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2380:. The hulls are durable and do not insulate or reflect heat as much as synthetic filling. They are sometimes marketed as an alternative natural filling to feathers for those with allergies. However, medical studies to measure the health effects of pillows manufactured with unprocessed and uncleaned hulls concluded that such buckwheat pillows do contain higher levels of a potential allergen that may trigger
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1707:. Seeds, flour, and teas are generally safe when consumed in normal amounts, but fagopyrism can appear in people with diets based on high consumption of buckwheat sprouts, and particularly flowers or fagopyrin-rich buckwheat extracts. Symptoms of fagopyrism in humans may include skin
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Buckwheat is raised for grain only where a brief time is available for growth, either because the buckwheat is an early or a second crop in the season, or because the total growing season is limited. It establishes quickly, which suppresses summer weeds, and can be a reliable
437:
Buckwheat is a herbaceous annual flowering plant growing to about 60 centimetres (24 in), with red stems and pink and white flowers resembling those of knotweeds. The leaves are arrow-shaped and the fruits are achenes about 5–7 mm with 3 prominent sharp angles.
3665:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
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or on the plateau itself. Buckwheat was one of the earliest crops introduced by
Europeans to North America. Dispersal around the globe was complete by 2006, when a variety developed in Canada was widely planted in China. In India, buckwheat flour is known as
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that reaches deeply into moist soil. It grows 75 to 125 centimetres (30 to 50 inches) tall. Buckwheat has tetrahedral seeds and produces a flower that is usually white, although can also be pink or yellow. Buckwheat branches freely, as opposed to
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1977:
noodles are the subject of deep cultural importance in Japan. The difficulty of making noodles from flour with no gluten has resulted in a traditional art developed around their manufacture by hand. A jelly called
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had not continued planting buckwheat, suggesting a need for further technique development so that buckwheat will integrate well with real-world vineyard practice. English-Loeb et al. 2003 found that it
3431:
OĹľbolt L, Kreft S, Kreft I, Germ M, Stibilj V (2008). "Distribution of selenium and phenolics in buckwheat plants grown from seeds soaked in Se solution and under different levels of UV-B radiation".
779:
promising in one vineyard in New
Zealand but the same team - Berndt et al. 2006, four years later and studying a number of vineyards up and down New Zealand - did find a significant increase in 22
3392:"Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench)"
2060:
in Nepal. Similar pancakes were a common food in
American pioneer days. They are light and airy when baked. The buckwheat flour gives the pancakes an earthy, mildly mushroom-like taste.
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in summer to fit a small slot of warm season. Buckwheat has a growing period of only 10–12 weeks and it can be grown in high latitude or northern areas. Buckwheat is sometimes used as a
1819:. The seed coat is green or tan, which darkens buckwheat flour. The hull is dark brown or black, and some may be included in buckwheat flour as dark specks. The dark flour is known as
3263:
Biondi, Antonio; Guedes, Raul
Narciso C.; Wan, Fang-Hao; Desneux, Nicolas (7 January 2018). "Ecology, Worldwide Spread, and Management of the Invasive South American Tomato Pinworm,
568:– reduces yields, and the soil must be well drained. In hot climates buckwheat can be grown only by sowing late in the season, so that it blooms in cooler weather. The presence of
3154:
Daane, Kent M.; Vincent, Charles; Isaacs, Rufus; Ioriatti, Claudio (7 January 2018). "Entomological
Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Viticulture in a Global Market".
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is often studied and used as a pollen and nectar source to increase natural predator numbers to control crop pests. Berndt et al. 2002 found that the results were not
1600:
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Gurr, Geoff M.; Wratten, Steve D.; Landis, Douglas A.; You, Minsheng (31 January 2017). "Habitat
Management to Suppress Pest Populations: Progress and Prospects".
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Stone, J.L. (1906). Buckwheat. Agricultural experiment station of the
College of Agriculture Department of Agronomy (Report). Bulletin. Vol. 238. Ithaca, NY:
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2600 BCE, while buckwheat pollen found in Japan dates from as early as 4000 BCE. It is the world's highest-elevation domesticate, being cultivated in
866:
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Pasini, Federica; Gardini, Silvia; Marcazzan, Gian Luigi; Caboni, Maria
Fiorenza (2013). "Buckwheat honeys: Screening of composition and properties".
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875:
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Landis, Douglas A.; Wratten, Stephen D.; Gurr, Geoff M. (2000). "Habitat
Management to Conserve Natural Enemies of Arthropod Pests in Agriculture".
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Tavčar Benković E, Žigon D, Friedrich M, Plavec J, Kreft S (2014). "Isolation, analysis and structures of phototoxic fagopyrins from buckwheat".
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to be killed by frosts it would have otherwise survived, and Colley and Luna 2000 found that it may delay its flowering to not coincide with the
3603:
Janes D, Kantar D, Kreft S, Prosen H (1 January 2009). "Identification of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) aroma compounds with GC-MS".
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Ohnishi, O (1998). "Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of tatary buckwheat".
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In 2022, world production of buckwheat was 2.2 million tonnes, led by Russia with 55% of the world total, followed by China with 23% and
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and the wild forms have a common distribution, in Yunnan, a southwestern province of China. The wild ancestor of tartary buckwheat is
3672:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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is native to south-central China and Tibet, and has been introduced into suitable climates across Eurasia, Africa and the Americas.
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3636:
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Suckling, D.M.; Brockerhoff, E.G. (2010). "Invasion Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Light Brown Apple Moth (Tortricidae)".
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is prohibited during such fasting days. While strict Hindus do not even drink water during their fast, others give up cereals and
1944:
share the same basic design features. The Japanese and Koreans may have learned the process of making buckwheat noodles from them.
3838:
Benković, E. T; Kreft, S (2015). "Fagopyrins and Protofagopyrins: Detection, Analysis, and Potential Phototoxicity in Buckwheat".
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and Europe, which it reached by the 15th century. Domestication most likely took place in the western Yunnan region of China.
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and northern China for centuries, where the growing season is too short to raise wheat. A wooden press is used to press the
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893:, and to a lesser degree other Solanaceous and non-Solanaceous horticulturals. Kalinova and Moudry 2003 found that further
1839:, to whole-grain flour or to white flour. The grain can be fractionated into starch, germ and hull for specialized uses.
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Quisenberry, K.S.; Taylor, J.W. (1939). Growing Buckwheat (Report). Farmers' bulletin. Vol. 1835. Washington, DC:
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Buckwheat is a short-season crop that grows well in low-fertility or acidic soils; too much fertilizer – especially
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2090:, etc.), fasting people in northern states of India eat foods made of buckwheat flour. Eating cereals such as
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3039:"Effects of buckwheat flowers on leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard"
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1895:. Groats were the most widely used form of buckwheat worldwide during the 20th century, eaten primarily in
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is a Japanese distilled beverage produced since the 16th Century. The taste is milder than barley shōchū.
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is dark, strong and aromatic. Because it does not complement other honeys, it is normally produced as a
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2230:. Although it is not an actual cereal (being a pseudocereal), buckwheat can be used in the same way as
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of more than 50, but the aroma of these substances in an isolated state does not resemble buckwheat.
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Janes D, Kreft S (2008). "Salicylaldehyde is a characteristic aroma component of buckwheat groats".
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Ciacci C, Ciclitira P, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Ludvigsson JF, McGough N, et al. (2015).
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3717:"The gluten-free diet and its current application in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis"
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Buckwheat (left), buckwheat flakes (fast cooking) (right), and crispbread made of buckwheat flour.
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or producing suckers, enabling more complete adaption to its environment than other cereal crops.
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reactions to buckwheat and buckwheat-containing products have been reported. Buckwheat contains
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Li, S.; Zhang, Q.H. (2001). "Advances in the development of functional foods from buckwheat".
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2496:"The Effects of Plasma-Activated Water Treatment on the Growth of Tartary Buckwheat Sprouts"
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With a 100-gram serving of dry buckwheat providing 1,440 kilojoules (343 kilocalories) of
8:
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
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1044:(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) was identified as a characteristic component of buckwheat aroma.
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variation to be the most likely explanation for biocontrol performance variation between
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Buckwheat, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)
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greatly increases yield. Nectar from flowering buckwheat produces a dark-colored honey.
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4032:"Dermatophagoides Farinae, an Important Allergenic Substance in Buckwheat-Husk Pillows"
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Buckwheat is a permitted sustenance during fasting in several traditions. In India, on
1613:, or 380 kJ (92 kcal) cooked, buckwheat is a rich source (20% or more of the
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Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora
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into hot boiling water when making buckwheat noodles. Old presses found in Tibet and
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in sunlight-exposed areas, cold sensitivity, and tingling or numbness in the hands.
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540:. On the day of these festivals, food items made only from buckwheat are consumed.
317:. Buckwheat originated around the 6th millennium BCE in the region of what is now
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4076:"Endotoxin and House Dust Mite Allergen Levels on Synthetic and Buckwheat Pillows"
3499:"The content of fagopyrin and polyphenols in common and tartary buckwheat sprouts"
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Pseudocereals and Less Common Cereals: grain properties and utilization potential
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Kreft S, Knapp M, Kreft I (November 1999). "Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (
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In recent years, buckwheat has been used as a substitute for other grains in
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1835:(saracen grain). The grain can be prepared by simple dehulling, milling into
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This article is about a commonly cultivated crop plant. For other uses, see
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2687:(Polygonaceae) species based on morphology, isozymes and cpDNA variability"
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2627:(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics.
2106:). In the Russian Orthodox tradition, it is eaten on the St. Philip fast.
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of the buckwheat plant. It has almost no levels of inorganic arsenic.
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seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the
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429:), or maybe a native formation on the same model as the Dutch word.
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made entirely or principally from buckwheat. It is produced in the
2079:
2049:
1980:
1965:
1866:. The dish was taken to America by Jewish, Ukrainian, Russian, and
1847:
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914:
828:. Stephens et al. 1998 also first demonstrated a great increase of
816:- were responsible for this increase, and Stephens et al. 1998 for
101:
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4775:
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Chein Soo Hong; Hae Sim Park & Seung Heon Oh (December 1987).
3539:"Yes, There Is Arsenic In Your Rice. Here's What You Need To Know"
2863:
Björkman, T.; Bellinder, R.R.; Hahn, R.R. & Shail, J. (2008).
2364:
1685:. Nevertheless, buckwheat products may have gluten contamination.
412:
392:
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325:. The name "buckwheat" is used for several other species, such as
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in susceptible individuals than do new synthetic-filled pillows.
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and has long been culturally associated with many festivals like
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Common buckwheat was domesticated and first cultivated in inland
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Hae-Seon Nam; Choon-Sik Park; Julian Crane; Rob Siebers (2004).
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Moench) seeds and determination by capillary electrophoresis".
2772:"Kuttu (Buckwheat): A Promising Staple Food Grain for Our Diet"
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The buckwheat plant has a branching root system with a primary
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Black buckwheat tea (黑苦荞茶) produced in Sichuan Province, China
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Berndt, Lisa A.; Wratten, Steve D.; Hassan, Paul G. (2002).
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are eaten in several countries. They are known as buckwheat
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leafhoppers, and Balzan and Wäckers 2013 found the same for
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2683:"Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat II. Taxonomy of
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it was planted to feed. Foti et al. 2016 found significant
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3637:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
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are commonly used in western Asia and eastern Europe. The
496:, possibly around 6000 BCE, and from there spread to
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1925:(Greek ) in Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages.
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content allows them to be used in cooking like a cereal.
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Buckwheat bread (roti) with potato curry and sour curd,
2680:
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334:
Despite its name, buckwheat is not closely related to
3777:
2465:"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species"
2372:
Buckwheat hulls are used as filling for a variety of
374:
The name "buckwheat" or "beech wheat" comes from its
16:
Species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae
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3430:
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and instead eat non-cereal foods such as buckwheat (
3889:P. S. Belton; John Reginald Nuttall Taylor (2002).
3705:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3089:
3036:
2770:Bhaduri, Niti Pathak; Prajneshu, Meenakshi (2016).
1850:was common, and is often considered the definitive
3767:"Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Celiac Disease"
3669:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2983:
2981:
2979:
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2356:) in Japan, is a tea made from roasted buckwheat.
840:). Cullen et al. 2013 found that vineyards around
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3256:
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3030:
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2203:, the Northern Italian pasta made with buckwheat
1633:, with content especially high (47 to 65% DV) in
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1259:
511:The oldest remains found in China so far date to
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3140:
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2494:Wang, Ya; Nie, Zihan; Ma, Tingjun (2022-02-24).
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2976:
2776:Journal of Innovation for Inclusive Development
2447: – Genus of North American wild buckwheats
2305:
1815:is white and makes up most or all of buckwheat
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2351:
2314:
1090:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
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1823:(black wheat) in French, along with the name
552:Buckwheat with flowers, ripe and unripe seeds
313:cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a
3828:
3325:"Phenol-Explorer: Showing report on Cereals"
2925:Growing Buckwheat (Report). Ottawa, Canada:
2720:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
2341:
1951:play a major role in the cuisines of Japan (
1688:
1072:also contribute to its aroma. They all have
331:, a domesticated food plant raised in Asia.
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3841:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3633:United States Food and Drug Administration
3565:
3353:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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2595:Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003).
2152:, a snack made from buckwheat flour, India
1879:, as it is known today, who mixed it with
36:
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1807:, with a single seed inside a hard outer
1771:Learn how and when to remove this message
465:The wild ancestor of common buckwheat is
3722:United European Gastroenterology Journal
3497:Kreft, S.; Janeš, D.; Kreft, I. (2013).
2363:
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1790:
1782:
555:
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4402:
3920:Sandra Louise Oliver (1 January 2005).
3759:
2881:
1831:). Similarly, in Italy, it is known as
929:Field of buckwheat in Bumthang (Bhutan)
800:orchards. Gurr et al. 1998 showed that
600:control or as wildlife cover and feed.
5196:
4004:"10 Strange and Wonderful Korean Teas"
3882:
3380:
2717:
2646:
2644:
941:Buckwheat field near Vrchovina in the
885:, and thereby act as pest controls in
4620:
4619:
4152:
2842:
2619:
2588:
2359:
1046:2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone
1036:
767:
560:Exhibition of Flower Festival, Taiwan
5148:445772bb-8d05-46a4-a118-0f4ae86880e1
4988:ccb950e4-b7fe-426f-8453-8e09f90e6840
3923:Food in Colonial and Federal America
3805:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056008703.x
2718:Weekly, Ernest (1967). "Buckwheat".
2613:
2258:) and therefore can be suitable for
1753:adding citations to reliable sources
1724:
4001:
3995:
3390:Eguchi K, Anase T, Osuga H (2009).
2641:
2546:
1991:Noodles also appear in Italy, with
13:
3287:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-034933
3174:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023547
3110:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085311
3043:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
3008:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035050
2927:Canadian Department of Agriculture
2722:. Dover Publications. p. 211.
2681:Ohnishi, O.; Matsuoka, Y. (1996).
1029:, which are located mainly in the
14:
5240:
4127:
4080:Journal of Korean Medical Science
1669:, it may be eaten by people with
1004:
836:(which also commonly predates on
342:, nor is it even a member of the
5099:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:694526-1
4133:
3784:Wieslander G, Norbäck D (2001).
3068:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00126.x
2422:
2408:
2394:
2191:
2176:
2157:
2139:
2121:
1984:in Korea is made from buckwheat
1862:to a texture similar to rice or
1729:
992:
987:and withered flower of buckwheat
977:
961:
949:
934:
922:
728:
710:
692:
674:
656:
638:
49:
4067:
4023:
4002:Kim, Dakota (22 October 2015).
3969:
3944:
3868:
3694:from the original on 2024-05-09
3647:from the original on 2024-03-27
3596:
3559:
3531:
3490:
3453:
3424:
3339:
3317:
2933:
2918:
2798:
2763:
2726:
2262:or others sensitive to certain
1740:needs additional citations for
1714:
792:, as did Irvin et al. 1999 for
441:
236:(L.) H.Karst., invalid tautonym
3619:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.048
3582:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.032
3476:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.118
3447:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.073
3267:: Past, Present, and Future".
2942:U.S. Department of Agriculture
2819:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.102
2711:
2674:
2625:New Flora of the British Isles
2567:
2487:
2457:
2280:Buckwheat whisky is a type of
2186:of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
1660:
1657:, 13% protein, and 10% water.
968:Buckwheat flower in close up (
870:and Ferracini et al. 2012 for
543:
432:
1:
3952:"What to Eat During the Fast"
3771:National Institutes of Health
3226:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.175
2865:Buckwheat Cover Crop Handbook
2575:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2451:
2238:that can form the basis of a
1999:region of Southern Italy and
1679:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
1100:1,435 kJ (343 kcal)
603:
358:. Buckwheat is considered a
2662:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2282:distilled alcoholic beverage
2208:
1883:or used it as a filling for
1858:groats that are cooked with
1595:Percentages estimated using
1079:
616:Buckwheat production – 2022
369:
7:
5229:Taxa named by Conrad Moench
5209:Crops originating from Asia
3978:"Gluten Free Beer Festival"
3270:Annual Review of Entomology
3209:Annual Review of Entomology
3157:Annual Review of Entomology
3093:Annual Review of Entomology
3055:Royal Entomological Society
3051:Royal Entomological Society
2991:Annual Review of Entomology
2599:. London: A & C Black.
2387:
2306:
1009:Buckwheat contains diverse
911:short-chain carboxylic acid
849:sustain greater numbers of
10:
5245:
4092:10.3346/jkms.2004.19.4.505
3982:glutenfreebeerfestival.com
3976:Carolyn Smagalski (2006).
3928:Greenwood Publishing Group
2884:Food Science and Nutrition
2660:Plants of the world online
2273:
2009:region of Northern Italy.
1718:
1649:(table). Buckwheat is 72%
956:Common buckwheat in flower
452:
362:, because its seeds' high
21:Buckwheat (disambiguation)
18:
4628:
4537:
4489:
4467:
4393:
4370:
4361:
4321:
4283:
4267:
4199:
4190:
4053:10.3349/ymj.1987.28.4.274
3956:Orthodox Christianity.com
2691:Genes and Genetic Systems
2352:
2342:
2315:
2299:
2269:
2134:made from buckwheat flour
1689:Potential adverse effects
1665:As buckwheat contains no
1594:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1352:
1336:
1319:
1302:
1285:
1268:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1089:
899:at the wrong time of year
754:
184:
177:
160:
153:
46:Scientific classification
44:
35:
30:
3854:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01163
3735:10.1177/2050640614559263
3396:Plant Production Science
2513:10.3389/fnut.2022.849615
2438:List of buckwheat dishes
1721:List of buckwheat dishes
1683:dermatitis herpetiformis
1671:gluten-related disorders
1653:, 10% dietary fiber, 3%
1582:"Link to database entry"
4512:Intermediate wheatgrass
2782:: 43–45. Archived from
2221:
2063:Yeasted patties called
1993:pasta di grano saraceno
1597:US recommendations
1058:2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol
413:
393:
387:
309:in the knotweed family
4560:History of agriculture
4040:Yonsei Medical Journal
3516:10.2478/acph-2013-0031
2896:10.1080/20014091091887
2867:(Report). Ithaca, NY:
2500:Frontiers in Nutrition
2369:
2324:
2218:
1854:dish. It is made from
1796:
1788:
1601:the National Academies
1023:catechin-7-O-glucoside
999:Hulled buckwheat grain
561:
553:
462:
425:
419:
399:
397:"beech" (Modern Dutch
257:Fagopyrum sarracenicum
2367:
2216:
2067:are made in Ukraine.
1794:
1786:
1234:Vitamins and minerals
760:of the United Nations
559:
551:
477:is interfertile with
460:
338:. Buckwheat is not a
281:Polygonum emarginatum
225:Fagopyrum emarginatum
213:Fagopyrum emarginatum
5050:Fagopyrum esculentum
5037:Fagopyrum_esculentum
4660:Fagopyrum esculentum
4630:Fagopyrum esculentum
4555:Neolithic Revolution
4490:Emerging grain crops
4145:at Wikimedia Commons
4141:Fagopyrum esculentum
3348:Fagopyrum esculentum
3327:. Phenol-explorer.eu
2654:Fagopyrum esculentum
2554:"USDA GRIN Taxonomy"
2044:in the Netherlands,
1749:improve this article
1074:odour activity value
1050:(E,E)-2,4-decadienal
447:Fagopyrum esculentum
299:Fagopyrum esculentum
249:Fagopyrum sagittatum
164:Fagopyrum esculentum
4595:Genetic engineering
3897:Springer Publishing
3786:"Buckwheat allergy"
3408:2009PlPrS..12..475E
2847:. pp. 184–193.
2475:on 22 December 2019
2052:region of Belgium,
1932:have been eaten in
1887:(stuffed cabbage),
1321:Pantothenic acid (B
1086:
901:may actually cause
897:with other flowers
617:
519:on the edge of the
417:"wheat" (Mod. Dut.
346:. It is related to
328:Fagopyrum tataricum
241:Fagopyrum polygonum
233:Fagopyrum fagopyrum
205:Fagopyrum dryandrii
189:Polygonum fagopyrum
4605:Crop wild relative
4600:Selective breeding
4427:A. hypochondriacus
3547:. 14 February 2017
3503:Acta Pharmaceutica
3417:10.1626/pps.12.475
2869:Cornell University
2845:Cornell University
2749:10.1007/BF02861199
2704:10.1266/ggs.71.383
2430:Agriculture portal
2370:
2360:Upholstery filling
2219:
2025:galettes bretonnes
1797:
1789:
1555:Other constituents
1084:
1054:phenylacetaldehyde
1037:Aromatic compounds
895:companion planting
825:Micromus tasmaniae
768:Biological control
615:
562:
554:
504:, and then to the
463:
268:Hill ex Druce 1913
146:F. esculentum
5191:
5190:
5022:Open Tree of Life
4622:Taxon identifiers
4613:
4612:
4485:
4484:
4463:
4462:
4445:Pitseed goosefoot
4385:Tartary buckwheat
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4138:Media related to
3937:978-0-313-32988-3
3906:978-3-540-42939-5
3679:978-0-309-48834-1
3366:10.1021/jf990186p
2634:978-1-5272-2630-2
2376:goods, including
2242:that will brew a
1781:
1780:
1773:
1607:
1606:
1545:
1544:
765:
764:
761:
632:
596:, as a plant for
292:
291:
285:
277:
273:Fagopyrum vulgare
269:
265:Fagopyrum vulgare
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
221:
209:
201:
197:Fagopyrum cereale
193:
5236:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5138:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5115:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5089:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5063:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5040:
5039:
5030:
5029:
5017:
5016:
5004:
5003:
4991:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4968:
4967:
4965:NBNSYS0000003767
4955:
4954:
4942:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4857:
4856:
4844:
4843:
4831:
4830:
4818:
4817:
4805:
4804:
4792:
4791:
4779:
4778:
4766:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4727:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4617:
4616:
4590:Green Revolution
4575:Tell Abu Hureyra
4570:Fertile Crescent
4565:Natufian culture
4507:Indian ricegrass
4400:
4399:
4368:
4367:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4268:
4197:
4196:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4137:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3876:"Grano Saraceno"
3872:
3866:
3865:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3807:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3151:
3138:
3137:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3034:
3028:
3027:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2944:. pp. 1–17.
2937:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2813:(3): 2802–2811.
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:. Etymonline.com
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2515:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2471:. Archived from
2469:theplantlist.org
2461:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2336:(苦荞茶) in China,
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2276:Buckwheat whisky
2228:gluten-free beer
2195:
2180:
2161:
2143:
2125:
2114:monofloral honey
1799:The fruit is an
1776:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1733:
1725:
1693:Cases of severe
1631:dietary minerals
1589:
1584:. Food Details.
1406:
1357:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1290:
1273:
1263:
1230:
1229:
1087:
1083:
996:
981:
965:
953:
938:
926:
802:floral nectaries
755:
734:
732:
731:
716:
714:
713:
698:
696:
695:
680:
678:
677:
662:
660:
659:
644:
642:
641:
626:
618:
614:
428:
422:
416:
402:
396:
390:
321:in southwestern
303:common buckwheat
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
227:
215:
207:
199:
191:
166:
54:
53:
40:
28:
27:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5084:
5079:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5043:
5035:
5033:
5025:
5020:
5012:
5009:Observation.org
5007:
4999:
4994:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4937:
4936:MichiganFlora:
4935:
4927:
4922:
4914:
4909:
4901:
4896:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4873:
4865:
4860:
4852:
4847:
4839:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4813:
4808:
4800:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4722:
4720:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4533:
4528:Oryza coarctata
4481:
4459:
4389:
4345:
4317:
4274:
4263:
4186:
4177:
4130:
4125:
4072:
4068:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3930:. p. 164.
3918:
3914:
3907:
3899:. p. 138.
3887:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3848:(24): 5715–24.
3836:
3829:
3782:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3648:
3630:
3626:
3601:
3597:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3495:
3491:
3458:
3454:
3429:
3425:
3388:
3381:
3360:(11): 4649–52.
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3261:
3257:
3204:
3197:
3152:
3141:
3088:
3084:
3035:
3031:
2986:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2852:
2841:
2834:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2768:
2764:
2736:Economic Botany
2731:
2727:
2716:
2712:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2368:Buckwheat hulls
2362:
2346:) in Korea and
2327:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2224:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2110:Buckwheat honey
2088:Maha Shivaratri
1787:Buckwheat flour
1777:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1691:
1663:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1407:
1377:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1297:
1288:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1235:
1224:
1219:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1180:Polyunsaturated
1170:Monounsaturated
1154:
1149:
1120:
1115:
1082:
1042:Salicylaldehyde
1039:
1025:in groats, and
1007:
1000:
997:
988:
982:
973:
966:
957:
954:
945:
939:
930:
927:
855:parasitoids on
810:alternate hosts
770:
729:
727:
711:
709:
693:
691:
675:
673:
657:
655:
639:
637:
625:
606:
546:
521:Tibetan Plateau
475:F. homotropicum
455:
444:
435:
372:
319:Yunnan Province
307:flowering plant
288:
173:
168:
162:
149:
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5242:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:Flora of China
5211:
5206:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:wfo-0000685460
5172:
5162:
5152:
5139:
5129:
5116:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5064:
5054:
5041:
5031:
5018:
5005:
4992:
4982:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4933:
4920:
4907:
4894:
4881:
4871:
4858:
4845:
4832:
4819:
4806:
4793:
4780:
4767:
4754:
4741:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4695:
4685:
4675:
4665:
4650:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4517:Kangaroo grass
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4129:
4128:External links
4126:
4124:
4123:
4066:
4047:(4): 274–281.
4022:
3994:
3968:
3943:
3936:
3912:
3905:
3881:
3867:
3827:
3776:
3758:
3704:
3678:
3657:
3624:
3606:Food Chemistry
3595:
3569:Food Chemistry
3558:
3530:
3489:
3463:Food Chemistry
3452:
3434:Food Chemistry
3423:
3402:(4): 475–480.
3379:
3338:
3316:
3279:Annual Reviews
3255:
3218:Annual Reviews
3195:
3166:Annual Reviews
3139:
3102:Annual Reviews
3082:
3029:
3000:Annual Reviews
2975:
2947:
2932:
2917:
2890:(6): 451–464.
2874:
2850:
2832:
2807:Food Chemistry
2797:
2762:
2743:(2): 123–133.
2725:
2710:
2697:(6): 383–390.
2673:
2640:
2633:
2612:
2606:978-1408179505
2605:
2587:
2566:
2545:
2486:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2419:
2405:
2389:
2386:
2361:
2358:
2326:
2323:
2301:
2298:
2274:Main article:
2271:
2268:
2223:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2074:fasting days (
1873:who called it
1833:grano saraceno
1811:. The starchy
1805:sunflower seed
1779:
1778:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1716:
1713:
1690:
1687:
1675:celiac disease
1662:
1659:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1078:
1038:
1035:
1011:phytochemicals
1006:
1005:Phytochemicals
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
991:
989:
983:
976:
974:
967:
960:
958:
955:
948:
946:
943:Czech Republic
940:
933:
931:
928:
921:
786:Dolichogenidea
769:
766:
763:
762:
752:
751:
748:
742:
741:
738:
724:
723:
720:
706:
705:
702:
688:
687:
684:
670:
669:
666:
652:
651:
648:
634:
633:
622:
605:
602:
545:
542:
494:Southeast Asia
454:
451:
443:
440:
434:
431:
371:
368:
290:
289:
287:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
210:
202:
194:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
169:
158:
157:
151:
150:
143:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
112:Caryophyllales
109:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5241:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Pseudocereals
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Domestication
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Founder crops
4548:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4395:Amaranthaceae
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Pseudocereals
4360:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:pseudocereals
4181:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:(2): 121–35.
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3661:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3509:(4): 553–60.
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:Tuta absoluta
3259:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2786:on 2018-10-18
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2416:Plants portal
2411:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:Buckwheat tea
2322:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2295:
2294:United States
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2264:glycoproteins
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:to produce a
2233:
2229:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2056:in India and
2055:
2054:kuttu ki puri
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:) and Korea (
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:cabbage rolls
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:, similar to
1802:
1793:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1761:December 2015
1754:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1738:This section
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:carbohydrates
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:dietary fiber
1620:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1287:Riboflavin (B
1284:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:Dietary fiber
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:Carbohydrates
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:(E)-2-nonenal
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
995:
990:
986:
980:
975:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
919:
918:
916:
912:
908:
907:natural enemy
904:
903:F. esculentum
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
882:Tuta absoluta
878:
877:
874:
869:
868:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
814:F. esculentum
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
787:
783:, especially
782:
778:
774:
773:F. esculentum
759:
753:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
737:
726:
725:
721:
719:
718:United States
708:
707:
703:
701:
690:
689:
685:
683:
672:
671:
667:
665:
654:
653:
649:
647:
636:
635:
630:
623:
620:
619:
613:
611:
601:
599:
595:
591:
585:
583:
578:
573:
571:
567:
558:
550:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:kuttu ka atta
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:F. esculentum
476:
472:
468:
467:F. esculentum
459:
450:
448:
439:
430:
427:
423:, antiquated
421:
415:
410:
406:
401:
395:
389:
385:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
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332:
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324:
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312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
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258:
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247:
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206:
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198:
195:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
159:
156:
155:Binomial name
152:
148:
147:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:Tracheophytes
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4629:
4526:
4497:Canary grass
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4379:
4372:Polygonaceae
4219:Maize (Corn)
4140:
4086:(4): 505–8.
4083:
4079:
4069:
4044:
4038:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4007:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3981:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3955:
3946:
3922:
3915:
3891:
3884:
3870:
3845:
3839:
3798:(8): 703–4.
3795:
3789:
3779:
3773:. June 2016.
3761:
3726:
3720:
3696:. Retrieved
3668:
3660:
3649:. Retrieved
3640:
3627:
3613:(1): 120–4.
3610:
3604:
3598:
3576:(2): 293–8.
3573:
3567:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3542:
3533:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3441:(3): 691–6.
3438:
3432:
3426:
3399:
3395:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3319:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3213:
3207:
3161:
3155:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3046:
3042:
3032:
2995:
2989:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2935:
2920:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:the original
2779:
2775:
2765:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2659:
2653:
2624:
2621:Stace, C. A.
2615:
2596:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2548:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:the original
2468:
2459:
2443:
2371:
2347:
2337:
2333:
2332:, known as
2328:
2303:
2279:
2225:
2198:
2146:
2108:
2103:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1927:
1920:
1874:
1841:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1798:
1767:
1758:
1747:Please help
1742:verification
1739:
1715:Culinary use
1709:inflammation
1692:
1664:
1629:and several
1608:
1559:
1554:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1214:
1144:
1110:
1040:
1013:, including
1008:
902:
898:
880:
871:
862:
858:Erythroneura
856:
850:
846:
837:
833:
829:
823:
817:
813:
793:
784:
776:
772:
771:
745:
607:
594:green manure
586:
574:
563:
525:
512:
510:
498:Central Asia
491:
486:
483:F. tataricum
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
464:
446:
445:
442:Distribution
436:
408:
384:Middle Dutch
373:
360:pseudocereal
344:grass family
333:
326:
311:Polygonaceae
302:
298:
294:
293:
280:
272:
264:
256:
248:
240:
232:
224:
212:
204:
196:
188:
163:
161:
145:
144:
132:
122:Polygonaceae
95:
82:
69:
25:
5073:kew-2807310
4947:NatureServe
4862:iNaturalist
4654:Wikispecies
4420:A. cruentus
4413:A. caudatus
4214:Job's tears
4143:(Buckwheat)
3470:: 432–439.
3331:24 November
3281:: 239–258.
3220:: 175–201.
3168:: 193–214.
3104:: 285–306.
2968:24 February
2963:www.fao.org
2790:29 December
2559:16 December
2402:Food portal
2374:upholstered
2292:and in the
2200:Pizzoccheri
2084:Janmashtami
2028:in France,
2022:in Russia,
2002:pizzoccheri
1971:memil guksu
1699:fluorescent
1661:Gluten-free
1615:Daily Value
1611:food energy
1270:Thiamine (B
781:parasitoids
570:pollinators
544:Cultivation
538:Janmashtami
506:Middle East
433:Description
376:tetrahedral
276:T.Nees 1853
228:Moench 1802
89:Angiosperms
5198:Categories
5155:WisFlora:
5068:Plant List
4721:Calflora:
4580:Tell Aswad
4522:Nipa grass
4275:(Triticum)
4015:27 January
3844:(Review).
3794:(Review).
3725:(Review).
3698:2024-06-21
3651:2024-03-28
3061:): 39–45.
3002:: 91–109.
2581:2013-11-24
2506:: 849615.
2452:References
2334:kuqiao-cha
2304:Buckwheat
2288:region of
2254:(together
2065:hrechanyky
2058:kachhyamba
2041:poffertjes
2012:Buckwheat
2007:Valtellina
1960:naengmyeon
1947:Buckwheat
1928:Buckwheat
1907:, Russia,
1871:immigrants
1842:Buckwheat
1719:See also:
1705:fagopyrins
1702:phototoxic
1673:, such as
1647:phosphorus
1627:B vitamins
1478:Phosphorus
1031:cotyledons
1027:fagopyrins
804:- and not
798:Canterbury
750:2,235,193
700:Kazakhstan
650:1,222,382
624:Production
604:Production
590:cover crop
471:ancestrale
380:beech tree
315:cover crop
31:Buckwheat
5219:Fagopyrum
5204:Buckwheat
4828:200006709
4815:200006709
4797:FloraBase
4545:Triticeae
4469:Lamiaceae
4380:Buckwheat
4259:Wild rice
4254:Triticale
4100:1011-8934
3987:1 October
3961:1 October
3311:207640103
3295:0066-4170
3234:0066-4170
3182:0066-4170
3118:0066-4170
3016:0066-4170
2959:"FAOSTAT"
2685:Fagopyrum
2666:19 August
2522:2296-861X
2479:3 October
2444:Eriogonum
2338:memil-cha
2209:Beverages
2147:Kuttu ke
2076:Navaratri
1919:, called
1905:Lithuania
1813:endosperm
1643:manganese
1639:magnesium
1617:, DV) of
1588:. 170286.
1491:Potassium
1465:Manganese
1452:Magnesium
1371:Vitamin C
1354:Folate (B
1338:Vitamin B
1304:Niacin (B
1160:Saturated
1085:Buckwheat
1080:Nutrition
915:cultivars
873:Necremnus
864:Necremnus
819:Anacharis
789:tasmanica
612:with 7%.
582:tillering
534:Navaratri
530:Shivratri
388:boecweite
370:Etymology
295:Buckwheat
244:Macloskie
140:Species:
133:Fagopyrum
59:Kingdom:
5143:VicFlora
5132:VASCAN:
5125:26000158
5120:Tropicos
5034:PalDat:
4952:2.151597
4903:11280757
4890:694526-1
4711:BioLib:
4639:Wikidata
4541:See also
4404:Amaranth
4308:Norin 10
4303:Red Fife
4298:Khorasan
4118:15308838
3862:26024291
3822:29968598
3814:11488663
3753:25922672
3692:Archived
3688:30844154
3645:Archived
3635:(2024).
3590:26003350
3544:HuffPost
3525:24451079
3484:24054263
3374:10552865
3303:28977774
3242:10761575
3190:29324036
3134:36541192
3126:19728834
3077:85231915
3024:27813664
2912:13049923
2904:11592684
2827:23871027
2757:22902898
2623:(2019).
2540:35284468
2388:See also
2348:soba-cha
2286:Brittany
2260:coeliacs
2246:without
2080:Ekadashi
2050:Wallonia
2046:boûketes
2014:pancakes
1981:memilmuk
1966:makguksu
1893:blintzes
1848:porridge
1825:sarrasin
1821:blé noir
1695:allergic
1560:Quantity
1504:Selenium
1399:Quantity
1393:Minerals
1332:1.233 mg
1298:0.425 mg
1281:0.101 mg
1256:Quantity
1250:Vitamins
832:spp. on
822:spp. on
777:entirely
756:Source:
686:147,690
668:506,440
621:Country
566:nitrogen
487:potanini
352:knotweed
179:Synonyms
118:Family:
102:Eudicots
4841:2889373
4745:Ecocrop
4645:Q132734
4450:Cañihua
4434:Celosia
4331:Einkorn
4244:Sorghum
4224:Millets
4192:Cereals
4180:Cereals
4109:2816881
4061:3439196
3791:Allergy
3744:4406897
3551:8 April
3404:Bibcode
3250:6315523
2929:. 1978.
2656:Moench"
2531:8908094
2378:pillows
2252:hordein
2248:gliadin
2184:Grechka
2132:noodles
2048:in the
2005:in the
1949:noodles
1930:noodles
1922:grechka
1913:Belarus
1909:Ukraine
1897:Estonia
1889:knishes
1856:roasted
1852:peasant
1829:saracen
1625:, four
1619:protein
1413:Calcium
1348:0.21 mg
1315:7.02 mg
1223:13.25 g
1216:Protein
1199:0.961 g
1196:0.078 g
1194:1.039 g
1189:omega‑6
1184:omega‑3
1164:0.741 g
1070:hexanal
1066:decanal
1019:tannins
867:artynes
852:Anagrus
842:Waipara
806:shelter
758:FAOSTAT
740:64,376
722:85,305
704:89,803
682:Ukraine
610:Ukraine
598:erosion
577:taproot
453:History
411:-) and
356:rhubarb
260:Dumort.
216:(Roth)
192:L. 1753
128:Genus:
108:Order:
63:Plantae
5112:2225-1
5081:PLANTS
5027:904381
4985:NZOR:
4929:502589
4916:114373
4867:145601
4789:177702
4763:487699
4691:116030
4688:APDB:
4668:AoFP:
4455:Djulis
4440:Quinoa
4313:Winter
4273:Wheat
4204:Barley
4116:
4106:
4098:
4059:
3934:
3903:
3860:
3820:
3812:
3751:
3741:
3686:
3676:
3588:
3523:
3482:
3372:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3188:
3180:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3075:
3022:
3014:
2910:
2902:
2825:
2755:
2631:
2603:
2538:
2528:
2520:
2382:asthma
2308:shōchū
2300:Shōchū
2290:France
2270:Whisky
2256:gluten
2232:barley
2166:Sikkim
2149:pakore
2036:Acadia
2031:ployes
1997:Apulia
1986:starch
1942:Shanxi
1917:Poland
1915:, and
1901:Latvia
1891:, and
1868:Polish
1864:bulgur
1844:groats
1837:farina
1801:achene
1667:gluten
1635:niacin
1537:2.4 mg
1517:Sodium
1511:8.3 ÎĽg
1498:460 mg
1485:347 mg
1472:1.3 mg
1459:231 mg
1446:2.2 mg
1433:1.1 mg
1426:Copper
1174:1.04 g
1119:71.5 g
1096:Energy
891:potato
887:tomato
808:in or
746:Total:
736:Brazil
733:
715:
697:
679:
661:
646:Russia
643:
629:tonnes
517:Yunnan
403:; see
364:starch
354:, and
348:sorrel
340:cereal
252:Gilib.
218:Meisn.
171:Moench
5165:WoI:
5107:SANBI
5086:FAES2
5057:PFI:
4996:NZPCN
4898:IRMNG
4874:IPA:
4854:16528
4784:EUNIS
4776:FAGES
4737:3DS8L
4714:38828
4704:60651
4678:APA:
4502:Drinn
4341:Spelt
4336:Emmer
4323:Farro
4293:Durum
4288:Bread
4209:Fonio
4035:(PDF)
4009:Paste
3818:S2CID
3307:S2CID
3277:(1).
3246:S2CID
3216:(1).
3164:(1).
3130:S2CID
3100:(1).
3073:S2CID
3059:Wiley
3049:(1).
2998:(1).
2908:S2CID
2753:S2CID
2170:India
2104:kuttu
2092:wheat
2072:Hindu
2019:blini
1938:dough
1934:Tibet
1881:pasta
1876:kasha
1860:broth
1817:flour
1569:9.8 g
1566:Water
1420:18 mg
1365:30 ÎĽg
1153:3.4 g
1068:and
1015:rutin
970:thrum
876:tutae
838:F. e.
834:M. t.
794:D. t.
664:China
536:and
513:circa
502:Tibet
485:ssp.
469:ssp.
420:tarwe
414:weite
409:bhago
336:wheat
323:China
305:is a
301:) or
208:Fenzl
96:Clade
83:Clade
70:Clade
5168:1323
5158:3615
5135:8127
5094:POWO
5045:PfaF
5014:6775
5001:3920
4978:3617
4973:NCBI
4939:2273
4924:ITIS
4885:IPNI
4877:3406
4849:GRIN
4836:GBIF
4802:2411
4771:EPPO
4750:2285
4724:3569
4699:APNI
4681:2919
4671:1913
4477:Chia
4249:Teff
4234:Rice
4229:Oats
4182:and
4114:PMID
4096:ISSN
4057:PMID
4017:2017
3989:2021
3963:2021
3932:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3858:PMID
3810:PMID
3749:PMID
3684:PMID
3674:ISBN
3586:PMID
3553:2021
3521:PMID
3480:PMID
3370:PMID
3333:2013
3299:PMID
3291:ISSN
3238:PMID
3230:ISSN
3186:PMID
3178:ISSN
3122:PMID
3114:ISSN
3020:PMID
3012:ISSN
2970:2024
2900:PMID
2823:PMID
2792:2016
2668:2022
2629:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2561:2014
2536:PMID
2518:ISSN
2481:2014
2244:beer
2240:mash
2236:malt
2222:Beer
2129:Soba
2100:salt
2096:rice
1975:Soba
1969:and
1954:soba
1809:hull
1645:and
1586:USDA
1530:Zinc
1524:1 mg
1439:Iron
1431:122%
1378:0 mg
1130:10 g
985:Seed
847:does
500:and
426:weit
400:beuk
394:boec
284:Roth
220:1840
200:Raf.
5176:WFO
5060:392
4960:NBN
4911:ISC
4823:FoC
4810:FNA
4758:EoL
4732:CoL
4239:Rye
4104:PMC
4088:doi
4049:doi
3850:doi
3800:doi
3739:PMC
3731:doi
3641:FDA
3615:doi
3611:112
3578:doi
3574:109
3511:doi
3472:doi
3468:143
3443:doi
3439:110
3412:doi
3362:doi
3283:doi
3222:doi
3170:doi
3106:doi
3063:doi
3004:doi
2892:doi
2815:doi
2811:141
2745:doi
2699:doi
2526:PMC
2508:doi
2353:蕎麦茶
2343:메밀차
2325:Tea
2250:or
2094:or
2034:in
1995:in
1973:).
1751:by
1681:or
1655:fat
1535:22%
1509:15%
1496:15%
1483:28%
1470:57%
1457:55%
1444:12%
1404:%DV
1346:12%
1330:25%
1313:44%
1296:33%
1261:%DV
1146:Fat
879:on
812:on
796:in
405:PIE
5200::
5178::
5145::
5122::
5109::
5096::
5083::
5070::
5047::
5024::
5011::
4998::
4975::
4962::
4949::
4926::
4913::
4900::
4887::
4864::
4851::
4838::
4825::
4812::
4799::
4786::
4773::
4760::
4747::
4734::
4701::
4656::
4641::
4112:.
4102:.
4094:.
4084:19
4082:.
4078:.
4055:.
4045:28
4043:.
4037:.
4006:.
3980:.
3954:.
3926:.
3895:.
3856:.
3846:63
3830:^
3816:.
3808:.
3796:56
3788:.
3769:.
3747:.
3737:.
3719:.
3707:^
3690:.
3682:.
3643:.
3639:.
3609:.
3584:.
3572:.
3541:.
3519:.
3507:63
3505:.
3501:.
3478:.
3466:.
3437:.
3410:.
3400:12
3398:.
3394:.
3382:^
3368:.
3358:47
3356:.
3305:.
3297:.
3289:.
3275:63
3273:.
3244:.
3236:.
3228:.
3214:45
3212:.
3198:^
3184:.
3176:.
3162:63
3160:.
3142:^
3128:.
3120:.
3112:.
3098:55
3096:.
3071:.
3045:.
3041:.
3018:.
3010:.
2996:62
2994:.
2978:^
2961:.
2950:^
2906:.
2898:.
2888:41
2886:.
2853:^
2835:^
2821:.
2809:.
2778:.
2774:.
2751:.
2741:52
2739:.
2695:71
2693:.
2689:.
2658:.
2643:^
2534:.
2524:.
2516:.
2502:.
2498:.
2467:.
2316:ç„Ľé…Ž
2296:.
2266:.
2168:,
2116:.
2086:,
2082:,
2078:,
2038:,
1988:.
1963:,
1911:,
1903:,
1899:,
1677:,
1641:,
1637:,
1621:,
1522:0%
1418:1%
1376:0%
1363:8%
1279:8%
1064:,
1060:,
1056:,
1052:,
1048:,
1021:,
1017:,
917:.
889:,
830:A.
532:,
489:.
473:.
391::
350:,
98::
85::
72::
4172:e
4165:t
4158:v
4120:.
4090::
4063:.
4051::
4019:.
3991:.
3965:.
3940:.
3909:.
3878:.
3864:.
3852::
3824:.
3802::
3755:.
3733::
3727:3
3701:.
3654:.
3621:.
3617::
3592:.
3580::
3555:.
3527:.
3513::
3486:.
3474::
3449:.
3445::
3420:.
3414::
3406::
3376:.
3364::
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