20:
32:
156:
336:
When bubbles are disturbed (for example when a gas bubble is injected underwater), the wall oscillates. Although it is often visually masked by much larger deformations in shape, a component of the oscillation changes the bubble volume (i.e. it is pulsation) which, in the absence of an
341:. The pulsation is the most important component of the oscillation, acoustically, because by changing the gas volume, it changes its pressure, and leads to the emission of sound at the bubble's natural frequency. For air bubbles in water, large bubbles (negligible
686:
436:
728:
can occur when a gas bubble is introduced to the circulatory system and lodges in a blood vessel that is too small for it to pass through under the available pressure difference. This can occur as a result of
292:
in processes such as distillation, absorption, flotation and spray drying. The complex processes involved often require consideration for mass and heat transfer and are modeled using
580:
353:
pulsations, which means that no heat is transferred either from the liquid to the gas or vice versa. The natural frequency of such bubbles is determined by the equation:
462:
810:
553:
528:
495:
178:
describes how electromagnetic waves change direction at the interface between two mediums with different RI; thus bubbles can be identified from the accompanying
883:
359:
189:
The above explanation only holds for bubbles of one medium submerged in another medium (e.g. bubbles of gas in a soft drink); the volume of a
143:
Bubbles form and coalesce into globular shapes because those shapes are at a lower energy state. For the physics and chemistry behind it, see
921:
174:(RI) than the surrounding substance. For example, the RI of air is approximately 1.0003 and the RI of water is approximately 1.333.
866:
1033:
Prosperetti, Andrea; Oguz, Hasan N. (1993). "The impact of drops on liquid surfaces and the underwater noise of rain".
1069:
820:
19:
221:
718:. The damage can be due to mechanical deformation of tissues due to bubble growth in situ, or by blocking
946:
Minnaert, Marcel, On musical air-bubbles and the sounds of running water, Phil. Mag. 16, 235-248 (1933).
1104:
570:
pulsations. The corresponding equation for small bubbles of surface tension σ (and negligible liquid
681:{\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi R_{0}}{\sqrt {{3p_{0} \over \rho }+{4\sigma \over \rho R_{0}}}}}
1099:
193:(e.g. soap bubble) will not distort light very much, and one can only see a membrane bubble due to
730:
715:
711:
714:, which occurs when supersaturated dissolved inert gases leave the solution as bubbles during
725:
447:
328:
use bubbles as the optical resonator. They can be used as highly sensitive pressure sensors.
315:
194:
898:
1042:
981:
789:
538:
506:
473:
346:
304:
282:
243:
8:
738:
465:
198:
183:
55:
substance in a liquid. In the opposite case, a globule of a liquid in a gas, is called a
1054:
1046:
985:
307:
can smell underwater by rapidly breathing through their nostrils and creating a bubble.
246:. The same effect, but on a larger scale, is used in focused energy weapons such as the
1010:
969:
836:
774:
258:
also uses a collapsing cavitation bubble as a weapon. The same effect is used to treat
242:) near solid surfaces and the resulting impinging jet constitute the mechanism used in
314:
suggests that bubbles may have played an integral role in confining and concentrating
1015:
997:
862:
816:
338:
63:, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance.
1050:
1005:
989:
784:
231:
printing, vapor bubbles are used as actuators. They are occasionally used in other
171:
60:
342:
300:
190:
993:
319:
293:
228:
175:
80:
1093:
1001:
764:
759:
431:{\displaystyle f_{0}={1 \over 2\pi R_{0}}{\sqrt {3\gamma p_{0} \over \rho }}}
259:
255:
232:
56:
1019:
719:
498:
325:
263:
126:
710:
Injury by bubble formation and growth in body tissues is the mechanism of
48:
311:
110:
36:
31:
24:
779:
754:
734:
567:
286:
239:
217:
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164:
144:
132:
84:
76:
571:
350:
186:
even though both the immersed and immersing mediums are transparent.
155:
958:
Leighton, Timothy G., The
Acoustic Bubble (Academic, London, 1994).
531:
289:
275:
267:
104:
970:"A Mathematical Model for the Sounds Produced by Knuckle Cracking"
695:, such as inside our knuckles during knuckle cracking, and when a
691:
Excited bubbles trapped underwater are the major source of liquid
209:
Nucleation can be intentionally induced, for example, to create a
742:
699:
559:
278:
cause the dissolution of gas in the liquid by injecting bubbles.
251:
247:
271:
115:
As given off in chemical reactions, e.g., baking soda + vinegar
71:
Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example:
16:
Globule of one substance in another, typically gas in a liquid
692:
119:
90:
809:
Subramanian, R. Shankar; Balasubramaniam, R. (2001-04-09).
769:
696:
556:
808:
1032:
160:
97:
52:
899:"The Key to Life's Emergence? Bubbles, New Study Argues"
337:
externally-imposed sound field, occurs at the bubble's
884:"Star-nosed mole can sniff underwater, videos reveal"
583:
541:
509:
476:
450:
362:
967:
100:
mixed into agitated water, such as below a waterfall
274:use bubbles for entertainment or as hunting tools.
812:The Motion of Bubbles and Drops in Reduced Gravity
680:
566:For air bubbles in water, smaller bubbles undergo
547:
522:
489:
456:
430:
170:Bubbles are visible because they have a different
1074:The Physics of Bubbles, Antibubbles, and all That
841:The ‘acoustic scallop’: a bubble-powered actuator
1091:
968:Chandran Suja, V.; Barakat, A. I. (2018-03-29).
835:R. J. Dijkink, J. P. van der Dennen, C. D. Ohl,
318:for life, a function currently performed by
922:"Bubble lasers can be sturdy and sensitive"
220:imaging, small encapsulated bubbles called
954:
952:
881:
705:
1009:
896:
154:
138:
30:
18:
949:
1092:
1067:
913:
856:
1055:10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.003045
897:Whitcomb, Isobel (August 6, 2019).
13:
919:
224:are used to enhance the contrast.
66:
14:
1116:
238:The violent collapse of bubbles (
1035:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
861:. New York: Dover Publications.
739:intravenous fluid administration
1061:
1026:
928:. American Institute of Physics
204:
961:
940:
890:
875:
850:
829:
815:. Cambridge University Press.
802:
1:
1068:Rankin, Ryan C. (June 2005).
795:
733:after hyperbaric exposure, a
722:where the bubble has lodged.
150:
859:Bubbles, Drops and Particles
702:impacts a surface of water.
331:
7:
857:Weber; et al. (1978).
748:
312:the origin of life on Earth
235:applications as actuators.
10:
1121:
994:10.1038/s41598-018-22664-4
843:, J. Micromech. Microeng.
23:Air bubbles rising from a
735:lung overexpansion injury
562:of the surrounding liquid
266:. Marine mammals such as
706:Physiology and medicine
457:{\displaystyle \gamma }
712:decompression sickness
682:
549:
524:
491:
458:
432:
167:
125:As the indicator in a
122:during its manufacture
40:
28:
726:Arterial gas embolism
683:
550:
548:{\displaystyle \rho }
525:
523:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
492:
490:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
459:
433:
195:thin-film diffraction
158:
139:Physics and chemistry
34:
22:
790:Underwater acoustics
581:
539:
530:is the steady state
507:
474:
448:
360:
347:thermal conductivity
305:American water shrew
281:Bubbles are used by
118:As a gas trapped in
1047:1993AnRFM..25..577P
986:2018NatSR...8.4600C
466:specific heat ratio
316:precursor molecules
244:ultrasonic cleaning
184:internal reflection
39:floating in the air
1070:"Bubble Resonance"
974:Scientific Reports
775:Minnaert resonance
678:
545:
520:
487:
454:
428:
168:
79:of supersaturated
41:
29:
1105:Bubbles (physics)
920:Miller, Johanna.
868:978-0-486-44580-9
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339:natural frequency
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882:Roxanne Khamsi.
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785:Sonoluminescence
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172:refractive index
93:in boiling water
61:Marangoni effect
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1100:Fluid mechanics
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343:surface tension
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301:star-nosed mole
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191:membrane bubble
153:
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75:As spontaneous
69:
67:Common examples
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837:A. Prosperetti
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222:contrast agent
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81:carbon dioxide
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59:. Due to the
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2:
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926:Physics Today
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901:. LiveScience
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822:9780521496056
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765:Bubble sensor
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760:Bubble fusion
758:
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746:
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736:
732:
731:decompression
727:
723:
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720:blood vessels
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716:decompression
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326:Bubble lasers
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260:kidney stones
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256:Pistol shrimp
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233:microfluidics
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1077:. Retrieved
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977:
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942:
930:. Retrieved
925:
915:
903:. Retrieved
892:
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858:
852:
844:
840:
831:
811:
804:
741:, or during
724:
709:
690:
565:
499:steady state
440:
335:
324:
310:Research on
309:
298:
280:
264:lithotripter
237:
226:
215:
213:in a solid.
208:
205:Applications
188:
169:
163:rising in a
142:
127:spirit level
70:
44:
42:
1041:: 577–602.
980:(1): 4600.
847:1653 (2006)
287:metallurgic
227:In thermal
216:In medical
176:Snell's Law
159:Bubbles of
111:soap bubble
85:soft drinks
37:soap bubble
25:scuba diver
1094:Categories
1079:2006-12-09
905:January 8,
796:References
780:Nanobubble
755:Antibubble
568:isothermal
468:of the gas
349:) undergo
240:cavitation
218:ultrasound
211:bubblegram
199:reflection
180:refraction
165:soft drink
151:Appearance
145:nucleation
133:bubble gum
77:nucleation
1002:2045-2322
737:, during
661:ρ
656:σ
642:ρ
607:π
572:viscosity
543:ρ
452:γ
423:ρ
409:γ
386:π
351:adiabatic
332:Pulsation
1020:29599511
749:See also
532:pressure
303:and the
290:engineer
283:chemical
276:Aerators
268:dolphins
250:and the
105:sea foam
27:in water
1043:Bibcode
1011:5876406
982:Bibcode
932:2 April
743:surgery
700:droplet
560:density
555:is the
497:is the
464:is the
441:where:
252:torpedo
248:bazooka
49:globule
1018:
1008:
1000:
865:
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693:sounds
501:radius
272:whales
229:inkjet
45:bubble
574:) is
262:in a
120:glass
109:As a
91:vapor
51:of a
47:is a
1016:PMID
998:ISSN
934:2024
907:2022
863:ISBN
817:ISBN
770:Foam
697:rain
557:mass
345:and
299:The
285:and
270:and
197:and
182:and
57:drop
1051:doi
1006:PMC
990:doi
161:gas
131:As
103:As
98:air
96:As
89:As
83:in
53:gas
1096::
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390:R
383:2
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374:=
369:0
365:f
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