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305:. The treaty ceded territory, including Black Hawk's birthplace Saukenuk, to the United States. The Sauk traditionally had been a society that reached their decision-making via consensus. Their representatives exceeded the authorization of merely taking under consideration what terms the United States government might put forth, bring them back to reach a consensus and then return with their treaty terms. The lack of the tribe discussing the treaty prior to being made official made it invalid by Black Hawk and other members of the tribe. The representatives never had the tribal authorization to unilaterally cede its lands.
763:, Ho-Chunk, and other native tribes. Still others died of starvation or drowned during the Band's long trek up the Rock River toward the mouth of the Bad Axe. The entire British Band was not wiped out at Bad Axe; some survivors drifted back home to their villages. This was relatively simple for the Potawatomi and Ho-Chunk of the band. Many Sauk and Fox found return to their homes more difficult, and while some returned safely others were held in custody by the army. Prisoners, some taken at the Battle of Bad Axe, and others taken by U.S.-aligned Native American tribes in the following weeks, were taken to
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723:. The clash became known as the Battle of Wisconsin Heights. Militarily, the battle was devastating for Black Hawk's band of warriors; including those who drowned during the melee, casualty estimates climbed as high as 70. Despite the relatively high casualties the battle did allow much of the Band, including many women and children, to escape across the
809:. They stayed only a few weeks at the prison, during which they mostly posed for multiple portraits by different artists. On 5 June 1833, the men were sent west by steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities. Again, the men were a spectacle everywhere they went, and met with huge crowds of people in cities such as New York,
502:. This act, was, however, an exception as most Ho-Chunk sided with the United States during the Black Hawk War. The warriors that attacked St. Vrain's party acted with no authority or oversight from the Ho-Chunk nation. Sympathetic Potawatomi warriors also joined with Black Hawk's Band in the months between April and August.
538:, to St. Vrain, were certain that Black Hawk's intentions were to wage war against the United States. Historians generally believe that a more decisive action by General Atkinson, charged with prosecuting the war, in stopping Black Hawk's Band from moving up the Rock River may have prevented the war.
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As the war progressed factions of other tribes would join, or attempt to join Black Hawk, and others would carry out acts of violence for their own personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war. In one example a band of hostile Ho-Chunk intent on joining Black Hawk's Band attacked and killed the party
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intended to assist them. These events, combined with Black Hawk's 1812 alliance with the
British, and occasional visits to Canada, attributed to his 1832 band becoming known by the moniker British Band. The term British Band was used frequently by American, Sauk, and Fox observers alike and served to
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to
Saukenuk to insist on Black Hawk's immediate departure. Black Hawk left but soon returned to the west side of the Mississippi, threatened by Gaines' troops and an additional 1,400 militia called up by Reynolds on 25 June 1831. On 30 June, Black Hawk and the chiefs of the British Band were forced
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on 25 June, and the final two battles at
Wisconsin Heights and Bad Axe. Besides the major victory at Stillman's Run Black Hawk's Band was involved in several other battles and skirmishes during the Black Hawk War. Several of the small skirmishes and massacres that occurred following Stillman's Run
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on Black Hawk. He was given command of all Native
Americans gathered at Green Bay, including the 200 Sauk warriors under Black Hawk's control. Black Hawk was then presented with a silk flag, a medal, and a written certificate of good behavior and alliance with the British. The certificate would be
1266:
Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing the
Traditions of his Nation, Various Wars in Which He Has Been Engaged, and His Account of the Cause and General History of the Black Hawk War of 1832, His Surrender, and Travels Through the United States. Also Life, Death and
830:
Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing the
Traditions of his Nation, Various Wars in Which He Has Been Engaged, and His Account of the Cause and General History of the Black Hawk War of 1832, His Surrender, and Travels Through the United States. Also Life, Death and
589:, the exaggerated claim that 2,000 "bloodthirsty warriors ... sweeping all northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction" sent shock waves of terror through the region. After this initial skirmish, Black Hawk led many of the civilians in his band to the
470:; the four other war captains were: Menacou, Makatauaupuat, Pashetowat, and Kinnekonnesaut. The band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women and children when they crossed the Mississippi on 5 April. The group included members of the
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shot from a group of Native
Americans. Dodge quickly returned to his command post and gathered as many men as he could to pursue the enemy. With Dodge in quick pursuit, a group of approximately 11 Native warriors criss-crossed the
754:
The members of the
British Band, and the Fox, Kickapoo, Sauk and Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi that later joined them, suffered unknown numbers of dead during the war. While some died fighting, others were tracked down and killed by
593:. On 19 May, the militia traveled up the Rock River trailing and searching for Black Hawk and his band. Several small skirmishes and massacres ensued over the next month in northern Illinois and present-day southern
576:
The first named confrontation of the Black Hawk War occurred on 14 May 1832 and resulted in an unexpected victory for Black Hawk's band of Sauk and Fox warriors over the disorganized militia under the command of
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had become the tribe's war chief. After the war ended, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the treaty of 1804, a provision Black Hawk later protested ignorance of.
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in an attempt to reclaim their homeland and in violation of several treaties. Subsequently, both the
Illinois and Michigan Territory militia were called up and the Black Hawk War ensued.
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458:(White Cloud), and Neapope. There were seven civil chiefs besides Neapope and Wabokieshiek, and five war captains including Black Hawk. The other civil chiefs in the band were:
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Despite opposition by Keokuk and the US authorities, Black Hawk's band returned to
Saukenuk in 1830 following their winter hunt. A year later they returned again, and
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with Neapope, White Cloud, and eight other leaders of the British Band. After 8 months, in April 1833 they were taken east, as ordered by then U.S. President
638:
were attributed to bands of Native Americans unaffiliated with Black Hawk's Band, though many were likely sympathetic or intent on joining him. The events at
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to a government interpreter, which was edited by a local reporter and became the first Native American autobiography published in the United States. The
1273:
673:, helped restore public confidence in the Illinois Militia after the victory by the British Band at Stillman's Run. The British Band attacked the
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were holding talks with bands of Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and Ho-Chunk. The talks mentioned the promises of the British, as well as word that the
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reported that Black Hawk's band would receive aid and ammunition from the British, and the tale was widely believed. The militia commander at
246:. Band members who survived the war were either imprisoned or returned home. All the prisoners taken following the conflict were released by
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has been called victory for both sides and the skirmishes resulted in 8 dead militia men and at least 15 dead British Band warriors.
738:. When they finally caught up with the British Band, it would lead to the decisive clash of the war at Bad Axe. At the mouth of the
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With most of the British Band dead and the rest captured or disbanded, the defeated Black Hawk was held in captivity at
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In response to Black Hawk and his band's movements, Governor Reynolds issued a proclamation on 16 April, mustering five
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Valley that the British planned to aid Black Hawk in the event of a war with American settlers. According to
742:, hundreds of men, women and children would be killed by pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S.
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767:. About 120 prisoners – men, women, and children, waited until the end of August to be released by General
677:, where a pitched battle was fought resulting in Black Hawk withdrawing his forces. Subsequent fighting at
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northeast. Along the way they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed for the village of Ho-Chunk prophet
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817:. Reaction in the west, however, was much different. For instance, in Detroit, a crowd burned and hanged
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and to head north to force Black Hawk out of Illinois. Although one-third of all federal troops from the
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and the military engagements that followed were insignificant until the final two encounters: the
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1406:, Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1970, p.680. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
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1476:, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 31 March 1997, HAARGIS Database,
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at the end of August 1832, except Black Hawk who was taken east. In 1833 he dictated his
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to sign a surrender agreement in which they promised to remain west of the Mississippi.
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had delivered a message to the Sauk which reported the alleged British intentions. The
352:, carefully preserved along with a flag similar to the one Dickson gave to Black Hawk.
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The battle at Horseshoe Bend and a small, largely insignificant militarily, battle at
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brigade at Fort Hamilton. While Dodge was on his way to visit the brigade, he heard a
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in a 19th-century painting. It was the site of the British Band's penultimate battle.
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of the rumor, and said a follower of Keokuk had reported to him that Black Hawk and
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During the 1812 war, Black Hawk and his warriors fought in several engagements with
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in April 1832 to return to their homeland in the Rock River Valley, it was under a
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The History of Wisconsin: In Three Parts, Historical, Documentary, and Descriptive
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On 21 July 1832, Illinois and Wisconsin militia men under the command of Generals
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Black Hawk himself led warriors in several battles, including Stillman's Run, the
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of Felix St. Vrain after the outbreak of war in an event that became known as the
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2017:
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1321:, Office of Realty and Environmental Planning, 1999. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
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nations; about 500 of that number were warriors. Black Hawk had an alliance with
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35:
This 1854 artist rendering depicts members of the British Band at Stillman's Run.
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were attributed to a band of Kickapoo loosely affiliated with the British Band.
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191:. The band was composed of about 1,500 men, women, and children from the Sauk,
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84:
1317:," The Sugar-Pecatonica Rivers Basin: An Inventory of the Region's Resources,
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1997:
1987:
1855:
1647:
1398:," Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War, 25 June: The Battle of Kellogg's Grove,
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stated it was the same flag that had been given on a visit to the British in
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Black Hawk led the British Band across the Mississippi River on 5 April 1832.
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between the United Kingdom and the United States, Robert Dickson, an English
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545:
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At the end of 1831, stories spread throughout the settlements of the Upper
254:, the first Native American autobiography published in the United States.
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1421:, Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, pp. 170–171. Available online via
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294:
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196:
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64:
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1945:
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1337:), State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1892. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
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483:
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76:
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Burial of the Old Chief, Together with a History of the Black Hawk War
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Burial of the Old Chief, Together with a History of the Black Hawk War
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before the militia was able to regain public confidence in battles at
569:
were eventually involved in the conflict, the 9,000 soldiers from the
1981:
1675:
1639:
1264:
Black Hawk; LeClair, Antoine, interpreter; Patterson, J. B., editor,
1173:," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
994:," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
903:," The Black Hawk War of 1832, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
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until, finding flight hopeless, they prepared to make a stand at the
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June 16: Peter Parkinson Recalls the Battle of the Pecatonica
937:, Primary Source Materials, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
837:, as interpreted by Antoine LeClair and edited by J.B. Patterson.
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May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run
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May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters
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Responding to Illinois Governor John Reynolds' call, General
868:), B. Brown: 1854, pp. 221–406. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
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distinguish Black Hawk's group from the rest of the tribes.
923:
Black Hawk: The Battle for the Hear of America, pp.139–140.
824:
Near the end of his captivity in 1833, Black Hawk told his
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caught up with Black Hawk's British Band near present-day
518:
When Black Hawk's Band crossed the Mississippi River from
223:, giving them their colloquial name. The band crossed the
1354:)H.W. Rokker: 1887, p. 891. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1331:
Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin
1455:," History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web,
1453:
Black Hawk Remembers Village Life Along the Mississippi
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and picked up Black Hawk's trail again on 28 July near
649:
was informed that Henry Dodge was to take over General
542:
made similar observations shortly after the war ended.
324:. Most of the warriors Dickson assembled were from the
1418:
A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I
482:
Nations. They crossed the river near the mouth of the
1212:
James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek
620:
warriors intent on joining the British Band in 1832.
277:, was a chief voice of opposition to the ceding of
1402:. Originally published in: Whitney, Ellen M., ed.
1201:," Historical Events. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
363:. He returned home to Saukenuk to find his rival
316:, amassed a sizable force of Native Americans at
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118:
1497:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America
1131:Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America
801:, though their final destination was prison at
320:to assist the British in operations around the
1490:," Historical Events. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
952:U.S. troops begin pursuit of Black Hawk's band
1530:
1442:, 28 April 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
289:. Black Hawk supported the invalidity of the
1043:), 31 May 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1026:The Black Hawk War: Massacre at Indian Creek
1436:Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on
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573:provided the majority of U.S. combatants.
382:proclaimed it an "invasion of the state."
1381:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
1340:
1293:," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,
1283:
1248:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
1153:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
1125:
1123:
1113:," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project,
1011:," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,
962:), 10 May 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
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1319:Illinois Department of Natural Resources
1221:, Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War,
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450:The British Band had three key leaders,
1396:Report of the Battle at Kellogg's Grove
1269:, J. B. Patterson, Oquawka, IL: 1882, (
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234:The British Band was victorious at the
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549:The British Band suffered a defeat at
534:, Canada. Observers at the time, from
340:tribes. Dickson conferred the rank of
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1493:
1478:Illinois Historic Preservation Agency
1357:
1252:, p. 2B. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1117:, p. 2D. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1070:," Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War,
974:
971:Harmet, "Apple River Fort," p. 13-13.
910:
871:
424:, Major John Bliss, informed General
269:, the leader of a band of Sauks near
16:Multinational Native American militia
1500:. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
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1001:
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2238:Native American history of Illinois
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1308:Blackhawk's Last Battle in Illinois
13:
1295:Wisconsin State Historical Society
1167:Wisconsin State Historical Society
1013:Wisconsin State Historical Society
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14:
2259:
2205:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1423:The State of Wisconsin Collection
1157:, p. 2A. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
553:, shown here in an 1857 painting.
440:
370:
297:nations negotiated with the then
2200:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1385:, p. 2C Retrieved 1 August 2007.
1348:The Sauks and the Black Hawk War
635:Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove
389:brought his federal troops from
348:found 20 years later, after the
120:
29:
1280:). Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1484:Illinois State Military Museum
1480:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1459:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1188:Illinois State Military Museum
1074:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
1061:The Killing of Felix St. Vrain
1015:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
998:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
941:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
907:. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
408:, a known ne'er-do-well named
1:
2068:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
1466:
1404:The Black Hawk War, 1831–1832
705:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
462:, Weesheet, Chakeepashipabo,
257:
1400:Wisconsin Historical Society
1383:Northern Illinois University
1250:Northern Illinois University
1223:Wisconsin Historical Society
1155:Northern Illinois University
1115:Northern Illinois University
1072:Wisconsin Historical Society
996:Northern Illinois University
939:Northern Illinois University
905:Northern Illinois University
749:
645:After the massacre, General
505:
164:was a mixed-nation group of
7:
2159:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
2119:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
1415:Cole, Harry Ellsworth, ed.
1372:The Black Hawk War of 1832:
1297:. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
691:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
10:
2264:
2195:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
2149:Battle of Apple River Fort
1961:Stillman's Run Battle Site
1440:Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel
1425:, University of Wisconsin.
1239:The Black Hawk War of 1832
1144:The Black Hawk War of 1832
1104:The Black Hawk War of 1832
688:
631:Battle of Apple River Fort
624:
2172:
2139:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
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1313:16 September 2004 at the
1225:. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
1217:29 September 2007 at the
1031:28 September 2007 at the
833:was published in 1882 in
730:The militia regrouped at
684:
561:of volunteers to form at
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134:
114:
104:
90:
60:
50:
40:
28:
23:
2129:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2094:Battle of Stillman's Run
1494:Trask, Kerry A. (2006).
1066:21 February 2014 at the
860:Smith, William Rudolph.
840:
664:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
583:Battle of Stillman's Run
236:Battle of Stillman's Run
2144:Attack at Ament's Cabin
2134:Battle of Waddams Grove
1457:George Mason University
1197:5 November 2007 at the
736:Spring Green, Wisconsin
454:, the Ho-Chunk prophet
387:Edmund Pendleton Gaines
176:, which fought against
2124:Spafford Farm massacre
1546:Black Hawk War of 1832
1377:15 August 2009 at the
1276:30 August 2007 at the
782:. The men traveled by
708:
621:
554:
515:
486:and then followed the
303:William Henry Harrison
2109:Indian Creek massacre
1474:Apple River Fort Site
1472:Harmet, A. Richard. "
1149:6 August 2007 at the
990:20 April 2009 at the
702:
611:
548:
513:
466:, Ioway, Pamaho, and
293:of both the Sauk and
2154:Sinsinawa Mound raid
2099:Buffalo Grove ambush
1346:Armstrong, Perry A.
1109:19 June 2009 at the
721:Sauk City, Wisconsin
219:that dated from the
2180:Black Hawk Purchase
2038:Hamilton's Diggings
1876:Joseph Throckmorton
1830:James W. Stephenson
1800:William S. Hamilton
1244:3 July 2007 at the
899:16 May 2008 at the
526:. Potawatomi Chief
391:St. Louis, Missouri
291:Treaty of St. Louis
91:Active regions
2248:Algonquian peoples
2114:St. Vrain massacre
1978:Michigan Territory
821:of the prisoners.
776:Jefferson Barracks
709:
622:
591:Michigan Territory
567:United States Army
555:
516:
500:St. Vrain massacre
359:on the borders of
281:lands to American
182:Michigan Territory
153:United States Army
146:Michigan Territory
99:Michigan Territory
52:Dates of operation
2220:
2219:
2164:Battle of Bad Axe
2089:Minor engagements
1889:
1888:
1711:
1710:
1507:978-0-8050-7758-2
1434:McCann, Dennis. "
1271:Table of Contents
835:Oquawka, Illinois
695:Battle of Bad Axe
651:Alexander Posey's
585:, at present-day
581:. Soon after the
403:U.S. Indian Agent
399:Mississippi River
377:Illinois Governor
350:Battle of Bad Axe
345:Brigadier General
299:Indiana Territory
240:Wisconsin Heights
225:Mississippi River
168:commanded by the
158:
157:
2255:
2190:Keokuk's Reserve
2043:Pecatonica River
1993:Blue Mounds Fort
1906:Apple River Fort
1866:Joseph M. Street
1861:Antoine LeClaire
1851:George Davenport
1835:Samuel Whiteside
1820:John H. Rountree
1785:Ebenezer Brigham
1775:Milton Alexander
1770:John Giles Adams
1720:
1719:
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1024:Matile, Roger. "
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950:Matile, Roger. "
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732:Fort Blue Mounds
675:Apple River Fort
660:Pecatonica River
633:on 24 June, the
571:Illinois Militia
536:George Davenport
434:French Canadians
187:during the 1832
166:Native Americans
130:
126:
124:
123:
110:~1,000 civilians
53:
33:
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2073:Wisconsin River
2053:Sinsinawa Mound
2028:Gratiot's Grove
2018:Fort Koshkonong
1941:Kellogg's Grove
1885:
1881:Satterlee Clark
1871:Felix St. Vrain
1839:
1825:Isaiah Stillman
1815:Alexander Posey
1810:Abraham Lincoln
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1370:Lewis, James. "
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614:Felix St. Vrain
587:Stillman Valley
579:Isaiah Stillman
532:Malden, Ontario
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422:Fort Armstrong
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371:Prelude to war
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108:~500 warriors
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66:
63:
59:
55:
49:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2209:
2013:Fort Jackson
1971:Yellow Creek
1936:Indian Creek
1780:David Bailey
1594:Wabokieshiek
1561:British Band
1560:
1496:
1483:
1477:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1430:
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1352:Google Books
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1335:Google Books
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985:Introduction
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866:Google Books
861:
829:
823:
815:Philadelphia
773:
753:
729:
710:
668:
644:
628:
616:, killed by
575:
556:
524:British flag
517:
496:
456:Wabokieshiek
449:
414:New Galenian
413:
396:
384:
374:
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307:
261:
233:
162:British Band
161:
159:
24:British Band
18:
2243:Sac and Fox
2082:Engagements
1795:Henry Dodge
1790:John Dement
1716:U.S. people
1574:Checokalako
713:Henry Dodge
492:White Cloud
464:Checokalako
322:Great Lakes
310:War of 1812
308:During the
271:Rock Island
221:War of 1812
217:the British
2227:Categories
2023:Fort Union
1946:Plum River
1926:Fort Beggs
1737:Hugh Brady
1658:Potawatomi
1589:Towaunonne
1569:Black Hawk
1467:References
935:Black Hawk
894:Background
826:life story
799:Lewis Cass
563:Beardstown
488:Rock River
484:Iowa River
468:Towaunonne
452:Black Hawk
326:Potawatomi
314:fur trader
267:Black Hawk
258:Background
205:Potawatomi
174:Black Hawk
77:Potawatomi
45:Black Hawk
1982:Wisconsin
1676:Waubonsie
1640:Menominee
811:Baltimore
784:steamboat
761:Menominee
750:Aftermath
595:Wisconsin
506:Incursion
460:Pamisseau
361:Lake Erie
318:Green Bay
301:Governor
135:Opponents
56:1831–1832
1951:Saukenuk
1901:Illinois
1690:Meskwaki
1671:Shabbona
1622:Ho-Chunk
1584:Pamisseu
1375:Archived
1311:Archived
1274:Archived
1242:Archived
1215:Archived
1195:Archived
1147:Archived
1107:Archived
1064:Archived
1029:Archived
988:Archived
897:Archived
819:effigies
807:Virginia
792:railroad
788:carriage
618:Ho-Chunk
559:brigades
528:Shabbona
480:Kickapoo
334:Kickapoo
330:Ho-Chunk
285:and the
283:settlers
275:Saukenuk
265:warrior
242:and the
229:Illinois
209:Ho-Chunk
201:Kickapoo
193:Meskwaki
185:militias
178:Illinois
139:Illinois
95:Illinois
81:Ho-Chunk
73:Kickapoo
61:Group(s)
2211:Warrior
2063:Victory
2048:Roxbury
1762:Militia
1703:Wapello
1648:Oshkosh
1612:Wapasha
1579:Neapope
1129:Trask,
921:Trask,
744:gunboat
625:Battles
430:Neapope
172:leader
149:Militia
142:Militia
41:Leaders
2033:Helena
1931:Galena
1894:Places
1844:Others
1698:Keokuk
1604:Dakota
1504:
790:, and
685:Defeat
446:Forces
418:Galena
365:Keokuk
342:brevet
338:Ottawa
213:Ottawa
211:, and
125:
115:Allies
85:Ottawa
841:Notes
757:Sioux
655:rifle
1724:Army
1688:and
1686:Sauk
1502:ISBN
813:and
715:and
703:The
693:and
601:and
520:Iowa
478:and
472:Sauk
336:and
263:Sauk
180:and
170:Sauk
160:The
105:Size
65:Sauk
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