
1119:
854:
715:
2366:
2356:
1418:
listed the names of 471 recorded different civilians who were killed by the Camisards.
979:
888:
731:
608:, which took place in the CĂ©vennes as early as 1683. This persecution was strongest in
285:
275:
266:
257:
248:
239:
1377:. 1,000 to 1,200 had surrendered in 1704, many of which fled to exile in Switzerland.
698:
2295:
Bibliographie sélective sur les camisards issue d'une conférence de Philippe Joutard.
2230:
2130:
2096:
2054:
2013:
1524:
1485:
1453:
1413:
1318:
1289:
1281:
1194:
1049:
953:
929:
683:
214:
2294:
1397:
1370:
1107:
991:
877:
347:
330:
313:
1761:"VILLAGES-Septembre-1703-les-Camisards-massacrent-soixante-habitants-1384860.php5"
1594:
1558:
Bourreau ou martyr ? L'abbé du Chaila (1648-1702) : du Siam aux Cévennes
1164:. Cavalier promised a surrender on the grounds that he and his men would be given
1085:; between 180 and 350 royal soldiers died while Camisard losses numbered 20.
723:
through the window. The abbot's murder sparked the beginning of the CĂ©vennes war.
2301:
2289:
2238:
2196:
2193:
2179:
2171:
2158:, 4 volumes, 1704–1706, rééd. à Avignon : chez Seguin ainé, 1868, en 1 vol.
1970:
1601:
1479:
1300:
1186:
In late June, English and Dutch warships led a botched naval expedition into the
994:. Huguenot villages were razed to the ground and all their property confiscated.
589:
512:
500:
2277:
1137:
1366:
1314:. Claris was beaten to death in October and Jouany was executed the next year.
1180:
987:
807:
655:
636:
309:
1288:. Cavalier's fortunes took a turn for the worse on April 25, 1707, during the
643:. Children were forcibly taken from their families and sent to Catholic ones.
143:
2320:
2282:
2244:
2221:, édités par Charles Bost, à Paris : chez Fischbacher, 1931, XVII+237 p.
2216:
2163:
2071:
2028:
1435:
1295:
1277:
1232:
1082:
1078:
1034:
941:
815:
803:
799:
718:
as they sang a psalm. The group demanded that the abbot and political figure
711:
597:
563:
520:
461:
343:
326:
300:
1876:
1374:
1187:
1179:
Cavalier's capitulation was received poorly by other Camisards, especially
1041:
1030:
846:
819:
640:
2278:
Musée du Désert (Histoire du protestantisme et des Camisards en Cévennes).
2122:
2121:(Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 250),
555:
1443:
1240:
1045:
1014:
605:
601:
393:
20,000 riflemen and dragoons (March 1703) 3,000 Miquelets (January 1703)
2203:
MĂ©moires sur les derniers troubles de la Province du Languedoc 1702-1705
1407:
Camisards were also guilty of atrocities. Catholic priest and historian
949:
850:
838:
651:
617:
592:, which had granted religious freedom and civil rights to the country's
528:
180:
1388:
estimated over 14,000 people had died during the War of the Camisards.
887:
The royal troops, who were opposed to the Camisards, were commanded by
822:. There were numerous other Camisard leaders, notably Salomon Couderc.
415:
2195: ; Montpellier : chez Jean Martel, en 3 volumes, 1709-1713 (
2093:
Atlas des Camisards | 1521-1789 les huguenots, une résistance obstinée
802:, who headed a group of 700 men, appointing the lieutenants Rastelet,
2112:
La Guerre des Camisards : la résistance huguenote sous Louis XIV
1393:
1341:
1330:
1086:
1055:
1002:
971:
795:
791:
769:
749:
738:
667:
621:
593:
585:
574:
536:
532:
524:
243:
225:
830:
794:, (dubbed as "fanatics" by Royals), became gradually referred to as
678:. While the desert assemblies continued, a new crisis came along in
35:
1126:
895:
727:
1650:"Church Atrocities Receded in Europe Because of the Enlightenment"
1161:
1022:
1001:
won a major victory against Cavalier's troops. He was promoted by
842:
1362:
1270:
land. From there they would repeat a new revolt in the CĂ©vennes.
1173:
1165:
983:
907:
903:
899:
826:
613:
378:
370:
363:
356:
339:
322:
305:
296:
221:
1311:
1307:
1263:
1089:
responded by dismissing Montrevel and replaced him with marshal
1060:
774:
2266:
1255:
1169:
1153:
910:
joined a militia known as the "free company of the partisans".
902:
by March 1703. Many Catholic parishes organized pro-government
833:(Hautes-CĂ©vennes) but then spread to the territory that is now
609:
1523:(in French). Nîmes: Alcide. pp. 18, 22–23, 25, 27, 132.
1352:, attended the ceremony and had helped to issue the new law.
1029:). That month, government forces attacked the settlements of
1007:
862:
646:
2081:
Joutard, Philippe (June 2002). "La CĂ©venne des camisards".
2007:
1847:
1773:
1709:
1693:
1677:
1251:
1244:
1228:
1205:
1114:
In April, 150 peasants were massacred by the government at
834:
787:
757:
679:
675:
671:
628:
544:
2225:
MĂ©moires de Bonbonnoux, chef camisard et pasteur du DĂ©sert
2170:, Villefranche : chez Pierre Chrétien, 1760, 3 vol. (
2219:
et d’Élie Marion sur la guerre des Cévennes, (1701-1708)
1336:
The persecution of Huguenots came to an end in the 1787
1934:
Anthony Peregrine, Destination expert (29 March 2016).
1574:
Le Temple du Rouve : lieu de mémoire des Camisards
1231:. Many Camisard leaders who had fled abroad, including
1190:. The operation failed due to poor weather and storms.
2069:
Joutard, Philippe (May 1978). "La CĂ©venne camisarde".
1791:"The history of the Cevennes - year by year | History"
1877:"Camisard | French Protestant militants | Britannica"
1077:
On March 14, 1704, 1,100 Camisards commanded by
2253:
MĂ©moires sur la guerre des CĂ©vennes de Jean Cavalier
1425:
1382:
Mémoire sur l'état présent des affaires de Languedoc
1021:
ambushed and massacred twenty Huguenot civilians at
2307:
Liste de victimes des Camisards par Thierry Ducros.
2047:
La légende des camisards | une sensibilité au passé
997:After a snowstorm in February 1703, French officer
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1997:
1066:The royal troops remained in check. In September,
2192:, Paris : chez François Muguet, 1692, 259 p.
2188:(1640-1723), Protestant lawyer from Montpellier,
1933:
1866:de Lamoignon de Basville, intendant de Languedoc.
1518:
1129:, Jean Cavalier began negotiating with the king.
974:. On February 25, the king granted Montrevel and
2318:
2044:
1964:List of the Camisards' victims by Thierry Ducros
1543:Abraham Mazel, Élie Marion, Jacques Bonbonnoux,
1204:. Sporadic bouts of instability continued until
2142:Au Pays des Camisards : notes et souvenirs
940:Monument commemorating the Camisard victory in
710:On July 24, 1702, about sixty armed men led by
1595:http://sites.google.com/site/dynastierouviere/
1586:
1547:, Les Presses du Languedoc, Montpellier, 1983.
151:, painting by Pierre-Antoine Labouchère, 1864.
27:1704 uprising of Protestant peasants in France
2090:
2027:
1936:"CĂ©vennes and the world's first guerilla war"
1560:, Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, Sète, 1986.
431:
2237:, Ă Londres : chez Robert Roger, 1707 (
2144:, Mialet (Gard) : Musée du Désert, 1931
2091:Chabrol, Jean-Paul; Mauduy, Jacques (2013).
1481:War and Religion after Westphalia, 1648–1713
782:used by Camisards as a base for operations.
580:The war in the CĂ©vennes originated from the
2148:
1591:. Sète: Les Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc.
894:managed to assemble 20,000 soldiers,
438:
424:
142:
1350:Chrétien-François de Lamoignon de Bâville
658:. The CĂ©vennes are circled around in red.
588:on October 18, 1685. The law revoked the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1984:
1477:
1215:
1136:
1095:
968:Nicolas Auguste de La Baume de Montrevel
935:
926:Nicolas Auguste de La Baume de Montrevel
920:
876:
773:
745:was slain later in that year's October.
697:
645:
569:
554:
445:
205:
2095:. Nîmes: Éditions Alcide. p. 240.
2080:
2068:
1521:La Guerre des camisards en 40 questions
1471:
798:. Several bands were organized, led by
14:
2319:
2012:. Éditions Ouest-France. p. 128.
1618:"The war of the Camisards (1702-1710)"
825:The Camisards were mainly composed of
271:Nicolas Auguste, maréchal de Montrevel
2190:Histoire du fanatisme de nostre temps
1726:
1724:
1722:
1266:where they would allow troops of the
948:During the months that followed, the
539:. The uprising was a response to the
419:
2249:MĂ©moires sur la guerre des Camisards
2008:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1848:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1774:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1710:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1694:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1678:Marianne Carbonnier-Burkard (2008).
1644:
1642:
1612:
1610:
1576:, Éditions Lacour-Ollé, Nîmes, 2008.
1545:MĂ©moires sur la guerre des Camisards
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1222:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
1202:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2033:MĂ©moires sur la guerre des CĂ©vennes
2010:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1850:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1776:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1732:"The progress of the war 1702-1704"
1712:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1696:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
1680:Comprendre la révolte des Camisards
872:
737:, commander of the Royal troops in
596:. The edict of Fontaineblue banned
24:
2201:Jacob Rossel, baron of Aigaliers,
2154:Jean-Baptiste Louvreleul, priest,
1719:
1211:
1183:, who opted to continue fighting.
806:, Ravanel, Bonbonnoux and Claris.
748:Not all Protestants supported the
25:
2383:
2259:
2207:Bulletin historique et littéraire
1639:
1607:
1505:
1484:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 7.
1132:
2265:
1428:
1400:. While Elizabeth Williams from
1386:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
1247:, where he was brutally beaten.
976:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
882:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
763:
664:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
377:
369:
362:
355:
338:
321:
304:
295:
284:
274:
265:
256:
253:Nicolas de Lamoignon de Basville
247:
238:
220:
207:
34:
2312:Biographie de Philippe Joutard.
1980:
1957:
1946:from the original on 2022-02-05
1927:
1916:from the original on 2022-02-05
1898:
1887:from the original on 2022-01-13
1869:
1857:
1841:
1830:from the original on 2022-02-04
1812:
1801:from the original on 2022-02-04
1783:
1767:
1753:
1742:from the original on 2022-02-04
1703:
1687:
1660:from the original on 2022-02-04
1628:from the original on 2022-01-15
1321:signed a peace treaty with the
861:, and most of the area west of
730:against priests and Catholics.
45:needs additional citations for
1671:
1579:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1158:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
1101:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
1091:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
752:, including the population of
720:François de Langlade du Chayla
704:François de Langlade du Chayla
280:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
13:
1:
2083:Les Collections de l'Histoire
1464:
1355:
1286:War of the Spanish Succession
1142:
688:War of the Spanish Succession
575:Louis XIV of France, Sun King
550:
149:Jean Cavalier, chief camisard
1156:, Cavalier met with marshal
1044:the Catholic settlements of
1025:in what is now known as the
1013:On the first of April,
693:
604:in what is now known as the
7:
2002:. Éditions Bernard Grasset.
1998:Max Olivier-Lacamp (1969).
1820:"Abraham Mazel (1677-1710)"
1421:
916:
10:
2388:
2347:Huguenot history in France
2114:, librairie Hachette, 1946
1519:Jean-Paul Chabrol (2014).
859:arrondissement of Le Vigan
767:
2045:Philippe Joutard (1977).
1402:Oklahoma State University
1033:(Laporte's hometown) and
1027:Moulin de l'Agau massacre
892:Victor-Maurice de Broglie
735:Victor-Maurice de Broglie
472:Moulin de l'Agau massacre
457:
402:
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262:Victor-Maurice de Broglie
231:
199:
155:
141:
136:
2186:David Augustin de Brueys
2149:Contemporary Testimonies
2127:Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht
1852:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1778:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1714:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1698:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1682:. Éditions Ouest-France.
1478:Onnekink, David (2013).
1323:Kingdom of Great Britain
2342:18th-century rebellions
1990:La Guerre des Camisards
1587:Ghislain Baury (2011).
1449:French wars of religion
1072:burning of the CĂ©vennes
714:entered the village of
482:Burning of the CĂ©vennes
462:Battle of Champdomergue
163:July 24, 1702
18:Burning of the CĂ©vennes
1993:
1224:
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1111:
958:Fraissinet-de-Fourques
945:
933:
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541:Edict of Fountainebleu
516:
504:
477:Battle of Billot tower
467:Battle of Cauvi's farm
395:2,000-3,000 militiamen
232:Commanders and leaders
69:"War of the Camisards"
2000:Les feux de la colère
1988:
1219:
1140:
1116:Branoux-les-Taillades
1099:
963:On January 14, 1703,
939:
924:
880:
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519:) was an uprising of
403:Casualties and losses
2362:Rebellions in France
2352:Civil wars in France
2327:War of the Camisards
2274:at Wikimedia Commons
2272:War of the Camisards
2255:, chez Payot en 1918
1654:The Good Men Project
1380:In his 1718 report,
1346:Nicolas de Lamoignon
1260:Nicolas de Lamoignon
1254:, a Protestant from
1019:marshal of Montrevel
786:Starting in January
754:Fraissinet-de-Lozère
560:L'Assemblée surprise
535:during the reign of
505:guerre des Camisards
497:War of the Camisards
449:War of the Camisards
137:War of the Camisards
54:improve this article
2215:Mémoires inédits d'
2117:Christian MĂĽhling,
1992:, by André Ducasse.
1338:Edict of Versailles
1120:Saint-Paul-la-Coste
992:burned at the stake
627:Since late October
594:Protestant minority
517:guerre des CĂ©vennes
410:3,000 to 4,000 dead
2300:2006-12-09 at the
2288:2003-12-11 at the
2283:Site camisard.net.
2039:. Payot & Cie.
1994:
1969:2016-03-03 at the
1910:networks.h-net.org
1881:www.britannica.com
1600:2010-04-30 at the
1459:Le Musée du Désert
1225:
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999:Jacques de Jullien
980:summarily executed
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732:Lieutenant-general
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686:intervened in the
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578:
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523:peasants known as
191:Government victory
2270:Media related to
2231:Maximilien Misson
2140:Gaston Tournier,
2102:978-2-917743-49-2
1530:978-2-917743-11-9
1319:Kingdom of France
1290:battle of Almansa
1195:Castelnau-Valence
930:Saint-Evre Gillot
684:Kingdom of France
662:In the CĂ©vennes,
633:desert assemblies
602:Roman Catholicism
584:, signed by King
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2085:(17): 76–81.
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2009:
1999:
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1981:Bibliography
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1939:
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
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1889:. Retrieved
1880:
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1832:. Retrieved
1823:
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
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1744:. Retrieved
1735:
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1662:. Retrieved
1653:
1630:. Retrieved
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1539:
1520:
1495:. Retrieved
1480:
1473:
1406:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1359:
1340:. Signed by
1335:
1316:
1305:
1294:
1276:
1272:
1262:and capture
1249:
1226:
1199:
1192:
1188:Gulf of Lion
1185:
1178:
1151:
1124:
1113:
1106:painting by
1076:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1050:Saint-Sériès
1042:September 20
1039:
1012:
996:
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912:
886:
867:
824:
811:
810:, nicknamed
785:
747:
725:
709:
661:
641:penal labour
626:
579:
559:
509:CĂ©vennes War
508:
496:
494:
447:
398:7,500-10,000
392:
374:Jean La Rose
349:
332:
315:
294:
237:
200:Belligerents
167:1702-July-24
148:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2075:(1): 54–63.
2037:Frank Puaux
1444:Dragonnades
1412: [
1284:during the
1241:Montpellier
1237:Élie Marion
1146: 1865
1046:Saturargues
1015:Palm Sunday
682:, when the
606:dragonnades
2321:Categories
2205:, dans le
2072:L'Histoire
1950:2022-02-05
1920:2022-02-05
1891:2022-02-04
1834:2022-02-04
1805:2022-02-04
1746:2022-02-04
1664:2022-02-04
1632:2022-02-04
1465:References
1371:immolation
1356:Casualties
1327:Queen Anne
551:Background
521:Protestant
80:newspapers
2367:Louis XIV
2357:Camisards
2123:Göttingen
2051:Gallimard
2049:. Paris:
1394:massacres
1342:Louis XVI
1331:Louis XIV
1250:In April
1243:in March
1087:Louis XIV
1056:Huguenots
1003:Louis XIV
972:miquelets
896:fusiliers
796:Camisards
792:guerillas
770:Camisards
750:Camisards
739:Languedoc
694:Beginning
668:New World
622:Languedoc
586:Louis XIV
537:Louis XIV
533:Languedoc
525:Camisards
507:) or the
244:Louis XIV
226:Camisards
2298:Archived
2286:Archived
2125: :
2031:(1913).
1967:Archived
1944:Archived
1914:Archived
1885:Archived
1828:Archived
1799:Archived
1740:Archived
1658:Archived
1626:Archived
1598:Archived
1585:D'après
1422:See also
1127:April 30
1068:Basville
986:and the
982:via the
950:CĂ©vennes
917:Timeline
904:militias
900:dragoons
851:GĂ©nolhac
839:CĂ©vennes
837:(Basses-
827:peasants
778:Cave in
652:CĂ©vennes
618:Dauphiné
529:CĂ©vennes
387:Strength
181:CĂ©vennes
176:Location
2239:part. 1
1497:13 June
1363:hanging
1233:Catinat
1174:June 23
1166:amnesty
1035:Saumane
984:gallows
965:marshal
932:, 1835.
908:Vaunage
812:Rolland
654:in the
614:Guyenne
566:, 1842.
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2197:vol. 1
2180:vol. 3
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2176:vol. 2
2172:vol. 1
2137:, 2018
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1170:May 27
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1017:, the
847:Barjac
831:Lozère
702:Abbot
620:, and
616:, the
610:Poitou
513:French
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188:Result
171:– 1710
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1162:Nîmes
1023:Nîmes
1008:Savoy
928:, by
863:Aulas
843:Nîmes
101:JSTOR
87:books
2131:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1499:2018
1486:ISBN
1369:and
1312:Uzès
1308:Sète
1264:Sète
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