58:
31:
44:
71:
108:. The hooks of the bur are used to latch onto fur or fabric, enabling the bur – which contain seeds – to be transported to another location for dispersal. Another use for the spines and hooks are physical protection against herbivores. Their ability to stick to animals and fabrics has shaped their reputation as bothersome.
245:
The bur must be able to easily detach from the plant and easily attach to for example the fur of an animal. The ability to spread the seeds depends both on the number of burs that manage to get attached and on force of attachment. The hook span of the bur has been shown to have a large influence on
254:
Burs are best known as sources of irritation, injury to livestock, damage to clothing, punctures to tires, and clogging equipment such as agricultural harvesting machinery. Furthermore, because of their ability to compete with crops over moisture and nutrition, bur plants can be labelled as weeds
217:
do, sometimes causing serious injury, but sometimes hooking onto the leg of say, an ostrich, apparently without causing discomfort. It also might penetrate a hoof or foot pad or the tires of a vehicle, only to be shed after being carried for a considerable time and distance; most
246:
the contact separation force. Some studies have also shown force can increase with the size of the bur, although not all large burs have a high contact separation force. Furthermore, the flexibility of the bur might also influence this force which can increase with stiffness.
147:) or machinery as well as by being transported together with water, gravel and grain. The hooks or teeth generally cause irritation, and some species commonly cause gross injury to animals, or expensive damage to clothing or to vehicle tires.
181:
Spinescent plants repel herbivores mechanically by wounding the herbivore's mouth or digestive system. Moreover, burs' mechanical defence can work alongside the color of the bur that can visually warn off herbivores.
134:
species, are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. The number of burs per fruit along with the size and shape can vary largely between different bur plants.
211:
produce fruit in the form of trample-burs. As the name suggests, they attach themselves to the animal when trampled. They may hook onto the legs of animals as the large hooks of
255:
and therefore also be subject to removal. Methods of controlling the spread of bur plants include the use of herbicides, slashing and cultivation among others.
638:
Midgley, J.J. and Illing, N. Were
Malagasy Uncarina fruits dispersed by the extinct elephant bird? South African Journal of Science 105, November/December 2009
858:"Daucus carota (Bee's Nest-Plant, Bird's-Nest, Devil's Plague, Queen Anne's Lace, Wild Carrot) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
905:
Gorb, E.; Gorb, S. (2002). "Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking".
1079:
185:
Most epizoochorous burs attach to hair on the body or legs of the host animal, but a special class of epizoochorous bur is known as the
717:
659:
882:"Hylodesmum glutinosum (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)"
834:"Circaea lutetiana subsp. canadensis (Broadleaf Enchanter's Nightshade) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
773:
679:
482:
575:"Contact separation force of the fruit burrs in four plant species adapted to dispersal by mechanical interlocking"
169:
Secondly, plants with burs rely largely on living agents to disperse their seeds; their burs are mechanisms of
226:
species are specialised for such attachment, variously being flat, but with upward-directed spikes as in say,
104:
that has hooks or teeth. The main function of the bur is to spread the seeds of the bur plant, often through
163:
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Xu, Qi; Lev-Yadun, Simcha; Sun, Lu; Chen, Zhe; Song, Bo; Sun, Hang (2020-04-01).
881:
385:
377:
369:
170:
101:
530:
507:"Spinescent patterns in the flora of Jiaozi Snow Mountain, Southwestern China"
483:"Noogoora burr, Californian burr, Italian cockleburr and South American burr (
143:
Containing seeds, burs spread through catching on the fur of passing animals (
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765:
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57:
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963:"Geum urbanum Linnaeus - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN)"
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159:
116:
30:
674:
Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. Krieger 1991,
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195:
130:
62:
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Karen van Rheede van
Oudtshoorn; Margaretha W. van Rooyen (1999).
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43:
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70:
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Seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth
1072:
489:. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries. 2009.
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Burs serve the plants that bear them in two main ways.
119:
also are covered with thorns and may function as burs.
641:
177:(dispersal by attaching to the outside of animals).
504:
258:Some have however been used for such purposes as
1089:
904:
1083:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
242:weeds by sticking to the tires of aircraft.
573:Gorb, Elena; Gorb, Stanislav (2002-04-01).
284:
115:, such as the stems of certain species of
546:
1067:
718:"ITIS - Report: Acanthospermum australe"
572:
69:
56:
42:
29:
690:
1090:
742:"Agrimonia pubescens - Michigan Flora"
249:
443:
618:
616:
568:
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500:
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477:
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289:Common bur-bearing plants include:
13:
651:Dispersal Biology of Desert Plants
14:
1114:
1061:
907:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
613:
579:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
563:
493:
466:
238:that have achieved the status of
691:Suddath, Claire (15 June 2010).
1042:
1027:
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979:
955:
944:
933:
898:
874:
850:
826:
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776:from the original on 2021-03-05
758:
734:
710:
795:"Arctium lappa L. GRIN-Global"
684:
668:
632:
1:
1054:University of California IPM.
1039:University of California IPM.
927:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5
823:University of California IPM.
706:– via content.time.com.
599:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01381-5
436:
693:"A Brief History of: Velcro"
122:Bur-bearing plants, such as
7:
266:is a traditional resource.
138:
10:
1119:
654:. Springer. pp. 95–.
454:. Watford, Herts: Merrow.
18:
531:10.1016/j.pld.2019.12.002
450:Cook, J. Gordon (1968).
349:(enchanter's nightshade)
273:was the inspiration for
1080:Encyclopædia Britannica
991:plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
627:San Francisco Chronicle
295:Acanthospermum australe
285:Common plants with burs
158:and tend to repel some
1011:"USDA Plants Database"
987:"USDA Plants Database"
365:(pointed tick-trefoil)
275:hook and loop fastener
234:as in some species of
193:). Several species of
81:
67:
54:
40:
766:"Anthriscus caucalis"
408:(Clayton's sweetroot)
362:Hylodesmum glutinosum
74:Close-up of a single
73:
60:
46:
33:
25:Burr (disambiguation)
952:Ontario Wildflowers
941:Ontario Wildflowers
819:Cenchrus longispinus
799:npgsweb.ars-grin.gov
338:Cenchrus longispinus
300:Paraguayan starburr)
111:Some other forms of
21:Bur (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
1050:Xanthium strumarium
1035:Tribulus terrestris
967:data.canadensys.net
919:2002PlPB...40..373G
886:data.canadensys.net
862:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
838:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
591:2002PlPB...40..373G
523:2020PlDiv..42...83X
429:Xanthium strumarium
421:Tribulus terrestris
413:Phryma leptostachya
357:(Queen Anne's lace)
341:(longspine sandbur)
314:Anthriscus caucalis
306:Agrimonia pubescens
250:Relevance to humans
230:, or shaped like a
164:spines and prickles
125:Tribulus terrestris
624:Plants With Burrs.
452:ABC of Plant Terms
416:(American lopseed)
154:Firstly, burs are
82:
68:
55:
41:
746:michiganflora.net
661:978-3-540-64886-4
346:Circaea lutetiana
325:(greater burdock)
228:Grielum humifusum
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1103:Plant morphology
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262:, for which the
162:, much as other
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1098:Lists of plants
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309:(soft agrimony)
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1071:, ed. (1911).
1069:Chisholm, Hugh
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1062:External links
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378:Geum aleppicum
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722:www.itis.gov
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517:(2): 83–91.
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1074:"Bur"
432:(cocklebur)
269:The bur of
187:trample-bur
175:epizoochory
145:epizoochory
106:epizoochory
1092:Categories
1020:2021-11-13
996:2021-11-13
972:2021-11-13
891:2021-11-13
867:2021-11-13
843:2021-11-13
804:2021-11-13
780:2021-11-13
751:2021-11-13
727:2021-11-13
702:17 October
437:References
373:(cleavers)
160:herbivores
156:spinescent
607:0981-9428
539:2468-2659
487:species)"
460:223208923
405:claytonii
402:Osmorhiza
113:diaspores
53:(Burdock)
774:Archived
557:32373766
485:Xanthium
236:Tribulus
220:Tribulus
196:Tribulus
139:Function
131:Xanthium
63:Xanthium
915:Bibcode
587:Bibcode
548:7195588
519:Bibcode
271:burdock
232:caltrop
224:Grielum
208:Grielum
96:or dry
92:) is a
77:Arctium
50:Arctium
678:
658:
605:
555:
545:
537:
458:
279:Velcro
205:, and
117:cactus
128:and
98:fruit
704:2018
697:Time
676:ISBN
656:ISBN
603:ISSN
553:PMID
535:ISSN
456:OCLC
222:and
189:(or
94:seed
90:burr
36:Geum
23:and
923:doi
595:doi
543:PMC
527:doi
173:by
166:do.
100:or
86:bur
80:bur
66:bur
39:bur
1094::
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989:.
965:.
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836:.
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593:.
583:40
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565:^
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515:42
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509:.
495:^
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199:,
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298:(
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