456:
317:
362:
Next came an image of a train wreck, followed by another of a funeral attended by members of the brotherhood, paying their respects to the deceased. This was followed by an image of a lodge representative relieving the grieving widow with a payment of the organization's death indemnity. Having witnessed his own symbolic death, the new candidate was thus made acutely aware both of the importance of his own support of families of maimed or fallen brothers in their time of need as well as the confidence that his own family would be provided for should he himself fall to misfortune.
228:
38:
179:
419:
297:
109:
475:, who professed to be a staunch advocate of the theory that personal virtue and good character, economic efficiency and a stable and democratic republic were closely interrelated. While Sayre espoused these sacred values on a theoretical plain, in practice his behavior seems to have been rather more profane. In July 1880, a young locomotive fireman turned city clerk from
532:
This presented a situation in which the organization's name did not reflect its actual membership composition. Despite great sympathy for the traditional organizational moniker, the convention voted to formally acknowledge the participation of engineers among its membership and changed its name to the
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen (B of LF&E).
313:), including railroad news of the day and articles appealing to the membership's professional interests. Little attention was paid to labor-management relations, with the B of LF mildly offering the suggestion that "the oldest firemen in service" should be promoted to positions as engineers "when they are competent and worthy, and opportunity offers".
280:
the death benefit was pegged at a fixed level of $ 1,000 in 1883, with no more than 3 settlements per month to be paid, with premiums set at 50 cents per month per member. Total disability through loss of an arm, leg, or eyesight on the job was to be treated the same as loss of life under the revised system.
304:
The B of LF in this early period organized itself into a network of "lodges", which provided a place for members to meet others in the profession to discuss matters of common concern. Social functions such as balls and picnics were periodically conducted under the B of LF's auspices. The organization
279:
Indeed, the main practical purpose of the organization was its utility as a mutual insurance association, with each member to receive death benefit coverage of 50 cents per member up to a maximum of $ 1,000 for loss of life on the job. A second optional fund provided for disability benefits. In 1881,
451:
The eventuality of a Grand Master's incapacity to serve was provided for by the periodic election of a Vice Grand Master, nominally the second ranking officer of the organization. In practice, however, the number two functionary in the "Grand Lodge" of officers of the B of LF was the Grand
Secretary
387:
The benefits of membership in the
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen were not universally available as the organization was based on the systematic exclusion of African American men and of women of all races. The organization's constitution in 1888 specified that membership requirements included that
531:
in
September 1906, took the step of expanding the scope of the organization and changing its name—an idea that had been discussed for many years previously. Over time a steady stream of the organization's members had been promoted to the position of Engineer while remaining inside the organization.
495:
in 1881 and he remained in that capacity and in the position of Grand
Secretary and Treasurer until September 1894. While remaining supportive of the B of LF and its limited mission, over time Debs began to feel the insufficiency of a mere fraternal benefits to solve the fundamental problems facing
287:
As a general rule in the B of LF and the other similar railroad brotherhoods, death and permanent disability benefits were administered by the national organization while local lodges handled sickness and accident insurance through a separate fund, raised and disbursed independently of the national
218:
and the payment of benefits for death or disability suffered on the job. Some of these organizations were based upon religion or ethnicity, while others were occupational in nature. The
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen—later known as the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen—was one such
378:
Formulaic rituals and organizational secrecy also helped to insure that lodge meetings were orderly, intimate and confidential and contributed to group cohesion among B of LF members. The value of the B of LF's mission was emphasized, allowing serious-minded members a sense of personal fulfillment
361:
began to project a series of images on the screen, after each of which the lenses of the hoodwink were briefly raised and the image was explained to the initiate. First, a locomotive fireman leaving his family to go to work; then, a train with its crew industriously fulfilling their assigned task.
255:
and 10 other Erie
Railroad firemen. These men had recently been forced to pass on the news of the fatal accident in a wreck of fellow fireman George Page to his grieving widow the previous month and decided to establish a mutual benefit society for those employed in the locomotive firemen's trade.
186:
Despite the hard nature of the work process, their low professional status and their mediocre pay, locomotive firemen performed very dangerous jobs. Boiler explosions and other railway accidents made railroad work among the most deadly in the United States at the end of the 19th century, with an
158:, serving in a subordinate role as his assistant. Firemen were in practice often engineers-in-training, learning the skills of train operation and assisting the engineer with the observation of signals and other routine aspects of his job performance, waiting for a job opportunity for promotion.
150:
The job of a locomotive fireman was physically demanding—strenuous, filthy and dangerous. Although by no means a highly skilled task, locomotive firemen nevertheless needed to develop not only physical prowess, moving heavy coal on a swaying platform, but also a certain job savvy, estimating the
169:
of a ship. The conductor oversaw the crew and assigned them their mission, made sure the train ran on schedule, inspected car couplings, arranged for the train to maintain adequate supplies, collected passenger fares and supervised the train's freight documentation. Conductors acted as both
288:
organization. During the decade of the 1880s, such a local assessment might amount to 50 cents per member per month. Local units also saw to the emotional support of ill or injured members, with committees visiting the bedridden and attempting to provide personal solace to family members.
344:
In the B of LF's initiation ceremony of the 1870s, the initiate was seated in the darkened lodge room in front of a large backdrop used as a screen, while wearing a "hoodwink"—blindfolding headgear with retractable opaque lenses. First the prospective member was instructed by the lodge
399:, only to learn that the AF of L would require the removal of the offending clause from the group's constitution. Rank and file membership erupted in protest over the change, flooding the organization with letters of protest, with members of lodges in the
1468:
D.B. Robertson, "Celebration of the
Fiftieth Anniversary of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen: A Brief Narrative Telling the Story of the Founding of the Institution and a Brief Historical Outline of Its Growth and Development...," in
283:
In 1884, benefits were expanded, with the death benefit raised to $ 1,500. By
February 1889, a total of $ 1.35 million had been paid out in benefits by the B of LF. A total of 18,000 locomotive firemen were members of the organization at that date.
151:
engine's burn rate and future fuel needs, making sure that water was continuously in the boiler to avoid an explosion and ensuring that coal was sufficiently and properly spread in the firebox to ensure the locomotive's efficient operation.
563:
459:
The wives of the B of LF organized the
Fraternal Sisterhood and—though not members—played an important role in the operation of the Brotherhood (this photo was likely taken in the 1880s at an unknown location and it includes Mrs.
276:. These met in convention in 1874 and adopted a first constitution for the organization and established a subsidiary institution called the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen's Life Insurance Association of the United States.
174:
and traveling clerks and were in practice the figures of the highest authority on a train. Locomotive fireman generally received but half the salary of a conductor or engineer and shared in none of their authority.
332:
ritual, membership oaths, secret signs of recognition, and formulaic protocol for the conduct of lodge meetings. Much of the original inspiration in this regard derived from the quasi-mystic religious tradition of
487:
which he personally backed and began a new era of careful financial management. Two years later, the Brotherhood had recovered, with nearly $ 13,000 in the bank to the credit of the organization's 6,000 members.
373:
A new purpose entered my life, a fresh force impelled me as I repeated the obligation to serve the 'brotherhood,' and I left that meeting with a totally different and far loftier ambition than I had ever known
246:
Five years later came the locomotive firemen's turn to establish a fraternal benefits society of their own. This organization, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (B of LF) was founded on December 1, 1873 in
349:
as to the benevolent purposes of the organization and the sacred duties of the members thereof. Next, lodge members then joined in by collectively reciting the four principles ensconced in the organization's
410:
The B of LF and other similar railroad brother hoods were, in short, based as much upon a process of exclusion as they were upon unification, as historian Mary Ann Clawson has noted in a 1989 book.
365:
The initiation experience was memorable and effective in building lasting commitments to the organization. Three decades after his own initiation into the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen,
196:
300:
Although B of LF lodge meetings were closed and private affairs, individual lodges periodically held formal balls, picnics and other social or fundraising activities open to the community
562:
A massive collection of materials of the B of LF&E, including over 200 linear feet of minutes, bulletins, correspondence, internal documents and other ephemera is housed at the
239:
launching a charity called the Widows', Orphans', and Disabled Members' Fund in 1866. That organization went on to expand its benefits package through the establishment of a formal
1329:
430:(1851–1917). Arnold would be succeeded as Grand Master of the B of LF in 1885 by a man who would remain the iconic chief of the brotherhood for the rest of the 19th century,
161:
Locomotive firemen were consequently lower paid and of lower status than the highly paid railroad engineers—although both of these were actually subordinate to the train's
341:
and were modest and subdued, emphasizing the sacred task of the organization and the need for members to maintain appropriate decorum and professionalism in daily life.
1974:
479:
named Eugene V. Debs was elected as Grand Secretary and Treasurer of the B of LF. Upon gaining access to the books, Debs discovered that his predecessor had been
210:
of the welfare state for employees injured on the job or the families of workers who suffered fatal accidents. As a result, workers themselves endeavored to form
243:
package via the Locomotive Engineers' Mutual Life Insurance Association in 1867. Conductors followed by establishing their own fraternal order in 1868.
17:
31:
1838:
Paul Michel Taillon, "'What We Want Is Good, Sober Men:' Masculinity, Respectability, and Temperance in the Railroad Brotherhoods, c. 1870-1910",
392:
membership discrimination was practiced against recent unskilled immigrants from Europe, who were similarly held to be unsuitable for membership.
1734:
41:
Logo of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen established in 1873, but from 1907 known as the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
1989:
1969:
452:
and Treasurer—running the organization's office on a day-to-day basis and providing for the publication of the B of LF's monthly magazine.
583:
Sources: D.B. Robertson, "Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the B of LF&E", pp. 7–28; Published convention proceedings, various;
187:
annual fatality rate in the early 1890s of approximately 9 per 1,000 workers—higher even than the 7.8 per 1,000 fatality rate suffered by
1994:
544:
1788:
Eric Arnesen, "'Like Banquo's Ghost, It Will Not Down': The Race Question and the American Railroad Brotherhoods, 1880-1920",
483:
funds from the organization. With the B of LF about $ 6,000 in debt, Debs stabilized the organization's shaky finances with a
552:
496:
locomotive firemen and other railway workers, which were often financial in nature and seemed to call for collective action.
438:-born Sargent remained the head official of the B of LF until 1902, when he was named Commissioner General of Immigration by
1984:
403:
most vociferous in their opposition. The racial exclusion was ruled unconstitutional in 1944 by the Supreme Court decision
236:
256:
Other lodges soon followed and within a year there were a dozen functioning local groups scattered about the states of
199:
determining that railroad workers suffered more than half the broken arms and ribs and 71 percent of all arms and legs
388:
a candidate be a man "white born, of good moral character, sober and industrious, sound of body and limb". Additional
143:. These boilers required a regular input of fuel to keep the train fired up and running. It was the task of so-called
1498:
1761:
Robertson, "Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen", p. 19.
548:
439:
235:
It was the engineers who pioneered occupational fraternal benefit organization in the railroad industry, with the
1323:
83:, before expanding its name in 1907 in acknowledgement that many of its members had been promoted to the job of
442:
316:
188:
1956:, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, New York.
1776:, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, New York.
595:, pp. 63–65. The title of "Grand Master" was changed to "International President" at the convention of 1908.
231:
An early membership transfer card of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen (Central Lodge, Urbana, IL, 1878)
396:
206:
During the 19th century, occupational safety regulation was non-existent in the United States as were the
1979:
556:
92:
162:
1731:
91:
over time, in 1969 the B of LF&E merged with three other railway labor organizations to form the
60:
982:
1799:
George R. Horton and H. Ellsworth Steele, "The Unity Issue among Railroad Engineers and Firemen",
211:
147:
to shovel coal into a train engine's firebox through a narrow opening, thereby feeding the fire.
195:. Non-fatal workplace accidents were also endemic among railroad workers, with one study by the
1934:
1930:
1906:
1894:
504:
400:
395:
The white-only rule came up for debate in 1896-97, when the B of LF explored membership in the
144:
76:
426:
The pioneer head of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen during the decade of the 1870s was
248:
192:
1953:
1773:
804:
476:
8:
1635:. Terre Haute, IN: Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, 1888; pp. 41–42. Cited in Taillon,
1154:
674:
512:
500:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
567:
445:
455:
716:
628:
155:
84:
227:
165:. It was the conductor, not the locomotive engineer, who was most comparable to the
37:
1954:
Finding Aid for Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen records, 1873-1975"
1774:
Finding Aid for Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen records, 1873-1975"
1176:
1004:
881:
571:
461:
431:
257:
80:
1683:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989; pp. 129–130. Cited in Taillon,
1443:
1738:
749:
639:
511:
for higher wages and better working conditions before ultimately being broken by
484:
465:
427:
252:
207:
178:
136:
112:
1132:
516:
366:
325:
240:
115:, founder of the B of LF and Grand Master of the organization from 1873 to 1876
57:
1963:
938:
508:
54:
1819:
Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century
870:
652:
480:
472:
358:
269:
120:
1068:
894:
435:
334:
166:
124:
88:
64:
1843:
1804:
1793:
1046:
960:
418:
329:
296:
261:
200:
171:
1503:
Fifth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1889: Railroad Labor
527:
The 23rd Convention of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, held in
67:
in the 19th and 20th centuries. The organization began in 1873 as the
1828:
Cleveland, OH: Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, 1927.
1110:
528:
215:
422:
Frank P. Sargent, Grand Master of the B of LF from 1885 through 1902
1668:
Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government
346:
338:
1812:
American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919-1935
1260:
1238:
916:
848:
738:
503:
bringing together railway workers of all occupational tasks, the
273:
108:
1826:
Feeding the Iron Hog: The Life and Work of a Locomotive Fireman.
1473:. : Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, 1923; p. 7.
337:. Meetings formally opened with a prayer conducted by the lodge
1330:
Tunstall v. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
826:
782:
132:
1505:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1890; pp. 40–41.
471:
The first Grand Secretary and Treasurer was William Sayre of
351:
140:
564:
Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives
1833:
Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917
1499:"A Short History of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen,"
1365:
Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917
405:
Tunstall v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
265:
154:
A locomotive's fireman worked in a tandem with the train's
128:
1681:
Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism
379:
through participation in an important collective entity.
1620:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1982; p. 26.
1367:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009; p. 18.
1633:
Constitution of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen
75:), a mutual benefit society for workers employed as
1821:.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.
1670:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011; p. 184.
577:
1835:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
1792:, vol. 99, no. 5 (December 1994), pp. 1601–1633.
535:This change went into effect on January 1, 1907.
464:as well as "Mother" Sarah Leach, wife of founder
369:recalled the evening as a watershed in his life:
1961:
32:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen
1975:Mutual insurance companies of the United States
1699:"Frank Pierce Sargent", in Gary M. Fink (ed.),
1571:
1569:
47:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen
1703:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985; p. 501.
538:
1842:, vol. 36, no. 2 (Winter 2002), pp. 319–338.
1471:Fiftieth Anniversary B of LF&E, 1873-1923
499:In 1893, Debs was instrumental in forming an
1803:, vol. 10, no. 1 (October 1956), pp. 48–69.
1726:
1724:
1722:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1566:
1542:
1540:
1732:"Terre Haute was 'Convention City' in 1882"
1513:
1511:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1389:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
507:(ARU). This organization conducted several
354:"Protection, Charity, Sobriety, Industry".
1719:
1701:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor
1642:
1582:
1537:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
139:through the manipulation of concentrated
119:Early railway transportation relied upon
98:
87:. Gradually taking on the functions of a
1769:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1628:
1626:
1508:
1418:
1402:
1386:
1370:
1342:
545:Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen
454:
417:
315:
295:
226:
177:
107:
36:
1695:
1693:
382:
14:
1962:
1476:
1464:
1462:
1460:
291:
214:among their peers for the purposes of
1801:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
1764:
1748:
1623:
1618:Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist
324:The early B of LF took the form of a
320:Grave marker for Brotherhood members.
203:as the result of mishaps on the job.
1850:
1814:. University Press of Florida, 2010.
1690:
413:
1990:Railway unions in the United States
1970:Trade unions disestablished in 1969
1457:
543:In 1969, the union merged with the
305:also published a monthly magazine,
237:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
197:Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics
24:
1782:
553:Switchmen's Union of North America
25:
2006:
1947:
522:
69:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen
18:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen
1995:Trade unions established in 1873
549:Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen
222:
1706:
1673:
1660:
1610:
1553:
1524:
1324:List of American railway unions
585:American Labor Year Book, 1926,
578:Conventions and membership size
1436:
13:
1:
1857:Locomotive Firemen's Magazine
493:Locomotive Firemen's Magazine
491:Debs was named editor of the
328:, complete with an elaborate
311:Locomotive Firemen's Magazine
103:
1561:Good, Respectable, White Men
1501:in Carroll D. Wright (ed.),
1336:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
986:
981:
978:
975:
970:
967:
964:
959:
956:
953:
948:
945:
942:
937:
934:
931:
926:
923:
920:
915:
912:
909:
904:
901:
898:
893:
890:
887:
880:
877:
874:
869:
866:
863:
858:
855:
852:
847:
844:
841:
836:
833:
830:
825:
822:
819:
814:
811:
808:
803:
800:
797:
792:
789:
786:
781:
778:
775:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
748:
745:
742:
737:
734:
731:
726:
723:
720:
715:
712:
709:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
684:
681:
678:
673:
670:
667:
662:
659:
656:
651:
648:
645:
638:
635:
632:
627:
624:
621:
397:American Federation of Labor
7:
1985:United Transportation Union
1859:(established December 1876)
1317:
598:
557:United Transportation Union
539:Disestablishment and legacy
93:United Transportation Union
27:American labor organization
10:
2011:
1790:American Historical Review
1548:Good, Reliable, White Men,
1519:Good, Reliable, White Men,
1381:Good, Reliable, White Men,
29:
1840:Journal of Social History
1714:Good, Reliable, White Men
1685:Good, Reliable, White Men
1655:Good, Reliable, White Men
1637:Good, Reliable, White Men
1605:Good, Reliable, White Men
1577:Good, Reliable, White Men
1532:Good, Reliable, White Men
1431:Good, Reliable, White Men
1413:Good, Reliable, White Men
1397:Good, Reliable, White Men
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
61:fraternal benefit society
1743:Terre Haute Tribune-Star
30:Not to be confused with
212:fraternal organizations
1129:September 14–??, 1908
1107:September 10–??, 1906
1087:September 12–??, 1904
1043:September 10–??, 1900
1023:September 12–??, 1898
1001:September 14–??, 1896
979:September 10–20, 1894
957:September 12–21, 1892
913:September 10–19, 1888
891:September 15–21, 1886
867:September 21–29, 1885
845:September 23–29, 1884
823:September 18–21, 1883
801:September 11–15, 1882
779:September 12–15, 1881
759:September 13-17, 1880
713:September 10–14, 1878
693:September 11–15, 1877
671:September 12–16, 1876
505:American Railway Union
468:
423:
401:Southern United States
376:
321:
307:The Firemen's Magazine
301:
232:
183:
116:
99:Organizational history
42:
1831:Paul Michel Taillon,
1363:Paul Michel Taillon,
1065:September 8–??, 1902
935:September 8–15, 1890
735:September 8–13, 1879
649:December 14–18, 1875
625:December 15–18, 1874
617:Grand Master Elected
458:
421:
371:
319:
299:
249:Port Jervis, New York
230:
193:Western United States
181:
111:
40:
477:Terre Haute, Indiana
383:Membership exclusion
1810:Jon R. Huibregtse,
1745:, October 20, 2002.
1311:David B. Robertson
1291:David B. Robertson
1271:David B. Robertson
1249:David B. Robertson
727:William T. Goundie
517:1894 Pullman strike
513:judicial injunction
292:Organizational form
1980:Friendly societies
1737:2008-11-23 at the
1679:Mary Ann Clawson,
1666:James T. Sparrow,
1227:William S. Carter
1207:William S. Carter
1187:William S. Carter
1165:William S. Carter
1143:William S. Carter
568:Cornell University
566:at the library of
469:
446:Theodore Roosevelt
424:
322:
302:
233:
184:
145:locomotive firemen
117:
43:
1851:Official magazine
1315:
1314:
1279:June 11–??, 1928
1121:John J. Hannahan
1099:John J. Hannahan
1079:John J. Hannahan
1057:Frank P. Sargent
1035:Frank P. Sargent
1015:Frank P. Sargent
993:Frank P. Sargent
971:Frank P. Sargent
949:Frank P. Sargent
927:Frank P. Sargent
905:Frank P. Sargent
685:William R. Worth
414:Leading officials
123:to power railway
85:railroad engineer
81:steam locomotives
16:(Redirected from
2002:
1824:D.B. Robertson,
1777:
1771:
1762:
1759:
1746:
1730:Mike McCormick,
1728:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1640:
1630:
1621:
1616:Nick Salvatore,
1614:
1608:
1601:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1495:
1474:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1299:June 8–??, 1931
1296:32nd Convention
1276:31st Convention
1257:June 1–??, 1925
1254:30th Convention
1232:29th Convention
1215:June 9–??, 1919
1212:28th Convention
1195:June 5–??, 1916
1192:27th Convention
1177:Washington, D.C.
1173:June 2–??, 1913
1170:26th Convention
1151:June 6–??, 1910
1148:25th Convention
1126:24th Convention
1104:23rd Convention
1084:22nd Convention
1062:21st Convention
1040:20th Convention
1020:19th Convention
998:18th Convention
976:17th Convention
954:16th Convention
932:15th Convention
910:14th Convention
882:Frank P. Sargent
859:Frank W. Arnold
837:Frank W. Arnold
815:Frank W. Arnold
793:Frank W. Arnold
771:Frank W. Arnold
663:Joshua A. Leach
599:
572:Ithaca, New York
501:industrial union
462:Frank P. Sargent
432:Frank P. Sargent
357:At this point a
189:hard rock miners
182:Poster from 1873
135:which generated
21:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1853:
1785:
1783:Further reading
1780:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1749:
1739:Wayback Machine
1729:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1496:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1343:
1339:
1320:
1235:May 8–??, 1922
1069:Chattanooga, TN
750:Frank W. Arnold
705:Frank B. Alley
640:Joshua A. Leach
622:1st Convention
580:
541:
525:
485:promissory note
466:Joshua A. Leach
428:Frank W. Arnold
416:
385:
294:
253:Joshua A. Leach
225:
208:social benefits
113:Joshua A. Leach
106:
101:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:External links
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:Vol. 19 (1895)
1935:Vol. 18 (1894)
1931:Vol. 17 (1893)
1927:Vol. 16 (1892)
1923:Vol. 15 (1891)
1919:Vol. 14 (1890)
1915:Vol. 13 (1889)
1911:Vol. 12 (1888)
1907:Vol. 11 (1887)
1903:Vol. 10 (1886)
1861:
1860:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1817:Walter Licht,
1815:
1808:
1797:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1747:
1718:
1705:
1689:
1672:
1659:
1641:
1622:
1609:
1581:
1565:
1552:
1536:
1523:
1507:
1497:F.P. Sargent,
1475:
1456:
1435:
1417:
1401:
1385:
1369:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:San Francisco
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1047:Des Moines, IA
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:Harrisburg, PA
980:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
892:
889:
885:
884:
879:
876:
873:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
832:
829:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
752:
747:
744:
741:
736:
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:
680:
677:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
650:
647:
643:
642:
637:
634:
631:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
597:
596:
579:
576:
540:
537:
524:
523:Change of name
521:
415:
412:
384:
381:
367:Eugene V. Debs
326:secret society
293:
290:
241:life insurance
224:
221:
219:organization.
105:
102:
100:
97:
55:North American
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:Vol. 9 (1885)
1896:
1895:Vol. 8 (1884)
1892:
1891:Vol. 7 (1883)
1888:
1887:Vol. 6 (1882)
1884:
1883:Vol. 5 (1881)
1880:
1879:Vol. 4 (1880)
1876:
1875:Vol. 3 (1879)
1872:
1871:Vol. 2 (1877)
1868:
1867:Vol. 1 (1876)
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1444:"UTU History"
1439:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1302:Columbus, OH
1294:
1274:
1262:
1252:
1240:
1230:
1210:
1190:
1178:
1168:
1156:
1146:
1134:
1124:
1112:
1102:
1082:
1070:
1060:
1048:
1038:
1018:
1006:
1005:Galveston, TX
996:
984:
974:
962:
952:
940:
939:San Francisco
930:
918:
908:
896:
886:
883:
872:
862:
850:
840:
828:
818:
806:
796:
784:
774:
754:
751:
740:
730:
718:
708:
696:Indianapolis
688:
676:
666:
654:
644:
641:
630:
620:
616:
600:
594:
590:
587:pp. 106–107;
586:
582:
581:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
533:
530:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
494:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
467:
463:
457:
453:
449:
447:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
411:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
380:
375:
370:
368:
363:
360:
355:
353:
348:
342:
340:
336:
331:
327:
318:
314:
312:
308:
298:
289:
285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
244:
242:
238:
229:
223:Establishment
220:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
176:
173:
168:
164:
159:
157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:steam engines
114:
110:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
51:B of LF&E
48:
39:
33:
19:
1856:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1742:
1713:
1708:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1636:
1632:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1579:, pp. 50–51.
1576:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1502:
1470:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1430:
1412:
1396:
1380:
1364:
1328:
1155:St. Paul, MN
1133:Columbus, OH
888:13th Annual
871:Philadelphia
864:12th Annual
842:11th Annual
820:10th Annual
724:N/A (fewer)
653:Indianapolis
592:
588:
584:
561:
555:to form the
542:
534:
526:
498:
492:
490:
473:Galion, Ohio
470:
450:
425:
409:
404:
394:
389:
386:
377:
372:
364:
359:stereopticon
356:
343:
323:
310:
306:
303:
286:
282:
278:
270:Pennsylvania
245:
234:
205:
185:
160:
153:
149:
137:motive power
118:
72:
68:
50:
46:
44:
895:Minneapolis
805:Terre Haute
798:9th Annual
776:8th Annual
756:7th Annual
732:6th Annual
710:5th Annual
690:4th Annual
668:3rd Annual
646:2nd Annual
629:Hornell, NY
602:Convention
436:New England
335:Freemasonry
172:supervisors
125:locomotives
89:trade union
65:trade union
1964:Categories
961:Cincinnati
593:ALYB, 1932
591:, p. 131;
589:ALYB, 1929
481:embezzling
440:Republican
330:initiation
262:New Jersey
104:Background
1712:Taillon,
1653:Taillon,
1603:Taillon,
1575:Taillon,
1559:Taillon,
1546:Taillon,
1530:Taillon,
1517:Taillon,
1429:Taillon,
1411:Taillon,
1395:Taillon,
1379:Taillon,
1337:Footnotes
1111:Milwaukee
675:St. Louis
608:Location
529:Milwaukee
443:President
216:insurance
201:amputated
163:conductor
1844:In JSTOR
1805:In JSTOR
1794:In JSTOR
1735:Archived
1716:, p. 54.
1687:, p. 57.
1657:, p. 57.
1639:, p. 57.
1607:, p. 51.
1563:, p. 47.
1534:, p. 45.
1449:June 20,
1433:, p. 42.
1415:, p. 40.
1399:, p. 21.
1318:See also
1305:No data
1288:104,167
1285:No data
1268:106,808
1265:No data
1246:107,611
1224:116,990
1090:Buffalo
1026:Toronto
762:Chicago
614:Members
551:and the
390:de facto
347:chaplain
339:chaplain
258:New York
156:engineer
58:railroad
53:) was a
1383:pg. 19.
1308:98,187
1261:Detroit
1239:Houston
1218:Denver
1204:85,866
1198:Denver
1184:85,292
1162:65,315
1140:66,408
1118:58,849
1096:54,434
1076:43,376
1054:36,084
1032:27,039
1012:22,461
990:26,508
968:25,967
946:18,657
924:18,278
917:Atlanta
902:16,196
878:14,694
856:12,246
849:Toronto
739:Chicago
717:Buffalo
611:Lodges
515:in the
509:strikes
374:before.
309:(later
274:Indiana
191:in the
167:captain
133:boilers
131:-fired
127:—large
77:firemen
73:B of LF
1550:p. 49.
1521:p. 44.
834:7,337
827:Denver
812:4,443
790:2,998
783:Boston
605:Dates
547:, the
434:. The
352:motto
141:steam
1451:2011
1243:905
1221:880
1201:830
1181:826
1159:759
1137:760
1115:699
1093:660
1073:615
1051:569
1029:538
1009:507
987:519
965:480
943:430
921:383
899:331
875:285
853:237
831:178
809:121
768:N/A
765:N/A
746:N/A
702:N/A
682:N/A
660:900
636:N/A
272:and
266:Ohio
129:coal
79:for
63:and
45:The
787:95
743:65
721:51
699:60
679:53
657:31
633:12
570:in
251:by
1966::
1937:|
1933:|
1929:|
1925:|
1921:|
1917:|
1913:|
1909:|
1905:|
1901:|
1897:|
1893:|
1889:|
1885:|
1881:|
1877:|
1873:|
1869:|
1766:^
1750:^
1741:,
1721:^
1692:^
1644:^
1625:^
1584:^
1568:^
1539:^
1510:^
1478:^
1459:^
1420:^
1404:^
1388:^
1372:^
1344:^
574:.
559:.
519:.
448:.
407:.
268:,
264:,
260:,
95:.
1941:|
1846:.
1807:.
1796:.
1453:.
71:(
49:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
