430:
successfully produce at least one fledgling 50% of the time. The first moult to adult plumage occurs two months after fledging, while adults start moulting in
November or February, finishing in March or April. Natal dispersal occurs after winter when most females will disperse to locate an area to breed. Dispersal by males of the species rarely occurs and they commonly remain in their natal territory as helpers until a breeding vacancy arises by inheritance or by territorial budding (when a male paired with a dispersing female inherits a portion of his natal territory). Females disperse earlier than males moving further than the males (up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)) to establish a breeding territory.
421:
the breeding male, service their territorial nest and often will service other nests in 2–3 other territories. A variety of insects are fed to the young, with lepidopteran larvae forming the bulk of their diet. Adults avoid feeding the young ants, likely due to the ant's formic acid content. The contribution of helpers to feeding the young is generally equal to the efforts of the breeding pair. Records exist of a single helper servicing the nests of five different territories. Records indicate that in nests attended by helpers, breeding success is four times more likely and significantly more offspring are produced.
203:
356:
prominent and pale on adults, while grey and indistinct on juveniles. The throat is cream to white and pale brown on the breast. The lower breast is streaked with fine black-grey and white. In flight a dark wing-bar is visible. Sexes of the species differ in plumage, with the uppermost breast of the male streaked black and white, while the female has rufous and white streaking. Juvenile plumage is different from that on the adult with the hind-neck, nape, crown and forehead darker than that of adult males.
82:
38:
57:
410:
372:
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For a few days after hatching, the female is fed by the primary male. The young are fed by the breeding female who is passed food by the primary male. Faecal sacs are removed from the nest by all members of the group though most often it is the males who do so. Helpers, usually young males related to
383:
Roosting nocturnally and solitarily, the brown treecreeper forages during the day on the ground and on tree surfaces in small groups or pairs, feeding mainly on ants, beetles and insect larvae. While occasionally feeding on nectar, the brown treecreeper more often probes fissures, cracks and hollows
355:
Adult birds are around 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in) long, with a wingspan of 26 centimetres (10 in), and weigh on average around 31.5 grams (1.11 oz). Adult plumage is light grey-brown above with light grey face and neck, darker grey on the crown with dark ear-coverts. The supercilium is
429:
Chicks fledge between 21 and 26 days most likely over a period of a few hours. Initially not able to fly strongly, the fledglings roost in hollows and spouts of trees for one or two days, and are fed by members of the group until independent thirty to forty days later. In a season, breeding groups
379:
Gregarious with a complex social structure between individuals and breeding groups, the species maintains a territory which sometimes overlaps with other brown treecreeper groups. Usually observed in pairs or a small group of up to eight individuals, incursions by other groups of brown treecreeper
416:
The breeding female usually lays a clutch-size usually of three smooth (sometimes two or four), slightly glossy, fine-grained, slightly pink or rose, reddish-brown or red and purplish-red speckled eggs measuring 22.6 by 17.9 mm. Intervals between egg-laying is most likely 24 hours, with
392:
The brown treecreeper breeds cooperatively and usually forms a long-term socially monogamous pair. Both sexes are able to breed in their first year, with the female usually finding a mate within two years and the male usually obtaining a breeding position sometime after three years. The breeding
396:
The nest is usually located in a tree hollow beneath a canopy, often nearby the boundary of another brown treecreeper territory to attract extra help feeding. Building of the nest is undertaken by all members of the group over a period of 1–2 weeks. Nest materials consist of twigs, grass,
293:). All three occupy similar savannah and open woodland habitat, and have a sexually dimorphic marking on the upper breast or throat (black in the male, reddish in the female). They are thought to have been separated by breaks in suitable habitat in the past and hence diverged genetically.
438:
Threats to the species include land clearing and the resultant habitat loss and fragmentation, the impacts of which are thought to disrupt dispersal and therefore recruitment. The removal of fallen timber and other woody debris, and competition with exotic species such as the
250:, South Australia. Prevalent nowadays between 16˚S and 38˚S, the population has contracted from the edges of its pre-European range, declining in Adelaide and Cape York. Found in a diverse range of habitats varying from coastal forests to
450:
has declined from eastern parts of its range in Cape York
Peninsula, thought to be due to more extensive and frequent fire regime, which has affected fallen tree trunks and logs (a preferred foraging substrate for this species).
417:
re-laying occurring in the event of failure. Females are able to raise two broods in a season but more often raise one brood. Hatchlings emerge with grey down on their head and back fourteen to sixteen days after incubation.
567:
830:
347:
is listed as nationally
Vulnerable by DCCEEW (Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water), under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999).
738:
Walters, JR; Ford, H.A.; Cooper, C.B. (1999). "Variation in population structure and ecology of brown treecreepers between contiguous and fragmented woodland: a preliminary assessment".
277:
described the brown treecreeper in 1824, and it still bears its original name today. It is one of six species of treecreeper found in
Australia, and is most closely related to the
865:
838:
384:
of trees, gleaning and probing as it hops along logs or spirals up rough barked trees, spending more time foraging on the ground if a resident of an arid territory.
401:. During building of the nest the breeding female usually transports the heavier nest materials and may discard material delivered by other members of the group.
857:
575:
393:
season lasts from July to
February with the majority of eggs laid from September until late October. Incubating is undertaken by the breeding female only.
842:
706:
1103:
304:, Queensland. The subspecies can be found in coastal catchments and drier areas on and west of the Great Divide, intergrading with subspecies
1142:
1222:
397:
leaves, bark, dung, animal fur and sometimes human refuse such as aluminum foil. One bird has been recorded collecting fur from a live
884:
1077:
1116:
324:. Known as the black treecreeper, it has distinctive sooty brown plumage and is slightly smaller than the southern subspecies.
634:
Andrew
Claridge; Donna Hazell; Ross Cunningham; David Lindenmayer; Damian Michael; Mason Crane; Christopher MacGregor (2003).
1121:
792:
Garnett, S.; Crowley, G. (1995). "The
Decline of the Black TreecreeperClimacteris picumnus melanotaon Cape York Peninsula".
343:, is listed in New South Wales as Vulnerable under Schedule 2 of the Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995). Subspecies
765:
Cooper, CB; Walters, JR (2002). "Experimental evidence of disrupted dispersal causing decline of an
Australian passerine".
1252:
635:
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1247:
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688:
550:
1257:
1147:
869:
954:
645:
274:
981:
1199:
1232:
661:
689:"Species Profile and Threats Database: Climacteris picumnus victoriae — Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern)"
1033:
1028:
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81:
494:
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258:-dominated woodland habitats up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), avoiding areas with a dense shrubby
286:
227:
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is broadly distributed from the
Grampians, Victoria, through central New South Wales to the
1227:
1007:
963:
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633:
565:
321:
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8:
335:
The conservation status of the brown treecreeper is considered of "least concern" by the
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46:
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809:
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76:
1186:
751:
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1051:
892:
778:
700:
641:
546:
202:
813:
722:
Family
Climacteridae (Australasian Treecreepers). Handbook of the Birds of the World
801:
774:
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613:
489:
398:
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1043:
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247:
251:
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Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (9 October 2008).
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Woodpecker is a colloquial name, from its habit of spiralling up treetrunks.
66:
61:
20:
243:
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37:
545:(Vol 5 ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 228–242.
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1082:
568:"Subspecies Climacteris (Climacteris) picumnus picumnus Temminck, 1824"
805:
617:
541:
Doerr, VAJ; Doerr, ED (2001). Higgins PJ; Peter JM; Steele WK (eds.).
409:
238:
to eastern Australia, has a broad distribution, occupying areas from
133:
93:
1095:
1069:
910:
831:"Brown treecreeper (eastern subspecies): vulnerable species listing"
371:
933:
255:
235:
113:
572:
Australian Biological Resources Study: Australian Faunal Directory
312:
from south-east Queensland to the Grampians, Victoria. Subspecies
1194:
989:
687:
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.
103:
465:
463:
1064:
720:
Noske, R.A. del Hoyo, J.; Elliot A.; Christie, D.A. (eds.).
366:
724:. Vol. 12. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 642–660.
460:
336:
231:
123:
662:"Schedule 2 Vulnerable species and ecological communities"
600:
Keast, A. (1957). "Variation and speciation in the genus
242:, Queensland, throughout New South Wales and Victoria to
543:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
296:
Three subspecies have been described – subspecies
469:
380:
are often tolerated by residents of the same species.
443:
for nesting hollows are also threats to the species.
540:
254:shrub-lands, the brown treecreeper often occupies
19:For the similarly named American treecreeper, see
858:"Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies): profile"
764:
737:
637:Wildlife on Farms: How to Conserve Native Animals
495:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22703577A93928711.en
1214:
791:
866:Department of Environment and Climate Change
839:Department of Environment and Climate Change
705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
640:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing.
574:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
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367:Social organisation and feeding behaviour
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835:NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
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1200:E2096D9C-81DE-489A-A98F-20999A6CC687
624:
375:Brown treecreeper foraging on a tree
1223:IUCN Red List least concern species
481:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
982:Climacteris_(Climacteris)_picumnus
823:
654:
14:
1269:
359:The call has been described as a
779:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00346.x
80:
785:
470:BirdLife International (2016).
285:) of Western Australia and the
680:
559:
350:
275:Meiffren Laugier de Chartrouse
1:
752:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00016-6
606:Australian Journal of Zoology
454:
668:. New South Wales Government
604:Temminck (Aves: Sittidae)".
7:
404:
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10:
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1253:Endemic birds of Australia
387:
18:
1243:Birds of Victoria (state)
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209:
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77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
35:
30:
1248:Birds of South Australia
1238:Birds of New South Wales
488:: e.T22703577A93928711.
308:, which is found on the
287:black-tailed treecreeper
228:Australasian treecreeper
1258:Birds described in 1824
740:Biological Conservation
693:Brown Treecreeper SPRAT
339:, while the subspecies
271:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
434:Threats to the species
425:Fledging and dispersal
413:
376:
412:
374:
1187:Climacteris-picumnus
969:Climacteris_picumnus
955:Climacteris picumnus
925:Climacteris picumnus
767:Conservation Biology
474:Climacteris picumnus
322:Cooktown, Queensland
310:Great Dividing Range
223:Climacteris picumnus
186:Climacteris picumnus
1233:Birds of Queensland
885:"Brown Treecreeper"
331:Conservation status
318:Cape York Peninsula
47:Conservation status
1016:BirdLife-Australia
889:Birds in Backyards
862:Threatened Species
414:
377:
279:rufous treecreeper
31:Brown treecreeper
1210:
1209:
1169:Open Tree of Life
1021:brown-treecreeper
917:Taxon identifiers
893:Australian Museum
806:10.1071/MU9950066
618:10.1071/ZO9570474
283:Climacteris rufus
226:) is the largest
218:brown treecreeper
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210:Range in orange
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168:C. picumnus
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578:on 26 July 2014
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441:common starling
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248:Flinders Ranges
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16:Species of bird
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612:(4): 474–495.
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177:Binomial name
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144:Climacteridae
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62:Least Concern
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22:
21:Brown creeper
924:
901:. Retrieved
897:the original
888:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
861:
847:. Retrieved
843:the original
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746:(1): 13–20.
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576:the original
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316:occurs from
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291:C. melanurus
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269:
244:Port Augusta
222:
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185:
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167:
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154:
25:
1228:Climacteris
1091:iNaturalist
949:Wikispecies
773:: 471–478.
602:Climacteris
501:12 November
446:Subspecies
361:spink spink
351:Description
260:understorey
155:Climacteris
1217:Categories
1182:Xeno-canto
903:2007-06-01
876:2007-06-02
849:2007-06-02
647:0643099840
455:References
800:: 66–68.
448:melanotus
345:victoriae
341:victoriae
314:melanotus
306:victoriae
240:Cape York
162:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
1135:22703577
1109:11167577
1008:22703577
1003:BirdLife
934:Wikidata
814:88432059
701:cite web
405:Breeding
298:picumnus
266:Taxonomy
256:eucalypt
246:and the
193:Temminck
140:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
1195:ZooBank
1083:2494126
1070:brotre2
1044:brotre2
990:Avibase
940:Q790587
672:13 June
582:15 June
388:Nesting
236:endemic
150:Genus:
130:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
1174:308793
1148:175000
1122:559362
1034:118654
812:
644:
549:
399:possum
252:mallee
230:. The
195:, 1824
1161:74839
1104:IRMNG
1065:eBird
1041:BOW:
810:S2CID
1143:NCBI
1130:IUCN
1117:ITIS
1096:7802
1078:GBIF
1057:W5WR
1029:BOLD
707:link
674:2012
642:ISBN
584:2012
547:ISBN
503:2021
486:2016
337:IUCN
273:and
232:bird
216:The
124:Aves
1052:CoL
977:AFD
964:ADW
802:doi
794:Emu
775:doi
748:doi
614:doi
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