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351:(equivalent to $ 352 million in 2023). People across the U.S. read about the Osage, called "the richest nation, clan, or social group of any race on earth, including the whites, man for man". Some Osage used their royalties to send their children to private schools. Others bought luxury cars, clothes, jewelry, and travels to Europe, and newspapers across the country covered their activities. Along with tens of thousands of oil workers, the
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incompetent without considering mental capacity. For example, a guardian was appointed for one Indian woman on the basis that her savings suggested a lack of spending which was evidence that she did not understand the value of money. Many guardians used their appointment to gain control over the ward's wealth for their own personal benefit. During this period, numerous white men married Osage women to become guardians of their estate.
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498:, about 5 miles (8 km) south of Pawhuska. The documents Bighorn had given him were missing. Vaughan's body was so badly disfigured that the coroner could not be certain whether the man had fallen off the train or else been beaten first and then pushed off. The coroner ruled the cause of death was "suspicious", but did not rule that it was murder. Bigheart died at the hospital that same morning.
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440:'s home, he and Burkhart took a heavily intoxicated Brown to Three Mile Creek, where Morrison shot and killed her. Morrison was also responsible for the murders of William Stepson, who died of a suspected poisoning in 1922, and Tillie Powell Morrison, who died of a suspected poisoning in 1923. One of Morrison's associates later said he'd confessed to both murders to him.
634:'s family. Hale was charged with the murder of Roan, who had been killed on the Osage Reservation, making it a federal crime. Two of his accomplices, Henry Grammer and Asa Kirby, had died before the BOI investigation was completed. Hale and his associates were convicted in state and federal trials from 1926 to 1929, which had changes of venue,
433:, a prominent local rancher, had asked him to do so. Morrison received a life sentence in 1926, for his participation in the Brown murder. However, in January 1931, his conviction was reversed since he had been promised immunity in exchange for his testimony for the prosecution. Morrison was killed in a shootout with police on May 25, 1937.
487:. Bigheart called attorney William Watkins "W. W." Vaughan, asking him to come to the hospital as soon as possible for an urgent meeting. Vaughan complied, and the two men met that night. Bigheart had said he had suspicions about who was behind the murders and had access to incriminating documents that would prove his claims.
593:, the last survivor of her family. The Osage murders began with Osage killings. The family of an Osage woman, Mollie Burkhart, became a prime target. Her relatives were shot and poisoned. And it was just the beginning, as more and more members of the tribe began to die under mysterious circumstances.
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to resume his life sentence. Ernest was paroled again in
October 1959. During his parole hearing, he downplayed his own involvement in the murders, referring to himself as an "unwitting tool" of his uncle: "All I did was deliver a message. Other than that I'm as innocent as you. I delivered a message
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Some of the murders were committed to enable whites to take over the headrights of Osage members when inheriting property after deaths. The Osage found minimal assistance from local law enforcement to investigate the deaths, as it was dominated by powerful whites working in their own interests. Later
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The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation. While some label the murders themselves as an instance of genocide, others include the murders in a longer process of genocide against the Osage nation. Estimates vary widely as to
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Ernest was paroled in 1937. In 1940, he and a woman named Clara Mae Goad robbed the Osage home of Lillie
Morrell Burkhart, his former sister-in-law, stealing $ 7,000 in valuables, equivalent to $ 150,000 in 2023. In 1941, Ernest and Clara were both found guilty of federal burglary charges. Clara
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John Ramsey confessed to participation in the murder of Roan as soon as he was arrested. He said that Hale had promised him five hundred dollars, equivalent to $ 8,900 in 2023, and a new car for killing Roan. Ramsey met Roan on a road outside the town of
Fairfax, and they drank whiskey together.
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residence of Anna's sister Rita Smith, killing Rita and her servant, Nettie
Brookshire. Rita's husband, Bill Smith, sustained massive injuries from the blast and died four days later. Shortly before his death, Bill gave a statement implicating his suspected murderers and appointed his wife's estate.
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The body of another Osage, Brown's cousin
Charles Whitehorn, also known as Charles Williamson, was discovered near Pawhuska on the same day as hers. Whitehorn had been shot to death. Two months later, Lizzie Q. Kyle was killed. Local authorities had initially ruled that Lizzie's death was due to old
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On May 27, 1921, local hunters discovered the decomposing body of 36-year-old Anna Brown in a remote ravine of Osage County. Unable to find the killer, local authorities ruled her death as accidental because of alcohol poisoning and put the case aside. An autopsy revealed that the cause of death was
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At that time the mixed bloods had reached about 33 percent or the total. Since then, the population has steadily increased, but the number or full bloods has continued to decline. In 1910, 591, or 43.0%, claimed to be of full blood, but by 1930 the number of full bloods had declined to 545, or 23.3
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In 2011, the U.S. government settled with the Osage for $ 380 million, $ 513 million in 2023 dollars. The settlement also strengthened management of the tribe's trust assets and improved communications between the
Department of Interior and the tribe. The law firm representing the Osage said it was
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Most murders of the Osage during the early 1920s went unsolved. McAuliffe found that when Bolton was a minor, the court had appointed her white stepfather, attorney Arthur "A.T." Woodward, as her guardian. Woodward, who died in 1950, also served as the federally appointed Tribal
Counsel, and he had
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Davis, the investigation of
Bigheart and Vaughan was never completed. On November 9, 1923, Davis and three other men, Frank Brumley, Eustace Knight, and Tom Rudolph, robbed and murdered Paul J. McCarthy, a prominent attorney. All four men were found guilty or pleaded guilty to this murder, and were
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Thirteen other deaths of full-blooded Osage men and women, who had guardians appointed by the courts, were reported between 1921 and 1923. By 1925, at least sixty wealthy Osage had died and their land (and headrights) had been inherited or deeded to their guardians, who were local white lawyers and
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Both
Grammer and Kirby were killed before they could testify. Grammer, 39, died in a car crash on June 14, 1923. Kirby, 23, was killed while robbing a store on June 23, 1923. The shopkeeper had been tipped off in advance, and had been waiting for Kirby. It was later discovered that the man who had
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Ernest
Burkhart's attempt to kill his wife failed. Mollie, a devout Catholic, had told her priest that she feared she was being poisoned at home. The priest told her not to touch liquor under any circumstances. He also alerted one of the BOI agents. Mollie recovered from the poison she had already
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for each Osage of half-blood or more in ancestry, who would manage their royalties and financial affairs until they demonstrated "competency". Under the system, even minors who had less than half-Osage blood were required guardians, regardless of living parents. The courts appointed the guardians
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The attorney's name is given as the correct W. W. Vaughan in some sources (such as Fixico) and as the incorrect Vaught in others (such as Farris). He was sometimes called "Will". He was born on May 18, 1869, in Knox County, Kentucky; died on June 29, 1923, in Oklahoma; and was buried in Pawhuska
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In the case of the Smith murders, Ernest suddenly changed his plea to guilty, saying he wanted to tell the truth. He was sentenced to life in prison with hard labor. He turned state's evidence, naming his uncle as responsible for the murder conspiracy. Ernest said that he had used a person named
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Several others were prosecuted for trying to impede the investigation. In 1927, a lawyer working in the interest of Hale, William Scheff, was convicted of furnishing whiskey for a witness in an attempt to get her to change her testimony. Scheff was sentenced to one year and one day in prison for
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In 1925, the U.S. Congress changed the law to prohibit non-Osage from inheriting headrights from Osage with half or more Native American ancestry, in an effort to protect the Osage. The U.S. government continued to manage the leases and royalties from oil-producing lands. Over decades, the tribe
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In 1931, Morrison's murder conviction was overturned since he had been promised immunity in exchange for his testimony for the prosecution against others involved in the murders. He was released from prison on July 16, 1931, after completing a separate sentence for assault with intent to kill.
459:, another cousin of Brown's, also known as Henry Roan Horse, was found in his car on the Osage Reservation, dead from a shot in the head. Roan had a financial connection with Hale, having borrowed $ 1,200 from the cattleman. Hale fraudulently arranged to make himself the beneficiary of Roan's
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passed a series of laws, ostensibly intended to help the Osage retain wealth, that created a system of guardianship for "minors and incompetents", as determined by and under the jurisdiction of Oklahoma's local county probate courts. The Oklahoma courts routinely found American Indians to be
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as the "Reign of Terror". Most took place from 1921 to 1926. At least 60 wealthy, full-blood Osage persons were reported killed from 1918 to 1931. Newer investigations indicate that other suspicious deaths during this time could have been misreported or covered-up murders, including those of
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In 1966, Ernest applied for a pardon. Citing his cooperation with the investigation (White had credited his confession as vital for the convictions of Hale and Ramsey), the Oklahoma Parole Board voted 3–2 in favor of a pardon, which was granted by Governor
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from local white lawyers or businessmen. The incentives for criminality were overwhelming. Such guardians often maneuvered legally to steal Osage land, their headrights, or royalties. Others were suspected of murdering their charges to gain the headrights.
336:, paying individual allottees. As part of the process of preparing Oklahoma for statehood, the federal government allotted 657 acres (266 ha) to each Osage on the tribal rolls in 1907. Thereafter, they and their legal heirs, whether Osage or not, had
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The Osage Tribal Council suspected that Hale was responsible for many of the deaths. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs in the Department of the Interior sent four agents to act as undercover investigators. Working for two years, the agents discovered a
879:, part Osage on his mother's side, was 10 years old when he was an "ear" witness to the bombing murders of Bill and Rita Smith and Nettie Brookshire. This incident haunted him. Several of his novels were based on aspects of the case: his first novel,
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federal liquor violations. In 1928, Reverend P. C. Hesser, a member of the grand jury which indicted Hale and Ramsey, was convicted of perjury for lying that Ramsey's confession had not been signed. He was sentenced to two years in prison and fined
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and Asa Kirby, died under suspicious circumstances during the BOI investigation. Several others involved were convicted of lesser charges, such as perjury, witness tampering, and contempt of court, for attempting to impede the investigation.
279:), revealed extensive corruption among local officials involved in the Osage guardian program, including lawyers and judges. Most of the murders were never prosecuted. Nevertheless, several perpetrators were convicted of murder, including
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In 1925, Osage tribal elders, with the help of local law officer James Monroe Pyle, sought assistance from the BOI when local and state officials could not solve the rising number of murders. Pyle presented his evidence of murder and
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Osage County officials sought revenge against Pyle for his role in bringing the murders to light. Fearing for his life, Pyle and his wife fled to Arizona, where he again served as an officer of the law. He died there in 1942.
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to Osage County to find jobs in the oil fields. Once there, they discovered the immense wealth of members of the Osage Nation from royalties being paid from leases on oil-producing lands. Hale's goal was to gain the
797:. In 2000, the tribe filed a lawsuit against the department, alleging that federal government management of the trust assets had resulted in historical losses to its trust funds and interest income. This was after
386:, which had 140,000 residents. In 1924, the Department of the Interior charged two dozen guardians of Osage with corruption in the administration of their duties related to their charges. All avoided punishment by
758:. His doubts arose from a variety of conflicting evidence. In his investigation, McAuliffe found that the BOI believed that the murders of several Osage women "had been committed or ordered by their husbands."
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to conduct a full investigation of the deaths of George Bigheart and his attorney, William Vaughan. Walton assigned Herman Fox Davis to the investigation. Shortly after the assignment, Davis was convicted of
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to lead an investigation. Because of the numerous leads and perception that the local police were corrupt, White decided he would be the public face of the investigation, and most of the agents would work
483:, the last hereditary Osage chief. Hale was Bigheart's neighbor and friend, and had recently been designated by the court as Bigheart's guardian. There, doctors suspected that he had ingested poisoned
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McAuliffe learned that his grandmother's murder had been covered up by a false death certificate. He came to believe that Woodward was responsible for her death. His book about his investigation,
296:, alleging that it had not adequately managed the assets and paid people the royalties they were due. The suit was settled in 2011 for $ 380 million and commitments to improve program management.
283:, a powerful rancher who ordered the murders of his nephew's wife and other members of her family to gain control of their headrights and oil wealth. Two other perpetrators implicated with Hale,
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1072:(2017) dedicates one chapter to W.W. Vaughan. It is clear that the correct name is Vaughan, as Grann wrote about interviews with two of Vaughan's grandchildren, Martha and Melville of Pawhuska.
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To gain part of the wealth, Hale persuaded Ernest to marry Mollie Kyle, a full-blooded Osage. Hale arranged for the murders of Mollie's sisters, her brother-in-law, her mother, and her cousin,
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Then Ramsey shot Roan in the head. Ramsey changed his story, claiming that the actual killer was Curly Johnson. His accomplice, Byron Burkhart, Ernest's brother and another Hale nephew, had
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tipped off the shopkeeper about the upcoming robbery was Hale. After his parole, Hale's relatives said he once remarked, "If that damn Ernest had kept his mouth shut we'd be rich today."
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files on the case for background research. It is an investigation into the death of the author's Osage grandmother who died during the murders. It was republished in 1999 with the title
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Along with his admission, Morrison implicated Hale's nephew and Brown's ex-boyfriend, Byron Burkhart, in her murder. Morrison testified that, after meeting Brown earlier at her sister
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consumed and divorced Ernest after the trials. She later married again. Mollie Burkhart Cobb died of unrelated causes on June 16, 1937. Her children inherited all of her estate.
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to royalties in oil production, based on their allotments of lands. The headrights could be inherited by legal heirs, including non-Osage. The tribe held the
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To authorize the Osage terror as genocide and to connect a corner of Oklahoma to a global tribal history, she recreates the Holocaust as a site of hybridity.
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was reported as still being held by the Guardian System, the organization set up to protect the financial interests of 883 Osage families in Osage County.
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newspapers reported the murders as the "Reign of Terror" on the Osage reservation. Some murders seemed associated with several members of one family.
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went to wake him. His berth on the train had not been used. Vaughan's body was later found with his skull crushed, beside the railroad tracks near
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characterizes them, some were entrepreneurial, and others were criminal, seeking to separate the Osage from their wealth by murder if necessary.
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On June 28, 1923, Hale and Burkhart put George Bigheart on a train to Oklahoma City to be taken to a hospital. George Bigheart was the son of
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654:. Theodore Cavalier, a local farmer, said Irving Hale had approached him and offered him money to sit on the jury and vote for an acquittal.
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awarded her estate to her mother, Lizzie Q. Kyle. Kelsie Morrison, a petty criminal, later admitted to murdering Brown and testified that
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506:(BOI), which preceded the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), sent investigators to the reservation and found a low-level market in
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was found on their land and leases were sold for oil production, each member with headrights was paid a share of the lucrative annual
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To try to prevent further criminality and to protect the Osage, in 1925 Congress passed a law prohibiting non-Osage from inheriting
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By 1920, the market for oil had grown dramatically and brought much wealth to the Osage. In 1923 alone, the tribe took in more than
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the percentage of the Osage nation killed in the murders, with the lowest estimate being 10% of 591 full-blood Osage being killed.
317:
102:
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650: (equivalent to $ 1,800 in 2023). In 1929, Irving Claude Hale, a half-brother of Hale, was sentenced to 60 days in prison for
3012:
Kennedy, Deanna M.; Harrington, Charles F.; Verbos, Amy Klemm; Stewart, Daniel; Gladstone, Joseph Scott; Clarkson, Gavin (2017).
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for herself and had inherited the headrights from her late Osage husband and two daughters. Her heirs became fabulously wealthy.
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was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Ernest was sentenced to 7 years in prison and had his parole revoked. U.S. District Judge
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led by Hale, known in Osage County as the "King of Osage". Hale and his nephews, Ernest and Byron Burkhart, had migrated from
246:, during the 1910s–1930s. Newspapers described the increasing number of unsolved murders and deaths among young adults of the
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978:(2008) is a fictionalized account of murders on Osage Territory intended to strip Osage members of their headrights and land.
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individuals who were heirs to future fortunes. Further research has shown that the death toll may have been in the hundreds.
55:
514:
wrote about walking through an Osage cemetery and seeing "the inordinate number of young people who died during that time."
503:
81:
2744:"Boxcars711 Old Time Radio – Gangbusters "The Osage Indian Murders G-Men" (8-03-35) Boxcars711 Old Time Radio Pod – 30:42"
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1994:
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The Osage Indian Murders: The True Story of a Multiple Murder Plot to Acquire the Estates of Wealthy Osage Tribe Members
857:"The Osage Indian Murders", a dramatization of the case first broadcast on August 3, 1935, was the third episode of the
1339:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1921"
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despite protests from the Osage. Hale and Ramsey were both paroled in 1947. Hale died in 1962, and Byron died in 1985.
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inherited all of the headrights from her family. Investigators soon discovered that Mollie was already being poisoned.
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2601:"Canaries in the Mineshaft of American Democracy: North American Settler Genocide in the Thought of Raphaël Lemkin"
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1900:
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3129:"Largely Forgotten Osage Murders Reveal A Conspiracy Against Wealthy Native Americans: Interview with David Grann"
1989:
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As the BOI investigation of the conspiracy expanded, other witnesses and participants were murdered. Mollie and
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out of court. These guardians were believed to have swindled their charges out of millions of dollars. In 1929,
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2828:'There is something in this land that will sustain us': Osage Oil and Extraction in Indigenous Literatures
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The Invasion of Indian Country in the Twentieth Century: American Capitalism and Tribal Natural Resources
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539:; John Burger, who had worked on the previous investigation; Frank Smith; and John Wren, a member of the
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All FREE videos about The Osage Indian Murders found at The Internet Archive (a non-profit corporation)
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1371:"Administration of Indian Affairs In The State of Oklahoma: Hearing Before the Comm...on H.J. Res.181"
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became increasingly concerned about these assets. In 2000, the Osage Nation filed a suit against the
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The tribe had retained mineral rights to its reservation. Each tribal member had what were known as
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in 1926, second from the left, and John Ramsey, third from left, are flanked by two U.S. marshals.
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Killers of the Flower Moon: Adapted for Young Readers: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI
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Vaughan boarded a train that night to return to Pawhuska. In the morning he was missing when the
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and three non-Osage people in Osage County were reported murdered within a short period of time.
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1394:"The disturbing history of how conservatorships were used to exploit, swindle Native Americans"
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as a go-between to hire a professional criminal named Asa "Ace" Kirby to perform the killings.
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communally and paid its members money from leases by a percentage related to their holdings.
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642:, and overturned verdicts. In 1926, Ernest pleaded guilty to being part of the conspiracy.
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The Department of Interior continued to manage the trust lands and pay fees to Osage with
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investigated the suspicious death of his grandmother, Sybil Beekman Bolton, an Osage with
8:
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Hale, his nephews, and one of the ranch hands they hired were charged with the murder of
1605:"Reviewed work: 'The Deaths of Sybil Bolton'; an American History, Dennis McAuliffe, Jr"
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investigation, including that of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI, the precursor to the
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2570:"How the Osage Nation became Catholic: The hard truths in 'Killers of the Flower Moon'"
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debuted an episode on the murders in 2021 titled "Osage Murders — The Reign of Terror."
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This document in the "Hale–Ramsey Murder Case" is from the Oklahoman Collection at the
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Osage and Settler: Reconstructing Shared History through an Oklahoma Family Archive
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Later investigations revealed that the bomb contained 5 US gallons (19 L) of
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not alcohol, but a bullet fired into the back of her head. Brown was divorced, so
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2787:"Leonardo DiCaprio and Martin Scorsese to Reteam on 'Killers of the Flower Moon'"
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2451:"Animality as an excuse for murder: David Grann and Killers of the Flower Moon"
2425:"Minerals Council seeks return of Osage Headrights through federal legislation"
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769:(1994), presents an account of the corruption and murders during this period.
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382:, which had 8,000 residents. The number of lawyers was said to be the same in
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1931:
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600:, to cash in on the insurance policies and headrights of each family member.
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Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation
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The Deaths of Sybil Bolton: Oil, Greed, and Murder on the Osage Reservation
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Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation
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had been filed against the departments of Interior and Treasury in 1996 by
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Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation
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The trials received national newspaper and magazine coverage. Sentenced to
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The Deaths of Sybil Bolton : Oil Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation
2675:"UCLA lecturer digs deeper on Hollywood's long-lost Reign of Terror films"
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The Kyle family murders were featured as a dramatic part of the 1959 film
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guardianship of four other Osage charges, each of whom had died by 1923.
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and wealth of several tribe members, including his nephew's Osage wife,
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Morrison, 38, was killed in a shootout with the police on May 25, 1937.
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Kesler, Sam Yellowhorse; Aronczyk, Amanda; Romer, Keith; Rubin, Willa.
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1724:"The Osage Murders: Oil Wealth, Betrayal and the FBI's First Big Case"
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Killers of the Flower Moon: the Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI
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Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI
968:(2005) is set during the 1920s in the Osage Nation during the murders.
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Believing the Osage would not be able to manage their new wealth, the
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who died in 1925 at age 21. As a youth he had been told she died of
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3116:, FBI, scanned images of original casenotes, more than 3,000 pages
2168:"Rudolph v. State, 32 Okla. Crim. 265 | Casetext Search + Citator"
1142:"BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Digging Up a Tale of Terror Among the Osages"
143:
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attracted many white opportunists to Osage County. As the writer
2537:"Killers of the Flower Moon and who gets to tell an Osage story"
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1427:"Blood, oil, and the Osage Nation: The battle over headrights"
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American playwright David Blakely adapted Dennis McAuliffe's
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the largest trust settlement with one tribe in U.S. history.
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Encyclopedia of the American Indian in the Twentieth Century
1965:
1928:
Encyclopedia of the American Indian in the Twentieth Century
1680:
809:) on behalf of other Native Americans, for similar reasons.
717:, where Hale and Ramsey were serving their life sentences.
2716:"Books, movies and plays about the Osage 'Reign of Terror'"
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American Mythologies: New Essays on Contemporary Literature
266:
for leases by oil companies. In 1906 and subsequent years,
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from Osage who had half or more Native American ancestry.
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1535:
1466:. Department of Justice. October 21, 2011. Archived from
1431:
946:
883:(1958), two written in roughly the middle of his career:
2347:
1464:"A Historic Settlement with the Osage Tribe of Oklahoma"
366:
passed a law in 1921 which required that courts appoint
2402:"Value of 2011 US Dollars today - Inflation Calculator"
2041:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1520:
1110:
1108:
3451:
History of the petroleum industry in the United States
1668:
1644:"The Real History Behind 'Killers of the Flower Moon'"
1532:
1241:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
258:
to the mineral rights on communal land. When valuable
2639:
2056:
1946:
1424:
1344:. Department of the Interior. 1921. pp. 25–26.
1105:
1049:
Osage Nation § Natural resources and headrights
985:
investigated the case for his 2017 non-fiction book
729:
from my uncle to John Ramsey and that's all I did."
510:
to kill the Osage for their wealth. In 1995, writer
1086:
938:(1990) explores a fictional version of the murders.
740:In the early 1990s, journalist Dennis McAuliffe of
701:, Hale, Ramsey, and Ernest Burkhart later received
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3015:American Indian Business: Principles and Practices
2921:Just the Facts: True Tales of Cops & Criminals
674:each sentenced to life in prison with hard labor.
1313:"Lands Allotted Among the Osage Indians, Part IV"
3382:
467:policy. On March 10, 1923, a bomb destroyed the
3446:Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America
2877:The Deaths of Sybil Bolton: An American History
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
713:granted Ernest's request not to be sent to the
2957:. Oklahoma Heritage Association. p. 180.
2773:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture
1068:Cemetery in Pawhuska, Osage County, Oklahoma.
328:on land owned by the Osage Nation through the
3169:
2331:. October 26, 1959. p. 1. Archived from
2144:. February 3, 1929. p. 8. Archived from
1219:"The FBI's First Big Case: The Osage Murders"
720:After completing his federal sentence at the
522:and requested an investigation. The BOI sent
2692:
2372:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
2241:. August 15, 1940. p. 5. Archived from
922:(Osage), portrayed this period in his novel
531:. The other agents recruited were: a former
374:At that time, eight lawyers were working in
2301:. April 30, 1941. p. 9. Archived from
2271:. April 26, 1941. p. 8. Archived from
1921:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
788:
3176:
3162:
3062:. North Carolina: McFarland. p. 232.
2195:
2193:
1922:Ewen, Alexander; Wollock, Jeffrey (2014).
1603:Warrior, Robert Allen (October 27, 1995).
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
397:
142:
2874:
2616:
2462:
2353:
2112:. June 8, 1928. p. 8. Archived from
1971:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1850:
1848:
1829:. May 26, 1937. p. 6. Archived from
1686:
1547:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1391:
1139:
945:(1994) was the first book to utilize the
657:Various residents of Pawhuska petitioned
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2822:
2642:"Indian Population of the United States"
2024:
2022:
1674:
1120:
1114:
908:as fictional FBI agent Chip Hardesty, a
838:that mentions the murders, considered a
618:
554:
401:
318:United States Department of the Interior
2917:
2761:
2714:Watts, James D. Jr (October 14, 2023).
2423:Duty, Shannon Shaw (January 14, 2022).
2190:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1602:
1589:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
463: (equivalent to $ 447,000 in 2023)
14:
3441:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains
3383:
2950:
2838:
2741:
2672:
2598:
2534:
2448:
2076:"Scheff v. United States, 33 F.2d 263"
2062:
2050:
1959:
1890:
1879:
1854:
1845:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1729:National Museum of the American Indian
1698:
1526:
1503:
1482:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1247:
1099:
834:produced a silent film in 1926 called
543:who had previously been a spy for the
3436:Ethnic cleansing in the United States
3157:
2983:
2924:. Deadly Serious Press. p. 192.
2784:
2713:
2567:
2199:
2028:
2019:
1641:
1559:
1553:
1392:Seielstad, Andrea (August 13, 2021).
1351:from the original on October 25, 2022
1183:
825:
816:
722:United States Penitentiary in Atlanta
614:
571:, Sunday edition on February 7, 1926.
3055:
2673:Lovato, Natasha (January 13, 2023).
2449:Morska, Izabela (December 8, 2022).
2422:
1893:"A look at the Osage Indian murders"
1857:"Reign of Terror Kills Osage Family"
1711:
1504:Howell, Melissa (January 12, 2014).
1166:
1140:Jefferson, Margo (August 31, 1994).
854:(1934) in the period of the murders.
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
3486:Violence against indigenous peoples
3481:Serial murders in the United States
3466:Native American history of Oklahoma
3076:from the original on March 21, 2019
3036:from the original on March 21, 2019
2971:from the original on March 21, 2019
2938:from the original on March 21, 2019
2769:Guy Logsdon, "Mathews, John Joseph"
2568:Coyne, Delaney (October 26, 2023).
2491:(DGO - Digital original ed.).
1915:
1748:
1451:
1225:. September 1, 2018. Archived from
304:In 1897, oil was discovered on the
27:1910s–1930s murders in Oklahoma, US
24:
3426:Anti-Indigenous racism in Oklahoma
3416:1930s murders in the United States
3411:1920s murders in the United States
3406:1910s murders in the United States
2904:
2785:Kroll, Justin (October 10, 2018).
2535:Asenap, Jason (November 6, 2023).
1855:Curtis, Gene (November 26, 2006).
1642:Solly, Meilan (October 18, 2023).
1310:
25:
3497:
3401:1931 murders in the United States
3396:1921 murders in the United States
3100:
409:, Rita Smith, and William Vaughan
3185:
1891:Farris, David (April 29, 2015).
1195:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
995:and Eric Roth for the 2023 film
776:
737:. Ernest Burkhart died in 1986.
550:
36:
3461:Murdered Native American people
2815:
2778:
2775:, 2009. Accessed March 1, 2015.
2735:
2666:
2633:
2605:Genocide Studies and Prevention
2599:Bryant, Michael (May 7, 2020).
2592:
2561:
2528:
2479:
2442:
2416:
2394:
2365:
2359:
2317:
2287:
2257:
2227:
2213:Children's Books. p. 225.
2160:
2128:
2098:
2068:
2001:
1990:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1977:
1815:
1785:
1732:. March 1, 2011. Archived from
1692:
1635:
1418:
1385:
1363:
1331:
1061:
1024:and later the full-length play
724:, Burkhart was returned to the
277:Federal Bureau of Investigation
47:needs additional citations for
3020:University of Washington Press
2649:1930 Federal Population Census
1705:University of Washington Press
1304:
1278:
1253:
1211:
448:age. By that time, Lizzie had
13:
1:
3090:A Pipe for February : A Novel
2951:Franks, Kenny Arthur (1989).
2640:United States Census (1930).
2031:A History of the Osage People
1079:
1020:(1994) into the 2018 one-act
891:(1976), and one of his last,
413:In the early 1920s, eighteen
299:
3094:University of Oklahoma Press
3052:. Chicago Review Press 2021.
2910:Bill Burchardt, "Osage Oil"
2850:University Press of Colorado
1286:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1193:(First ed.). New York:
941:Dennis McAuliffe Jr.'s book
912:who leads the investigation.
869:with cooperation of the FBI.
836:Tragedies of the Osage Hills
559:A political cartoon depicts
7:
2984:Hogan, Lawrence J. (1998).
2888:. Council Oak Books. 1994.
2618:10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1632
2376:Oklahoma Historical Society
2329:The Chickasha Daily Express
2035:University of Alabama Press
1767:Oklahoma Historical Society
1265:Oklahoma Historical Society
1042:
726:Oklahoma State Penitentiary
150:Oklahoma Historical Society
10:
3502:
3056:Hess, Janet Berry (2015).
2912:The Chronicles of Oklahoma
2875:McAuliffe, Dennis (1994).
2493:Liverpool University Press
2239:The Newkirk Herald Journal
1070:Killers of the Flower Moon
1026:The Deaths of Sybil Bolton
1018:The Deaths of Sybil Bolton
998:Killers of the Flower Moon
991:. The book was adapted by
943:The Deaths of Sybil Bolton
865:, created and produced by
294:Department of the Interior
3361:
3296:
3263:Antelope Hills Expedition
3221:
3198:
2832:University of East Anglia
964:Charles Red Corn's novel
799:a major class-action suit
218:
214:Inheritance of oil rights
210:
202:
194:
184:
176:
168:
157:
141:
136:
3471:Native American genocide
2029:Burns, Louis F. (1989).
1699:Bailey, Garrick (2004).
1054:
789:Trust management lawsuit
711:Franklin Elmore Kennamer
669:. Although Walton later
330:Bureau of Indian Affairs
306:Osage Indian Reservation
3120:Osage Reign of Terror.
1924:"Osage Reign of Terror"
1897:Edmond Life and Leisure
957:contains a foreword by
848:(Osage), set his novel
692:turned state's evidence
545:Mexican revolutionaries
504:Bureau of Investigation
398:Murders in Osage County
206:William Hale and others
198:60+ (possibly hundreds)
3246:Cutthroat Gap Massacre
3114:"Osage Indian Murders"
2990:. Amlex. p. 282.
1985:"Osage Indian Murders"
1034:'s documentary series
889:Drums Without Warriors
627:
572:
410:
268:United States Congress
244:Osage County, Oklahoma
162:Osage County, Oklahoma
71:"Osage Indian murders"
3476:Petroleum in Oklahoma
3352:Oklahoma City bombing
3316:Crazy Snake Rebellion
3214:(9th–15th century CE)
3208:(11th millennium BCE)
3199:Prior to 19th century
2918:Doherty, Jim (2004).
2826:(December 31, 2022).
2464:10.26881/bp.2022.4.04
2406:www.inflationtool.com
2203:(November 16, 2021).
1823:"Morrison gun battle"
1797:digitalprairie.ok.gov
1506:"The Reign of Terror"
953:. The third edition,
924:The Grey Horse Legacy
622:
558:
455:On February 6, 1923,
405:
190:Shootings, poisonings
3391:Osage Indian murders
3346:Red River Bridge War
3328:Osage Indian murders
3322:Green Corn Rebellion
3240:Comanche–Mexico Wars
3088:Red Corn Charles H.
1827:Corpus Christi Times
1649:Smithsonian Magazine
1577:on November 29, 2023
1516:on January 15, 2014.
1439:on February 19, 2024
1229:on February 10, 2024
1154:on December 12, 2023
981:American journalist
512:Robert Allen Warrior
357:Robert Allen Warrior
240:Osage Indian murders
137:Osage Indian murders
56:improve this article
3334:Tulsa race massacre
3192:History of Oklahoma
2848:(Second ed.).
2799:on December 3, 2023
2501:10.2307/j.ctt5vjbd1
2412:on October 2, 2023.
2335:on October 27, 2023
2305:on November 3, 2023
2275:on November 3, 2023
2269:Valley Morning Star
2086:on January 27, 2024
2037:. pp. 439–442.
2009:"The Osage Murders"
1974:, pp. 265–266.
1903:on October 23, 2023
1803:on January 27, 2024
1689:, pp. 146–147.
1656:on December 9, 2023
1470:on January 14, 2024
1373:. February 21, 1924
1319:on January 22, 2024
966:A Pipe for February
920:John Joseph Mathews
910:composite character
846:John Joseph Mathews
743:The Washington Post
378:, the Osage County
320:managed leases for
3456:Murder in Oklahoma
3431:Crimes in Oklahoma
3281:Oklahoma Territory
3234:Arkansas Territory
3229:Louisiana Purchase
3048:McAuliffe, Dennis
2954:The Osage Oil Boom
2881:, republished as:
2658:on March 5, 2024.
2110:Stillwater Gazette
1736:on August 16, 2013
1565:"The Marked Woman"
1311:Rarick, Joseph F.
1147:The New York Times
881:Flame of the Osage
826:In popular culture
817:Claims of genocide
628:
615:Charges and trials
573:
535:sheriff; a former
411:
332:and later managed
3421:American frontier
3378:
3377:
3310:State of Oklahoma
3304:State of Sequoyah
3206:Cooper Bison Kill
2895:978-1-57178-083-6
2859:978-1-4571-1166-2
2840:Fixico, Donald L.
2742:Camardella, Bob.
2580:on March 10, 2024
2510:978-0-85323-736-5
2295:"Ernest Burkhart"
2265:"Ernest Burkhart"
2220:978-0-593-37734-5
2141:Miami News-Record
2106:"Reverend Hesser"
2053:, pp. 52–53.
1867:on April 25, 2023
1833:on March 12, 2024
1563:(March 1, 2017).
1529:, pp. 47–48.
1250:, pp. 24–25.
1003:Leonardo DiCaprio
916:John Clinton Hunt
893:The Years of Fear
699:life imprisonment
659:Oklahoma Governor
652:contempt of court
569:Enid Morning News
565:William King Hale
502:businessmen. The
236:
235:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3493:
3275:Washita Massacre
3257:Indian Territory
3190:
3189:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3141:. April 17, 2017
3085:
3083:
3081:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2899:
2880:
2871:
2835:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:. Archived from
2782:
2776:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2651:. Archived from
2646:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2576:. Archived from
2574:America Magazine
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2549:on March 6, 2024
2545:. Archived from
2532:
2526:
2525:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2457:(19/4): 97–127.
2455:Beyond Philology
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2408:. Archived from
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2382:on July 29, 2013
2378:. Archived from
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2245:on July 17, 2023
2231:
2225:
2224:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2178:on June 22, 2023
2174:. Archived from
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:on July 17, 2023
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2116:on July 16, 2023
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2082:. Archived from
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1997:on May 28, 2022.
1993:. Archived from
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1899:. Archived from
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1863:. Archived from
1852:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:. Archived from
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1773:on July 29, 2013
1769:. Archived from
1759:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1701:Art of the Osage
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1652:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1609:Wíčazo Ša Review
1600:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1573:. Archived from
1557:
1551:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1512:. Archived from
1501:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:on March 5, 2024
1402:. Archived from
1399:The Conversation
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:. Archived from
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1181:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1150:. Archived from
1137:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1073:
1065:
1022:Four Ways to Die
832:James Young Deer
649:
508:contract killers
462:
393:
388:legal settlement
350:
146:
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
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3184:
3182:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3103:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3022:. p. 248.
3002:
3000:
2998:
2974:
2972:
2965:
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2939:
2932:
2907:
2905:Further reading
2902:
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2882:
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2779:
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2762:
2752:
2750:
2748:radiopublic.com
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2447:
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2433:
2431:
2421:
2417:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2368:"Osage Murders"
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2325:"Parole Ernest"
2323:
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2007:
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1983:
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1834:
1821:
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1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1763:"Osage Murders"
1761:
1760:
1749:
1739:
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1712:
1697:
1693:
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1681:
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1621:10.2307/1409043
1601:
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1045:
993:Martin Scorsese
828:
819:
791:
779:
715:USP Leavenworth
647:
617:
605:Ernest Burkhart
591:Mollie Burkhart
561:Mollie Burkhart
553:
460:
400:
391:
348:
322:oil exploration
302:
232:Kelsie Morrison
231:
229:
227:Ernest Burkhart
225:
187:
153:
152:photo archives.
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
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1932:Facts On File
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67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3362:21st century
3327:
3297:20th century
3242:(1821–1870s)
3222:19th century
3212:Spiro Mounds
3145:September 4,
3143:. Retrieved
3136:
3121:
3107:
3089:
3078:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3014:
3001:. Retrieved
2986:
2973:. Retrieved
2953:
2940:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2884:
2876:
2844:
2827:
2816:Bibliography
2803:December 12,
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2790:
2780:
2772:
2763:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:
2737:
2727:November 28,
2725:. Retrieved
2719:
2682:. Retrieved
2678:
2668:
2659:
2653:the original
2648:
2635:
2611:(1): 21–39.
2608:
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2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2573:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2540:
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2481:
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2410:the original
2405:
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2371:
2366:May, Jon D.
2361:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2328:
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2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2298:
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2277:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:the original
2238:
2229:
2211:Random House
2205:
2201:Grann, David
2180:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2172:casetext.com
2171:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:the original
2139:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:the original
2109:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2080:casetext.com
2079:
2070:
2058:
2030:
2012:
2003:
1995:the original
1988:
1979:
1967:
1936:. Retrieved
1930:. New York:
1927:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1896:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1860:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1826:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1796:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1766:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1727:
1700:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1647:
1637:
1615:(1): 52–55.
1612:
1608:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1568:
1561:Grann, David
1555:
1550:, p. ?.
1522:
1514:the original
1509:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1430:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:the original
1397:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:Osage Nation
1289:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1255:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1222:
1213:
1189:
1185:Grann, David
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1145:
1117:, p. 6.
1069:
1063:
1036:Back in Time
1035:
1025:
1021:
1017:
996:
986:
975:
965:
954:
950:
942:
933:
923:
899:
892:
888:
885:Warrior Road
884:
880:
862:
849:
835:
820:
811:
792:
780:
771:
766:
764:
760:
754:, then as a
741:
739:
731:
719:
707:
696:
688:
684:
676:
656:
644:
629:
624:William Hale
609:
602:
595:
574:
568:
537:Texas Ranger
516:
500:
489:
478:
454:
446:
442:
435:
431:William Hale
423:
412:
392:$ 27 million
373:
361:
349:$ 30 million
346:
310:Osage County
303:
290:
281:William Hale
273:
253:
248:Osage Nation
239:
237:
223:William Hale
203:Perpetrators
180:Osage people
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
3283:(1890–1907)
3271:(1861–1865)
3259:(1834–1907)
3236:(1819−1824)
2868:j.ctt46nvt7
2721:Tulsa World
2584:November 8,
2553:November 8,
2519:j.ctt5vjbd1
2386:December 2,
2309:November 3,
2299:Tulsa World
2279:November 3,
2136:"T.C. Hale"
2090:November 8,
2063:Fixico 2012
2051:Fixico 2012
2013:LOREC Ranch
1960:Fixico 2012
1861:Tulsa World
1837:January 20,
1777:December 2,
1703:. Seattle:
1660:November 7,
1527:Fixico 2012
1261:"Osage Oil"
1248:Fixico 2012
1158:December 2,
1100:Fixico 2012
983:David Grann
959:David Grann
935:Mean Spirit
930:Linda Hogan
904:, starring
887:(1974) and
636:hung juries
632:Mollie Kyle
438:Mollie Kyle
230:John Ramsey
186:Attack type
112:August 2024
3385:Categories
3369:OU Bombing
2679:Osage News
2429:Osage News
2235:"Burglary"
1807:January 3,
1793:"Page 001"
1581:August 18,
1443:January 9,
1410:January 9,
1377:January 9,
1355:January 9,
1323:January 9,
1080:References
877:Fred Grove
795:headrights
783:headrights
748:headrights
598:Henry Roan
587:headrights
578:crime ring
541:Ute Nation
533:New Mexico
529:undercover
520:conspiracy
457:Henry Roan
450:headrights
407:Henry Roan
338:headrights
326:production
300:Background
256:headrights
82:newspapers
3340:Dust Bowl
3287:Land runs
3269:Civil War
3133:Fresh Air
3080:March 21,
3040:March 21,
3003:March 21,
2975:March 21,
2942:March 21,
2753:March 23,
2684:March 23,
2627:1911-0359
2473:2451-1498
2434:March 25,
1938:April 27,
1907:April 23,
1871:April 23,
1740:April 23,
1296:March 25,
1270:March 25,
1001:starring
974:'s novel
875:novelist
840:lost film
807:Blackfeet
567:from the
524:Tom White
368:guardians
334:royalties
264:royalties
219:Convicted
172:1918–1931
3074:Archived
3034:Archived
2969:Archived
2936:Archived
2842:(2012).
2661:percent.
2495:. 2005.
2339:July 16,
2249:July 16,
2182:June 21,
2152:July 16,
2120:July 16,
1474:March 3,
1346:Archived
1233:July 16,
1187:(2017).
1043:See also
972:Tom Holm
671:pardoned
496:Pershing
461:$ 25,000
419:Colorado
376:Pawhuska
353:oil boom
314:Oklahoma
242:were in
158:Location
3342:(1930s)
3330:(1920s)
3289:(1890s)
3096:. 2005.
2830:(PhD).
2792:Variety
1629:1409043
1223:HISTORY
1028:(2019).
926:(1968).
895:(2002).
873:Western
861:series
851:Sundown
756:suicide
667:bribery
640:appeals
485:whiskey
469:Fairfax
427:probate
96:scholar
3371:(2005)
3354:(1995)
3348:(1931)
3336:(1921)
3324:(1917)
3318:(1909)
3312:(1907)
3306:(1905)
3277:(1868)
3265:(1858)
3248:(1833)
3066:
3026:
2994:
2961:
2928:
2892:
2866:
2856:
2625:
2517:
2507:
2471:
2217:
1627:
1510:NewsOK
1201:
1009:, and
703:parole
316:. The
211:Motive
195:Deaths
177:Target
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2864:JSTOR
2656:(PDF)
2645:(PDF)
2515:JSTOR
1934:, Inc
1625:JSTOR
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