675:
634:
654:
563:
579:
691:
533:
598:
514:
490:
20:
773:
1246:
Adams, R. D.; Cotton, F. A. (1973). "Pathway of Bridge-Terminal Ligand
Exchange in Some Binuclear Metal Carbonyls. Bis(pentahapto-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) and Its Di(methyl Isocyanide) Derivative and Bis(pentahapto-cyclopentadienylcarbonylnitrosylmanganese)".
752:. Complicating this analysis is the possibility of metal–metal bonding. Computational studies suggest that metal-metal bonding is absent in many compounds where the metals are separated by bridging ligands. For example, calculations suggest that
562:
955:
Polyfunctional ligands can attach to metals in many ways and thus can bridge metals in diverse ways, including sharing of one atom or using several atoms. Examples of such polyatomic ligands are the oxoanions
633:
532:
489:
674:
597:
653:
429:
Many simple organic ligands form strong bridges between metal centers. Many common examples include organic derivatives of the above inorganic ligands (R = alkyl, aryl):
513:
578:
1210:
Green, J. C.; Green, M. L. H.; Parkin, G. (2012). "The occurrence and representation of three-centre two-electron bonds in covalent inorganic compounds".
690:
1079:
1065:
1036:
722:-) ligands, two limiting representation are 4-electron and 2-electron bonding interactions. These cases are illustrated in main group chemistry by
776:
Representations of two kinds of μ-bridging ligand interactions, 3-center, 4-electron bond (left) and 3-center, 2-electron bonding.
802:
794:
1139:
Koo, H.-J.; Whangbo, M.; VerNooy, P. D.; Torardi, C. C.; Marshall, W. J. (2002). "Flux growth of vanadyl pyrophosphate, (VO)
421:
1070:
912:
These dynamic processes, which are degenerate, proceed via an intermediate where the CO ligands are all terminal, i.e.
496:
572:, two CO ligands are bridging and ten are terminal ligands. The terminal and bridging CO ligands interchange rapidly.
1087:
43:
that connects two or more atoms, usually metal ions. The ligand may be atomic or polyatomic. Virtually all complex
54:
In naming a complex wherein a single atom bridges two metals, the bridging ligand is preceded by the Greek letter
1279:
1103:
Werner, H. (2004). "The Way into the Bridge: A New
Bonding Mode of Tertiary Phosphanes, Arsanes, and Stibanes".
66:
is often denoted simply as μ. When describing coordination complexes care should be taken not to confuse μ with
992:. Several organophosphorus ligands have been developed that bridge pairs of metals, a well-known example being
766:
1075:
415:
1091:
523:
306:
661:
569:
230:
32:
1105:
585:
324:
276:
556:
ligand is triply bridging, although this aspect is typically not indicated in the formula.
336:
47:
can serve as bridging ligands, so the term is usually restricted to small ligands such as
8:
754:
681:
294:
552:
1228:
1189:
1121:
1083:
1018:
44:
1046:
1256:
1220:
1181:
1113:
1050:
1041:
640:
989:
798:
172:
16:
Ligand which connects two or more (usually metal) atoms in a coordination complex
790:
1273:
1212:
1045:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
395:
391:
1054:
1232:
1193:
1173:
1125:
1117:
48:
971:
55:
1260:
1224:
159:
1185:
976:
958:
184:
116:
71:
59:
62:
number denoting the number of metals bound to the bridging ligand. μ
1151:, and spin dimer analysis of the spin exchange interactions of (VO)
519:
500:
437:
431:
354:
318:
288:
19:
789:. The process is invoked to explain the fluxional properties of
624:
374:
348:
247:
141:
91:
86:
Virtually all ligands are known to bridge, with the exception of
51:
or to ligands that are specifically designed to link two metals.
668:, there are both terminal and doubly bridging chloride ligands.
627:
ligand, although again, the designator "μ" is not usually used.
40:
522:
is a bridging ligand in this diruthenium compound, called the
94:. Common bridging ligands include most of the common anions.
772:
708:, pairs of vanadium(IV) centers are bridged by water ligands.
591:, there are two bridging and eight terminal chloride ligands.
443:
224:
153:
87:
994:
785:
The interchange of bridging and terminal ligands is called
471:(phosphido, note the ambiguity with the preceding entry),
67:
1138:
647:. These oxide ligands "glue" together the metal centres.
27:
bridging ligand, represented with the red letter "L"
1066:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
797:. Some complexes that exhibit this process are
1271:
1209:
684:, the four acetate groups are bridging ligands.
1074:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):
484:Compounds and complexes with bridging ligands
769:involving one of three bridging CO ligands.
1245:
780:
81:
74:. Ligands that are not bridging are called
1096:
950:
1249:Journal of the American Chemical Society
771:
18:
1205:
1203:
1132:
765:lacks an iron–iron bond by virtue of a
1272:
1163:and vanadyl hydrogen phosphate, VO(HPO
1102:
803:cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer
1200:
422:transition metal phosphido complexes
1071:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
497:(benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer
13:
1042:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
503:ligands are terminal and two are μ
14:
1291:
689:
673:
652:
632:
596:
577:
561:
531:
512:
488:
475:(phosphinidino), and many more.
1239:
1059:
1030:
1:
1024:
643:, the oxide ligands are all μ
7:
1012:
495:In this ruthenium complex (
478:
10:
1296:
795:metal isocyanide complexes
713:
70:('eta'), which relates to
787:bridge-terminal exchange
781:Bridge-terminal exchange
767:3-center 2-electron bond
82:List of bridging ligands
1055:10.1351/goldbook.B00741
1280:Coordination chemistry
1118:10.1002/anie.200300627
951:Polyfunctional ligands
777:
718:For doubly bridging (μ
570:triiron dodecacarbonyl
538:In the cobalt cluster
33:coordination chemistry
28:
1106:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
775:
277:metal nitrido complex
22:
1090:. pp. 163–165.
524:Creutz–Taube complex
1261:10.1021/ja00801a012
1092:Electronic version.
682:rhodium(II) acetate
1225:10.1039/c2cc35304k
778:
29:
1255:(20): 6589–6594.
1219:(94): 11481–503.
1186:10.1021/ic020249c
1019:Bridging carbonyl
427:
426:
416:diphenylphosphide
307:bridging carbonyl
45:organic compounds
23:An example of a μ
1287:
1265:
1264:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1100:
1094:
1063:
1057:
1034:
1008:
990:polyoxometalates
987:
985:
984:
981:
970:and the related
969:
967:
966:
963:
946:
880:
827:
764:
751:
736:
707:
693:
677:
667:
656:
641:rhenium trioxide
636:
618:
600:
581:
565:
555:
549:
535:
516:
492:
474:
470:
469:
468:
465:
458:
454:
452:
451:
448:
440:
434:
412:
411:
410:
407:
389:
371:
364:
345:
334:
315:
304:
285:
274:
244:
237:
221:
220:
219:
216:
206:
181:
170:
150:
139:
113:
97:
96:
76:terminal ligands
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1244:
1240:
1208:
1201:
1180:(18): 4664–72.
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1101:
1097:
1064:
1060:
1047:bridging ligand
1035:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
982:
979:
978:
975:
964:
961:
960:
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
877:
873:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
839:
835:
831:
825:
824:
820:
812:
799:cobalt carbonyl
783:
762:
758:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
716:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
685:
678:
669:
665:
660:
659:In the case of
657:
648:
646:
637:
628:
622:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
592:
589:
582:
573:
566:
557:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
527:
517:
508:
506:
493:
481:
472:
466:
463:
462:
460:
456:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
430:
408:
405:
404:
402:
388:
384:
380:
369:
362:
358:
353:
343:
332:
328:
323:
313:
302:
298:
293:
283:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
234:
229:
217:
214:
213:
211:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
179:
173:polyoxometalate
167:
163:
158:
148:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
111:
100:Bridging ligand
84:
65:
37:bridging ligand
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1238:
1199:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1112:(8): 938–954.
1095:
1058:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1004:
1000:
996:
952:
949:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
909:
906:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
845:
837:
833:
829:
822:
818:
810:
791:metal carbonyl
782:
779:
760:
756:
748:
744:
740:
733:
729:
725:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
679:
672:
670:
663:
658:
651:
649:
644:
638:
631:
629:
620:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
593:
587:
583:
576:
574:
567:
560:
558:
545:
541:
537:
530:
528:
518:
511:
509:
504:
494:
487:
485:
480:
477:
425:
424:
418:
413:
399:
398:
386:
382:
377:
372:
366:
365:
360:
356:
351:
346:
340:
339:
337:halide ligands
330:
326:
321:
316:
310:
309:
300:
296:
291:
286:
280:
279:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
239:
238:
232:
227:
222:
208:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
176:
175:
165:
161:
156:
151:
145:
144:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
108:
107:
104:
101:
83:
80:
63:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:Chem. Commun.
1206:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:0-85404-438-8
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
991:
986:
973:
968:
948:
904:
869:
849:
843:
816:
808:
807:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
774:
770:
768:
763:
692:
687:
683:
676:
671:
666:
655:
650:
642:
635:
630:
626:
599:
594:
590:
580:
575:
571:
564:
559:
554:
534:
529:
525:
521:
515:
510:
502:
498:
491:
486:
483:
482:
476:
453:
439:
433:
423:
419:
417:
414:
401:
400:
397:
396:cyanometalate
393:
392:prussian blue
378:
376:
373:
368:
367:
363:
352:
350:
347:
342:
341:
338:
333:
322:
320:
317:
312:
311:
308:
303:
292:
290:
287:
282:
281:
278:
251:
249:
246:
241:
240:
236:
228:
226:
223:
210:
209:
188:
186:
183:
178:
177:
174:
169:
157:
155:
152:
147:
146:
143:
120:
118:
115:
110:
109:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
93:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
52:
50:
49:pseudohalides
46:
42:
38:
34:
21:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1216:
1211:
1177:
1174:Inorg. Chem.
1172:
1134:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1069:
1061:
1040:
1032:
972:carboxylates
954:
911:
902:
867:
841:
814:
786:
784:
717:
619:features a μ
603:The cluster
428:
185:hydrosulfido
85:
75:
53:
36:
30:
702:)·0.5H
1025:References
988:, and the
934:Fe−Fe(CO)
918:Co−Co(CO)
507:bridging.
459:(imido),
117:hydroxide
72:hapticity
60:subscript
58:, with a
1274:Category
1233:23047247
1194:12206689
1126:14966876
1068:(2005).
1013:See also
520:Pyrazine
501:chloride
479:Examples
379:approx.
319:chloride
289:carbonyl
106:Example
739:[Me
724:[Me
714:Bonding
625:carbide
605:[Au
499:), two
394:), see
375:cyanide
349:hydride
253:[Ir
248:nitride
160:[Cr
142:olation
122:[Fe
92:ammonia
1231:
1192:
1124:
1086:
922:and (C
897:(μ-CO)
832:(μ-CO)
698:VO(HPO
550:, the
335:, see
305:, see
275:, see
171:, see
140:, see
88:amines
41:ligand
1167:)0.5H
1080:IUPAC
1037:IUPAC
930:)(CO)
747:-Me)]
732:-Cl)]
609:C(PPh
548:(CBu)
225:amido
154:oxide
56:mu, μ
39:is a
1229:PMID
1217:2012
1190:PMID
1171:O".
1122:PMID
1084:ISBN
914:(CO)
874:(CO)
836:(CO)
821:(CO)
801:and
793:and
759:(CO)
743:Al(μ
737:and
728:Al(μ
662:ZrCl
586:NbCl
544:(CO)
420:see
385:(CN)
299:(CO)
257:N(SO
231:HgNH
198:(SH)
126:(OH)
103:Name
90:and
35:, a
1257:doi
1221:doi
1182:doi
1114:doi
1076:RSC
1051:doi
1049:".
1003:PPh
999:PCH
866:(μ-
813:(μ-
696:In
680:In
639:In
584:In
568:In
553:CBu
403:PPh
31:In
1276::
1253:95
1251:.
1227:.
1202:^
1188:.
1178:41
1120:.
1110:43
1082:.
1039:,
1009:.
995:Ph
980:3−
977:PO
974:,
962:2−
959:CO
947:.
903:CO
893:Fe
881:(C
879:⇌
868:CO
862:Fe
850:(C
842:CO
828:Co
826:⇌
815:CO
809:Co
805::
755:Fe
540:Co
473:PR
461:PR
457:NR
455:,
444:NR
441:,
438:SR
435:,
432:OR
387:18
381:Fe
370:CN
331:10
329:Cl
325:Nb
314:Cl
295:Fe
284:CO
269:O)
265:(H
235:Cl
212:NH
194:Mo
190:Cp
180:SH
134:O)
130:(H
112:OH
78:.
1263:.
1259::
1235:.
1223::
1196:.
1184::
1169:2
1165:4
1161:7
1159:O
1157:2
1155:P
1153:2
1149:7
1147:O
1145:2
1143:P
1141:2
1128:.
1116::
1078:–
1053::
1005:2
1001:2
997:2
983:4
965:3
944:5
942:H
940:5
938:C
936:2
932:2
928:5
926:H
924:5
920:4
916:4
907:2
905:)
901:(
899:2
895:2
891:2
889:)
887:5
885:H
883:5
876:2
872:2
870:)
864:2
860:2
858:)
856:5
854:H
852:5
846:2
844:)
840:(
838:4
834:2
830:2
823:6
819:2
817:)
811:2
761:9
757:2
749:2
745:2
741:2
734:2
730:2
726:2
720:2
706:O
704:2
700:4
664:4
645:2
623:-
621:6
617:]
615:6
613:)
611:3
607:6
588:5
546:9
542:3
526:.
505:2
467:2
464:−
450:2
447:−
409:2
406:−
390:(
383:7
361:6
359:H
357:2
355:B
344:H
327:2
301:9
297:2
273:]
271:3
267:2
263:6
261:)
259:4
255:3
243:N
233:2
218:2
215:−
204:2
202:S
200:2
196:2
192:2
168:]
166:7
164:O
162:2
149:O
138:]
136:8
132:2
128:2
124:2
68:η
64:2
25:2
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