417:
2253:
225:
424:
Two structurally similar bufagins can be utilized to develop a synthetic method, which is the transformation of bufotalin to cinobufagin. Cinobufagin is known for its potential as the precursor of many anti-tumor drugs and bufotalin is an important venom found within the cane toad. This synthesis
215:
and a newly discovered substance exist within the secretion, which they originally gave the name of “bufagin” to this digitalis-like substance. They also quantitatively analyzed the amounts of epinephrin and bufagin in the venom, which showed that 0.734 gram of bufagin with respect to 0.1 gram of
867:
Bick, RJ; Poindexter, BJ; Sweney, RR; Dasgupta, A (2002). "Effects of Chan Su, a traditional
Chinese medicine, on the calcium transients of isolated cardiomyocytes: Cardiotoxicity due to more than Na, K-ATPase blocking".
734:
Jiun-Yih Yeh; William J. Huang; Shu-Fen Kan; Paulus S. Wang (2002). "Effects of bufalin and cinobufagin on the proliferation of androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer cells".
207:
while it was strongly irritated. They observed the semifluid substance is quickly dried in the air and formed a yellow and hard scales that shared a similar appearance with dried
672:
Pettit, George R.; Kamano, Yoshiaki (December 1972). "Steroids and related natural products. 78. Bufadienolides. 21. Synthesis of cinobufagin from bufotalin".
898:
371:
779:"Selective inhibitory effect of bufalin on growth of human tumor cells in vitro: association with the induction of apoptosis in leukemia HL-60 cells"
353:
335:
389:
301:
244:) ring attached to ring D (the five-membered one). The difference to digitalis compounds is that the latter have a fix-membered lactone (α-
491:
These bufagins, and especially cinobufagin, have given rise to a large number of derivatives evaluated as potential anti-tumor drugs.
165:, the cane toad). The toad produces this secretion when it is injured, scared or provoked. Bufagin resembles chemical substances from
1845:
707:
Wang, G.; G. Sun; et al. (1994). "The application of traditional
Chinese medicine to the management of hepatic cancerous pain".
251:
Bufagin is the category name of a large bufadienolide family, there are at least 86 identified bufagins. Examples of bufagins are:
928:
567:
Abel, John J.; Macht, David I. (27 May 1911). "THE POISONS OF THE TROPICAL TOAD, BUFO AGUA: A PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION".
1055:
1184:
1176:
828:"Anti-tumor activity and apoptosis-regulation mechanisms of bufalin in various cancers: New hope for cancer patients"
507:
Crowfoot, Dorothy (1935). "X-ray crystallography of the toad poisons bufagin and cinobufagin and of strophanthidin".
637:
Gao, Huimin; Popescu, Ruxandra; Kopp, Brigitte; Wang, Zhimin (2011). "Bufadienolides and their antitumor activity".
404:
These bufagins, and especially cinobufagin, have given rise to a large number of derivatives evaluated as potential
1180:
1068:
920:
124:
1283:
1154:
2277:
1973:
1930:
1435:
1079:
1074:
155:
obtained from toad's milk, the poisonous secretion of a skin gland on the back of the neck of a large toad (
477:
476:
cells, have also been investigated in cellular models. Some of the bufagin toxins are used in low doses in
2287:
1194:
1484:
442:
1268:
1256:
1060:
1049:
450:
1302:
1240:
998:
204:
1316:
555:
2091:
1726:
1087:
594:
S. Steyn, Pieter; R. van
Heerden, Fanie (1998). "Bufadienolides of plant and animal origin".
211:. After the experiments with the poison, John Jacob Abel and David I. Macht found there are
38:
2282:
1330:
1278:
913:
8:
2256:
485:
393:
28:
2194:
1364:
1322:
1199:
1030:
803:
794:
778:
759:
619:
357:
291:
881:
540:
523:
2239:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
2199:
2143:
1430:
885:
849:
808:
751:
733:
716:
689:
654:
611:
580:
763:
623:
175:
also refers to any of several similar substances found as components of the mixture
2138:
1956:
1562:
1478:
1420:
1226:
877:
839:
798:
790:
743:
681:
646:
603:
576:
535:
469:
453:
55:
844:
827:
826:
Yin, P. H.; Liu, X; Qiu, Y. Y.; Cai, J. F.; Qin, J. M.; Zhu, H. R.; Li, Q (2012).
2221:
2126:
1721:
1376:
1273:
1118:
1093:
978:
906:
473:
375:
188:
157:
2163:
1711:
1651:
1474:
1466:
1213:
1167:
936:
438:
320:
259:
192:
118:
2271:
2153:
2096:
1850:
1813:
1761:
1706:
1691:
1567:
1527:
1470:
1264:
1113:
1036:
457:
315:
305:
233:
200:
106:
484:
is used for in
Western medicine (i.e. treatment of heart conditions such as
2216:
2206:
2189:
2158:
2106:
2070:
2029:
1983:
1920:
1823:
1746:
1681:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1494:
1308:
1144:
941:
889:
853:
755:
658:
416:
255:
195:
are investigating the property of unknown substances from a tropical toad,
812:
720:
693:
615:
2179:
2133:
2121:
1978:
1925:
1875:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1731:
1716:
1582:
1293:
1250:
1221:
1041:
1019:
956:
946:
287:
208:
685:
2211:
2148:
2065:
2043:
1988:
1951:
1895:
1865:
1855:
1796:
1786:
1771:
1756:
1751:
1736:
1656:
1641:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1499:
1189:
1149:
966:
961:
747:
650:
405:
212:
83:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2081:
2024:
2014:
2009:
1968:
1880:
1696:
1676:
1666:
1626:
1621:
1601:
1572:
1522:
1504:
1457:
1449:
1356:
1340:
951:
607:
446:
434:
325:
277:
273:
176:
166:
187:
The discovery of bufagin has taken place in the fall of 1910, where
117:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2019:
1999:
1910:
1905:
1870:
1860:
1835:
1791:
1741:
1686:
1661:
1646:
1611:
1606:
1537:
1489:
1462:
1408:
1336:
989:
465:
461:
339:
2174:
1636:
1631:
1616:
1577:
1552:
1389:
1369:
1009:
481:
237:
140:
96:
1941:
1915:
1885:
1701:
1403:
1384:
1132:
241:
179:
in secretions of other toads, as well as plants and mushrooms.
236:
derivatives. This means they are steroids with a six-membered
224:
199:. They collected the "milky secretion" squirted out of toad’s
1890:
1806:
1801:
1671:
1592:
931:
245:
866:
2055:
1963:
248:) ring that has one carbon atom and one double bond less.
1900:
593:
433:Some bufagins have effects similar to poisoning by
776:
636:
169:in physiological activity and chemical structure.
509:Chemistry & Industry (London, United Kingdom)
2269:
37:
706:
445:. Some also have local anesthetic action. The
914:
997:
825:
671:
449:effects have also been proven, by acting as
569:Journal of the American Medical Association
521:
921:
907:
832:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
777:Jing, Y.; H. Ohizumi; et al. (1994).
420:Transformation of bufotalin to cinobufagin
1846:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
843:
802:
566:
539:
522:Jensen, H.; Evans, E.A. (February 1934).
506:
415:
223:
2270:
428:
902:
13:
1200:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
795:10.1111/j.1349-7006.1994.tb02408.x
524:"Chemical Studies on Toad Poisons"
14:
2299:
2252:
2251:
674:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
581:10.1001/jama.1911.02560210003002
460:. The anti-cancer properties in
67:
1284:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
860:
819:
770:
528:Journal of Biological Chemistry
121:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
727:
700:
665:
630:
587:
560:
548:
515:
500:
73:
61:
1:
1436:Fibronectin binding protein A
882:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02302-0
845:10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5339
541:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)75767-0
494:
480:for similar applications as
478:traditional Chinese medicine
456:on the binding sites of the
411:
219:
7:
1177:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
1155:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
10:
2304:
1195:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
280:(Rhinella marina, synonym
203:due to the control of the
182:
2247:
2234:
2172:
2092:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
2079:
2053:
2042:
1997:
1939:
1833:
1822:
1591:
1448:
1419:
1355:
1292:
1239:
1212:
1165:
1140:
1131:
1104:
1017:
1008:
988:
977:
425:method involves 6 steps.
232:Bufagin and bufagins are
115:
48:
21:
1485:beta-Nitropropionic acid
472:of the proliferation of
443:ventricular fibrillation
437:, having effects on the
1269:Heat-labile enterotoxin
1260:heat-stable enterotoxin
639:Natural Product Reports
596:Natural Product Reports
362:Amietophrynus regularis
1378:Bacillus thuringiensis
421:
229:
216:epinephrin presented.
205:central nervous system
2278:Antiarrhythmic agents
419:
227:
1279:Pseudomonas exotoxin
686:10.1021/jo00798a015
486:atrial fibrillation
429:Effects of bufagins
394:European green toad
91: g·mol
18:
2195:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
1365:Lipopolysaccharide
1323:Pore-forming toxin
748:10.1002/pros.10172
651:10.1039/C0NP00032A
422:
380:Incilius valliceps
358:square-marked toad
344:Anaxyrus quercicus
292:Chusan Island toad
230:
125:Infobox references
16:
2288:Vertebrate toxins
2265:
2264:
2230:
2229:
2200:Beta-Bungarotoxin
2144:Pumiliotoxin 251D
2038:
2037:
1444:
1443:
1431:Clumping factor A
1351:
1350:
1235:
1234:
1208:
1207:
1127:
1126:
709:J Tradit Chin Med
680:(25): 4040–4044.
133:Chemical compound
131:
130:
2295:
2255:
2254:
2183:
2139:Histrionicotoxin
2085:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2003:
1957:Alpha-latrotoxin
1945:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1563:Sterigmatocystin
1515:, Fumonisin B3,
1479:epsilon-amanitin
1398:B. thuringiensis
1227:Diphtheria toxin
1170:
1138:
1137:
1107:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
995:
994:
986:
985:
923:
916:
909:
900:
899:
894:
893:
864:
858:
857:
847:
823:
817:
816:
806:
783:Jpn J Cancer Res
774:
768:
767:
731:
725:
724:
704:
698:
697:
669:
663:
662:
634:
628:
627:
608:10.1039/A815397Y
591:
585:
584:
564:
558:
552:
546:
545:
543:
519:
513:
512:
504:
372:Vallicepobufagin
296:Bufo gargarizans
264:Chaunus arenarum
90:
75:
69:
63:
56:Chemical formula
41:
19:
15:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2243:
2226:
2222:Cardiotoxin III
2178:
2173:
2168:
2080:
2075:
2054:
2046:
2034:
1998:
1993:
1940:
1935:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1722:Resiniferatoxin
1587:
1440:
1422:
1415:
1380:delta endotoxin
1347:
1288:
1274:Pertussis toxin
1242:
1231:
1204:
1166:
1161:
1123:
1119:Listeriolysin O
1105:
1100:
1018:
1000:
980:
973:
927:
897:
865:
861:
838:(11): 5339–43.
824:
820:
775:
771:
732:
728:
705:
701:
670:
666:
635:
631:
592:
588:
565:
561:
553:
549:
520:
516:
505:
501:
497:
474:prostate cancer
468:cells, and the
431:
414:
376:Gulf Coast toad
354:Regularobufagin
336:Quercicobufagin
222:
189:John Jacob Abel
185:
158:Rhinella marina
154:
150:
146:
134:
127:
122:
88:
78:
72:
66:
58:
44:
31:
12:
11:
5:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2164:Zetekitoxin AB
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Pseudaconitine
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Djenkolic acid
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:gamma-amanitin
1467:alpha-amanitin
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:Actinomycetota
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1173:
1171:
1168:Staphylococcus
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1026:
1024:
1012:
1003:
992:
983:
975:
974:
972:
971:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
896:
895:
876:(6): 699–709.
859:
818:
789:(6): 645–651.
769:
742:(2): 112–124.
726:
715:(2): 132–138.
699:
664:
645:(5): 953–969.
629:
602:(4): 397–413.
586:
559:
554:ChemicalBook:
547:
534:(2): 307–316.
514:
498:
496:
493:
439:cardiac muscle
430:
427:
413:
410:
402:
401:
387:
384:Bufo valliceps
369:
366:Bufo regularis
351:
348:Bufo quercicus
333:
321:Bufo rubescens
313:
310:Bufo japonicus
299:
285:
271:
260:Argentine toad
221:
218:
193:David I. Macht
184:
181:
152:
148:
144:
132:
129:
128:
123:
119:standard state
116:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
86:
80:
79:
76:
70:
64:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
43:
42:
34:
32:
27:
24:
23:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Samandaridine
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:Marinobufagin
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Batrachotoxin
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Charybdotoxin
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:Solauricidine
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Protoanemonin
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Oenanthotoxin
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Trichothecene
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Ibotenic acid
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:beta-amanitin
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1335:
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1333:
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1328:
1324:
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1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:Cholera toxin
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Anthrax toxin
1112:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Tetanospasmin
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
987:
984:
982:
976:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
901:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Life Sciences
863:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
814:
810:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
557:
551:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
510:
503:
499:
492:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:cell membrane
455:
452:
451:Na+/K+-ATPase
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
418:
409:
407:
399:
395:
391:
390:Viridibufagin
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
316:Marinobufagin
314:
311:
307:
306:Japanese toad
303:
300:
297:
293:
289:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
268:Bufo arenarum
265:
261:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:bufadienolide
226:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:parotid gland
198:
194:
190:
180:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:
142:
138:
126:
120:
114:
110:
108:
107:Melting point
105:
104:
100:
98:
95:
94:
87:
85:
82:
81:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
40:
36:
35:
33:
30:
26:
25:
20:
2238:
2217:Calcicludine
2207:Calciseptine
2190:Bungarotoxin
2159:Tarichatoxin
2107:Arenobufagin
2071:Tetrodotoxin
2030:Tetrodotoxin
1984:Vanillotoxin
1921:Phaiodotoxin
1824:Invertebrate
1747:Solasodamine
1682:Lotaustralin
1517:Fumonisin B4
1513:Fumonisin B2
1509:Fumonisin B1
1495:Cytochalasin
1397:
1377:
1329:
1315:
1309:Superantigen
1301:
1257:
1145:Streptolysin
1086:
1067:
1048:
1029:
873:
869:
862:
835:
831:
821:
786:
782:
772:
739:
736:The Prostate
735:
729:
712:
708:
702:
677:
673:
667:
642:
638:
632:
599:
595:
589:
575:(21): 1531.
572:
568:
562:
550:
531:
527:
517:
508:
502:
490:
432:
423:
403:
398:Bufo viridis
397:
383:
379:
365:
361:
347:
343:
330:Bufo marinus
329:
319:
309:
295:
282:Bufo marinus
281:
267:
263:
256:Arenobufagin
250:
231:
196:
186:
172:
171:
163:Bufo marinus
162:
156:
136:
135:
22:Identifiers
2283:Bufanolides
2180:Snake venom
2134:Epibatidine
2122:Cinobufagin
1979:Stromatoxin
1926:Imperatoxin
1876:Scyllatoxin
1782:Tagetitoxin
1777:Swainsonine
1767:Solauricine
1732:Solamargine
1727:Scopolamine
1717:Retronecine
1583:Zearalenone
1251:Shiga toxin
1222:Cord factor
1061:Enterotoxin
1056:Alpha toxin
1050:perfringens
1042:Tetanolysin
1020:Clostridium
957:hepatotoxin
947:enterotoxin
937:cardiotoxin
392:, from the
374:, from the
356:, from the
338:, from the
304:, from the
302:Gamabufagin
290:, from the
288:Cinobufagin
276:, from the
258:, from the
228:Gamabufagin
209:snake venom
139:is a toxic
111:212-213 ËšC
101:1.240 g/cm
49:Properties
39:102648-38-4
2272:Categories
2212:Taicatoxin
2149:Samandarin
2102:Bufotoxins
2066:Ciguatoxin
2044:Vertebrate
1989:Huwentoxin
1969:Cupiennins
1952:Latrotoxin
1896:Kaliotoxin
1866:Margatoxin
1856:Maurotoxin
1797:Toxalbumin
1787:Tinyatoxin
1772:Strychnine
1757:Solasonine
1752:Solasodine
1737:Solanidine
1657:Falcarinol
1642:Delphinine
1558:Phalloidin
1548:Ochratoxin
1543:Orellanine
1533:Lolitrem B
1500:Ergotamine
1450:Mycotoxins
1294:Mechanisms
1253:/Verotoxin
1190:Exfoliatin
1150:Leukocidin
967:phototoxin
962:neurotoxin
495:References
470:inhibition
454:inhibitors
441:, causing
406:anti-tumor
382:, synonym
364:, synonym
346:, synonym
266:, synonym
213:epinephrin
161:, synonym
84:Molar mass
29:CAS Number
2117:Bufotenin
2112:Bufotalin
2082:Amphibian
2025:Saxitoxin
2015:Eledoisin
2010:Conotoxin
1881:Hefutoxin
1697:Oleandrin
1677:Linamarin
1667:Helenalin
1627:Cicutoxin
1622:Chaconine
1602:Amygdalin
1573:Vomitoxin
1523:Gliotoxin
1505:Fumonisin
1458:Aflatoxin
1421:Virulence
1357:Endotoxin
1088:botulinum
1069:difficile
979:Bacterial
952:hemotoxin
942:cytotoxin
447:analgesic
435:digitalis
412:Synthesis
326:cane toad
278:cane toad
274:Bufotalin
220:Chemistry
197:Bufo agua
177:bufotoxin
167:digitalis
2257:Category
2020:Onchidal
2000:Mollusca
1911:Bestoxin
1906:Birtoxin
1871:Slotoxin
1861:Agitoxin
1836:Scorpion
1792:Tomatine
1742:Solanine
1687:Mimosine
1662:Gossypol
1647:Divicine
1612:Antiarin
1607:Anisatin
1538:Muscimol
1490:Citrinin
1463:Amatoxin
1409:Cry34Ab1
1337:AB toxin
1331:type III
1243:negative
1001:positive
990:Exotoxin
890:12467910
854:23317181
764:36322137
756:12497584
659:21416078
624:30031690
511:: 568-9.
466:melanoma
462:leukemia
340:oak toad
324:and the
17:Bufagin
2175:Reptile
1637:Daphnin
1632:Coniine
1617:Brucine
1578:Zeranol
1553:Patulin
1400:toxins
1390:Cry3Bb1
1370:Lipid A
1317:type II
1258:E. coli
1010:Bacilli
813:8063619
804:5919529
721:7967697
694:4643019
616:9736996
556:bufagin
482:digoxin
408:drugs.
318:, from
238:lactone
183:History
173:Bufagin
141:steroid
137:Bufagin
97:Density
89:402.531
2047:toxins
1942:Spider
1916:BmKAEP
1886:HgeTx1
1827:toxins
1702:Persin
1595:toxins
1423:factor
1404:Cry6Aa
1396:Other
1385:Cry1Ac
1303:type I
1106:Other:
1031:tetani
981:toxins
932:Toxins
888:
852:
811:
801:
762:
754:
719:
692:
657:
622:
614:
242:pyrone
1974:PhTx3
1891:HsTx1
1814:Tutin
1807:Ricin
1802:Abrin
1672:Ledol
1593:Plant
1185:delta
1133:Cocci
1094:Botox
760:S2CID
620:S2CID
464:and
246:furan
2056:Fish
1964:CSTX
1241:Gram
1181:beta
999:Gram
886:PMID
850:PMID
809:PMID
752:PMID
717:PMID
690:PMID
655:PMID
612:PMID
191:and
1931:Pi3
1901:Lq2
1341:AB5
878:doi
840:doi
799:PMC
791:doi
744:doi
682:doi
647:doi
604:doi
577:doi
573:LVI
536:doi
532:104
488:).
240:(α-
2274::
1511:,
1477:,
1473:,
1469:,
884:.
874:72
872:.
848:.
836:13
834:.
830:.
807:.
797:.
787:85
785:.
781:.
758:.
750:.
740:54
738:.
713:14
711:.
688:.
678:37
676:.
653:.
643:28
641:.
618:.
610:.
600:15
598:.
571:.
530:.
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386:);
368:);
350:);
332:);
312:);
298:);
284:);
270:);
149:34
145:24
71:34
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2182::
2177:/
2084::
2058::
2002::
1944::
1838::
1519:)
1507:(
1481:)
1465:(
1339:/
1267:/
1183:/
1179:/
1080:B
1075:A
1022::
922:e
915:t
908:v
892:.
880::
856:.
842::
815:.
793::
766:.
746::
723:.
696:.
684::
661:.
649::
626:.
606::
583:.
579::
544:.
538::
400:)
396:(
378:(
360:(
342:(
328:(
308:(
294:(
262:(
153:5
151:O
147:H
143:C
77:5
74:O
68:H
62:C
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