Samurai - Knowledge

4831: 1203: 1712: 2236: 4846: 1310: 4554:, but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status. 5318: 5288: 3264:, it came to cover all of society, and although the shogunate sometimes invited monks as advisors, the nobility was excluded from the government. As a result, samurai began to assume all civilian roles, and from the Edo period onward, samurai shifted their activities from military to political administration. In addition, those who were newly promoted to the shogunate or domain in recognition of talents unrelated to martial arts, such as literature and scholarship, were also given the status of samurai. It can be said that the difference between a samurai and a military officer appears in such a place. In the Edo period, samurai equivalent to civil servants and administrative officers were called "officials". Samurai were given an honorific title and were called "Obuke-sama". 2004: 5512: 142: 3854: 4470:, much the largest and most famous in all Japan, and at a great distance from Meaco. Bandou is a large territory, ruled by six minor princes, one of whom is more powerful than the others and is obeyed by them, being himself subject to the King of Japan, who is called the Great King of Meaco. The things that are given out as to the greatness and celebrity of these universities and cities are so wonderful as to make us think of seeing them first with our own eyes and ascertaining the truth, and then when we have discovered and know how things really are, of writing an account of them to you. They say that there are several lesser academies besides those which we have mentioned. 3965: 1941: 6089: 4754:, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives. Several women ascended the 1961: 2845:, who founded the Tokugawa shogunate, were loyal followers of Nobunaga. Hideyoshi began as a peasant and became one of Nobunaga's top generals, and Ieyasu had shared his childhood with Nobunaga. Hideyoshi defeated Mitsuhide within a month and was regarded as the rightful successor of Nobunaga by avenging the treachery of Mitsuhide. These two were able to use Nobunaga's previous achievements on which build a unified Japan and there was a saying: "The reunification is a rice cake; Oda made it. Hashiba shaped it. In the end, only Ieyasu tastes it." (Hashiba is the family name that Toyotomi Hideyoshi used while he was a follower of Nobunaga.) 1603: 3412: 4532: 5330: 2827: 4777: 3928: 3384: 5303: 4119:(India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse. 5374: 2784:, where Hideyoshi lived after his retirement, was located in Momoyama. There are several theories as to when the Azuchi–Momoyama period began: 1568, when Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto in support of Ashikaga Yoshiaki; 1573, when Oda Nobunaga expelled Ashikaga Yoshiaki from Kyoto; and 1576, when the construction of Azuchi Castle began. In any case, the beginning of the Azuchii–Momoyama period marked the complete end of the rule of the Ashikaga shogunate, which had been disrupted by the Onin War; in other words, it marked the end of the Muromachi period. 5362: 1862:(1185–1333) saw the rise of the samurai under shogun rule as they were "entrusted with the security of the estates" and were symbols of the ideal warrior and citizen. Originally, the emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing, in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the emperor and a lesser member of either the 4922: 4806: 2063: 5260: 4865: 2793: 5675: 5276: 1690:, the highest position of the aristocratic class, and the Taira clan monopolized important positions at the Imperial Court and wielded power. The victor, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the emperor to figurehead status. The clan had its women marry emperors and exercise control through the emperor. 2749: 2088: 5746: 5405: 4466:

chief colleges of students, and more than two hundred monasteries of bonzes, and of others who are like coenobites, called Legioxi, as well as of women of the same kind, who are called Hamacutis. Besides this of Meaco, there are in Japan five other principal academies, at Coya, at Negu, at Fisso, and at Homia. These are situated round Meaco, with short distances between them, and each is frequented by about three thousand five hundred scholars. Besides these there is the Academy at

2426: 5725: 5704: 5629: 5608: 1583: 5248: 5654: 5386: 5346: 3814: 3784:: "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent 1549 to 1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, 12894: 2874: 4188: 1142: 3665: 5814:). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord ( 4578: 43: 3463: 3162: 2986: 3703: 1791: 4376: 1697: 4886: 2940: 10425: 3591: 4639: 3913:(1428–1481) wrote: "In the fief of the Asakura, one should not determine hereditary chief retainers. A man should be assigned according to his ability and loyalty." Asakura also observed that the successes of his father were obtained by the kind treatment of the warriors and common people living in domain. By his civility, "all were willing to sacrifice their lives for him and become his allies". 6117:

main events: the Hagi Daimyō Procession and the Hagi Jidai Parade. The Hagi Daimyō Procession begins in the morning at the Hagi Castle town area with a procession of samurai, servants, and palanquin bearers marching and performing traditional dances. In the afternoon, the Hagi Jidai Parade occurs, starting in the Central Park and go around the town until they reach the Kanaya Tenmangu Shrine.

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parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class, required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.

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attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.

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could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce, samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

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wonderfully desirous of honour and rank. Honour with them is placed above everything else. There are a great many poor among them, but poverty is not a disgrace to any one. There is one thing among them of which I hardly know whether it is practised anywhere among Christians. The nobles, however poor they may be, receive the same honour from the rest as if they were rich.

4393:. Recent studies have shown that literacy in kanji among other groups in society was somewhat higher than previously understood. For example, court documents, birth and death records and marriage records from the Kamakura period, submitted by farmers, were prepared in Kanji. Both the kanji literacy rate and skills in math improved toward the end of Kamakura period. 5445:(一騎討ち) was developed, where great rivals on both sides faced each other. After these individual combats, the major combats were given way, usually sending infantry troops led by samurai on horseback. At the beginning of the samurai battles, it was an honor to be the first to enter battle. This changed in the Sengoku period with the introduction of the arquebus. 2407: 4713:

not the heads of their household. This does not mean that women in the samurai class were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. Throughout history, several women of the samurai class have acquired political power and influence, even though they have not received these privileges

4685:. These women married members of enemy clans of their families to form a diplomatic relationship. These alliances were stages for many intrigues, wars and tragedies throughout Japanese history. A woman could divorce her husband if he did not treat her well and also if he was a traitor to his wife's family. A famous case was that of 4037:

surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined.

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1597, Korean and Ming forces proved far more resilient and with the support of continued Korean naval superiority, managed to limit Japanese gains to parts of southeastern Korea. The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the

9774: 3730:, the older ones represented an obsolete feudal institution that had a practical monopoly of military force, and to a large extent of education as well. A priority of the Meiji government was to gradually abolish the entire class of samurai and integrate them into the Japanese professional, military and business classes. 3734:

invest in land and industry. A military force capable of contesting not just China but the imperial powers required a large conscript army that closely followed Western standards. The notion of very strict obedience to chain of command was incompatible with the individual authority of the samurai. Samurai now became

2963:, harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars, resulting in supply shortages on land), the commitment of sizable Ming forces to Korea, Korean guerrilla actions, wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on, and the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders. 6024:. Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings, and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America. 3608:'s massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the 6124:

This festival reenacts the entrance of Daimyō Horio Yoshiharu and his troops into a newly built Matsue during the Edo Period. The event is held on the first Saturday of April. The event is made up of performers marching in a warrior parade at the Shirakata Tenmangu Shrine dressed in samurai armor and

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as a way for the people of Hagi to show their appreciation to the God of Kanaya Tenmangu Shrine. The festival has over 200 people dress up in traditional samurai armor and the clothes of various people of the daimyō's court as they walk down the streets of the town. The festival is separated into two

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During Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, the number of severed heads of the enemies to be sent to Japan was such that for logistical reasons only the noses were sent. These were covered with salt and shipped in wooden barrels. These barrels were buried in a burial mound near the "Great Buddha"

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According to my experience, there is nothing more advantageous when it comes to crushing the enemy than a night attack . If we set fire to three of the sides and close the passage through the room, those who flee from the flames will be shot down by arrows, and those who seek to escape from them will

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Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors ... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will

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while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last

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One who was born in the house of a warrior, regardless of his rank or class, first acquaints himself with a man of military feats and achievements in loyalty ... Everyone knows that if a man doesn't hold filial piety toward his own parents he would also neglect his duties toward his lord. Such a

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In matters both great and small, one should not turn his back on his master's commands ... One should not ask for gifts or enfiefments from the master ... No matter how unreasonably the master may treat a man, he should not feel disgruntled ... An underling does not pass judgments on a

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In the 1870s, samurai comprised five percent of the population, or 400,000 families with about 1.9 million members. They came under direct national jurisdiction in 1869, and of all the classes during the Meiji revolution they were the most affected. Although many lesser samurai had been active in the

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The distinction between samurai and non-samurai was so obscure that during the 16th century, most male adults in any social class (even small farmers) belonged to at least one military organization of their own and served in wars before and during Hideyoshi's rule. It can be said that an "all against

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ideas imported from China between the seventh and ninth centuries. These independent vassals who held land were subordinate to their superiors, who may be local lords or, in the Edo period, the shogun. A vassal or samurai could expect monetary benefits, including land or money, from lords in exchange

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were people who fought with weapons for a living. In the Heian period, on the other hand, the definition of samurai referred to officials who served the emperor, the imperial family, and the nobles of the imperial court, the upper echelons of society. They were responsible for assisting the nobles in

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As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical

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The number of men who actually achieved the ideal and lived their lives by it was high. An early term for warrior, "uruwashii", was written with a kanji that combined the characters for literary study ("bun" 文) and military arts ("bu" 武), and is mentioned in the Heike Monogatari (late 12th century).

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wrote a letter of admonishment to his brother stressing the importance of duty to one's master. Imagawa was admired for his balance of military and administrative skills during his lifetime, and his writings became widespread. The letters became central to Tokugawa-era laws and became required study

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In the first place, the nation with which we have had to do here surpasses in goodness any of the nations lately discovered. I really think that among barbarous nations there can be none that has more natural goodness than the Japanese. They are of a kindly disposition, not at all given to cheating,

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Their traditional guaranteed salaries were very expensive, and in 1873 the government started taxing the stipends and began to transform them into interest-bearing government bonds; the process was completed in 1879. The main goal was to provide enough financial liquidity to enable former samurai to

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Social mobility was high, as the ancient regime collapsed and emerging samurai needed to maintain a large military and administrative organizations in their areas of influence. Most of the samurai families that survived to the 19th century originated in this era, declaring themselves to be the blood

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In 1281, a Yuan army of 140,000 men with 5,000 ships was mustered for another invasion of Japan. Northern Kyūshū was defended by a Japanese army of 40,000 men. The Mongol army was still on its ships preparing for the landing operation when a typhoon hit north Kyūshū island. The casualties and damage

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referred to anyone who served the emperor, the imperial family, or the imperial court nobility, even in a non-military capacity. It was not until the 17th century that the term gradually became a title for military servants of warrior families, so that, according to Michael Wert, "a warrior of elite

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era in 1926 at Kasugayama Shrine. The festival holds various events such as the Signal Fire, the Butei Ceremony, and the Shutsujin Parade. Additionally, the battle of Kawanakajima is reenacted as a part of this festival. Throughout the festival people in samurai armor participate in each event. One

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channel. The series was produced for American viewers which "embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves". The story line keeps in tone with the perception of a samurai finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Because

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A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai

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The Nobles send their sons to monasteries to be educated as soon as they are 8 years old, and they remain there until they are 19 or 20, learning reading, writing and religion; as soon as they come out, they marry and apply themselves to politics. They are discreet, magnanimous and lovers of virtue

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It is not the Way of the Warrior to be shamed and avoid death even under circumstances that are not particularly important. It goes without saying that to sacrifice one's life for the sake of his master is an unchanging principle. That I should be able to go ahead of all the other warriors of this

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during the invasion of Korea. In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank", he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics,

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Younger samurai often became exchange students because they were ambitious, literate and well-educated. On return, some started private schools for higher education, while many samurai became reporters and writers and set up newspaper companies. Others entered governmental service. In the 1880s, 23

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Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, made heavy use of arquebuses, developed commerce and industry, and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the

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of the Kamakura shogun, responded by having the Mongolian diplomats brought to Kamakura and then beheading them. The graves of the five executed Mongol emissaries exist to this day in Kamakura at Tatsunokuchi. On 29 July 1279, five more emissaries were sent by the Mongol empire, and again beheaded,

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in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army

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expelled the Taira clan from Kyoto, and although initially welcomed by the hermit Emperor Go-Shirakawa, he became estranged and isolated due to the disorderly military discipline and lack of political power under his command. He staged a coup, overthrew the emperor's entourage, and became the first

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who oversaw the province of Hitachi, and Fujiwara no Korechika demanded that Masakado hand over Fujiwara no Haruaki. Masakado refused, and war broke out between Masakado and Fujiwara no Korechika, with Masakado becoming an enemy of the imperial court. Masakado proclaimed that the Kanto region under

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Though women of wealthier samurai families enjoyed perks of their elevated position in society, such as avoiding the physical labor that those of lower classes often engaged in, they were still viewed as far beneath men. Women were prohibited from engaging in any political affairs and were usually

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There are two kinds of writing in Japan, one used by men and the other by women; and for the most part both men and women, especially of the nobility and the commercial class, have a literary education. The bonzes, or bonzesses, in their monasteries teach letters to the girls and boys, though rich

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served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike

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In the first campaign of 1592, Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared, under-trained, and under-armed. They were rapidly overrun, with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more experienced and battle-hardened Japanese forces. During the second campaign in

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became a grand minister in 1586, created a law that non-samurai were not allowed to carry weapons, which the samurai caste codified as permanent and hereditary, thereby ending the social mobility of Japan, which lasted until the dissolution of the Edo shogunate by the Meiji

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will return, and then with the good help of God we shall sail thither. The distance from Cagoxima is three hundred leagues. We hear wonderful stories about the size of Meaco: they say that it consists of more than ninety thousand dwellings. There is a very famous University there, as well as five

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The Taihō Code classified most of the Imperial bureaucrats into 12 ranks, each divided into two sub-ranks, 1st rank being the highest adviser to the emperor. Those of 6th rank and below were referred to as "samurai" and dealt with day-to-day affairs and were initially civilian public servants, in

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Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants as well), and caring for elderly

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Samurai had arranged marriages, which were arranged by a go-between of the same or higher rank. While for those samurai in the upper ranks this was a necessity (as most had few opportunities to meet women), this was a formality for lower-ranked samurai. Most samurai married women from a samurai

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It is said that both men cried when they parted ways, because they knew they would never see each other again. Torii's father and grandfather had served the Tokugawa before him, and his own brother had already been killed in battle. Torii's actions changed the course of Japanese history. Ieyasu

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especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."

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It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by ... First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too

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There were to Lord Eirin's character many high points difficult to measure, but according to the elders the foremost of these was the way he governed the province by his civility. It goes without saying that he acted this way toward those in the samurai class, but he was also polite in writing

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First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers ... It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and

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During this period, the traditional master-servant relationship between the lord and his vassals broke down, with the vassals eliminating the lord, internal clan and vassal conflicts over leadership of the lord's family, and frequent rebellion and puppetry by branch families against the lord's

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and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after coming to believe that their killings were fruitless. Some were killed as they came to terms with these conclusions in the battlefield. The most

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in 1615, the long war period ended. During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the

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and imbued with Japanese cultural values and stories. Other festivals in Japan are held where people celebrate historical heroes or commemorate historical events through parades with people dressed as samurai. Some examples of these festivals include the Hagi Jidai Festival, Matsue Warrior

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in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. It would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed.

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According to Robert Sharf, "The notion that Zen is somehow related to Japanese culture in general, and bushidō in particular, is familiar to Western students of Zen through the writings of D. T. Suzuki, no doubt the single most important figure in the spread of Zen in the West."

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In the middle of the contest, some samurai decided to get off the horse and seek to cut off the head of a worthy rival. This act was considered an honor. Through it they gained respect among the military class. After the battle, the high-ranking samurai normally celebrated with a

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Buddhist monks, which had inflamed futile struggles among the populace for centuries. Attacking from the "sanctuary" of Buddhist temples, they were constant headaches to any warlord and even the emperor who tried to control their actions. He died in 1582 when one of his generals,

4705:, who was Tokuhime's husband, because Nobuyasu was close to his mother Lady Tsukiyama. To assuage his ally Nobunaga, Ieyasu had Lady Tsukiyama executed in 1579 and that same year ordered his son to commit seppuku to prevent him from seeking revenge for the death of his mother. 3879:

thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety ... It is forbidden that one should ... attach little importance to his duties to his master ... There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments.

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became common, in contrast to the division of succession designated by law before the 14th century. Invasions of neighboring samurai territories became common to avoid infighting, and bickering among samurai was a constant problem for the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates.

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all" situation continued for a century. The authorized samurai families after the 17th century were those that chose to follow Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Ieyasu. Large battles occurred during the change between regimes, and a number of defeated samurai were destroyed, went

3058:, reached the age of 16. However, having only the young Hideyori as Hideyoshi's successor weakened the Toyotomi regime. Today, the loss of all of Hideyoshi's adult heirs is considered the main reason for the downfall of the Toyotomi clan. Hideyoshi's younger brother, 8789: 4678:(lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose. There were women who actively engaged in battles alongside male samurai in Japan, although most of these female warriors were not formal samurai. 4126:

from China during the 7th to 9th centuries and in response to their perceived need to deal with the imperial court, who had a monopoly on culture and literacy for most of the Heian period. As a result, they aspired to the more cultured abilities of the nobility.

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who fought alongside Kato Kiyomasa in Korea. He stated that it was shameful for any man to have not risked his life at least once in the line of duty, regardless of his rank. Nabeshima's sayings were passed down to his son and grandson and became the basis for

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various clothing of the Edo period. Visitors are also have the opportunity to rent costumes and march in the parade, or to take pictures with the performers in the parade. Other events also take place throughout the day to celebrate the founding of the city.

4461:. We put into that port because the wind was adverse to our sailing to Meaco, which is the largest city in Japan, and most famous as the residence of the King and the Princes. It is said that after four months are passed the favourable season for a voyage to 2958:

In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces, the two expeditions ultimately failed after Hideyoshi's death, though the invasions did devastate the Korean peninsula. The causes of the failure included Korean naval superiority (which, led by Admiral

3541:. In the town of Coria del Rio in Spain, where the diplomatic mission stopped, there are 600 people with the surnames Japon or Xapon as of 2021, and they have passed on the folk tale that they are the descendants of the samurai who remained in the town. 1298:. To amass wealth and repay their debts, magistrates often imposed heavy taxes, resulting in many farmers becoming landless. Through protective agreements and political marriages, the aristocrats accumulated political power, eventually surpassing the 1305:

Some clans were originally formed by farmers who had taken up arms to protect themselves from the imperial magistrates sent to govern their lands and collect taxes. These clans formed alliances to protect themselves against more powerful clans.

4400:, or "warrior library", a personal library that held texts on strategy, the science of warfare, and other documents that would have proved useful during the warring era of feudal Japan. One such library held 20,000 volumes. The upper class had 4452:

In a letter dated 11 November 1549, Xavier described a multi-tiered educational system in Japan consisting of "universities", "colleges", "academies" and hundreds of monasteries that served as a principal center for learning by the populace:

3239:, which were required reading for the educated samurai class. The leading figures who introduced Confucianism in Japan in the early Tokugawa period were Fujiwara Seika (1561–1619), Hayashi Razan (1583–1657), and Matsunaga Sekigo (1592–1657). 1828:, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions and they were forbidden from interfering with 4660:(meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a 1293:

Ultimately, Emperor Kanmu disbanded his army. From this time, the emperor's power gradually declined. While the emperor was still the ruler, powerful clans around Kyoto assumed positions as ministers, and their relatives bought positions as

258:

In the 1870s, samurai families comprised 5% of the population. As modern militaries emerged in the 19th century, the samurai were rendered increasingly obsolete and very expensive to maintain compared to the average conscript soldier. The

4830: 5699:. It was used to neutralize the "crane wings" and "arrowhead" attack and its purpose was for the vanguard to absorb the first attack and allow time for the enemy to reveal his next move to which the second company could react in time. 2601:, which is believed to be the place where it was first introduced to Japan. By the end of the Sengoku Period, there were hundreds of thousands of arquebuses in Japan and a large army of nearly 100,000 men clashing with each other. 3849:

dear ... One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants.

2734:

By the end of the Sengoku period, allegiances between warrior vassals, also known as military retainers, and lords were solidified. Vassals would serve lords in exchange for material and intangible advantages, in keeping with

1711: 5782:, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. While there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of 1940: 4655:

Maintaining the household was the main duty of women of the samurai class. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or

2280:(bows) from horseback, and close combat was a secondary battle. From the Nanboku-chō period to the Muromachi period, large groups of infantrymen became more active in battle, close combat became more important, and the 5994:, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture. The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Examples are 2387:(feudal lords) from different regions fought each other. This period corresponds to the late Muromachi period. There are about nine theories about the end of the Sengoku Period, the earliest being the year 1568, when 5138:

were produced on a large scale by Japanese gunsmiths, enabling warlords to raise and train armies from masses of peasants. The new weapons were highly effective; their ease of use and deadly effectiveness led to the

1286:, it was a temporary title and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th centuries), officials considered them to be merely a military section under the control of the 6027:

In the 21st century, samurai have become more popular in America. Through various media, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series,

2131:. As a result, the southern court, descended from Emperor Godaigo, and the northern court, descended from Emperor Kogon, were established side by side. This period of coexistence of the two dynasties is called the 2062: 4032:(1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: 381:

their daily duties, guarding the nobles, guarding the court, arresting bandits, and suppressing civil wars, much like secretaries, butlers, and police officers today. Samurai in this period referred to the Fifth

4138:) demonstrate that warriors idealized the arts and aspired to become skilled in them. Tadanori was famous for his skill with the pen and the sword or the "bun and the bu", the harmony of fighting and learning. 3383: 5448:

At the beginning of the use of firearms, the combat methodology was as follows: at the beginning an exchange of arquebus shots was made at a distance of approximately 100 meters; when the time was right, the

4363:(1304–1358). Musō, as well as other monks, served as a political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was 201:

1185 to 1333. They became the ruling political class, with significant power but also significant responsibility. During the 13th century, the samurai proved themselves as adept warriors against the invading

7956:

After protracted and unsuccessful peace talks, Hideyoshi launched a second, much less successful invasion in 1597 CE, and when the warlord died the next year, the Japanese forces withdrew from the peninsula.

3423:

In the late 1500s, trade between Japan and Southeast Asia accelerated and increased exponentially when the Tokugawa shogunate was established in the early 1600s. The destinations of the trading ships, the

1104:, was quite wide. During the Edo Period, samurai represented a hereditary social class defined by the right to bear arms and to hold public office, as well as high social status. From the mid-Edo period, 3992:

stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:

3536:

in Rome. He returned to Japan in 1620, but news of the Tokugawa shogunate's suppression of Christianity had already reached Europe, and trade did not take place due to the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of

5219:

became a common part of the samurai's armory by the 1570s. They often were mounted in castles or on ships, being used more as anti-personnel weapons than against castle walls or the like, though in the

4416:

letters to the farmers and townspeople, and even in addressing these letters he was gracious beyond normal practice. In this way, all were willing to sacrifice their lives for him and become his allies.

6180:. There are more than 100,000 visitors per festival. Usually a famous Japanese celebrity plays the part of Takeda Shingen. Ordinary people can participate too after applying. It is one of the biggest 5670:

Recurrent formation with the purpose of surrounding the enemy. The archers and arcabuceros diminished the enemy troops before the melee attack of the samurai while the second company surrounded them.

3260:

The conduct of samurai served as role model behavior for the other social classes. With time on their hands, samurai spent more time in pursuit of other interests such as becoming scholars. After the

10491: 2585:, who were mobilized from the peasantry, were mobilized in even greater numbers than before, and the importance of the infantry, which had begun in the Nanboku-chō period, increased even more. When 5529:. The reason for blackening the teeth was that white teeth was a sign of distinction, so applying a dye to darken them was a desecration. The heads were carefully arranged on a table for exposure. 3444:. He was originally a palanquin bearer who belonged to the lowest end of the samurai class, but he rose to prominence in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, now in southern Thailand, and became governor of the 3249:

missionaries also hindered attempts to convert Japan's governing elite to Christianity. Pederasty had become deeply institutionalized among the daimyo and samurai, prompting comparisons to ancient

1184:

introduced a law whereby 1 in 3–4 adult males were drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes.

5603:

A very flexible formation that allowed the troops to adapt depending on the movements of the opponent. The commander was located at the rear, but near the center to avoid communication problems.

7872:

Hideyoshi needed passage through Korea to get to China. But with Korea refusing his demands, he led a large army of about 160,000 men, landing at the tip of the peninsula then moving northwards.

4845: 5624:

An aggressive formation in which the samurai took advantage of the casualties caused by the shooting of the ashigaru. The signaling elements were close to the major generals of the commander.

5741:

Used when the army was not yet defeated but an orderly withdrawal to the castle was needed. While the rearguard receded, the vanguard could still be organized according to the circumstances.

4349:

was also used as a place for political meetings, as it was suitable for secret talks, and the tea ceremony sometimes brought together samurai and townspeople who did not normally interact.

2811:) and an exceptional example of a samurai of the Sengoku period. He came within a few years of, and laid down the path for his successors to follow, the reunification of Japan under a new 5556:

stalk on his back and would mark the heads of his defeated enemies by putting bamboo leaves in their cut necks or mouths, since he could not carry every head. Thus he gained the nickname

319:: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning 'to wait upon', 'accompany persons' in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, 4701:), she was able to get Lady Tsukiyama arrested on suspicion of communicating with the Takeda clan (then a great enemy of Nobunaga and the Oda clan). Ieyasu also arrested his own son, 4017:, observed examples of warrior emphasis on death in clans other than Yamamoto's: "he (Takeda Shingen) was a strict disciplinarian as a warrior, and there is an exemplary story in the 9610: 5577:

During the Azuchi-Momoyama period and thanks to the introduction of firearms, combat tactics changed dramatically. The military formations adopted had poetic names, among which are:

4070:

defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.

1855:, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tent government", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government. 1037:

class, or samurai class. Samurai were entitled to an audience with their lord, were allowed to ride horses, and received rice from the land and peasants under their control, while

3746:; this status was abolished in 1947). The right to wear a katana in public was abolished, along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. In 1877, there was a 1988:

spread among the samurai in the 13th century and helped to shape their standards of conduct, particularly overcoming the fear of death and killing, but among the general populace

9872: 8490: 5453:

spearmen were ordered to advance and finally the samurai would attack, either on foot or on horseback. The army chief would sit in a scissor chair inside a semi-open tent called

4145:, literary arts, military arts, both ways) or "The pen and the sword in accord". By the time of the Edo period, Japan had a higher literacy comparable to that in central Europe. 5106:). A charge, mounted or dismounted, was also more effective when using a spear rather than a sword, as it offered better than even odds against a samurai using a sword. In the 3829:

wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master."

2099:

The thunderstorms of 1274 and the typhoon of 1281 helped the samurai defenders of Japan repel the Mongol invaders despite being vastly outnumbered. These winds became known as

10484: 5484:

Most of the battles were not resolved in the ideal manner mentioned above. Most wars were won through surprise attacks, such as night raids, fires, etc. The renowned samurai

2719:

style of armor, which improved the productivity and durability of armor. In the history of Japanese armor, this was the most significant change since the introduction of the

2139:. The Northern Court, supported by the Ashikaga Shogunate, had six emperors, and in 1392 the Imperial Court was reunited by absorbing the Southern Court, although the modern 7002: 3205:

becoming more of a symbolic emblem of power rather than a weapon used in daily life. They still had the legal right to cut down any commoner who did not show proper respect

1920:

was introduced, the simplest style of armor that protected only the front of the torso and the sides of the abdomen. In the late Kamakura period, a new type of armor called

406: 5159:

peasant foot troops—were responsible for a change in military tactics that eventually led to establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate and an end to civil war. Production of

2554:

This period was marked by the loosening of samurai culture, with people born into other social strata sometimes making a name for themselves as warriors and thus becoming

3771:

at Rome, drawn from the statements of Anger (Han-Siro's western name), Xavier describes the importance of honor to the Japanese (Letter preserved at College of Coimbra):

2924:

in the area, whose castles his forces had raided. Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai into battle, and despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated a host of allied

1662:, or overseers of various regions, and accumulated wealth by taking samurai from various regions as their retainers. In the struggle for the succession of Emperor Toba, 8556: 2000:

was eventually recalled, and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

1180:, the population was required to report regularly for the census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, 607:, the traditional master-servant relationship in Japanese society collapsed, and the traditional definition of samurai changed dramatically, becoming synonymous with 10477: 5976:

Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill.

3454:) was established in 1639, trade between Japan and Southeast Asia ceased, and records of Japanese activities in Southeast Asia were lost for many years after 1688. 7596: 4501: 4497: 7379: 3795:, a term used in the fifteenth century during widespread rebellion, involved provincial lords defying the shogun, who in turn disregarded the emperor's commands. 1478:

The shoguns of Heian period had no real political power, and the imperial court was in charge of politics. From the mid-9th century to the mid-11th century, the

7338: 4041:

Families such as the Imagawa were influential in the development of warrior ethics and were widely quoted by other lords during their lifetime. The writings of

3627:

in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral

8319: 8068: 7128: 3841:

in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man".

224:

estates, roles they had also filled in the past. During the Edo period, they came to represent a hereditary class. On the other hand, from the mid-Edo period,

3844:

Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the emperor:

3066:, who was Hideyoshi's only adult successor, was forced to commit seppuku in 1595 along with many other vassals on Hideyoshi's orders for suspected rebellion. 11970: 6793: 6141:

unique event in particular is the reenactment of the battle of Kawanakajima where performers in the samurai armor portray the events with swords and spears.

3514:. The mission returned to Japan in 1590, but were forced to renounce, be exiled, or be executed due to the Tokugawa shogunate's suppression of Christianity. 6845: 4411:(1474–1555 AD) noted the great loyalty given to his father, due to his polite letters, not just to fellow samurai, but also to the farmers and townspeople: 11609: 9833: 7051: 3253:. The Jesuits' strong condemnation of the practice alienated many of Japan's ruling class, creating further barriers to their acceptance of Christianity. 9626:

Denison, Rayna (27 May 2011). "Transcultural creativity in anime: Hybrid identities in the production, distribution, texts and fandom of Japanese anime".

3556:

policy was abolished, six diplomatic missions were sent to the United States and European countries for diplomatic negotiations. The most famous were the

5424:

During the existence of the samurai, two opposite types of organization reigned. The first type were recruits-based armies: at the beginning, during the

5317: 9757: 5944:. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well. As well as influence from American Westerns, Kurosawa also adapted two of 5287: 4065:, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching because it offered a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of 3616:

against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).

3428:, were Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, etc. Many Japanese moved to Southeast Asia and established Japanese towns there. Many samurai, or 1202: 6481: 7159: 2692:, which had become inconvenient for use on the battlefield, was transformed into a symbol of authority carried by high-ranking samurai. Although the 8097: 186:

and imperial court in the late 12th century, they eventually came to play a major political role until their abolition in the late 1870s during the

5519:

Cutting off the head of a worthy rival on the battlefield was a source of great pride and recognition. There was a detailed ritual to beautify the

5329: 4179:

A number of warrior writings document this ideal from the 13th century onward. Most warriors aspired to or followed this ideal to varying degrees.

3390: 10066: 8409: 8345: 5435:

At the beginning of the contest, a series of bulbous-headed arrows were shot, which buzzed in the air. The purpose of these shots was to call the

4776: 4431:

Most of them can read, and this is a great help to them for the easy understanding of our usual prayers and the chief points of our holy religion.

1041:

were not entitled to an audience with their lord, guarded their lord on foot, and received rice from the stores of the shogunate and each domain.

10226:

Benesch, Oleg. "Comparing Warrior Traditions: How the Janissaries and Samurai Maintained Their Status and Privileges During Centuries of Peace."

5167:

were stored away and used mainly for hunting and target practice. Foreign intervention in the 19th century renewed interest in firearms, but the

3997:

country and lay down my life for the sake of my master's benevolence is an honor to my family and has been my most fervent desire for many years.

2589:

were introduced from Portugal in 1543, Japanese swordsmiths immediately began to improve and mass-produce them. The Japanese matchlock was named

1327:, who rose to prominence in the early 10th century, was the first of the local warrior class to revolt against the imperial court. He had served 7971: 2251: 3572:, who participated in these missions, is most famous as a leading figure in the modernization of Japan, and his portrait was selected for the 12923: 5803:

when not used to describe an individual samurai's usage of the word because of how broad and changed the meaning of it has become over time.

5175: 5060:

could also be used from horseback because of its asymmetric shape. The practice of shooting from horseback became a Shinto ceremony known as

3432:, who had lost their masters after the Battle of Sekigahara, lived in the Japanese towns. The Spaniards in the Philippines, the Dutch of the 2235: 1482:

controlled political power. They excluded other clans from the political center and monopolized the highest positions in the court, such as

9618: 5100:

from the battlefield as personal bravery became less of a factor and battles became more organized around massed, inexpensive foot troops (

2889:

In 1592 and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and

10067:"[2020 reduction holding] Prince the 95th Kenshin festival | National must-see-japan (Japanese sightseeing promotion association)" 5404: 4496:), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname ( 1960: 210:, the term was vague and some samurai owned land, and others were retainers or mercenaries. Many served as retainers to lords (including 12698: 12573: 7508: 6913: 6881: 6446: 5224:(1575) a cannon was used to good effect against an enemy siege tower. The first popular cannon in Japan were swivel-breech loaders named 2890: 2882: 2868: 1309: 10155: 8377: 2261:

in the late Kamakura period allowed them to produce Japanese swords with tougher blades than before, and during the Nanboku-chō period,

12583: 9880: 8487: 8006: 6995:"Aristocratic Control, The Heian Aristocracy, History, Japan, Asia – Taika reforms, clan chieftain, sesshu, shoen, land redistribution" 5441:

to witness the displays of courage that were about to unfold. After a brief exchange of arrows between the two sides, a contest called

4334:

plays was something the samurai of the time could relate to. Owning tea utensils used in the tea ceremony was a matter of prestige for

3690:

provinces defeated the shogunate forces in favor of the rule of the emperor in the Boshin War. The two provinces were the lands of the

12841: 5759:

Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is

682:"marks social function and not class", and "all sorts of soldiers, including pikemen, bowmen, musketeers and horsemen were samurai". 10122: 6032:, became well-liked in American popular culture because of its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music. Created by 4523:

Samurai were given the privilege of carrying two swords and using 'samurai surnames' to identify themselves from the common people.

4326:

and the practice of tea ceremonies were valued for socializing and exchanging information, and were essential cultural pursuits for

2056:

inflicted by the typhoon, followed by the Japanese defense of the Hakata Bay barrier, resulted in the Mongols again being defeated.

12928: 11739: 7363: 5044:, had an effective range of 50 or 100 meters (160 or 330 feet) if accuracy was not an issue. On foot, it was usually used behind a 3565: 3340:

and held important positions in the shogunate. Some of the peasants' children were promoted to the samurai class by serving in the

2069: 2016: 6994: 5876:) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and 4382:, a samurai, physician and rangaku scholar in late Edo period Japan, noted for establishing an academy which later developed into 12690: 12628: 5232:

weighed 264 lb (120 kg) and used 40 lb (18 kg) chambers, firing a small shot of 10 oz (280 g). The

3654: 3561: 3085:

who had been second in power to Hideyoshi but had not participated in the war, rose to power, and Ieyasu came into conflict with

2143:

considers the Southern Court to be the legitimate emperor. The de facto rule of Japan by the Ashikaga Shogunate lasted until the

5275: 4176:

Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

325:. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean 'those who serve in close attendance to the nobility', the Japanese term 12670: 12001: 11647: 6563: 5880:

share a number of similarities, and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan's most renowned directors,

5195: 3062:, who had supported Hideyoshi's rise to power as a leader and strategist, had already died of illness in 1591, and his nephew, 2731:

in the Heian period. In this style, the number of parts was reduced, and instead armor with eccentric designs became popular.

913:, which referred to direct vassals of the shogun, but from the second half of the 17th century a distinction was made between 216:). There was a great increase of the number of men styling themselves samurai, by virtue of bearing arms. During the peaceful 12665: 10266: 10221: 9313: 9286: 9246: 9219: 9179: 9149: 9122: 9062: 8923: 8863: 8836: 8773: 8746: 8610: 8562: 8135: 8037: 7839: 7744: 7724: 7669: 7451: 7427: 7268: 7197: 6653: 6528: 5076: 3557: 10195:

Anderson, Patricia E. "Roles of Samurai Women: Social Norms and Inner Conflicts During Japan's Tokugawa Period, 1603–1868".

8627: 7624: 5720:

Frequently used to deal with much more numerous armies. Its purpose was to attack a single sector to break the enemy ranks.

5373: 5247: 2092: 2003: 1834:

officials, but their responsibility gradually expanded. Thus, the samurai class became the political ruling power in Japan.

1388:

to kill Masakado. As a result, Masakado was killed in battle in February 940. He is still revered as one of the three great

1049:, were financially impoverished and supported themselves by making bamboo handicrafts and umbrellas and selling plants. The 674:. According to Stephen Morillo, during this period the term refers to "a retainer of a lord - usually ... the retainer of a 12675: 11614: 9847: 7913: 4805: 4404:, or "family libraries", that held classics, Buddhist sacred texts, and family histories, as well as genealogical records. 7568: 7536: 2052:. This continued defiance of the Mongol emperor set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history. 1778:

to defeat Yoshinaka, who was killed within a year of becoming shogun. In 1185, the Taira clan was finally defeated in the

12708: 7755: 6851: 5511: 5010:(lit. the skill of the bow) was a major weapon of the Japanese military. Its usage declined with the introduction of the 3961:. He is best known for his saying, "The way of the samurai is in desperateness. Ten men or more cannot kill such a man." 1278:), these clan warriors became the emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions; the most well-known of which was 10200: 8988: 8435: 7602: 5361: 5302: 3754:

percent of prominent Japanese businessmen were from the samurai class; by the 1920s the number had grown to 35 percent.

267:. This allowed them to move into professional and entrepreneurial roles. Their memory and weaponry remain prominent in 12943: 12856: 12836: 12815: 8278: 8251: 8224: 8197: 8170: 7476: 7385: 7081: 5345: 4149:

The Heike Monogatari makes reference to the educated poet-swordsman ideal in its mention of Taira no Tadanori's death:

2103:, which literally translates as "wind of the gods". This is often given a simplified translation as "divine wind". The 9709: 9534:, "The Dawn of the Samurai: Warrior Legends in Japanese History", Asian Pacific Quarterly, Vol 26, No 2 (1994): 38-47. 9023: 8960: 7940: 7885: 107: 12820: 12703: 12546: 11466: 10379: 10246: 9519: 9498: 9477: 9453: 9412: 9379: 8303: 7786: 7703: 7691: 7462: 7406: 7283: 7243: 6956: 6780: 6736: 6604: 6375: 6350: 6316: 4625: 193:

Although they had predecessors in earlier military and administrative officers, the samurai truly emerged during the

126: 8323: 8074: 7134: 6067:. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books. 4607: 4424:

observed the ease of which the Japanese understood prayers due to the high level of literacy in Japan at that time:

4021:

relating his execution of two brawlers, not because they had fought, but because they had not fought to the death".

2272:

Until the Mongol invasion in the late Kamakura period, the main battle was fought by small groups of warriors using

1877:

From the Kamakura period onwards, emphasis was put on training samurai from childhood in using "the bow and sword".

1160:

and the victory against the Soga clan, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the

79: 12568: 10231: 9932: 9681: 5336: 5215: 4977:

together with a smaller sword became the symbol of the samurai, and this combination of swords is referred to as a

3286:

to be adopted into a samurai family and inherit the samurai's position and stipend. The amount of money given to a

2901:, Japanese samurai armies made major gains in most of Korea. A few of the famous samurai generals of this war were 1194:, a verb meaning 'to serve'. Military men, however, would not be referred to as "samurai" for many more centuries. 6803: 4338:

and samurai, and in some cases tea utensils were given in exchange for land as a reward for military service. The

2403:, depending on the theory. In any case, the Sengoku period was a time of large-scale civil wars throughout Japan. 141: 9749: 9592: 7097: 6859: 5432:. The second type of organization was that of a samurai on horseback who fought individually or in small groups. 3853: 3826: 1816:

established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1185, Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint

576: 7057: 6096:

There are a variety of festivals held in Japan. Some festivals are seasonal celebrations that were adopted from

4516:

was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the emperor. Samurai could choose their own

4206:

As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole.

2150:

From 1346 to 1358 during the Nanboku-cho period, the Ashikaga shogunate gradually expanded the authority of the

12938: 12558: 6395: 5523:: first they were washed and combed, and once this was done, the teeth were blackened by applying a dye called 5481:, and the victorious general reviewed the heads of the most important members of the enemy which had been cut. 5045: 4603: 4483:

from his father or grandfather and one new kanji. Samurai normally used only a small part of their total name.

3640: 3620: 3245:

permeated the culture of samurai in the early seventeenth century. The relentless condemnation of pederasty by

1582: 86: 64: 10205:

Ansart, Olivier. "Lust, Commerce and Corruption: An Account of What I Have Seen and Heard by an Edo Samurai".

7019: 12963: 12851: 12623: 12618: 12102: 10896: 5428:, samurai armies relied on armies of Chinese-type recruits and towards the end in infantry units composed of 3605: 150: 5259: 2107:

lent credence to the Japanese belief that their lands were indeed divine and under supernatural protection.

12846: 12680: 12645: 12596: 12320: 10397: 6494: 3440:

saw the value of these samurai as mercenaries and recruited them. The most famous of these mercenaries was

1473: 798: 17: 9427:

Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd., 2004. p. 231.

7172: 5385: 2893:

in one of the largest military endeavors in Eastern Asia until the late 19th century. Taking advantage of

513:, they acquired a status equivalent to that of a samurai. In other words, a high-ranking person among the 12933: 12800: 12790: 12657: 11865: 10620: 10443: 10320: 9391:

Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. p. 198.

9361:

Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. p. 209.

9352:

Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. p. 207.

9343:

Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. p. 208.

9331:

Turnbull, Stephen. Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. p. 196.

6088: 5115: 3445: 3250: 93: 5171:

was outdated by then, and various samurai factions purchased more modern firearms from European sources.

3964: 3905:

neglect means a disloyalty toward humanity. Therefore such a man doesn't deserve to be called 'samurai'.

2258: 12953: 12948: 12780: 12119: 11640: 10841: 10074: 9531: 8828: 8413: 8355: 7977: 6826:

Milites, Knights and Samurai: Military Terminology, Comparative History, and the Problem of Translation

5784: 4864: 2396: 756: 686: 9987: 5806:

Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g.,

2196:

shared their newfound wealth with the local samurai, creating a hierarchical relationship between the

12805: 12745: 11599: 8505:

James H. Buck, "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle."

7981: 6014: 6008: 4122:

By the 12th century, upper-class samurai were highly literate because of the general introduction of

3201:). However, by the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aristocratic bureaucrats for the with their 2796:

The three unifiers of Japan: from left to right: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu

2711:

These changes in the aspect of the battlefield during the Sengoku period led to the emergence of the

2140: 1975: 9569:

Mark Ravina, The Last Samurai – The Life and Battles of Saigō Takamori, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

6213: 6059:

was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the

5980:

is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including

4543:

family, but for lower-ranked samurai, marriages with commoners were permitted. In these marriages a

4142: 2023:

The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion and began construction of a

1602: 75: 12750: 12740: 12097: 11909: 11604: 11594: 10924: 10637: 10632: 10429: 6980: 6948: 6235: 5147:. By the end of the 16th century, there were more firearms in Japan than in many European nations. 4599: 4588: 3433: 3144: 2971:, established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori. 2929: 268: 60: 31: 8471: 7303: 6137: 3411: 3231:) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of 712:

enacted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1591. This law regulated the transfer of status classes:samurai (

12897: 12795: 12730: 10889: 9775:"Celebration of seasonally based holidays and festivals in Japan: a study in cultural adaptation" 8127: 4592: 3585: 1340: 1287: 451: 53: 7901:

One of the largest military operations ever undertaken in East Asia prior to the 20th century CE

4531: 4141:

Samurai were expected to be cultured and literate and admired the ancient saying "bunbu-ryōdō" (

3197:

Following the passing of a law in 1629, samurai on official duty were required to practice wear

1576:

lost their real political authority and became nominal, effectively ending the Fujiwara regime.

12755: 12384: 12126: 10642: 9960: 7320: 6185: 6181: 4894: 4407:

Literacy was generally high among the warriors and the common classes as well. The feudal lord

3032: 3014:

Before his death, Hideyoshi ordered that Japan be ruled by a council of the five most powerful

2968: 1775: 1721: 1279: 549:

were not considered samurai. Of course, those who did not serve a particular lord, such as the

9303: 9236: 9052: 8913: 8602: 8482:

Harry D. Harootunian, "The Economic Rehabilitation of the Samurai in the Early Meiji Period."

7514: 6919: 6891: 6456: 6172:. The festival is 3 days long. It is held annually on the first or second weekend of April in 5900:

takes the core story of a rescued princess being transported to a secret base from Kurosawa's

5163:

declined sharply as there was no need for massive amounts of firearms. During the Edo period,

4508:, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his 4367:. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation. 4045:

were highly respected and sought out by Tokugawa Ieyasu as the source of Japanese feudal law.

3919:

was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku period. He commanded most of

2826: 12958: 12810: 12785: 12775: 12765: 12760: 12613: 11681: 11633: 10971: 10252: 10163: 9827: 9668: 9276: 9209: 9169: 8994: 8853: 8441: 8387: 7829: 6799: 6645: 6490: 6224:

Samurai Museum in Shinjuku, Tokyo – about the history of the samurai with armor, weapons etc.

6219: 6197: 6072: 5990: 5918: 5478: 5107: 4898: 4240: 3983:(1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of 3374: 2039:

continued to send emissaries to Japan, with five diplomats sent in September 1275 to Kyūshū.

1805: 1753: 1696: 1679: 1610: 1538: 1534: 1348: 349:

stature in pre-seventeenth-century Japan would have been insulted to be called a 'samurai'".

10214:

Inventing the Way of the Samurai: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Bushido in Modern Japan

8012: 6331:

Samurai: The Story of a Warrior Tradition, Harry Cook, Blandford Press 1993, ISBN 0713724323

3927: 2247: 2167:, the local military and police officials established by the Kamakura shogunate, giving the 2132: 1502: 1485: 645:, who owned farmland and held leadership positions in their villages, and became vassals of 321: 12871: 12866: 12770: 12640: 12591: 11985: 11951: 11936: 11772: 11719: 10365: 10279:(North Atlantic Books, 2016) 17th century Samurai textbook on combat; heavily illustrated. 9789: 6177: 6101:

Procession, Kenshin Festival, Sendai Aoba Festival, Battle of Sekigahara Festival, and the

5930: 5796:

indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warriors.

5537: 5498: 5485: 4755: 4014: 3973: 3278:

and farmers could join the samurai class by giving a large sum of money to an impoverished

3094: 2990: 2980: 1813: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1667: 1328: 316: 9722: 7856: 4738:, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times, and 2946:, who later commanded the invasion of Korea, leads a small group assaulting the castle on 8: 12255: 12060: 12035: 12015: 11919: 10469: 10395:

Howland, Douglas R. "Samurai status, class, and bureaucracy: A historiographical essay".

10131: 10016: 6188:

certified it as the "largest gathering of samurai" in the world with 1,061 participants.

6145: 6102: 5945: 5902: 4815: 4702: 3529: 2951: 2831: 2702:

dared to organize assault and kinsmen units composed entirely of large men equipped with

2392: 331:

being the nominal form of the verb." According to Wilson, an early reference to the word

10751: 9793: 7339:"Formative Memory: The Thirteenth-Century Mongolian Invasions and Their Impact on Japan" 7297: 6633: 6209: 5649:, since two rows of arcabuceros and two archers were in position to receive the attack. 4993:

was also used in the fourteenth century, though primarily used by samurai on the ground.

3220:, but to what extent this right was used is unknown. When the central government forced 2377:

and brought down the power of the Ashikaga Shogunate. This plunged the country into the

1474:

The regency political system by Fujiwara clan and cloistered rule by cloistered emperors

12412: 12394: 12389: 12377: 12211: 12030: 12010: 11980: 11762: 11734: 11284: 10332: 9651: 6423: 5811: 5541: 5221: 4983:(literally "big and small"). During the Edo period only samurai were allowed to wear a 4747: 4723: 4682: 4535: 4436: 4364: 4304: 4084: 3952: 3943: 3781: 3624: 3518: 3503: 3466: 3175: 3063: 2947: 2943: 2838: 2769: 2570: 2561: 2124: 2073: 2049: 2040: 1989: 1981: 1852: 1830: 1648: 1606: 1561: 1354: 889: 251:

offices, and low-ranking samurai could be transferred to lower social classes, such as

194: 8528:

James L. Huffman, "The Meiji Roots and Contemporary Practices of the Japanese Press,"

6129: 5832:

Samurai figures have been the subject for legends, folk tales, dramatic stories (i.e.

5179:

made of iron or wood, of all shapes and sizes were used by the samurai. Some like the

4921: 4172:

Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity.

2772:

were in power. The name "Azuchi-Momoyama" comes from the fact that Nobunaga's castle,

1671: 12417: 12335: 12072: 12025: 11963: 11792: 11518: 11367: 11336: 10990: 10868: 10375: 10336: 10262: 10242: 10217: 10162:. "Shingen-ko Festival" Executive Planning Committee. 1 February 2019. Archived from 10041: 9807: 9655: 9643: 9515: 9494: 9473: 9449: 9408: 9375: 9309: 9282: 9242: 9215: 9175: 9145: 9118: 9058: 8919: 8859: 8832: 8769: 8742: 8673: 8606: 8299: 8274: 8247: 8220: 8193: 8166: 8141: 8131: 7835: 7782: 7740: 7720: 7665: 7630: 7447: 7264: 7239: 6952: 6825: 6776: 6732: 6649: 6534: 6524: 6415: 6371: 6346: 6312: 5237: 5128: 5011: 4735: 4421: 4286: 4131: 3910: 3747: 3727: 3635:

and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the

3507: 3498:, sent a group of boys who were their own blood relatives and retainers to Europe as 3437: 3059: 3055: 2910: 2592: 2448: 2412: 1966: 1923: 1675: 1634: 1557: 1385: 1324: 1313: 294: 260: 100: 10452: 9028:(in Japanese). The Nohgaku Performers' Association. 16 February 2018. Archived from 8595: 7299:

Japan: Its History, Traditions, and Religions: With the Narrative of a Visit in 1879

6569: 4467: 3780:

Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader

3499: 3491: 2532: 1172:

political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the

1165: 1157: 12918: 12861: 12735: 12635: 12465: 12273: 12163: 12114: 12087: 11840: 11835: 11688: 11445: 11221: 10457: 10402: 10324: 9797: 9734: 9635: 8965:(in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 8510: 7056:(in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 6855: 6641: 6609:(in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 6568:(in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 6407: 6203: 5996: 5985: 5896: 5834: 5807: 4759: 4408: 4383: 4360: 4092: 3884: 3706: 3687: 3604:

The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore

3569: 3549: 3487: 3254: 3086: 2906: 2820: 2136: 2116: 2008: 1741: 1733: 1545: 1344: 983:

or peasants became stricter, the boundaries between the definitions of samurai and

709: 521: 8347:

Relationship of Japan and the Netherlands in Asia Market in 17th Century and Today

8043: 7203: 6206:– the second floor features a collection of feudal guns, armor, and other weapons. 3916: 3532:, presenting him with a letter requesting trade, and he also had an audience with 2902: 2128: 337: 327: 12606: 12298: 12109: 11855: 11845: 11066: 10951: 10882: 10829: 10677: 10596: 10447: 10369: 10256: 9139: 8822: 8763: 8736: 8651: 8543:

The Satsuma Students in Britain: Japan's Early Search for the essence of the West

8494: 8351: 8268: 8241: 8214: 8187: 8160: 7914:"What is the Imjin War (1592-1598)? - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute" 7634: 6306: 6240: 6109: 6033: 5950: 5549: 5396: 5111: 4698: 4668: 4278: 3830: 3808: 3768: 3683: 3650: 3628: 3613: 3573: 3441: 3416: 3207: 3165: 3078: 2842: 2714: 2674:, which appeared in the Nanboku-cho period and gradually became more common. The 2120: 1915: 1859: 1848: 1801: 1729: 1728:

However, when Taira no Kiyomori used his power to have the child of his daughter

1702: 1683: 1565: 413: 146: 9672: 8466:

Harry D. Harootunian, "The progress of Japan and the Samurai class, 1868–1882."

7658: 6245: 4789: 3932: 1519: 833:, like samurai, had different definitions in different periods, meaning a young 524:, as in the Kamakura period, the definition of samurai referred to high-ranking 12563: 12507: 12346: 12303: 12231: 11975: 11946: 11871: 11825: 11767: 11724: 11168: 10956: 10917: 10506: 10303:

Ogata, Ken. "End of the Samurai: A Study of Deinstitutionalization Processes".

8734: 7574: 7546: 6169: 6133: 5977: 5924: 5881: 5827: 5114:

was defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, seven samurai who came to be known as the "

5017: 4931: 4751: 4694: 4686: 4389:

In general, samurai, aristocrats, and priests had a very high literacy rate in

4319: 4282: 4042: 4029: 4025: 3988: 3980: 3920: 3897: 3870: 3718: 3495: 3425: 3366: 3186: 2921: 2917:) bordering Korea to the northeast and crossed the border into northern China. 2898: 2878: 2808: 2781: 2753: 2540: 2523:

was able to rule the region on his own, without being appointed by the shogun.

2378: 2076:

defending against the Second Mongolian Invasion. Moko Shurai Ekotoba, (蒙古襲来絵詞)

2012: 1737: 1663: 1409: 1271: 1177: 604: 207: 10854: 10691: 9802: 9663:

King, Kevin (1 December 2008). "Afro Samurai". Youth Graphic Novels in Brief.

8145: 4763: 4352: 2792: 2564:, a well-known figure who rose from a peasant background to become a samurai, 12912: 12404: 12201: 11990: 11860: 11850: 11808: 11782: 11777: 11714: 11674: 11385: 11108: 10961: 10096: 9811: 9647: 9082: 8998: 8445: 6538: 6419: 6060: 5912: 5877: 5674: 5025: 4811: 4270: 4209: 4066: 3545: 3525: 3511: 3470: 3316: 3182: 3140: 3070: 2777: 2773: 2757: 2357: 1863: 1745: 1479: 1239: 1181: 1026: 1005: 939: 847: 638: 472: 11346: 9873:"Hagi Jidai Festival in Yamaguchi – Experience as if You Were in Edo Period" 9848:"Experience the samurai world through historic festivals across Japan – ANA" 7601:(in Japanese). The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 7486: 7482: 7384:(in Japanese). The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from 6832:, ed. Richard Abels and Bernard Bachrach, 167–84. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2001. 5745: 5533: 4925:

1890s photo showing a variety of armor and weapons typically used by samurai

4547:

was brought by the woman and was used to set up the couple's new household.

4429:

and noble persons entrust the education of their children to private tutors.

4379: 4163:

In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states:

3976:. It began on 21 October 1600 with a total of 160,000 men facing each other. 2748: 2087: 1947: 1682:

on his side. Later, Taira no Kiyomori defeated Minamoto no Yoshitomo in the

1173: 12437: 12364: 12143: 12133: 12052: 11802: 11709: 11659: 11452: 11161: 11080: 10976: 10966: 10946: 9933:"VISIT MATSUE – Events|April|Matsue Musha Gyoretsu Warrior Parade – 松江武者行列" 9723:"Fantasies of Valor: Legends of the Samurai in Japan and the United States" 9713: 9029: 8966: 8674:"Excerpts from Articles of Admonition by Imagawa Ryoshun to his son Nakaai" 6050:. In 2007, the animated series debuted on American cable television on the 6047: 6020: 5885: 5724: 5703: 5458: 5207: 4902: 4851: 4690: 4487: 4123: 3669: 3398: 3224:

to cut the size of their armies, unemployed rōnin became a social problem.

2925: 2800: 2765: 2453:(gun), changing battlefield tactics and the equipment of the samurai class. 2425: 2388: 1996: 1985: 1717: 1638: 1589: 1336: 1235: 1169: 1161: 1150: 1146: 369: 154: 10818: 9639: 8558:

The Rise of Modern Business in Great Britain, the United States, and Japan

6610: 6216:– large collection of ancient samurai weaponry, armor and shrine statuary. 5628: 5607: 2920:

Kiyomasa withdrew back to Korea after retaliatory counterattacks from the

2650:, which was difficult to maneuver in close formation, and the long, heavy 1686:

and became the first samurai-born aristocratic class, eventually becoming

987:

became blurred. Since then, the term "samurai" has been used to refer to "

12601: 12432: 12422: 12372: 12354: 12265: 12226: 12020: 11931: 11914: 11559: 11494: 11115: 11101: 11094: 10648: 10291:

Samurai to Soldier: Remaking Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Japan

9165: 7803: 6275: 6265: 5653: 5545: 5520: 5425: 4942: 4783: 4731: 4642: 3818: 3710: 3639:

already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship

3533: 3181:

After the Battle of Sekigahara, when the Tokugawa shogunate defeated the

2598: 2527:

family. These events sometimes led to the rise of samurai to the rank of

2460:

who became more powerful as the shogunate's control weakened were called

2036: 2024: 1951: 1108:

and farmers could be promoted to the samurai class by being adopted into

600:, who were temporarily hired foot soldiers, were not considered samurai. 235:

and farmers could be promoted to the samurai class by being adopted into

10811: 10526: 9688: 9545: 6887: 6772: 6452: 6042: 5006: 3813: 3668:

A studio photograph of a samurai, taken by Italian–British photographer

3040: 1892:

were no longer respected. Until then, the body was the only part of the

1880:

In the late Kamakura period, even the most senior samurai began to wear

1275: 12447: 11787: 11538: 11399: 11318: 11193: 11154: 10941: 10744: 10670: 10575: 10463: 10409: 10284:

The Samurai Warrior: The Golden Age of Japan's Elite Warriors 1560–1615

10130:(in Japanese), Yamanashi Tourism Promotion Organization, archived from 8517: 7431: 7025: 6768: 6728: 6724: 6692: 6688: 6427: 6260: 6113: 5963: 5236:

of Kyushu used cannon like this at the Battle of Okinawate against the

5233: 5201: 4855: 4674: 4567: 4003: 3984: 3969: 3862: 3682:

The last showing of the original samurai was in 1867 when samurai from

3646: 3609: 3479: 3394: 3261: 3191: 3156: 2960: 2873: 2400: 2028: 1749: 1642: 1332: 1317: 1295: 953: 862: 373: 217: 11413: 11360: 10910: 10861: 10758: 10561: 10519: 9687:. Japan Railway & Transport Review. pp. 46–47. Archived from 8629:

The rising sun; the decline and fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945

8561:(3rd ed.). U of North Carolina Press. p. 122. Archived from 7103: 5910:, and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as 5854:, video games, and in various musical pieces in genre that range from 4937: 4746:

master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death.

4187: 3861:

after losing a battle for his master in 1582. He had just written his

2936:("Shimazu ogre") and his nickname spread across Korea and into China. 2015:(right) assaults the Mongolian and Korean invasion army (left) at the 1796: 1614: 1439: 1431: 1369:

his rule was independent of the Imperial Court and called himself the

1141: 341:, the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the early 900s. 220:, 1603 to 1868, they were mainly the stewards and chamberlains of the 167: 12493: 12488: 12455: 12427: 12315: 12310: 12246: 12221: 12168: 12082: 11797: 11729: 11580: 11487: 11406: 11297: 11175: 11140: 11006: 10903: 10723: 10716: 10603: 9739: 7238:(1st ed.). Tokyo; New York: Kodansha International. p. 42. 5969: 5936: 5907: 5894:

series incorporated many stylistic traits pioneered by Kurosawa, and

5890: 5868: 5548:, he took the heads of 17 enemy soldiers, and was greatly praised by 5309: 5199:, various weapons using chains were used during the samurai era, the 4959: 4739: 4551: 4458: 4341: 4194: 3714: 3664: 3631:. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as 3242: 3232: 2914: 2736: 2586: 2418: 2348: 2307:

During the Nanboku-chō period, many lower-class foot soldiers called

1207: 614: 187: 11207: 11073: 10568: 10406: 8514: 7801: 6411: 6166: 5187: 4988: 4979: 4577: 4095:, both written in the Edo period, contributed to the development of 3821:. After a battle, the heads of enemies were presented to the daimyo. 3596: 3397:

print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer:

3270: 3198: 3170: 2264: 2241: 1839: 1266: 1243: 868: 770: 227: 42: 12502: 12474: 12460: 12327: 12293: 12251: 12236: 12196: 11941: 11573: 11524: 11512: 11427: 11311: 11087: 10999: 10737: 10730: 10626: 10554: 10328: 10311:

Sharf, Robert H. (August 1993). "The Zen of Japanese Nationalism".

10298:

Self-Made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought: From Samurai to Salary Man

8098:"Common Myths and Misconceptions About Traditional Japanese Daishō" 7542: 6761: 6717: 6396:"Samurai Status, Class, and Bureaucracy: A Historiographical Essay" 6051: 6002: 5565: 5392: 5102: 5088: 5062: 4662: 4356: 4079: 4054: 3957: 3792: 3702: 3632: 3462: 3326: 3161: 3132: 2985: 2894: 2877:

Korean and Chinese soldiers assault the Japanese-built fortress at

2661: 2580: 2556: 2482: 2432: 2370: 2310: 2283: 2269:(large/great sword) were at their peak as weapons for the samurai. 2144: 1867: 1423: 895: 586: 368:

The definition of "samurai" varies from period to period. From the

11566: 11545: 11260: 11246: 10790: 10589: 10533: 10435: 9423: 9421: 9339: 9337: 9327: 9325: 6270: 6046:, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by 4965: 4935:

are the weapons that have come to be synonymous with the samurai.

4375: 3429: 3227:

Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a

2855: 2296:, which had been used since the Heian period, were used more. The 1954:'s Mongolian army during the first Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1274. 1790: 1391: 552: 12498: 12483: 12479: 12191: 12183: 12173: 12077: 12065: 11924: 11820: 11814: 11459: 11353: 11267: 11147: 11041: 11027: 10804: 10709: 10547: 8911: 6285: 6280: 5956: 5760: 5525: 5041: 4715: 4520:

and frequently changed their names to reflect their allegiances.

4505: 4246: 4112: 3936: 3858: 3804: 3785: 3736: 3694:

that submitted to Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

3281: 3236: 3147:. In most cases, however, it is difficult to prove these claims. 2192:

to receive half of all taxes from the areas they controlled. The

2174: 2044: 1214: 1168:

in 645. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the

419: 363: 264: 238: 203: 10847: 9050: 6173: 4750:

was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death.

4730:

of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife

1824: 1744:, no longer able to assume the imperial throne, called upon the 817:

were fighters, while the rest were porters. Generally, samurai (

12470: 12283: 12216: 12156: 12151: 11958: 11625: 11480: 11473: 11392: 11290: 11214: 11122: 11048: 11020: 11013: 10875: 10797: 10783: 10540: 10424: 9418: 9334: 9322: 9207: 8761: 7831:

Heroes of the Grand Pacification: Kuniyoshi's Taiheiki eiyū den

7029: 6945:

Heavenly Warriors – The Evolution of Japan's Military, 500–1300

6255: 6121: 5839: 5553: 5465: 5266: 5037: 5029: 4953: 4310: 4231: 4062: 3658: 3590: 3450: 3343: 3297: 3246: 2939: 2804: 2669: 2395:

in 1638. Thus, the Sengoku Period overlaps with the Muromachi,

2383: 2203: 1907: 1625: 1556:

by presiding over politics himself, and when the next emperor,

1331:

as a young man, but eventually won a power struggle within the

1247: 1115: 648: 535: 438: 246: 212: 10464:

Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan

10124:

Shingen-Ko Festival – Celebrating the Legacy of Takeda Shingen

7808:

Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan

5563:

of Hideyoshi, where they remain today under the wrong name of

4638: 4202:

was a place of politics and socializing for lords and samurai.

2391:

marched on Kyoto, and the latest being the suppression of the

1785: 1274:

to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (

921:

or less who were entitled to an audience with the shogun, and

263:

formally abolished the status, and most former samurai became

12278: 12206: 11757: 11531: 11420: 11304: 11200: 10684: 10582: 10440: 6250: 6097: 5981: 5873: 5861: 5851: 5847: 5294: 5181: 4947: 4837: 4544: 4480: 4462: 4390: 4154:

Friends and foes alike wet their sleeves with tears and said,

3257:, the third shogun, was known for his interest in pederasty. 3136: 3127:

led by Mitsunari, and Ieyasu nearly gained control of Japan.

2653: 2374: 2291: 2153: 1871: 1818: 1415: 1254:-based imperial court. Emperor Kanmu introduced the title of 1251: 1222: 179: 11253: 11239: 10015:

Calendar, Japanese Traditional Festival (30 November 2020).

9986:

Calendar, Japanese Traditional Festival (30 November 2020).

9472:(Juan Antonio Cebrián, trad.). London. Nowtilus S.L., 2004. 9407:(Juan Antonio Cebrián, trad.). London. Nowtilus S.L., 2004. 9374:(Juan Antonio Cebrián, trad.). London. Nowtilus S.L., 2004. 8735:

Stacey B. Day; Kiyoshi Inokuchi; Hagakure Kenkyūkai (1994).

7857:"The Imjin War | KCP International Japanese Language School" 7660:

Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543-1879

5020:, but the skill was still practiced at least for sport. The 3619:

From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A

2913:. Katō Kiyomasa advanced to Orangkai territory (present-day 2373:, which began in 1467 and lasted about 10 years, devastated 1912:(helmet) and shoulder guards. For lower-ranked samurai, the 1597: 1092:, and the status gap between samurai, who were high-ranking 279:

In Japanese, historical warriors are usually referred to as

12288: 11830: 11325: 11034: 10765: 9907: 8073:(in Japanese). Yahoo News. 1 September 2023. Archived from 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 6064: 5856: 5818:), when loyalty to the emperor was seen to have supremacy. 5696: 5692: 5437: 5411: 5352: 5134:

were introduced to Japan in 1543 through Portuguese trade.

5082: 5033: 4999: 4443:, Xavier further noted the education of the upper classes: 4440: 4355:(1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor 4254:

were some of the cultural pursuits enjoyed by the samurai.

3874:

material for traditional Japanese until World War II:

3361:

could change jobs and move into the lower classes, such as

2633: 2613: 2440: 2299: 2275: 1619: 1533:, reaching their peak at the end of the 10th century under 1447: 1384:. In response, the imperial court sent a large army led by 1299: 888:

or more called themselves samurai. At the beginning of the

884: 183: 10499: 10466:, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties 8902:

Matsura, Yoshinori Fukuiken-shi 2 (Tokyo: Sanshusha, 1921)

5799:

Some writers take issue with the very mention of the term

995:

were called samurai and the low-ranking bushi were called

441:. However, there were some samurai of exceptional status, 10114: 8738:

The wisdom of Hagakure: way of the Samurai of Saga domain

7168: 7133:(in Japanese). Yahoo News. 4 January 2024. Archived from 5843: 4220: 4116: 4058: 3717:

soldiers who committed suicide on Iimori Hill during the

3645:, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the 3528:, led a diplomatic mission and had an audience with King 2321:

increased. During the Nanboku-chō and Muromachi periods,

1934:

were extended to the back to provide greater protection.

7761: 7263:. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 296. 3713:. He was the sole survivor of the famous group of young 2680:

was often cut off from the hilt and shortened to make a

2406: 1898:

that was protected, but for higher-ranking samurai, the

1080:

who served them, but it was more difficult to rise from

708:, as exemplified by the provisions of the temporary law 666:(samurai). On the other hand, it also referred to local 9750:"American, Japanese pop culture meld in 'Afro Samurai'" 8320:"Japanese Mercenaries and the Dutch East India Company" 8296:

Japan in the Days of the Samurai (Cultures of the Past)

8042:(in Japanese). Toyo Keizai. 22 May 2016. Archived from 7259:

Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021).

7202:(in Japanese). Toyo keizai. 9 June 2016. Archived from 6970:, Vol. 3 and 4, George Samson, Tuttle Publishing, 2000. 2551:

by weakening and eliminating the power of their lords.

2333:

became the norm, and senior samurai also began to wear

2315:

began to participate in battles, and the popularity of

1188:

keeping with the original derivation of this word from

9399: 9397: 9171:

Samurai, warfare and the state in early medieval Japan

8851: 8820: 7102:(in Japanese). Tomonokai. 19 July 2015. Archived from 6640:(1 ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 4–11, 5414:(Kagi yari, omi yari, and su yari) mounted in koshirae 3788:

and all of the other nations around the Philippines."

2726: 2720: 2712: 2703: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2590: 2578: 2446: 2438: 2430: 2410: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2308: 2297: 2289: 2281: 2273: 2262: 2239: 1929: 1921: 1913: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1670:, each with his samurai class on his side, fought the 1465: 1459: 1453: 1445: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1413: 1242:

sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern

1189: 1124:

could be transferred to lower social classes, such as

10364: 9611:"Villains of The Wolverine: Silver Samurai and Viper" 9234: 7802:

Nagano Prefectural Museum of History (1 March 2005).

7779:

Handbook to Life in Medieval & early Modern Japan

7573:(in Japanese). Kodansha. 18 June 2021. Archived from 7236:

The Yasukuni Swords: Rare Weapons of Japan, 1933–1945

4330:

and samurai. The view of life and death expressed in

2764:

The Azuchi-Momoyama period refers to the period when

1980:

Various samurai clans struggled for power during the

315:, meaning 'military family'. According to translator 10371:

Ideals of the Samurai: Writings of Japanese Warriors

8872: 6521:

Ideals of the Samurai: Writings of Japanese Warriors

6308:

Samurai An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors

5281:

Samurai with various armor and weapons, c. 1802–1814

3833:

notes that 13th- and 14th-century warrior writings (

3748:

localized samurai rebellion that was quickly crushed

3657:

was established to help modernize the armies of the

3457: 1444:

styles of armor. High-ranking samurai equipped with

1213:, the 10th-century blacksmith Munechika, aided by a 1033:, a status that can be translated as warrior class, 9782:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

9394: 6108:The Hagi Jidai Festival takes place in the fall in 5253:

Cross sections of Japanese sword lamination methods

4457:But now we must give you an account of our stay at 2644:became the primary weapons on the battlefield. The 2304:(spear) was not yet a major weapon in this period. 2110: 1748:to raise an army to defeat the Taira clan, and the 1408:The Heian period saw the appearance of distinctive 689:(late Sengoku period), "samurai" often referred to 416:, the definition of samurai became synonymous with 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10251: 8594: 7657: 4957:. Smaller commonly known companion swords are the 4158:pre-eminent in the arts of both sword and poetry. 3767:In a 16th-century account of Japan sent to Father 2897:mastery and extensive wartime experience from the 2666:, which could be held short, and the short, light 1282:. Though this is the first known use of the title 9241:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 117. 9117:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38. 8273:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 46. 8246:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 37. 8219:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 37. 8192:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 37. 8165:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 46. 7465:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. 7286:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. 5906:. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director 4693:); irritated by the antics of her mother-in-law, 1674:, which was won by Emperor Go-Shirakawa, who had 1347:, fled to Masakado. He was wanted for tyranny by 925:, those without such rights. Samurai referred to 498:were given a territory and a family name, and as 12910: 10148: 9832:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9747: 9274: 8095: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7014: 7012: 5092:(glaive) were commonly used by the samurai. The 4002:Tokugawa successfully raised an army and won at 3987:, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed 3093:and others. This conflict eventually led to the 2437:(foot soldiers) in close formation began to use 975:of each domains, and as the distinction between 182:. Originally provincial warriors who served the 9912:HAGI – Sightseeing Guide|Hagi, Yamaguchi, Japan 8554: 8293: 7776: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6523:. United States: Black Belt Books. p. 17. 6200:– dedicated to the art of Japanese swordmaking. 6156: 6120:The Matsue Warrior Procession is a festival in 5934:. There is also a 26-episode anime adaptation ( 5771: 4339: 4308: 4261: 4244: 4229: 4218: 4207: 4192: 3341: 3324: 3307: 3295: 3279: 3268: 3113: 3098: 3038: 3019: 3002: 2497: 2480: 2461: 2218: 2201: 2172: 2151: 1758: 1646: 1517: 1500: 1483: 1389: 1370: 1352: 1238:, during the late 8th and early 9th centuries, 1113: 1058: 1017: 996: 951: 930: 893: 866: 838: 789: 768: 747: 732: 717: 690: 646: 629: 612: 584: 567: 550: 533: 499: 480: 463: 442: 417: 396: 384: 244: 236: 225: 10190:Samurai Armour: Volume I: The Japanese Cuirass 9908:"Seasonal Features – HAGI – Sightseeing Guide" 9710:"The "Badass" Samurai in Japanese Pop Culture" 9305:Samurai Armour: Volume I: The Japanese Cuirass 9164: 8592: 8011:(in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from 7513:(in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from 7258: 7233: 6754: 6710: 6680: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6305:Vaporis, Constantine Nomikos (14 March 2019). 6150: 5765: 5119: 5067: 5051: 4491: 4268: 3741: 3350: 3333: 3314: 3213: 3120: 3105: 3047: 3026: 2996: 2787: 2504: 2489: 2468: 2356:Issues of inheritance caused family strife as 2225: 2210: 2181: 2160: 1655: 1526: 1509: 1492: 1398: 1377: 1361: 1259: 1065: 1024: 1003: 960: 937: 902: 875: 845: 796: 777: 754: 739: 724: 697: 655: 636: 621: 593: 574: 559: 542: 506: 487: 470: 449: 426: 308: 287: 165: 11641: 10485: 8654:, PhD Thesis, University of Copenhagen (1979) 8410:"Faithful legacy of the 'samurai ambassador'" 8032: 8030: 7966: 7964: 7412: 7009: 5185:were one-handed weapons, and others like the 4479:A samurai was usually named by combining one 4448:and letters, honouring learned men very much. 2535:was the first samurai to rise to the rank of 2095:, killing the Mongolian soldiers aboard, 1281 2035:Leading up to the second Mongolian invasion, 1757:of the Minamoto clan to assume the office of 12545: 12325: 10010: 10008: 9814:. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018 9265:. London. Prc Publishing Ltd, 2004. p. 174. 9085:; Chicago : ALA Editions, 2009. p. 113 8912:Philip J. Adler; Randall L. Pouwels (2007). 7827: 7781:. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 136. 7474: 7154: 7152: 7092: 7090: 6584: 6365: 5515:Kamakura samurai beheading (head collection) 4945:, featured a straight blade. By 900, curved 3900:(1521–1573) also made similar observations: 3406: 2859:or were absorbed into the general populace. 2708:to demonstrate the bravery of their armies. 2135:, which corresponds to the beginning of the 1837:In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became 1458:, while lower-ranking samurai equipped with 917:, direct vassals with territories of 10,000 458:, who did not serve the shogun. Subordinate 178:(武士, ) were members of the warrior class in 9608: 9308:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 210–211. 9263:Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors 9196:Samurai The Story of Japan's Great Warriors 9051:R. H. P. Mason; John Godwin Caiger (1997). 9018: 9016: 8898: 8896: 8625: 8063: 8061: 8001: 7999: 7941:"The Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592-8 CE" 7886:"The Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592-8 CE" 7655: 7626:豊臣秀吉はなぜ「征夷大将軍」ではなく「関白」になったのか——秀吉をめぐる「三つのなぜ」 7374: 7372: 7123: 7121: 6545: 6128:The Kenshin Festival is a festival held in 5810:), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., 4893:It has been suggested that this section be 4606:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3857:General Akashi Gidayu preparing to perform 3323:Some of their descendants were promoted to 1786:Kamakura shogunate and the Mongol invasions 11648: 11634: 10492: 10478: 10436:The Samurai Archives Japanese History page 10258:the Life and Letters of St. Francis Xavier 9208:Kathleen Haywood; Catherine Lewis (2006). 8858:. Princeton University Press. p. 78. 8762:Brooke Noel Moore; Kenneth Bruder (2001). 8027: 7961: 7706:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum, Touken World 7694:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum, Touken World 7685: 7190: 7077: 7075: 6441: 6439: 6437: 5884:, greatly influenced western film-making. 5744: 5723: 5702: 5673: 5652: 5627: 5606: 5056:), a large, mobile wooden shield, but the 4156:What a pity! Tadanori was a great general, 3500:Japan's first diplomatic mission to Europe 2658:fell into disuse and were replaced by the 1843:, establishing the Kamakura shogunate, or 1720:illustration samurai raiding the house of 462:in the service of the samurai were called 10120: 10005: 9801: 9738: 9667:. Vol. 105, no. 7. p. 44. 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9079:The library : an illustrated history 7697: 7692:Basic knowledge of naginata and nagamaki. 7589: 7149: 7087: 6906: 6840: 6838: 6080:) is inspired by the way of the samurai. 4681:A samurai's daughter's greatest duty was 4626:Learn how and when to remove this message 4512:if he did not have a title. However, the 3448:. When the policy of national isolation ( 3054:, until his only heir, the five-year-old 2743: 2610:began to fight in close formation, using 1598:Late Heian period and the rise of samurai 1136: 991:". Officially, however, the high-ranking 892:, there was no clear distinction between 837:in the Muromachi period and a rank below 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 12533: 10014: 9985: 9137: 9013: 8893: 8058: 7996: 7501: 7468: 7369: 7296:Reed, Sir Edward James (17 April 1880). 7118: 6830:The Normans and Their Adversaries at War 6087: 5645:Considered the best defense against the 5510: 4920: 4637: 4530: 4490:was "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" ( 4374: 4186: 3963: 3926: 3852: 3812: 3701: 3663: 3589: 3469:portrayed during his mission in Rome by 3461: 3410: 3290:varied according to his position: 1,000 3160: 3131:of one of the four ancient noble clans: 3069:In this politically unstable situation, 2984: 2938: 2872: 2825: 2791: 2747: 2424: 2405: 2234: 2171:jurisdiction over land disputes between 2086: 2002: 1789: 1601: 1452:(bows) and who fought on horseback wore 1428:(halberd) used in close combat, and the 1308: 1246:and made military campaigns against the 1201: 1140: 140: 9772: 9625: 9301: 8937: 8935: 8601:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 8354:/J Stage. p. 61-67. Archived from 8322:. World History Commons. Archived from 7729: 7709: 7704:Arms for battle – spears, swords, bows. 7478:最長で200年説も！戦国時代とはいつからいつまでを指すのか？諸説をまとめました 7456: 7400: 7072: 6918:(in Japanese). Shūeisha. Archived from 6434: 6393: 6340: 6304: 6092:Samurai lord and a palanquin (norimono) 5143:becoming the weapon of choice over the 5124:) played a crucial role in the victory. 4048: 3655:French Military Mission to Japan (1867) 2974: 2869:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 1928:appeared, in which the two ends of the 1782:, and the Minamoto clan came to power. 1752:began. In the midst of the Genpei War, 14: 12911: 10500:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment 9955: 9953: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9720: 9679: 9430: 8266: 8239: 8212: 8185: 8158: 7938: 7883: 7854: 7749: 7005:from the original on 12 February 2017. 6961: 6835: 6786: 6646:10.1093/actrade/9780190685072.003.0002 6518: 6476: 6474: 5846:, in literature, movies, animated and 5572: 2577:From this time on, infantrymen called 1412:and weapons. Typical examples are the 821:) could take family names, while some 12532: 11889: 11629: 10473: 10310: 9760:from the original on 18 January 2015. 9443: 9198:. London. Prc Publishing Ltd., 2004. 8878: 7234:Kishida, Tom; Mishina, Kenji (2004). 6939: 6937: 5948:plays as sources for samurai movies: 5821: 3150: 2862: 2200:and the samurai, and the first early 1497:, Imperial Regent for Minor Emperors) 1250:, who resisted the governance of the 662:. Their status was half farmer, half 293: 269:contemporary Japanese popular culture 12924:12th-century establishments in Japan 10275:Cummins, Antony, and Mieko Koizumi. 10071:en.nks.iamdn.com.e.wp.hp.transer.com 9748:Solomon, Charles (2 February 2009). 9707: 9543: 9302:Absolon, Trevor (30 November 2017). 9278:The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War 9174:. Psychology Press. pp. 78–80. 9112: 8932: 8632:. New York, Random House. p. 5. 8121: 7918:bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com 7570:意外と知らない「下剋上」とは一体何か？戦国時代の「主殺し」の実像 4/4 7538:意外と知らない「下剋上」とは一体何か？戦国時代の「主殺し」の実像 3/4 7436: 7295: 6973: 6631: 6389: 6387: 5493:not be able to flee from the flames. 5419: 5351:Japanese arrow stand with a pair of 4879: 4604:adding citations to reliable sources 4571: 4500:), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name ( 2993:, known as "Japan's decisive battle" 2698:had become even more obsolete, some 2381:("warring states period"), in which 1514:, Imperial Regent fo Adult Emperors) 1335:and became a powerful figure in the 1316:attacking an opponent on horseback ( 1270:, and began to rely on the powerful 364:The changing definition of "samurai" 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 10460:– Japan: Memoirs of a Secret Empire 10097:"Niigata Travel | Kenshin Festival" 9950: 9895: 9773:Renshaw, Steven L. (January 2011). 8115: 8070:どうして豊臣政権は短命だったのか？存続のカギは弟・豊臣秀長が握っていた 7737:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 7717:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 7633:. 24 September 2023. Archived from 7444:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 7021:平将門の乱は何が原因？平将門の生涯や、事件の背景、その後の影響を解説 6685:(Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) 6471: 5754: 4420:In a letter dated 29 January 1552, 3946:(1538–1618 AD) was another Sengoku 1847:. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he 1740:, there was widespread opposition. 1057:was clearly distinguished from the 583:, who were armed peasants, and the 437:who owned territory and served the 24: 11891: 11890: 10441:Samurai Swords and Samurai Culture 10042:"Lord Kenshin Festival – 上越観光Navi" 9712:. Samurai-Archives. Archived from 9057:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 152. 8997:. 16 February 2018. Archived from 8270:Japan and the Shackles of the Past 8243:Japan and the Shackles of the Past 8216:Japan and the Shackles of the Past 8189:Japan and the Shackles of the Past 8162:Japan and the Shackles of the Past 8124:Samurai: A Very Short Introduction 7664:. David R Godine. pp. 17–28. 7130:摂関政治で最盛期を築き上げた藤原氏とは、いかなる由緒を持つ氏族なのか 6934: 6818: 6638:Samurai: A Very Short Introduction 6191: 6136:. The festival started during the 5544:'s army. In the outpost battle of 5506: 4053:The philosophies of Confucianism, 3037:, and Hideyoshi's five retainers, 2760:to give it its present appearance. 1149:helmet, gilt copper, 5th century, 25: 12975: 10417: 10389: 10305:Academy of Management Proceedings 10121:Kofu City, ed. (1 January 2009), 9281:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 65. 8918:. Cengage Learning. p. 369. 8122:Wert, Michael (1 February 2021). 7475:Akio Tsunoda (19 November 2020). 7028:. 8 November 2022. Archived from 6384: 5457:, which exhibited its respective 4111:In December 1547, Francis was in 3458:Samurai as diplomatic ambassadors 3267:From the mid-Edo period, wealthy 2932:in 1598. Yoshihiro was feared as 2823:, turned upon him with his army. 2364: 971:came to serve the shogun and the 929:in the Tokugawa shogunate and to 829:) were considered samurai class. 12893: 12892: 11655: 10423: 10228:Comparative Civilizations Review 10089: 10059: 10034: 9979: 9925: 9865: 9840: 9766: 9700: 9601: 9585: 9572: 9563: 9546:"Bushido: Way of Total Bullshit" 9537: 9525: 9504: 9483: 9462: 9385: 9364: 9355: 9346: 9295: 9268: 9255: 9238:Samurai: The Code of the Warrior 9235:Thomas Louis; Tommy Ito (2008). 9228: 9201: 9188: 9158: 9131: 9106: 9097: 9088: 9071: 9044: 8981: 8953: 8944: 8905: 8884: 8845: 8814: 8805: 8796: 8782: 8741:. Hagakure Society. p. 61. 6394:Howland, Douglas R. (May 2001). 5403: 5384: 5379:The arrow of the Kamakura period 5372: 5360: 5344: 5328: 5316: 5301: 5286: 5274: 5258: 5246: 5016:(Japanese matchlock) during the 4884: 4863: 4844: 4829: 4804: 4775: 4576: 4115:(Malaysia) waiting to return to 3579: 3382: 2246:forged by Sadaie, 14th century, 2111:Nanboku-chō and Muromachi period 2061: 1959: 1939: 1710: 1695: 1581: 1544:Later, in the mid-11th century, 670:who did not serve the shogun or 41: 27:Warriors in pre-industrial Japan 12929:1879 disestablishments in Japan 11278:Projectile and throwing weapons 10359:Samurai: an illustrated history 10352:The Samurai: A Military History 10181: 9721:Ravina, Mark (1 October 2010). 9468:Gaskin, Carol; Hawkins, Vince. 9403:Gaskin, Carol; Hawkins, Vince. 9370:Gaskin, Carol; Hawkins, Vince. 8915:World Civilizations: Since 1500 8852:Daisetz Teitarō Suzuki (1938). 8821:Daisetz Teitarō Suzuki (1938). 8755: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8683: 8666: 8657: 8645: 8636: 8619: 8586: 8577: 8548: 8535: 8522: 8499: 8476: 8460: 8428: 8412:. 16 March 2021. Archived from 8402: 8370: 8338: 8312: 8298:. Benchmark Books. p. 59. 8287: 8260: 8233: 8206: 8179: 8152: 8089: 7932: 7906: 7877: 7848: 7821: 7795: 7649: 7617: 7561: 7529: 7357: 7331: 7313: 7289: 7277: 7252: 7227: 7218: 7044: 6987: 6874: 6767:, Third Edition (in Japanese), 6742: 6698: 6668: 6625: 6132:celebrating the life of Daimyō 5004:(bow), reflected in the art of 3649:, under the command of Admiral 3502:. They had audiences with King 2803:was the well-known lord of the 2093:Second Mongolian invasion fleet 1197: 788:and fell under the category of 356:is often used as a synonym for 52:needs additional citations for 12534: 10239:A Brief History of the Samurai 10192:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017). 9470:Breve historia de los samuráis 9405:Breve historia de los samuráis 9372:Breve historia de los samuráis 9214:. Human Kinetics. p. 10. 8765:Philosophy: the power of ideas 7545:. 18 June 2021. Archived from 7306:– via Internet Archive. 7261:World History: Our Human Story 6632:Wert, Michael (1 April 2021), 6519:Wilson, William Scott (1985). 6512: 6359: 6334: 6325: 6298: 5367:The bow of the Kamakura period 5191:were large two-handed weapons. 4987:. A longer blade known as the 4666:or a special knife called the 4486:For example, the full name of 4134:(a samurai who appears in the 4091:("Book of the Five Rings") by 3697: 3552:came to Japan in 1853 and the 3544:At the end of the Edo period ( 2091:Samurai boarding ships of the 2072:Samurai and defensive wall at 528:in the service of the shogun. 274: 13: 1: 9680:Manion, Annie (August 2006). 8386:(in Japanese). Archived from 7099:【藤原道長はなぜ躍進？】摂関政治をわかりやすく説明する方法 6858:. p. 126. Archived from 6366:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2017). 6292: 6112:This festival started in the 4951:appeared, and ultimately the 4836:Japanese woman preparing for 4819: 4793: 4646: 4538:with his wives and concubines 4073:Literature on the subject of 3757: 3673: 2740:for their military services. 2560:samurai. One such example is 2077: 1016:were represented by the word 784:and peasants employed by the 763:. These four classes and the 198: 11378:Improvised and other weapons 10398:The Journal of Asian Studies 9609:Marc Buxton (26 July 2013). 8768:. McGraw-Hill. p. 494. 7828:Varshavskaya, Elena (2021). 6483:近世後期の江戸における武家の養子と身分滝沢馬琴を事例に 6400:The Journal of Asian Studies 6083: 4742:, his concubine, became the 4734:largely ruled in his place. 4370: 3791:However, insubordination or 3709:, a Japanese samurai of the 3594:Kamei Koremi, a samurai and 2353:(face armor), and gauntlet. 1995:In 1274, the Mongol-founded 1464:and who fought on foot wore 809:. In times of war, samurai ( 7: 11615:Military equipment of Japan 10321:University of Chicago Press 10160:【公式】富士の国やまなし観光ネット山梨県公式観光情報 9988:"Matsue Warrior Procession" 9628:Creative Industries Journal 6634:"Becoming those who served" 6228: 6157: 6122:Matsue, Shimane Prefecture. 6110:Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture. 5772: 5116:Seven Spears of Shizugatake 4526: 4340: 4309: 4262: 4252:(Japanese flower arranging) 4245: 4230: 4219: 4208: 4193: 3883:Similarly, the feudal lord 3798: 3446:Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom 3342: 3325: 3308: 3296: 3280: 3269: 3114: 3112:led by Ieyasu defeated the 3099: 3039: 3020: 3003: 2883:Japanese invasions of Korea 2788:Oda, Toyotomi, and Tokugawa 2727: 2721: 2713: 2704: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2591: 2579: 2498: 2481: 2475:, and they often came from 2462: 2447: 2439: 2431: 2411: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2309: 2298: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2263: 2240: 2219: 2202: 2173: 2152: 2147:, which broke out in 1467. 1930: 1922: 1914: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1886:, as the heavy and elegant 1882: 1759: 1647: 1518: 1501: 1484: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1390: 1371: 1353: 1343:, a powerful figure in the 1190: 1114: 1112:families, or by serving in 1059: 1018: 997: 967:. During this period, most 952: 931: 894: 882:with territories of 10,000 867: 839: 790: 769: 748: 733: 718: 691: 647: 630: 613: 585: 568: 551: 534: 500: 481: 464: 443: 418: 397: 385: 245: 237: 226: 10: 12980: 11740:Weberian (three-component) 9510:Turnbull, Stephen (1979). 9489:Turnbull, Stephen (1979). 9138:Turnbull, Stephen (2012). 9115:Samurai: A Concise History 8829:Princeton University Press 7978:National Archives of Japan 7945:World History Encyclopedia 7890:World History Encyclopedia 7426:September 2020. pp.40–41. 6130:Jōetsu, Niigata Prefecture 5838:), theatre productions in 5825: 5785:Bushido: The Soul of Japan 5323:Antique Japanese wakizashi 5228:or "province destroyers". 4875: 4565: 4182: 3802: 3583: 3185:at summer campaign of the 3154: 2978: 2866: 1973: 1548:weakened the power of the 1531:, Chancellor of the Realm) 1366:, imperial court official) 1131: 566:, who were vagabonds, the 243:families or by serving in 29: 12944:Japanese historical terms 12888: 12829: 12721: 12689: 12656: 12582: 12554: 12541: 12528: 12446: 12403: 12363: 12345: 12264: 12182: 12142: 12051: 12044: 11999: 11902: 11898: 11885: 11748: 11702: 11698: 11669: 11590: 11504: 11437: 11377: 11335: 11277: 11231: 11185: 11132: 11058: 10989: 10934: 10837: 10828: 10775: 10701: 10662: 10613: 10514: 10505: 9967:(in French). 19 June 2014 9803:10.1017/s1743921311012749 9512:Samurai Armies, 1550–1615 9491:Samurai Armies, 1550–1615 9275:Stephen Turnbull (2008). 9211:Archery: steps to success 9144:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8509:28#4 (1973), pp. 427–446 8468:Pacific Historical Review 7366:Imperial Household Agency 7325:www.kamakura-burabura.com 6755: 6711: 6681: 6341:Cummins, Anthony (2012). 6311:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 6165:celebrates the legacy of 6151: 6078:Samurai Sentai Shinkenger 6015:Muramasa: The Demon Blade 6009:Requiem from the Darkness 5850:films, television shows, 5766: 5339:at Himeji Castle Festival 5222:siege of Nagashino Castle 5120: 5068: 5052: 4492: 4307:and became popular among 4269: 4061:, and to a lesser extent 3742: 3562:European missions in 1862 3407:Samurai in Southeast Asia 3351: 3334: 3315: 3214: 3121: 3106: 3048: 3027: 2997: 2928:and Korean forces at the 2505: 2490: 2469: 2226: 2211: 2182: 2161: 2141:Imperial Household Agency 1976:Mongol invasions of Japan 1950:gather to defend against 1656: 1560:, abdicated and became a 1527: 1510: 1493: 1399: 1378: 1362: 1260: 1066: 1025: 1004: 961: 938: 903: 876: 846: 825:could, and only samurai ( 797: 778: 755: 740: 725: 698: 656: 637: 622: 594: 575: 560: 543: 507: 488: 471: 450: 427: 309: 288: 166: 12862:Pre-industrial East Asia 11610:National Treasure swords 10401:. 60.2 (2001): 353–380. 10347:(Oldcastle Books, 2010). 9582:(Oldcastle Books, 2010). 9544:Rich (8 December 2014). 9024: 8989: 8961: 8855:Zen and Japanese culture 8824:Zen and Japanese culture 8493:18 November 2017 at the 8484:Journal of Asian Studies 8436: 8378: 8346: 8294:Virginia Schomp (1998). 8267:Murphy, Taggart (2014). 8240:Murphy, Taggart (2014). 8213:Murphy, Taggart (2014). 8186:Murphy, Taggart (2014). 8159:Murphy, Taggart (2014). 8069: 8038: 8007: 7972: 7777:William E. Deal (2006). 7625: 7597: 7569: 7537: 7509: 7477: 7380: 7198: 7160: 7129: 7098: 7052: 7020: 6981:Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten 6949:Harvard University Press 6914: 6882: 6846: 6794: 6605: 6564: 6482: 6447: 6370:. Taylor & Francis. 6236:List of Japanese battles 4561: 4474: 4318:and samurai. During the 4260:poems were also used as 4237:(Japanese football game) 4083:("Hidden in Leaves") by 3762: 3434:Dutch East India Company 501:samuraihon or saburaibon 300:, meaning 'warrior', or 32:Samurai (disambiguation) 11910:Administrative detainee 10277:The Lost Samurai School 9961:"April/May/June Events" 9448:. PHP研究所. p. 375. 9141:Samurai Women 1184–1877 8593:H. Paul Varley (2000). 8532:(Spring 1977): 448–466. 8128:Oxford University Press 7855:Yasuka (24 July 2017). 7735:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 7715:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 7442:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 6182:historical reenactments 5469:, "government from the 4969:. Wearing a long sword 4106: 3600:in the bakumatsu period 3586:Late Tokugawa shogunate 3436:, and the Thais of the 3077:, died of illness, and 3004:Tenka wakeme no tatakai 2752:Between 1601 and 1609, 1617:armor, carrying a bow ( 1300:traditional aristocracy 1156:Following the death of 1100:, who were low-ranking 628:came from the powerful 151:Hand-colored photograph 12326: 11133:Chain and rope weapons 10458:The Way of the Samurai 10453:History of the Samurai 10253:Coleridge, Henry James 10241:(Running Press, 2010) 10230:55.55 (2006): 6:37–55 9113:Wert, Michael (2019). 8486:19.4 (1960): 433–444. 8470:(1959) 28#3: 255–266. 8096:MartialArtSwords.com. 6999:www.countriesquest.com 6943:William Wayne Farris, 6847:天正拾九年六月廿三日付豊臣秀次条目について 6343:In Search of the Ninja 6186:Guinness World Records 6093: 6070:The television series 5872:(literally historical 5516: 5504: 4926: 4652: 4539: 4472: 4450: 4437:Father Ignatius Loyola 4433: 4418: 4386: 4322:, the appreciation of 4226:(Japanese dance-drama) 4203: 4174: 4161: 4039: 3999: 3977: 3940: 3907: 3894: 3881: 3866: 3851: 3822: 3778: 3722: 3679: 3601: 3474: 3420: 3178: 3033:Council of Five Elders 3011: 2969:Council of Five Elders 2955: 2891:deployed them to Korea 2886: 2835: 2797: 2761: 2756:extensively renovated 2744:Azuchi–Momoyama period 2454: 2422: 2254: 2096: 2020: 2017:Battle of Torikai-Gata 1809: 1776:Minamoto no Yoshitsune 1722:Minamoto no Yoshitsune 1630: 1613:on horseback, wearing 1321: 1280:Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 1231: 1176:of 702, and the later 1153: 1137:Asuka and Nara periods 1053:status of samurai and 687:Azuchi–Momoyama period 517:was called a samurai. 157: 12939:Japanese caste system 12867:Pre-industrial Europe 11059:Samurai accoutrements 10972:Mail and plate armour 10446:28 April 2019 at the 10366:Wilson, William Scott 10289:Jaundrill, D. Colin. 10209:39.3 (2015): 529–530. 10156:"Shingen-ko Festival" 9694:on 11 September 2010. 9640:10.1386/cij.3.3.221_1 9514:. Osprey Publishing. 9493:. Osprey Publishing. 8995:Kokugakuin University 8555:Mansel G. Blackford. 8530:The Japan Interpreter 8442:National Diet Library 8039:新説！豊臣家を滅ぼした｢組織運営｣の大失敗 7834:. Brill. p. 26. 7302:. J. Murray. p. 6984:, fifth edition, 1997 6800:National Diet Library 6795:戦国時代に帰農した武士はいたか、知りたい。 6491:Ochanomizu University 6220:Samurai Museum Berlin 6198:Japanese Sword Museum 6091: 6073:Power Rangers Samurai 5991:The Tale of the Heike 5919:The Magnificent Seven 5897:Star Wars: A New Hope 5826:Further information: 5691:Owes its name to the 5540:as the forerunner of 5514: 5490: 5108:Battle of Shizugatake 4924: 4899:Japanese martial arts 4870:A samurai class woman 4760:female imperial ruler 4645:by Shitomi Kangetsu, 4641: 4550:A samurai could take 4534: 4455: 4445: 4426: 4413: 4378: 4303:were promoted by the 4289:are famous for their 4190: 4165: 4151: 4034: 3994: 3972:screen depicting the 3967: 3930: 3902: 3889: 3876: 3856: 3846: 3825:In the 13th century, 3816: 3773: 3705: 3667: 3621:naval training school 3593: 3465: 3414: 3164: 3052:, Five Commissioners) 2988: 2942: 2876: 2829: 2795: 2751: 2428: 2409: 2238: 2090: 2006: 1806:Tokyo National Museum 1793: 1754:Minamoto no Yoshinaka 1680:Minamoto no Yoshitomo 1633:During the reigns of 1611:Minamoto no Yoshihira 1605: 1539:Fujiwara no Yorimichi 1535:Fujiwara no Michinaga 1349:Fujiwara no Korechika 1312: 1205: 1144: 1084:to samurai than from 704:, the lowest-ranking 344:Originally, the word 144: 12964:Obsolete occupations 12724: or countries 12535:By country or region 11773:Class discrimination 11186:Clubs and truncheons 10432:at Wikimedia Commons 10313:History of Religions 10286:(Amber Books, 2015). 10237:Clements, Jonathan. 10207:Asian Studies Review 10137:on 29 September 2018 9937:www.visit-matsue.com 9727:ASIANetwork Exchange 8626:Toland John (1970). 8102:MartialArtSwords.com 7656:Noel Perrin (1979). 6613:on 20 September 2020 6178:Yamanashi Prefecture 5931:A Fistful of Dollars 5788:in 1899, studies of 5538:Battle of Sekigahara 5536:participated in the 5499:Minamoto no Tametomo 5486:Minamoto no Tametomo 5463:and represented the 5176:Clubs and truncheons 4756:Chrysanthemum Throne 4600:improve this section 4167:The warriors in the 4099:and Zen philosophy. 4049:Religious influences 4015:William Scott Wilson 3974:Battle of Sekigahara 3896:Nobushige's brother 3817:A samurai holding a 3095:Battle of Sekigahara 2991:Battle of Sekigahara 2981:Battle of Sekigahara 2975:Battle of Sekigahara 2604:On the battlefield, 2539:during this period. 2369:The outbreak of the 1849:set up the shogunate 1814:Minamoto no Yoritomo 1780:Battle of Dan-no-ura 1772:Minamoto no Noriyori 1768:Minamoto no Yoritomo 1668:Emperor Go-Shirakawa 1329:Fujiwara no Tadahira 1128:, by changing jobs. 317:William Scott Wilson 255:, by changing jobs. 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 12256:Vanniar (Chieftain) 10702:Polearms and spears 10350:Turnbull, Stephen. 10293:(Cornell UP, 2016). 10261:. Forgotten Books. 10216:(Oxford UP, 2014). 10197:New Views on Gender 9965:Matsue Travel Guide 9794:2011IAUS..278..308R 9593:"Way of the sword" 9532:David "Race" Bannon 9261:Turnbull, Stephen. 9194:Turnbull, Stephen. 9077:Murray, S. (2009). 8507:Monumenta Nipponica 8448:on 23 February 2023 8416:on 28 November 2023 8358:on 14 February 2024 8130:. pp. 35, 84. 7637:on 29 February 2024 7199:鎌倉幕府は何年に成立？正解を言えますか 6824:Morillo, Stephen. “ 6146:Shingen-ko Festival 6103:Shingen-ko Festival 6055:of its popularity, 5903:The Hidden Fortress 5573:Military formations 5552:. He fought with a 4703:Matsudaira Nobuyasu 4650: 18th century 3921:Japan's major clans 3887:(1525–1561) stated: 3623:was established in 3530:Philip III of Spain 3393:Edo, 1865 or 1866. 2952:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi 2832:Battle of Nagashino 2574:(Imperial Regent). 2499:kokujin or kunibito 2393:Shimabara Rebellion 2257:The innovations of 2025:great stone barrier 1623:) and arrows in an 1592:in the 11th century 1403:, vengeful spirits) 1341:Fujiwara no Haruaki 858:in the Edo period. 12934:Combat occupations 12837:18th-century Spain 12691:Standard of living 12395:Upper middle class 12390:Lower middle class 11981:Political prisoner 11763:Chattering classes 11735:Spoon class theory 10663:Knives and daggers 10296:Kinmonth, Earl H. 10199:15 (2015): 30–37. 10046:joetsukankonavi.jp 10017:"Kenshin Festival" 9621:on 9 January 2015. 9054:A history of Japan 9001:on 5 December 2022 8384:The Hiroshima Bank 8326:on 8 February 2023 7939:Cartwright, Mark. 7920:. 16 December 2020 7884:Cartwright, Mark. 7517:on 6 December 2022 7489:on 31 January 2023 6968:A History of Japan 6915:若党（わかとう）／中間（ちゅうげん） 6184:in Japan. In 2012 6158:Shingen-ko Matsuri 6094: 5822:In popular culture 5812:Kusunoki Masashige 5600:(birds in flight) 5542:Fukushima Masanori 5517: 4941:, swords from the 4927: 4748:Tachibana Ginchiyo 4724:Ashikaga Yoshimasa 4683:political marriage 4653: 4540: 4536:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 4387: 4365:Ashikaga Yoshimasa 4305:Ashikaga shogunate 4204: 4085:Yamamoto Tsunetomo 4009:The translator of 3978: 3953:Tsunetomo Yamamoto 3944:Nabeshima Naoshige 3941: 3867: 3823: 3782:St. Francis Xavier 3723: 3680: 3602: 3558:US mission in 1860 3521:, a vassal of the 3519:Hasekura Tsunenaga 3504:Philip II of Spain 3475: 3467:Hasekura Tsunenaga 3421: 3179: 3176:Tokugawa shogunate 3151:Tokugawa shogunate 3064:Toyotomi Hidetsugu 3012: 2956: 2944:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2887: 2863:Invasions of Korea 2839:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2836: 2807:area (once called 2798: 2770:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2762: 2599:Tanegashima island 2562:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2511:. In other words, 2455: 2423: 2255: 2248:Nanboku-chō period 2133:Nanboku-chō period 2125:Ashikaga Shogunate 2123:, established the 2097: 2021: 1990:Pure Land Buddhism 1810: 1631: 1607:Taira no Shigemori 1562:cloistered emperor 1322: 1232: 1154: 890:Tokugawa shogunate 803:, servants of the 678:and that the term 433:, which refers to 195:Kamakura shogunate 158: 12954:Japanese warriors 12949:Japanese nobility 12906: 12905: 12884: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12717: 12716: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12418:Lumpenproletariat 11920:illegal immigrant 11881: 11880: 11793:Classless society 11623: 11622: 11519:Edo period police 10985: 10984: 10842:Auxiliary armours 10658: 10657: 10428:Media related to 10307:Vol. 2015. No. 1. 10268:978-1-4510-0048-1 10222:978-0-19-870662-5 10188:Absolon, Trevor. 9788:(S278): 308–314. 9754:Los Angeles Times 9716:on 19 March 2014. 9595:Los Angeles Times 9591:Charles Solomon, 9315:978-1-4728-2224-6 9288:978-4-8053-0956-8 9248:978-1-4027-6312-0 9221:978-0-7360-5542-0 9181:978-0-415-32963-7 9151:978-1-78096-333-4 9124:978-0-19-093294-7 9103:Coleridge, p. 345 9064:978-0-8048-2097-4 9032:on 4 October 2023 8925:978-0-495-50262-3 8890:Coleridge, p. 100 8865:978-0-691-01770-9 8838:978-0-691-01770-9 8775:978-0-7674-2011-2 8748:978-4-87378-389-5 8612:978-0-8248-2152-4 8583:Coleridge, p. 237 8390:on 24 August 2022 8137:978-0-19-068510-2 7984:on 8 January 2023 7861:KCP International 7841:978-90-04-48918-9 7745:978-4-651-20040-8 7725:978-4-651-20040-8 7671:978-0-87923-773-8 7631:The Asahi Shimbun 7463:甲冑の歴史（南北朝時代～室町時代） 7452:978-4-651-20040-8 7270:978-1-60153-123-0 6655:978-0-19-068507-2 6530:978-0-89750-081-4 6345:. History Press. 5752: 5751: 5420:Combat techniques 5308:Antique Japanese 5293:Antique Japanese 4919: 4918: 4784:Kasuga no Tsubone 4672:in an art called 4636: 4635: 4628: 4422:St Francis Xavier 4396:Some samurai had 4287:Takasugi Shinsaku 4215:(Japanese poetry) 4130:Examples such as 3911:Asakura Yoshikage 3837:) "portrayed the 3728:Meiji restoration 3508:Pope Gregory XIII 3438:Ayutthaya Kingdom 3251:Athens and Sparta 3060:Toyotomi Hidenaga 3056:Toyotomi Hideyori 2930:Battle of Sacheon 2911:Shimazu Yoshihiro 2849:revolutionaries. 2776:, was located in 2429:Large numbers of 2259:Sōshū swordsmiths 2188:and allowing the 1967:Battle of Yashima 1904:also came with a 1676:Taira no Kiyomori 1635:Emperor Shirakawa 1420:(long sword) and 1386:Taira no Sadamori 1325:Taira no Masakado 1314:Taira no Masakado 946:or higher status 352:In modern usage, 261:Meiji Restoration 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 12971: 12896: 12895: 12723: 12624:Mexican-American 12552: 12551: 12543: 12542: 12530: 12529: 12331: 12274:Business magnate 12164:Knowledge worker 12049: 12048: 11937:dual or multiple 11900: 11899: 11887: 11886: 11841:Social exclusion 11836:Social cleansing 11750: 11700: 11699: 11689:Economic classes 11650: 11643: 11636: 11627: 11626: 11600:Weapons of Japan 10835: 10834: 10776:Practice weapons 10752:Torimono sandōgu 10512: 10511: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10427: 10385: 10343:Thorne, Roland. 10340: 10272: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10166:on 31 March 2019 10152: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10077:on 15 April 2021 10073:. Archived from 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10012: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9983: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9957: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9904: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9883:on 15 April 2021 9879:. Archived from 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9831: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9805: 9779: 9770: 9764: 9761: 9744: 9742: 9740:10.16995/ane.200 9717: 9708:Moscardi, Nino. 9704: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9686: 9682:"Global Samurai" 9676: 9659: 9622: 9617:. Archived from 9605: 9599: 9589: 9583: 9576: 9570: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9508: 9502: 9487: 9481: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9441: 9428: 9425: 9416: 9401: 9392: 9389: 9383: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9332: 9329: 9320: 9319: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9272: 9266: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9205: 9199: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9110: 9104: 9101: 9095: 9092: 9086: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8974: 8969:on 27 April 2024 8957: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8891: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8818: 8812: 8809: 8803: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8790:"Last Statement" 8786: 8780: 8779: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8732: 8726: 8723: 8717: 8714: 8708: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8600: 8597:Japanese culture 8590: 8584: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8565:on 7 August 2020 8552: 8546: 8541:Andrew Cobbing, 8539: 8533: 8526: 8520: 8503: 8497: 8480: 8474: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8444:. Archived from 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8077:on 10 March 2024 8065: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8046:on 21 April 2021 8034: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8015:on 27 March 2023 8003: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7980:. Archived from 7968: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7896: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7774: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7733: 7727: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7605:on 17 March 2024 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7485:. Archived from 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7440: 7434: 7421: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7388:on 17 March 2024 7376: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308:tokimune behead. 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7178:on 14 March 2024 7177: 7171:. Archived from 7166: 7156: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7137:on 12 March 2024 7125: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7060:on 14 March 2024 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7032:on 13 March 2024 7016: 7007: 7006: 6991: 6985: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6890:. Archived from 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6856:Aichi Prefecture 6842: 6833: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6802:. Archived from 6790: 6784: 6783: 6766: 6758: 6757: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6601: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6560: 6543: 6542: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6493:. Archived from 6488: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6455:. Archived from 6443: 6432: 6431: 6391: 6382: 6381: 6368:Warfare in Japan 6363: 6357: 6356: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6302: 6210:Ōyamazumi Shrine 6204:Matsumoto Castle 6164: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6040:was initially a 5997:Samurai Champloo 5835:gunki monogatari 5808:Akechi Mitsuhide 5792:and traditional 5777: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5755:Myth and reality 5748: 5727: 5706: 5677: 5656: 5631: 5610: 5580: 5579: 5569:or "ear mound". 5502: 5407: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5348: 5335:Reenactors with 5332: 5320: 5305: 5290: 5278: 5262: 5250: 5123: 5122: 5071: 5070: 5055: 5054: 5024:, an asymmetric 4914: 4911: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4867: 4848: 4833: 4824: 4821: 4808: 4798: 4795: 4786:fighting robbers 4779: 4651: 4648: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4611: 4580: 4572: 4495: 4494: 4409:Asakura Norikage 4384:Osaka University 4361:Ashikaga Takauji 4348: 4347:(small tea room) 4345: 4317: 4314: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4253: 4250: 4238: 4235: 4227: 4224: 4216: 4213: 4201: 4200:(small tea room) 4198: 4169:Heike Monogatari 4136:Heike Monogatari 4093:Miyamoto Musashi 4028:(1521–1573) was 3909:The feudal lord 3885:Takeda Nobushige 3745: 3744: 3707:Iinuma Sadakichi 3678: 3675: 3570:Fukuzawa Yukichi 3550:Matthew C. Perry 3386: 3375:Tsutaya Jūzaburō 3356: 3354: 3353: 3347: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3301: 3285: 3277: 3274: 3255:Tokugawa Iemitsu 3219: 3217: 3216: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3087:Ishida Mitsunari 3053: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2907:Konishi Yukinaga 2821:Akechi Mitsuhide 2730: 2724: 2718: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2609: 2596: 2584: 2543:was examples of 2510: 2509:, local masters) 2508: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2416: 2352: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2279: 2268: 2245: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2137:Muromachi period 2117:Ashikaga Takauji 2082: 2079: 2065: 2009:Takezaki Suenaga 1963: 1943: 1933: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1765: 1762: 1742:Prince Mochihito 1734:Emperor Takakura 1714: 1699: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1585: 1546:Emperor Go-Sanjo 1532: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1443: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1345:Hitachi province 1263: 1262: 1226:(samurai sword) 1193: 1119: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1045:, the status of 1032: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1000: 966: 964: 963: 957: 945: 943: 942: 934: 908: 906: 905: 899: 881: 879: 878: 872: 853: 851: 850: 842: 808: 802: 801: 793: 783: 781: 780: 774: 762: 760: 759: 751: 745: 743: 742: 736: 730: 728: 727: 721: 710:Separation Edict 703: 701: 700: 694: 661: 659: 658: 652: 644: 642: 641: 633: 627: 625: 624: 618: 599: 597: 596: 590: 582: 580: 579: 571: 565: 563: 562: 556: 548: 546: 545: 539: 522:Muromachi period 512: 510: 509: 503: 493: 491: 490: 484: 478: 476: 475: 467: 457: 455: 454: 446: 432: 430: 429: 423: 404: 403: 400: 392: 391: 388: 314: 312: 311: 299: 297: 291: 290: 250: 242: 234: 231: 200: 173: 171: 170: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 12979: 12978: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12876: 12825: 12713: 12685: 12652: 12636:Underprivileged 12578: 12537: 12536: 12512: 12442: 12399: 12359: 12341: 12260: 12178: 12138: 12040: 11995: 11894: 11893: 11877: 11856:Social position 11846:Social mobility 11744: 11694: 11665: 11664: 11654: 11624: 11619: 11605:Japanese swords 11595:Japanese armour 11586: 11500: 11433: 11373: 11331: 11273: 11227: 11181: 11128: 11054: 10981: 10930: 10824: 10771: 10697: 10654: 10638:Sword polishing 10633:Sword mountings 10609: 10501: 10498: 10448:Wayback Machine 10420: 10415: 10407:10.2307/2659697 10392: 10382: 10269: 10212:Benesch, Oleg. 10184: 10179: 10169: 10167: 10154: 10153: 10149: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10103: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10078: 10065: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10023: 10013: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9959: 9958: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9931: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9906: 9905: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9825: 9824: 9817: 9815: 9777: 9771: 9767: 9705: 9701: 9691: 9684: 9662: 9606: 9602: 9590: 9586: 9578:Roland Thorne, 9577: 9573: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9542: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9509: 9505: 9488: 9484: 9467: 9463: 9456: 9446:戦国武将名言録 (PHP文庫) 9442: 9431: 9426: 9419: 9402: 9395: 9390: 9386: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9206: 9202: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9136: 9132: 9125: 9111: 9107: 9102: 9098: 9093: 9089: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9014: 9004: 9002: 8993:(in Japanese). 8991: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8970: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8819: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8776: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8733: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8652:Carl Steenstrup 8650: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8624: 8620: 8613: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8568: 8566: 8553: 8549: 8540: 8536: 8527: 8523: 8515:10.2307/2383560 8504: 8500: 8495:Wayback Machine 8481: 8477: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8440:(in Japanese). 8438: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8380: 8379:「異国で王になった男」山田長政 8376: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8352:Wako University 8350:(in Japanese). 8348: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8227: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8173: 8157: 8153: 8138: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7987: 7985: 7976:(in Japanese). 7974: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7949: 7947: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7894: 7892: 7882: 7878: 7865: 7863: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7775: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7714: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7629:(in Japanese). 7627: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7577:on 7 March 2024 7571: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7549:on 7 March 2024 7541:(in Japanese). 7539: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7481:(in Japanese). 7479: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7441: 7437: 7422: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7345:. 26 April 2017 7337: 7336: 7332: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7271: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7167:(in Japanese). 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7088: 7080: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7024:(in Japanese). 7022: 7018: 7017: 7010: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6942: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6922:on 19 July 2024 6916: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6897: 6895: 6894:on 19 July 2024 6886:(in Japanese). 6884: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6862:on 19 July 2024 6850:(in Japanese). 6848: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6806:on 28 July 2024 6798:(in Japanese). 6796: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6723:(in Japanese), 6709: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6687:(in Japanese), 6679: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6546: 6531: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6500:on 16 July 2024 6497: 6489:(in Japanese). 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6459:on 19 July 2024 6451:(in Japanese). 6449: 6445: 6444: 6435: 6412:10.2307/2659697 6392: 6385: 6378: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6241:List of samurai 6231: 6214:Ōmishima Island 6194: 6192:Samurai museums 6161: 6148: 6086: 6034:Takashi Okazaki 5951:Throne of Blood 5830: 5824: 5763: 5757: 5737: 5716: 5687: 5666: 5641: 5620: 5599: 5575: 5550:Tokugawa Ieyasu 5509: 5507:Head collection 5503: 5497: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5399: 5397:Kamakura period 5389: 5380: 5377: 5368: 5365: 5356: 5349: 5340: 5333: 5324: 5321: 5312: 5306: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5279: 5270: 5265:Diagram of the 5263: 5254: 5251: 5112:Shibata Katsuie 4932:Japanese swords 4915: 4909: 4906: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4859: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4822: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4780: 4699:Tokugawa Ieyasu 4649: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4597: 4581: 4570: 4564: 4529: 4477: 4435:In a letter to 4430: 4373: 4346: 4315: 4279:Hosokawa Gracia 4266: 4251: 4236: 4225: 4214: 4199: 4185: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4109: 4051: 3831:Carl Steenstrup 3811: 3809:Kiri-sute gomen 3801: 3769:Ignatius Loyola 3765: 3760: 3700: 3676: 3651:Enomoto Takeaki 3588: 3582: 3574:10,000 yen note 3477:In 1582, three 3460: 3442:Yamada Nagamasa 3417:Yamada Nagamasa 3409: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3387: 3373:by working for 3365:. For example, 3348: 3331: 3312: 3275: 3211: 3208:kiri-sute gomen 3166:Tokugawa Ieyasu 3159: 3153: 3125:, Western Army) 3118: 3110:, Eastern Army) 3103: 3097:, in which the 3079:Tokugawa Ieyasu 3045: 3024: 3007: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2871: 2865: 2843:Tokugawa Ieyasu 2790: 2746: 2624:. As a result, 2531:. For example, 2502: 2494:, deputy Shugo) 2487: 2466: 2397:Azuchi–Momoyama 2367: 2252:Important Sword 2223: 2215:, feudal lords) 2208: 2179: 2158: 2121:Emperor Godaigo 2113: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2066: 1978: 1970: 1969:folding screens 1964: 1955: 1946:Samurai of the 1944: 1860:Kamakura period 1845:Kamakura bakufu 1840:Sei'i Taishōgun 1812:The victorious 1802:Kamakura period 1788: 1766:. In response, 1763: 1760:Sei-i Taishōgun 1730:Taira no Tokuko 1724: 1715: 1706: 1703:Heiji rebellion 1700: 1684:Heiji rebellion 1672:Hōgen rebellion 1653: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1566:cloistered rule 1524: 1507: 1490: 1476: 1396: 1375: 1359: 1256:sei'i-taishōgun 1228:Ko-Gitsune Maru 1200: 1139: 1134: 1063: 1022: 1001: 958: 935: 900: 880:, feudal lords) 873: 843: 794: 775: 752: 737: 722: 695: 653: 634: 619: 591: 572: 557: 547:, feudal lords) 540: 504: 485: 468: 447: 424: 414:Kamakura period 401: 394: 393:and Sixth Ranks 389: 382: 366: 335:appears in the 306: 295:[bɯ.ɕi] 285: 277: 232: 163: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12977: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12857:Ottoman Empire 12854: 12849: 12844: 12842:Ancient Greece 12839: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12816:United Kingdom 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12727: 12725: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12709:Home-ownership 12706: 12701: 12695: 12693: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12662: 12660: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12633: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12588: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12564:American Dream 12561: 12555: 12549: 12539: 12538: 12526: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12505: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12477: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12452: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12409: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12351: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12332: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12270: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12188: 12186: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12148: 12146: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12136: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12100: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12057: 12055: 12046: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12007: 12005: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11976:Migrant worker 11973: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11912: 11906: 11904: 11896: 11895: 11892:By demographic 11883: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11872:Status Anxiety 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11826:Ranked society 11823: 11818: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11768:Class conflict 11765: 11760: 11754: 11752: 11751: topics 11746: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11725:Mudsill theory 11722: 11717: 11712: 11706: 11704: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11685: 11678: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11645: 11638: 11630: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11577: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11516: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11441: 11439: 11438:Signal devices 11435: 11434: 11432: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11342: 11340: 11333: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11243: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11172: 11169:Kyoketsu-shoge 11165: 11158: 11151: 11144: 11136: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10995: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10623: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10600: 10593: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10468: 10467: 10461: 10455: 10450: 10438: 10433: 10419: 10418:External links 10416: 10414: 10413: 10391: 10390:Historiography 10388: 10387: 10386: 10380: 10362: 10357:Kure, Mitsuo. 10355: 10348: 10341: 10329:10.1086/463354 10308: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10282:Hubbard, Ben. 10280: 10273: 10267: 10249: 10235: 10224: 10210: 10203: 10193: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10147: 10113: 10088: 10058: 10033: 10004: 9978: 9949: 9924: 9894: 9864: 9839: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9745: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9677: 9660: 9634:(3): 221–235. 9600: 9584: 9571: 9562: 9536: 9524: 9503: 9482: 9461: 9454: 9444:楠戸義昭 (2006). 9429: 9417: 9393: 9384: 9363: 9354: 9345: 9333: 9321: 9314: 9294: 9287: 9267: 9254: 9247: 9227: 9220: 9200: 9187: 9180: 9166:Karl F. Friday 9157: 9150: 9130: 9123: 9105: 9096: 9087: 9070: 9063: 9043: 9012: 8980: 8952: 8943: 8931: 8924: 8904: 8892: 8883: 8871: 8864: 8844: 8837: 8813: 8804: 8802:Wilson, p. 122 8795: 8781: 8774: 8754: 8747: 8727: 8725:Wilson, p, 131 8718: 8709: 8700: 8698:Wilson, p. 103 8691: 8682: 8665: 8656: 8644: 8635: 8618: 8611: 8585: 8576: 8547: 8545:(1998), ch. 4. 8534: 8521: 8498: 8475: 8459: 8427: 8401: 8369: 8337: 8311: 8304: 8286: 8280:978-0190619589 8279: 8259: 8253:978-0190619589 8252: 8232: 8226:978-0190619589 8225: 8205: 8199:978-0190619589 8198: 8178: 8172:978-0190619589 8171: 8151: 8136: 8114: 8088: 8057: 8026: 7995: 7960: 7931: 7905: 7876: 7847: 7840: 7820: 7794: 7787: 7760: 7758:Costume Museum 7748: 7728: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7670: 7648: 7616: 7588: 7560: 7528: 7500: 7467: 7455: 7435: 7411: 7399: 7368: 7356: 7330: 7312: 7288: 7276: 7269: 7251: 7244: 7226: 7217: 7189: 7148: 7117: 7106:on 11 May 2022 7086: 7084:Costume Museum 7071: 7043: 7008: 6986: 6972: 6960: 6933: 6905: 6883:武士（ぶし）／侍（さむらい） 6873: 6834: 6817: 6785: 6741: 6697: 6667: 6654: 6624: 6583: 6572:on 17 May 2024 6544: 6529: 6511: 6470: 6448:武士（ぶし）／侍（さむらい） 6433: 6406:(2): 353–380. 6383: 6376: 6358: 6351: 6333: 6324: 6317: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6217: 6207: 6201: 6193: 6190: 6170:Takeda Shingen 6134:Uesugi Kenshin 6085: 6082: 6076:(adapted from 5978:Eiji Yoshikawa 5882:Akira Kurosawa 5828:Samurai cinema 5823: 5820: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5739: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5718: 5717:(fish scales) 5708: 5707: 5700: 5689: 5679: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5667:(crane wings) 5658: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5622: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5601: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5574: 5571: 5508: 5505: 5495: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5400: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5359: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5273: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5212: 5192: 5172: 5125: 5096:displaced the 5080:including the 5073: 5018:Sengoku period 4994: 4917: 4916: 4892: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4862: 4860: 4858:. 18th century 4850: 4843: 4841: 4838:ritual suicide 4835: 4828: 4826: 4810: 4803: 4801: 4781: 4774: 4752:Yamauchi Chiyo 4695:Lady Tsukiyama 4634: 4633: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4566:Main article: 4563: 4560: 4528: 4525: 4476: 4473: 4372: 4369: 4320:Sengoku period 4316:(feudal lords) 4283:Asano Naganori 4275:, death poems) 4184: 4181: 4152: 4132:Taira Tadanori 4108: 4105: 4050: 4047: 4043:Imagawa Sadayo 4030:Uesugi Kenshin 4026:Takeda Shingen 3989:Fushimi Castle 3981:Torii Mototada 3931:A painting of 3898:Takeda Shingen 3871:Imagawa Sadayo 3827:Hōjō Shigetoki 3800: 3797: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3719:Battle of Aizu 3699: 3696: 3584:Main article: 3581: 3578: 3496:Arima Harunobu 3492:Ōmura Sumitada 3459: 3456: 3426:red seal ships 3408: 3405: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3367:Takizawa Bakin 3187:siege of Osaka 3152: 3149: 3016:sengoku daimyo 2976: 2973: 2899:Sengoku period 2864: 2861: 2809:Owari Province 2789: 2786: 2782:Fushimi Castle 2754:Ikeda Terumasa 2745: 2742: 2700:sengoku daimyo 2566:sengoku daimyo 2549:sengoku daimyo 2541:Uesugi Kenshin 2537:sengoku daimyo 2529:sengoku daimyo 2521:sengoku daimyo 2515:differed from 2513:sengoku daimyo 2463:sengoku daimyo 2379:Sengoku Period 2366: 2365:Sengoku period 2363: 2119:, who opposed 2112: 2109: 2068: 2067: 2060: 2059: 2058: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1945: 1938: 1787: 1784: 1738:Emperor Antoku 1726: 1725: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1664:Emperor Sutoku 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1475: 1472: 1410:Japanese armor 1382:, New Emperor) 1288:Imperial Court 1272:regional clans 1199: 1196: 1166:Emperor Kōtoku 1158:Prince Shōtoku 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1072:status of the 1012:. Samurai and 782:, townspeople) 649:sengoku daimyō 605:Sengoku period 494:. Some of the 365: 362: 276: 273: 208:Sengoku Period 197:, ruling from 149:in the 1860s. 135: 134: 117:September 2021 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12976: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12899: 12891: 12890: 12887: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12828: 12822: 12821:United States 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12722:Other regions 12720: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12634: 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12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11986:Socioeconomic 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11861:Social stigma 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11851:Social orphan 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11810: 11809:Nouveau riche 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783:Class traitor 11781: 11779: 11778:Class society 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11715:Gilbert model 11713: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11677: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11651: 11646: 11644: 11639: 11637: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11578: 11576: 11575: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11411: 11409: 11408: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11397: 11395: 11394: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11232:Staff weapons 11230: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11217: 11216: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11159: 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10795: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10644: 10643:Swordsmithing 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10543: 10542: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10495: 10490: 10488: 10483: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10472: 10465: 10462: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10383: 10381:0-89750-081-4 10377: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10356: 10353: 10349: 10346: 10345:Samurai films 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10300:(1981) 385pp. 10299: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10250: 10248: 10247:0-7624-3850-9 10244: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10133: 10126: 10125: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10022: 10021:ohmatsuri.com 10018: 10011: 10009: 9993: 9992:ohmatsuri.com 9989: 9982: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9853: 9852:www.ana.co.jp 9849: 9843: 9835: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9718: 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p. 26 8938: 8936: 8927: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8908: 8899: 8897: 8887: 8881:, p. 12. 8880: 8875: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8848: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8817: 8811:Wilson, p. 91 8808: 8799: 8791: 8785: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8758: 8750: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8731: 8722: 8716:Wilson, p. 67 8713: 8707:Wilson, p. 95 8704: 8695: 8689:Wilson, p. 62 8686: 8675: 8669: 8663:Wilson, p. 47 8660: 8653: 8648: 8642:Wilson, p. 38 8639: 8631: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8598: 8589: 8580: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8551: 8544: 8538: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8307: 8305:0-7614-0304-3 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8236: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8182: 8174: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8103: 8099: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8062: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8031: 8014: 8010: 8002: 8000: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7965: 7957: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7824: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7788:0-8160-5622-6 7784: 7780: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7673: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7652: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7464: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7360: 7344: 7343:Kyoto Journal 7340: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7245:4-7700-2754-0 7241: 7237: 7230: 7224:Wilson, p. 15 7221: 7206:on 9 May 2022 7205: 7201: 7193: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7153: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7122: 7105: 7101: 7093: 7091: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7015: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6983: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6957:0-674-38704-X 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6782: 6781:4-385-13905-9 6778: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6751: 6745: 6738: 6737:4-09-501211-0 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6707: 6701: 6694: 6690: 6677: 6671: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6571: 6567: 6565:武士と侍（サムライ）の違い 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6475: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6388: 6379: 6377:9781351873703 6373: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6352:9780752483559 6348: 6344: 6337: 6328: 6320: 6318:9798216141518 6314: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6159: 6147: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6061:PlayStation 3 6058: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967:was based on 5966: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5954:was based on 5953: 5952: 5947: 5946:Shakespeare's 5943: 5942:Seven Samurai 5939: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913:Seven Samurai 5909: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5762: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5559: 5558:Bamboo Saizo. 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5521:severed heads 5513: 5500: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5413: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5211:are examples. 5210: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196:Chain weapons 5193: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5155:, largely by 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026:composite bow 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4913: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4842: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4817: 4813: 4812:Hangaku Gozen 4807: 4802: 4791: 4787: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4697:(the wife of 4696: 4692: 4689:(daughter of 4688: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4627: 4619: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4585:This section 4583: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4471: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4222: 4212: 4211: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4068: 4067:reincarnation 4064: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4024:The rival of 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917:Katō Kiyomasa 3914: 3912: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606:Matthew Perry 3599: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3580:Modernization 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546:Bakumatsu era 3542: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526:Date Masamune 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3512:Pope Sixtus V 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3472: 3471:Archita Ricci 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3413: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3346: 3345: 3329: 3328: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3183:Toyotomi clan 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3116: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3089:, one of the 3088: 3084: 3081:, one of the 3080: 3076: 3073:, one of the 3072: 3071:Maeda Toshiie 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3022: 3017: 3005: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:Katō Kiyomasa 2900: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2816: 2815:(shogunate). 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2778:Azuchi, Shiga 2775: 2774:Azuchi Castle 2771: 2767: 2759: 2758:Himeji Castle 2755: 2750: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2500: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2464: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2445:(spears) and 2443: 2442: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2358:primogeniture 2354: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2221: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:Emperor Kōgon 2126: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2089: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2048:this time in 2046: 2042: 2041:Hōjō Tokimune 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1992:was favored. 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Minamoto clan 1743: 1739: 1736:installed as 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1591: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1522: 1521: 1505: 1504: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1480:Fujiwara clan 1471: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1406: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1373: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Emperor Kanmu 1237: 1234:In the early 1229: 1225: 1224: 1220:, forges the 1219: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1204: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1182:Emperor Monmu 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1120:offices, and 1118: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1007: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 956: 955: 949: 941: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 898: 897: 891: 887: 886: 871: 870: 864: 861:In the early 859: 857: 849: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 806: 800: 792: 787: 773: 772: 766: 758: 750: 735: 720: 715: 711: 707: 693: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 651: 650: 640: 632: 617: 616: 610: 606: 601: 589: 588: 578: 570: 555: 554: 538: 537: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 502: 497: 483: 474: 466: 461: 453: 445: 440: 436: 422: 421: 415: 410: 408: 399: 387: 379: 375: 371: 361: 359: 355: 350: 347: 342: 340: 339: 338:Kokin Wakashū 334: 330: 329: 324: 323: 318: 305: 304: 296: 284: 283: 272: 270: 266: 262: 256: 254: 249: 248: 241: 240: 230: 229: 223: 219: 215: 214: 209: 206:. During the 205: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 169: 162: 156: 152: 148: 145:A samurai in 143: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 12959:Noble titles 12872:Soviet Union 12847:Ancient Rome 12704:Homelessness 12629:Upper Middle 12501: / 12482: / 12473: / 12438:Working poor 12334: 12321:Robber baron 12241: 12144:Intellectual 12134:Royal family 12098:Ancient Rome 11952:second-class 11870: 11813: 11812: / 11807: 11803:High society 11710:Elite theory 11687: 11680: 11673: 11660:Social class 11579: 11572: 11565: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11511: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11453:Hata-jirushi 11451: 11444: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11398: 11391: 11384: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11174: 11167: 11162:Kusari-fundo 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11065: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10846: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10789: 10782: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10647: 10625: 10614:Construction 10602: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10518: 10396: 10374:. Kodansha. 10370: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10316: 10312: 10304: 10297: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10257: 10238: 10227: 10213: 10206: 10196: 10189: 10182:Bibliography 10168:. Retrieved 10164:the original 10159: 10150: 10139:, retrieved 10132:the original 10123: 10116: 10104:. Retrieved 10100: 10091: 10079:. Retrieved 10075:the original 10070: 10061: 10049:. Retrieved 10045: 10036: 10024:. Retrieved 10020: 9995:. Retrieved 9991: 9981: 9969:. Retrieved 9964: 9940:. Retrieved 9936: 9927: 9915:. Retrieved 9911: 9885:. Retrieved 9881:the original 9876: 9867: 9855:. Retrieved 9851: 9842: 9828:cite journal 9816:. Retrieved 9785: 9781: 9768: 9753: 9733:(1): 80–99. 9730: 9726: 9714:the original 9702: 9689:the original 9664: 9631: 9627: 9619:the original 9614: 9603: 9594: 9587: 9579: 9574: 9565: 9553:. Retrieved 9549: 9539: 9527: 9511: 9506: 9490: 9485: 9469: 9464: 9445: 9404: 9387: 9371: 9366: 9357: 9348: 9304: 9297: 9277: 9270: 9262: 9257: 9237: 9230: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9190: 9170: 9160: 9140: 9133: 9114: 9108: 9099: 9090: 9081:. New York: 9078: 9073: 9053: 9046: 9034:. Retrieved 9030:the original 9003:. Retrieved 8999:the original 8983: 8971:. Retrieved 8967:the original 8955: 8946: 8914: 8907: 8886: 8874: 8854: 8847: 8823: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8784: 8764: 8757: 8737: 8730: 8721: 8712: 8703: 8694: 8685: 8668: 8659: 8647: 8638: 8628: 8621: 8596: 8588: 8579: 8567:. Retrieved 8563:the original 8557: 8550: 8542: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8506: 8501: 8483: 8478: 8467: 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8446:the original 8430: 8418:. Retrieved 8414:the original 8404: 8392:. Retrieved 8388:the original 8383: 8372: 8360:. Retrieved 8356:the original 8340: 8328:. Retrieved 8324:the original 8314: 8295: 8289: 8269: 8262: 8242: 8235: 8215: 8208: 8188: 8181: 8161: 8154: 8126:. New York: 8123: 8117: 8105:. Retrieved 8101: 8091: 8079:. Retrieved 8075:the original 8048:. Retrieved 8044:the original 8017:. Retrieved 8013:the original 7986:. Retrieved 7982:the original 7955: 7948:. Retrieved 7944: 7934: 7922:. Retrieved 7917: 7908: 7900: 7893:. Retrieved 7889: 7879: 7871: 7864:. Retrieved 7860: 7850: 7830: 7823: 7811:. Retrieved 7807: 7797: 7778: 7751: 7736: 7731: 7716: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7677:22 September 7675:. Retrieved 7659: 7651: 7639:. Retrieved 7635:the original 7619: 7607:. Retrieved 7603:the original 7598:守護大名と戦国武将の違い 7591: 7579:. Retrieved 7575:the original 7563: 7551:. Retrieved 7547:the original 7531: 7519:. Retrieved 7515:the original 7503: 7491:. Retrieved 7487:the original 7470: 7458: 7443: 7438: 7423: 7409:Touken world 7407:日本刀の歴史南北朝時代 7402: 7390:. Retrieved 7386:the original 7359: 7347:. Retrieved 7342: 7333: 7324: 7315: 7307: 7298: 7291: 7279: 7260: 7254: 7235: 7229: 7220: 7208:. Retrieved 7204:the original 7192: 7180:. Retrieved 7173:the original 7139:. 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Retrieved 6457:the original 6403: 6399: 6367: 6361: 6342: 6336: 6327: 6307: 6300: 6246:Musha shugyō 6143: 6127: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6057:Afro Samurai 6056: 6048:Studio Gonzo 6041: 6038:Afro Samurai 6037: 6030:Afro Samurai 6029: 6026: 6021:Afro Samurai 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5886:George Lucas 5867: 5866: 5855: 5833: 5831: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5758: 5738:(half moon) 5733: 5732: 5712: 5711: 5683: 5682: 5662: 5661: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5621:(arrowhead) 5616: 5615: 5595: 5594: 5586:Description 5576: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5531: 5524: 5518: 5491: 5483: 5479:tea ceremony 5475: 5470: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5238:Ryūzōji clan 5229: 5225: 5214: 5208:kusari-fundo 5206: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5086:(spear) and 5081: 5077:Pole weapons 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3603: 3595: 3553: 3543: 3538: 3522: 3516: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3449: 3422: 3419:, circa 1630 3415:Portrait of 3399:Felice Beato 3370: 3362: 3358: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3266: 3259: 3241: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3180: 3169: 3129: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3015: 3013: 2965: 2957: 2933: 2919: 2888: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2817: 2812: 2801:Oda Nobunaga 2799: 2766:Oda Nobunaga 2763: 2733: 2715:tosei-gusoku 2710: 2699: 2618:(spear) and 2603: 2576: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2517:shugo daimyo 2516: 2512: 2477:shugo daimyo 2476: 2457: 2456: 2389:Oda Nobunaga 2382: 2368: 2355: 2306: 2271: 2256: 2232:, appeared. 2220:shugo daimyo 2197: 2193: 2189: 2168: 2149: 2114: 2105:kami-no-Kaze 2104: 2101:kami-no-Kaze 2100: 2098: 2054: 2034: 2022: 1997:Yuan dynasty 1994: 1986:Zen Buddhism 1979: 1879: 1876: 1857: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1795: 1727: 1718:16th century 1688:Daijō-daijin 1687: 1639:Emperor Toba 1632: 1624: 1618: 1590:Gosannen War 1573: 1569: 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