1662:, as well as tax-exempt payments of 400 and 300 Reichsmarks a month, respectively, to help deal with the rising wartime living costs. In addition, senior officers were given a lifetime exemption from paying income tax, which was, in effect, a huge pay raise because of Germany's high income tax rates (by 1939, there was a 65% tax rate for income over 2,400 Reichsmarks), and they were also provided with spending allowances for food, medical care, clothing, and housing. In contrast, infantrymen who had the dangerous task of clearing landmines were given only 1 Reichsmark a day as a danger pay supplement. (1 Reichsmark was worth around $ 0.40 in 1940, or about $ 13 in 2015 (based on gold prices).)
1496:
truster, and not the corrupter) in any case. However, by accepting the gifts, the generals sacrificed the independence and the political influence they had already been losing as the result of the systematic consolidation of Hitler's role as the sole "genius strategist", and would remain chained to Hitler's decisions even when their soldiers and the common people suffered during the last phase of the war. Thus, historians consider the practice, although "not technically illegal" (since the gifts were granted by Hitler himself), "smacking of corruption" and "having an aura of deliberate corruption from above."
36:
1774:, which had designs on some of the estates that Guderian desired before a deal was worked out about which estate he could take. His bribe of a 937 hectares estate, confiscated from its Polish owner, was tax-free for his entire life-time. Goda wrote that after Guderian received his Polish estate, the doubts he had been expressing since late 1941 about Hitler's military leadership suddenly ceased, and he became one of Hitler's most ardent military supporters, or, as Joseph Goebbels described him in his diary, "a glowing and unqualified follower of the
2011:, R 43 II, the account of Ueberschär and Vogel includes Halder among the 1944 recipients, but not Rommel, Kluge, Fromm, and Witzleben (Ueberschär and Vogel do not provide statistics regarding the recipients of previous years). Although they note that Rommel was among the officers invited by Lammers to join the system in 1942, the two historians opine that whether he did successfully object to the donations cannot be known using current archival sources. According to
1396:
1928:. The success of Hitler's bribery system backfired in that some officers, such as Raeder, who had proven himself especially greedy, came to be regarded by Hitler as a serious annoyance because of his endless demands for more money, and more free land for his estates. Raeder's demand in 1942 that, on top of his life-time exemption from paying income taxes, Hitler also cancel taxes on the interest he earned from his 4,000 Reichsmarks a month payment from
1408:
1728:, Mackensen remained loyal to the regime, although not enough from Hitler's point-of-view. In February 1940, Mackensen mentioned to Walther von Brauchitsch his view that the army had disgraced itself by committing massacres during the recent campaign in Poland. In 1942, Hitler was angered when reported that Mackensen helped to spread
1801:
of 1944 and did not report it to Hitler, but he did not commit himself to it either. On 20 July, Guderian withdrew to his
Deipenhof estate and could not be contacted by the resistance. According to Goda, when it became clear that Hitler was still alive, Guderian ordered Panzer units in Berlin to stay
1495:
argues that Hitler's practice can be considered selective incentives rather than bribery, since bribery must involve three agents (the truster, the fiduciary, and the corrupter) rather than two. In this case, Hitler's generals (the fiduciary) were paid to do what they were supposed to do for him (the
1523:
called "a vast secret program of bribery involving practically all at the highest levels of command". Hitler routinely presented his leading commanders with "gifts" of free estates, cars, checks made out for large sums of cash, and lifetime exemptions from paying taxes. A typical example was a check
1793:
openly, Guderian approached
Goebbels to ask him if he could talk Hitler out of it, behaviour that Goda described as very atypical. Guderian was well known for his brash, blunt, outspoken style, for his rudeness to those he disliked, (in a notorious incident later in 1943, Guderian refused to shake
1748:
decided to divorce his wife to marry a much younger woman who happened to be a "two hundred per cent rabid Nazi". The divorce court had a less kind view of
Brauchitsch's decision to end his marriage than did his political master, and awarded the first Frau von Brauchitsch a substantial settlement.
1670:
Before any officer began to receive money, they met with
Lammers, who informed them that future payments would depend on how much loyalty they were willing to show Hitler. They were advised that what he gave with one hand could just as easily be taken away with the other. The illicit nature of the
1480:
Historically, German and other
European rulers commonly awarded titles, estates, and monetary rewards to diplomats and high-ranking officers. This was generally done to form a bond between the ruler and important subjects. The historical practice, however, differed from the one applied by
1872:; but the killing of women and children might have been taking things too far. In response, Hitler's aide General Rudolf Schmundt told Leeb that he was completely out of line for criticising the massacres at Kaunas, and should co-operate fully with the SS in "special tasks" in future.
1749:
Hitler earned
Brauchitsch's eternal gratitude by agreeing to use German tax-payers' money to pay his entire divorce settlement, said to have been between 80,000 and 250,000 Reichsmarks. Brauchitsch had been promoted to army commander to replace
1808:, a duty that he performed with zeal. It was only after January 1945, when Guderian's estate fell behind Soviet lines, that he began to disagree openly once more with Hitler. These disagreements were so intense that Hitler fired Guderian as
1895:
A, in a report to Berlin, had nothing but praise for Leeb's Army Group North, which he reported had been exemplary in co-operating with his men in murdering Jews in the Baltic states. Goda uses Leeb as an all-too typical example of a
1769:
was informed that if he wanted an estate in Poland, to tell Hitler whose land he wanted, and he would get it. This resulted in him making several visits to Poland to find the right estate to steal. This caused some problems with the
2057:, a claim that Goda called "ridiculous". Weinberg commented that "the bribery system understandably does not figure prominently in the endless memoir literature of the recipients and has attracted little scholarly attention".
1583:. The mandatory pre-1933 checks through parliament and the countersigning of the payments by the German finance minister were abolished by the Nazis. The money spent was at Hitler's discretion and required no other approval.
1698:
5 to avoid the Allied advance. Much correspondence went back and forth between the officers and
Lammers, as they kept writing anxiously to make certain that he was depositing their monthly bribes into the right accounts.
1538:
Such was the success of Hitler's bribery system that by 1942, many officers had come to expect the bestowing of "gifts" from Hitler and were unwilling to bite the hand that fed them so generously. When Field
Marshal
1837:
managed to have the German state buy him an entire district of prime forest land in
Bavaria, valued at 638,000 Reichsmarks, on which to build his estate. In late June-early July 1941 Leeb, as the commander of
1736:' report, while the letter itself was a forgery, Mackensen did play a major part in disseminating it). Hitler and Goebbels considered this disloyalty, although Mackensen was not punished by losing his estate.
1570:
and distributed by Hitler as personal presents, started with a budget of about 150,000 Reichsmarks in 1933 and had grown to about 40 million
Reichsmarks by 1945. Initially the funds came through his office as
1944:
to compensate for the effects of rampant inflation in Italy. This demand was regarded as unreasonable even by Field Marshal Keitel who normally did not reject providing financial rewards for service to the
1794:
hands with Field Marshal Kluge because as he told him to his face he was not worthy of shaking hands), and for using vulgar, profanity-ridden language to describe a plan if he believed it to be a bad one.
1283:
1594:("compensation for expenses"), had been made to Cabinet ministers and senior civil servants since April 1936. As part of the reorganisation of the military command structure following the
1651:
5, officers received cheques, usually made out for the sum of 250,000 Reichsmarks, as birthday presents; they were exempt from income tax but not on interest earned from the money.
1825:
after the war in Poland's favour, seemed to be related to his intensely held private view that the Poles had no right to take away the Polish estate that Hitler had given to him.
2019:
is also said in the literature to have refused a donation, but this, too, cannot be found in archival sources. Zeitzler was among the 1944 recipients of the monthly allowance.
1864:, Leeb was described as being "moderately disturbed" after seeing the killing fields, and sent in mildly critical reports about the massacres. Leeb approved of the killing of
97:
3166:
1789:, one of Germany's worst defeats of the war; after receiving the estate, Guderian did a 180° turn about as to the wisdom of the operation. Instead of criticising
1802:
loyal to the regime, and then sat on the Court of Honour that had the responsibility of expelling officers involved in it so that they could be tried before the
1753:, who had resigned following false allegations of homosexuality, and was a compromise candidate as the army had refused to accept Hitler's first choice of
1535:
in October 1942, together with the promise that he could bill the German treasury for any and all "improvements" that he might wish to make to his estate.
1472:, which was also widespread, these payments were regularised, technically legal, and made with the full knowledge and consent of the leading Nazi figures.
1912:
In general, officers who were in some way critical of Hitler's military, if not necessarily political leadership, such as Leeb, Raeder, and Field Marshal
334:
2051:
admitted accepting money when under oath in 1947, but claimed that this was only compensation for the salary that he had been making as an executive at
1654:
That money came in addition to the official salary of 26,000 Reichsmarks a year for field marshals and grand admirals and 24,000 Reichsmarks a year for
2044:
1636:
were to have the same status as Cabinet ministers and so all started to receive publicly the same pay as a Cabinet member and privately payments from
1489:, awards had usually been given publicly after successful campaigns or wars, Hitler dispensed the rewards to his elites in secret during the war.
1211:
2198:
181:
1964:
six months earlier but because he had gone on Soviet radio to blame Hitler for the defeat. Goda notes that the 1944 list of recipients (of the
1671:
payments was emphasised by Lammers's warning to them not to speak about the payments to anyone and to keep as few written records as possible.
1192:
1869:
937:
92:
1643:
The basis of the corruption system was monthly, tax-free payments of 4,000 Reichsmarks deposited in the bank accounts of field marshals and
87:
1204:
1182:
947:
2543:
1972:
and others who were associated with the July 20 plot, but these names are crossed off. According to Goda, after the failure of the
1883:
was planning to give him a 250,000 Reichsmark cheque as a present to reward his loyalty. Leeb never said a word in protest of the "
1439:
1273:
726:
2544:
Front Cover Germany. Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda; Boelcke (compiler), Willi A.; Goebbels, Joseph (1970).
2015:, the current state of research does not indicate Rommel as a recipient of Hitler's donations. According to Ueberschär and Vogel,
1916:
received (and accepted) larger bribes than officers who were well known to be convinced National Socialists such as Field Marshal
1781:
Before receiving his "gift" of a Polish estate, Guderian, as Inspector General for the Panzers, had been opposed to the plans for
1720:
in a speech before the General Staff Association in February 1935. To silence him, Hitler gave Mackensen a free estate of 1,250
1288:
3141:
3100:
2988:
2674:
212:
2816:
1579:
1199:
112:
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2975:
Gambetta, Diego (2005). "Black Marks: Hitler's Bribery of his Senior Officers During World War II". In Kreike, Emmanuel;
957:
2043:
perjured himself when he denied that he had taken bribes, and then had to maintain a stern silence when U.S. prosecutor
1238:
1109:
119:
3119:
3081:
3062:
3039:
2701:
2555:
2362:
2281:
2277:
1037:
990:
367:
2127:
1366:
1144:
421:
174:
102:
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himself. Brauchitsch's bank records showed that he had been receiving 4,000 Reichsmarks per month payments from
3171:
1996:
5. In the case of Witzleben, his family was ordered to repay some of the bribe money that he had received from
107:
1940:, at least 1,000 Reichsmarks of the 4,000 Reichsmarks deposited in his bank account every month should be in
967:
589:
559:
547:
1678:
5 was deposited for the officer's lifetime and did not stop when he retired. In the last months of the war,
2087:
1432:
1263:
1090:
362:
2234:
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men, claiming that this was justified by the crimes that they were supposed to have committed during the
1849:
1803:
1609:
1595:
1054:
978:
858:
893:
1600:
1218:
579:
329:
169:
2997:
Goda, Norman (June 2000). "Black Marks: Hitler's Bribery of his Senior Officers During World War II".
377:
2788:
Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938–1942
2206:
1083:
1073:
2268:
2027:
The subject of the payments proved to be an embarrassing one for its recipients. Under oath at the
1465:
1338:
459:
372:
299:
222:
198:
164:
1729:
863:
2102:
2067:
1937:
1888:
1834:
1745:
1613:
1425:
1333:
1268:
918:
846:
2219:...putting an end to the incredible corruption provoked by the black market in the Wehrmacht ...
2976:
1933:
803:
664:
492:
344:
82:
2691:
2664:
2490:
2354:
2347:
2137:
1853:
1691:
1573:
1381:
1244:
1139:
1099:
654:
604:
599:
1925:
1900:
officer whose greed overwhelmed any sort of moral revulsion that they might have felt about
3129:
1961:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1754:
1713:
1529:
1371:
1293:
1177:
1026:
813:
217:
2097:
2092:
1989:
1687:
1532:
647:
642:
8:
2052:
1969:
1724:
later that same year. This endowment was public and not secret. After this, according to
1717:
1311:
1167:
1134:
433:
402:
237:
414:
35:
3161:
3028:
3014:
2956:
2256:
2132:
2112:
1913:
1750:
1679:
1543:
was sacked by Hitler in December 1941, his first reaction was to contact Hitler's aide
1486:
1361:
883:
679:
564:
542:
537:
532:
487:
314:
70:
1712:
The first officer to be bribed for loyalty was the old World War I hero Field Marshal
1464:
accepted vast bribes in the form of cash, estates, and tax exemptions in exchange for
3137:
3115:
3096:
3077:
3058:
3051:
3035:
3018:
2984:
2697:
2670:
2551:
2358:
2273:
2082:
1725:
1321:
1316:
1172:
1104:
773:
702:
527:
407:
309:
227:
188:
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kept on changing the bank accounts into which Lammers had to deposit the money from
1623:
793:
3006:
2783:
2168:
2028:
1957:
1839:
1520:
1345:
1187:
1002:
908:
833:
778:
674:
552:
387:
280:
903:
445:
2660:
2545:
1985:
1861:
1786:
1733:
1659:
1544:
1399:
1354:
1078:
878:
873:
853:
823:
788:
691:
684:
569:
270:
16:
Bribery of Wehrmacht officers in exchange for loyalty towards National Socialism
2963:(in German), Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung - Politisches Bildungsforum Niedersachsen
2072:
1884:
1844:
1815:
Goda comments that much of the fury that Guderian expressed in his 1950 memoir
1766:
1732:
among the generals (Goda considers this to be a falsified rumour; according to
1605:
1540:
1492:
1412:
1328:
1223:
1149:
898:
888:
753:
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292:
275:
232:
133:
1921:
1118:
743:
711:
3155:
2016:
1901:
1771:
1655:
1647:
and 2000 Reichsmarks for all other senior officers. On top of the money from
1644:
1547:
to ask if his sacking meant that he was no longer to receive bribes from the
1278:
1066:
828:
763:
748:
635:
626:
515:
464:
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382:
265:
244:
143:
1887:" again, and duly received the cheque in September 1941. In September 1941,
808:
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2122:
2117:
2107:
2077:
2048:
2040:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1917:
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1633:
1628:
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1482:
1461:
1453:
1233:
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913:
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783:
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669:
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438:
324:
260:
205:
193:
77:
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614:
584:
428:
304:
2012:
1525:
1516:
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758:
508:
471:
397:
285:
126:
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5, and reminded him that his birthday was coming up in September; the
2901:
2877:
1618:
1457:
1061:
619:
253:
52:
2039:
5 from 1938 until the end of the war. At his trial in 1948, General
1875:
Schmundt asked if Leeb really appreciated his monthly payments from
1716:, who welcomed the Nazi regime but criticised the murder of General
3010:
1500:
609:
574:
319:
2176:
2032:
1968:
ranks and above) of the monthly allowance includes Field Marshal
1865:
1721:
61:
2547:
The secret conferences of Dr. Goebbels, October 1939-March 1943
2326:
2241:
Book review: Serving and earning. Hitlers presents to his elite
1857:
1598:
in early 1938, it was declared that the service chiefs, namely
480:
339:
27:
2957:"Rommel unterstĂĽtzte das Attentat auf Hitler Neue Forschungen"
2595:
1992:
were punished by being cut off from the monthly payments from
2641:
2390:
2388:
2386:
1228:
3034:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2000:
5, since the money was given as a reward for loyalty to the
1941:
3134:
The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945
2383:
2169:"Nazi corruption in Ukraine during the occupation in WWII"
2031:, Walther von Brauchitsch denied that he took any bribes,
1842:, had witnessed first-hand the massacres committed by the
2583:
1936:
wrote to the OKW to argue that since he was stationed in
1566:
5 slush fund, run by the chief of the Reich Chancellery
3074:
Dienen und Verdienen: Hitlers Geschenke an seine Eliten
2236:
Dienen und Verdienen. Hitlers Geschenke an seine Eliten
1499:
Some historians compare the practice with that used by
2798:
2796:
2316:
2314:
2666:
Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich
2205:. The Nizkor Project. 21 January 1946. Archived from
1515:
officers and to console them over the loss of their "
2932:
1960:
stopped in August 1943, not because he had lost the
1932:
5, was viewed as outrageous. In 1944, Field Marshal
2865:
2838:
2793:
2710:
2311:
2287:
3071:
3050:
3027:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2889:
2883:
2855:
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2828:
2826:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2631:
2629:
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2610:
2527:
2525:
2500:
2498:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2417:
2415:
2371:
2346:
2332:
2299:
3110:Wette, Wolfram; Lucas Schneider, Deborah (2009).
2571:
3153:
3167:Military history of Germany during World War II
3025:
2913:
2850:
2823:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2647:
2622:
2607:
2522:
2510:
2495:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2412:
2400:
3114:. Harvard University Press. pp. 154–156.
1519:", Hitler had created what American historian
1194:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
3072:Ueberschär, Gerd R.; Vogel, Winfried (2000).
1433:
938:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
2820:, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985, p. 301
2349:Napoleon and Hitler: A Comparative Biography
1352:
1343:
1213:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
1125:
1116:
1088:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
709:
700:
689:
633:
624:
506:
497:
478:
469:
443:
412:
251:
242:
203:
179:
141:
131:
117:
68:
59:
50:
3128:
2693:History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945
2601:
2394:
2550:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 225.
1828:
1739:
1440:
1426:
3095:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3026:Murray, Williamson; Millet, Alan (2000).
2983:. Toronto: Hushion House. pp. 5–18.
2199:"The Trial of German Major War Criminals"
2047:produced bank records showing otherwise.
1765:As well as money, in early 1943, General
1503:, his military class, and his officials.
1183:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
948:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
2689:
2659:
2007:Also based on statistics collected from
2229:
2227:
1956:5 to the bank account of Field Marshal
1707:
1554:
1468:. Unlike bribery at lower ranks in the
3154:
2954:
2895:
2344:
2004:as Witzleben was evidently not loyal.
2167:Hinda, Volodymyr (13 November 2013).
2166:
2060:
1702:
1665:
3090:
3053:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
2974:
2938:
2817:The Destruction of the European Jews
2377:
2293:
2224:
1200:National Socialist Movement of Chile
2243:] (in German). S. Fischer. 1999
958:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
13:
3048:
2577:
1797:Guderian had foreknowledge of the
1511:To ensure the absolute loyalty of
1239:World Union of National Socialists
213:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
120:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
14:
3183:
3109:
2320:
1952:According to Goda, payments from
1907:
1821:about what he regarded as unjust
1760:
1551:5 ("bank account 5") slush fund.
1284:Last surviving war crime suspects
1038:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
3057:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
2996:
2926:
2871:
2859:
2844:
2832:
2802:
2771:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2635:
2616:
2589:
2531:
2516:
2504:
2478:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2406:
2305:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1274:Nazi Party leaders and officials
991:Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes
34:
2947:
2808:
2777:
2696:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
2683:
2653:
2537:
2484:
1833:In 1943, retired Field Marshal
1456:, high-ranking officers of the
1367:Political views of Adolf Hitler
1145:Religious views of Adolf Hitler
3076:. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag.
2790:, Stuttgart: 1981 pp. 207–209.
2338:
2191:
2160:
1870:Soviet occupation of Lithuania
1289:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
1:
2999:The Journal of Modern History
2955:Arnold, Klaus Jochen (2017),
2786:& Wilhelm, Hans-Heinrich
2491:Historical currency converter
2149:
1475:
1224:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
968:The Passing of the Great Race
2154:
1524:made out for a half million
1506:
1452:From 1933 to the end of the
1264:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
363:Aestheticization of politics
7:
2022:
1818:Erinnerungen eines Soldaten
1785:, which was to lead to the
1205:National Socialist Movement
1173:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
979:Preussentum und Sozialismus
10:
3188:
3091:Weinberg, Gerhard (2005).
1810:Chief of the General Staff
1601:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
1219:Nordic Resistance Movement
170:National Socialist Program
2995:Originally published as:
2669:. Yale University Press.
2592:, pp. 102 & 129.
1976:in 1944, the families of
1744:In 1938, Colonel General
1188:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
1084:German Evangelical Church
3049:Shirer, William (1960).
2690:Hoffmann, Peter (1996).
2345:Seward, Desmond (1989).
1757:as Fritsch's successor.
460:Economic interventionism
422:Jewish conspiracy theory
223:Night of the Long Knives
199:Religion in Nazi Germany
2977:Jordan, William Chester
2103:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
2068:Walther von Brauchitsch
1889:Franz Walter Stahlecker
1835:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
1829:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
1746:Walther von Brauchitsch
1740:Walther von Brauchitsch
1614:Walther von Brauchitsch
1596:Blomberg–Fritsch affair
1592:Aufwandsentschädigungen
1590:5, known officially as
1466:their loyalty to Nazism
1234:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
2908:Ueberschär & Vogel
2884:Ueberschär & Vogel
2333:Ueberschär & Vogel
2128:Wolfram von Richthofen
1934:Wolfram von Richthofen
1850:Lithuanian auxiliaries
1517:state within the state
1353:
1344:
1126:
1117:
1089:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
710:
701:
690:
665:Social interventionism
634:
625:
507:
498:
493:Greater Germanic Reich
479:
470:
444:
413:
252:
243:
204:
180:
175:Hitler's rise to power
142:
132:
118:
83:League of German Girls
69:
60:
51:
3172:Corruption in Germany
3136:. London: Macmillan.
3130:Wheeler-Bennett, John
2138:Maximilian von Weichs
1852:, and the men of the
1783:Unternehmen Zitadelle
1692:Maximilian von Weichs
1140:Positive Christianity
1100:German Faith Movement
655:Reactionary modernism
600:Anti-Slavic sentiment
330:Human experimentation
62:Geheime Staatspolizei
1962:Battle of Stalingrad
1755:Walter von Reichenau
1714:August von Mackensen
1708:August von Mackensen
1577:and, after 1934, as
1178:German American Bund
1027:Hitlers Zweites Buch
373:Anti-intellectualism
218:Enabling Act of 1933
2847:, pp. 124–125.
2805:, pp. 112–113.
2719:, pp. 126–127.
2648:Murray & Millet
2604:, pp. 370–371.
2353:. Viking. pp.
2009:Bundesarchiv Berlin
1970:Erwin von Witzleben
1891:, the commander of
1718:Kurt von Schleicher
1168:American Nazi Party
434:Cult of personality
403:Class collaboration
315:Extermination camps
300:Concentration camps
238:Anti-Comintern Pact
22:Part of a series on
2910:, p. 110-146.
2886:, p. 103-110.
2874:, p. 106-131.
2323:, p. 154-156.
2308:, p. 120-121.
2209:on 11 October 2016
2133:Gerd von Rundstedt
2113:Erich von Manstein
2061:Known participants
1926:Ferdinand Schörner
1924:and Field Marshal
1914:Gerd von Rundstedt
1751:Werner von Fritsch
1730:a defeatist letter
1703:Notable recipients
1680:Erich von Manstein
1666:Nature of payments
1487:Kingdom of Prussia
1413:Germany portal
1362:German Romanticism
1279:Nazi Party members
1162:Outside of Germany
345:Racial segregation
71:Deutsches Jungvolk
3143:978-1-4039-1812-3
3102:978-0-674-00163-3
2990:978-1-58046-173-3
2981:Corrupt Histories
2784:Krausnick, Helmut
2676:978-0-19-507903-6
2098:Georg von KĂĽchler
2093:GĂĽnther von Kluge
2083:Albert Kesselring
1990:GĂĽnther von Kluge
1866:Lithuanian Jewish
1688:Georg von KĂĽchler
1533:GĂĽnther von Kluge
1450:
1449:
1105:Germanic paganism
1091:Deutsche Christen
824:Strasser (Gregor)
703:Volksgemeinschaft
648:Völkisch movement
643:Völkisch equality
228:Nuremberg rallies
189:German rearmament
3179:
3147:
3125:
3106:
3087:
3068:
3056:
3045:
3033:
3022:
2994:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2663:(28 June 2016).
2661:Shepherd, Ben H.
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:: Ukrainian Echo
2164:
2088:Ewald von Kleist
2045:James M. McHaney
2029:Nuremberg trials
1958:Friedrich Paulus
1920:, Grand Admiral
1840:Army Group North
1805:Volksgerichtshof
1660:general admirals
1656:colonel generals
1521:Gerhard Weinberg
1454:Second World War
1442:
1435:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1358:
1349:
1346:Drang nach Osten
1214:
1195:
1131:
1122:
1094:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1003:Das Dritte Reich
997:
994:
985:
982:
973:
963:
953:
943:
919:von Sebottendorf
715:
706:
695:
675:State capitalism
660:Social Darwinism
639:
630:
512:
503:
484:
475:
449:
418:
415:DolchstoĂźlegende
388:Authoritarianism
281:Nuremberg trials
257:
248:
209:
185:
147:
137:
123:
74:
65:
56:
38:
19:
18:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3122:
3103:
3093:A World In Arms
3084:
3065:
3042:
3030:A War To Be Won
2991:
2966:
2964:
2950:
2945:
2941:, p. 1045.
2937:
2933:
2925:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2824:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2623:
2615:
2608:
2602:Wheeler-Bennett
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2395:Wheeler-Bennett
2393:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:, p. 5-18.
2292:
2288:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2063:
2025:
1986:Friedrich Fromm
1910:
1831:
1812:in March 1945.
1787:Battle of Kursk
1763:
1742:
1734:Joseph Goebbels
1710:
1705:
1674:The money from
1668:
1580:Reichspräsident
1560:
1545:Rudolf Schmundt
1528:, presented to
1509:
1485:. While in the
1478:
1446:
1407:
1405:
1387:
1386:
1372:Racial theories
1355:Generalplan Ost
1307:
1299:
1298:
1269:Nazi ideologues
1259:
1251:
1250:
1212:
1207:(United States)
1206:
1193:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1079:Esoteric Nazism
1057:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
961:
951:
941:
932:
924:
923:
849:
839:
838:
829:Strasser (Otto)
729:
719:
718:
692:Gleichschaltung
685:Totalitarianism
570:One-party state
378:Anti-liberalism
358:
350:
349:
271:Tripartite Pact
182:Machtergreifung
160:
152:
151:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3126:
3120:
3107:
3101:
3088:
3082:
3069:
3063:
3046:
3040:
3023:
3011:10.1086/315994
3005:(2): 413–452.
2989:
2972:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2931:
2929:, p. 123.
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2862:, p. 106.
2849:
2837:
2835:, p. 125.
2822:
2814:Hilberg, Raul
2807:
2792:
2776:
2774:, p. 112.
2757:
2755:, p. 117.
2745:
2743:, p. 116.
2733:
2731:, p. 127.
2721:
2709:
2702:
2682:
2675:
2652:
2640:
2638:, p. 126.
2621:
2619:, p. 115.
2606:
2594:
2582:
2580:, p. 319.
2570:
2556:
2536:
2534:, p. 110.
2521:
2519:, p. 113.
2509:
2507:, p. 105.
2494:
2483:
2481:, p. 108.
2462:
2460:, p. 111.
2450:
2448:, p. 130.
2438:
2436:, p. 103.
2426:
2424:, p. 102.
2411:
2409:, p. 124.
2399:
2397:, p. 529.
2382:
2380:, p. 455.
2370:
2363:
2337:
2325:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2265:|website=
2223:
2203:www.nizkor.org
2190:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Heinz Guderian
2070:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2024:
2021:
1909:
1908:Other officers
1906:
1885:Final Solution
1862:Roman Catholic
1845:Einsatzgruppen
1830:
1827:
1823:border changes
1767:Heinz Guderian
1762:
1761:Heinz Guderian
1759:
1741:
1738:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1667:
1664:
1645:grand admirals
1624:Hermann Göring
1606:Wilhelm Keitel
1586:Payments from
1559:
1558:5 special fund
1553:
1541:Fedor von Bock
1508:
1505:
1493:Diego Gambetta
1477:
1474:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Beefsteak Nazi
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1306:Related topics
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
964:
954:
944:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:von Liebenfels
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:von Ribbentrop
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
730:
725:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
707:
698:
697:
696:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
631:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
530:
525:
523:Indoctrination
520:
519:
518:
513:
504:
500:Heim ins Reich
495:
485:
476:
467:
462:
457:
452:
451:
450:
436:
431:
426:
425:
424:
419:
405:
400:
395:
393:Blood and soil
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
368:Anti-communism
365:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
310:Doctors' Trial
307:
302:
293:Final solution
289:
288:
283:
278:
276:Denazification
273:
268:
263:
258:
249:
240:
235:
233:Nuremberg Laws
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
201:
196:
191:
186:
177:
172:
167:
165:Early timeline
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
139:
134:Sturmabteilung
129:
124:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
66:
57:
47:
44:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3184:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:9780674045118
3117:
3113:
3112:The Wehrmacht
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3083:9783596149667
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3064:9780671624200
3060:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3041:9780674001633
3037:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2703:9780773515314
2699:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2650:, p. 72.
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2559:
2557:9780297001522
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2364:9780670814800
2360:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2341:
2335:, p. 34.
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2282:9783596149667
2279:
2278:9783100860026
2275:
2270:
2258:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2017:Kurt Zeitzler
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:Generaloberst
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1902:the Holocaust
1899:
1894:
1893:Einsatzgruppe
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:Reichskanzler
1569:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:Field Marshal
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1210:
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2561:. Retrieved
2546:
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2245:. Retrieved
2240:
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2211:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2172:
2162:
2143:Hugo Sperrle
2123:Erich Raeder
2118:Erhard Milch
2108:Wilhelm List
2078:Franz Halder
2053:
2049:Erhard Milch
2041:Franz Halder
2036:
2026:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1982:Franz Halder
1978:Erwin Rommel
1974:20 July plot
1965:
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1951:
1946:
1929:
1918:Walter Model
1911:
1897:
1892:
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1876:
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1814:
1804:
1799:20 July plot
1796:
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1711:
1695:
1684:Wilhelm List
1675:
1673:
1669:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1634:Erich Raeder
1629:Kriegsmarine
1627:
1617:
1604:(OKW) Chief
1599:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1568:Hans Lammers
1563:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1537:
1512:
1510:
1498:
1491:
1483:Adolf Hitler
1479:
1469:
1462:Nazi Germany
1458:Armed Forces
1451:
1404:
1317:Architecture
1294:SS personnel
1243:
1229:SUMKA (Iran)
1128:Kirchenkampf
1036:
966:
956:
946:
936:
670:Social order
595:Antisemitism
548:Palingenetic
439:Dictatorship
408:Conspiracism
335:Labour camps
305:Deportations
291:
290:
261:World War II
206:Kirchenkampf
194:Nazi Germany
78:Hitler Youth
2896:Arnold 2017
1922:Karl Dönitz
1726:Norman Goda
1526:Reichsmarks
1377:Strasserism
1119:Gottgläubig
884:de Gobineau
859:Chamberlain
727:Politicians
712:Volkskörper
615:Master race
585:Prussianism
533:Nationalism
488:Imperialism
429:Corporatism
3156:Categories
2563:4 November
2150:References
2013:Peter Lieb
1856:, outside
1632:commander
1622:commander
1612:commander
1476:Background
1015:Mein Kampf
931:Literature
847:Ideologues
680:Syncretism
605:Aryan race
580:Propaganda
528:Militarism
509:Lebensraum
472:Geopolitik
398:Chauvinism
286:Neo-Nazism
127:Nazi Party
3162:Wehrmacht
3019:154044694
2267:ignored (
2257:cite book
2155:Citations
2054:Lufthansa
2033:perjuring
1898:Wehrmacht
1854:16th Army
1791:Zitadelle
1619:Luftwaffe
1513:Wehrmacht
1507:Mechanism
1470:Wehrmacht
1150:Symbolism
1135:Occultism
1110:Heathenry
1074:Christmas
1062:Ariosophy
909:Rosenberg
889:Haushofer
834:Streicher
620:Nordicism
565:New Order
254:Anschluss
53:Ahnenerbe
3132:(1967).
2979:(eds.).
2967:31 March
2939:Weinberg
2378:Weinberg
2294:Gambetta
2173:homin.ca
2023:Post-war
1722:hectares
1501:Napoleon
1400:Category
1339:Glossary
1055:Religion
899:von List
854:Baeumler
789:Goebbels
774:Heydrich
754:Eichmann
610:Aryanism
575:Populism
465:Eugenics
357:Ideology
320:Genocide
2355:106–174
2213:12 June
2177:Toronto
1860:. As a
1334:Economy
914:Schmitt
799:Lammers
779:Himmler
749:Drexler
739:Daluege
734:Bormann
560:New Man
340:Pogroms
325:Ghettos
159:History
3140:
3118:
3099:
3080:
3061:
3038:
3017:
2987:
2961:kas.de
2700:
2673:
2578:Shirer
2554:
2361:
2276:
2247:11 May
2183:2 June
2002:FĂĽhrer
1988:, and
1947:FĂĽhrer
1881:FĂĽhrer
1858:Kaunas
1776:FĂĽhrer
1690:, and
1626:, and
1322:Cinema
1042:(1930)
1032:(1928)
1020:(1925)
1008:(1923)
996:(1922)
984:(1919)
972:(1916)
962:(1903)
952:(1899)
942:(1855)
904:MĂĽller
874:Eckart
794:Göring
784:Hitler
744:Dönitz
590:Racism
543:Racial
481:Heimat
93:NSDStB
28:Nazism
3015:S2CID
2321:Wette
2239:[
2037:Konto
1998:Konto
1994:Konto
1954:Konto
1938:Italy
1930:Konto
1877:Konto
1696:Konto
1676:Konto
1649:Konto
1638:Konto
1588:Konto
1564:Konto
1556:Konto
1549:Konto
1382:Women
1258:Lists
1245:More…
879:Feder
864:Darré
819:Speer
764:Frick
759:Frank
553:Ultra
538:Ethno
88:NSDĂ„B
3138:ISBN
3116:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3036:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2969:2017
2927:Goda
2872:Goda
2860:Goda
2845:Goda
2833:Goda
2803:Goda
2772:Goda
2753:Goda
2741:Goda
2729:Goda
2717:Goda
2698:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2636:Goda
2617:Goda
2590:Goda
2565:2018
2552:ISBN
2532:Goda
2517:Goda
2505:Goda
2479:Goda
2458:Goda
2446:Goda
2434:Goda
2422:Goda
2407:Goda
2359:ISBN
2306:Goda
2274:ISBN
2269:help
2249:2016
2215:2016
2185:2016
1942:lire
1658:and
1610:Army
1562:The
869:Devi
809:Röhm
769:Hess
148:(SS)
138:(SA)
108:NSKK
103:NSFK
98:NSRL
3007:doi
1778:".
1640:5.
1460:of
1312:Art
113:NSF
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