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who had a bad reputation for self-interest were dismissed by the shogunate, as the harsh collection of annual taxation led to the escape of farmers, which in turn reduced the amount of collectable taxation. Some of them were dismissed and punished for causing starvation during famines. On the other
218:, who continued to appeal to the shogunate for a reduction or exemption of annual taxation at the cost of his own life in order to save the people of the domain from heavy taxes, and Ido Masaaki, who also saved the people from famine by introducing
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officials under their service. Hereditary succession of the position was common. In 1867, at the end of the Edo period, there were 37
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to govern the shogun demesne across Japan and were given a 50,000-100,000
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