69:
77:
53:
606:
504:
31:
664:
770:
635:
levels (<1 km) between 150 and 350 °C, when seismic or volcanic activity causes a void to open along a fault deep underground. The void draws in hot water, and as pressure in the cavity drops, the water violently boils. In addition, the sudden opening of a cavity causes rock at the sides
230:
because the rock fragments have sharp edges that have not been worn down. These indicate that the gravel was deposited very close to its source area, since otherwise the edges would have been rounded during transport. Most of the rounding of rock fragments takes place within the first few kilometers
1135:
Longhitano, S.G.; Sabato, L.; Tropeano, M.; Murru, M.; Carannante, G.; Simone, L.; Cilona, A.; Vigorito, M. (November 2015). "Outcrop reservoir analogous and porosity changes in continental deposits from an extensional basin: The case study of the upper
Oligocene Sardinia Graben System, Italy".
636:
of the fault to destabilise and implode inwards, and the broken rock gets caught up in a churning mixture of rock, steam and boiling water. Rock fragments collide with each other and the sides of the void, and the angular fragments become more rounded. Volatile gases are lost to the steam
442:
pipes, where they are transitional with volcanic breccias. Intrusive rocks can become brecciated in appearance by multiple stages of intrusion, especially if fresh magma is intruded into partly consolidated or solidified magma. This may be seen in many granite intrusions where later
411:
Within the volcanic conduits of explosive volcanoes the volcanic breccia environment merges into the intrusive breccia environment. There the upwelling lava tends to solidify during quiescent intervals only to be shattered by ensuing eruptions. This produces an
1782:
Sherlock, Ross L.; Tosdal, Richard M.; Lehrman, Norman J.; Graney, Joseph R.; Losh, Steven; Jowett, E. Craig; Kesler, Stephen E. (1 December 1995). "Origin of the McLaughlin Mine sheeted vein complex; metal zoning, fluid inclusion, and isotopic evidence".
397:. This occurs when the thick, nearly solid lava breaks up into blocks and these blocks are then reincorporated into the lava flow again and mixed in with the remaining liquid magma. The resulting breccia is uniform in rock type and chemical composition.
403:
collapse leads to the formation of megabreccias, which are sometimes mistaken for outcrops of the caldera floor. These are instead blocks of precaldera rock, often coming from the unstable oversteepened rim of the caldera. They are distinguished from
238:
is a breccia containing very large rock fragments, from at least a meter in size to greater than 400 meters. In some cases, the clasts are so large that the brecciated nature of the rock is not obvious. Megabreccias can be formed by
1285:
Lopes, Tuane V.; Rocha, Aline C.; Murad, Marcio A.; Garcia, Eduardo L. M.; Pereira, Patricia A.; Cazarin, Caroline L. (February 2020). "A new computational model for flow in karst-carbonates containing solution-collapse breccias".
1448:
Olianti, Camille A.E.; Harris, Chris (February 2018). "A low-δ18O intrusive breccia from Koegel
Fontein, South Africa: Remobilisation of basement that was hydrothermally altered during global glaciation?".
266:
deposited at the base of a cliff may become cemented to form a talus breccia without ever experiencing transport that might round the rock fragments. Thick sequences of sedimentary (
377:
Volcanic pyroclastic rocks are formed by explosive eruption of lava and any rocks which are entrained within the eruptive column. This may include rocks plucked off the wall of the
167:
The word has its origins in the
Italian language, in which it means "rubble". A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including
1810:八幡, 正弘; 黒沢, 邦彦; 大津, 直; 高橋, 徹哉; 戸間替, 修一; 川森, 博史; 毛利, 元躬 (1994). "Hydrothermal alteration and sedimentation at the formative period of a hot spring gold deposit".
741:
can be released during seismic activity associated with mountain building. The pressurised fluids ascend towards shallower crustal levels that are under lower
408:
whose clasts are less than a meter in size and which form layers in the caldera floor. Some clasts of caldera megabreccias can be over a kilometer in length.
569:
Impact breccia may be identified by its occurrence in or around a known impact crater, and/or an association with other products of impact cratering such as
1614:
1864:
Cartwright, Joe; Santamarina, Carlos (August 2015). "Seismic characteristics of fluid escape pipes in sedimentary basins: Implications for pipe genesis".
469:
consumption and melt-mingling with wall rocks, where the wall rocks are softened and gradually invaded by the hotter ultramafic intrusion (producing
1970:
Lazzarini, Lorenzo (January 2010). "Six
Coloured Types of Stone from Asia Minor Used by the Romans, and Their Specific Deterioration Problems".
2855:
1894:
Jébrak, Michel (December 1997). "Hydrothermal breccias in vein-type ore deposits: A review of mechanisms, morphology and size distribution".
1214:
Moore, P. R. (June 1989). "Kirks
Breccia: a late cretaceous submarine channelised debris flow deposit, Raukumara Peninsula, New Zealand".
1555:
Nurmi, P.A.; Haapala, I. (1986). "The
Proterozoic granitoids of Finland: granite types, metallogeny and relation to crustal evolution".
753:
breccia. Rounding of rock fragments is less common in the mesothermal regime, as the formational event is brief. If boiling occurs,
231:
of transport, though complete rounding of pebbles of very hard rock may take up to 300 kilometers (190 mi) of river transport.
2007:"Selected examples of natural stones from Italy and Germany used in architectural objects in Krakow – a short geological excursion"
1755:
Michel Jébrak (1997). "Hydrothermal breccias in vein-type ore deposits: A review of mechanisms, morphology and size distribution".
1615:"Constraints on the origin of intrusion breccias: Observations from the Paleoproterozoic Boundary Intrusions in the Flin Flon area"
1937:
1936:
Henderson, Julian; Morkot, Robert; Peltenberg, E.J.; Quirke, Stephen; Serpico, Margaret; Tait, John; White, Raymond (2000).
1173:
Mason, J.; Schneiderwind, S.; Pallikarakis, A.; Wiatr, T.; Mechernich, S.; Papanikolaou, I.; Reicherter, K. (27 July 2017).
2127:
927:
1947:
1700:
Robins, Brian (March 1998). "The mode of emplacement of the
Honningsvåg Intrusive Suite, Magerøya, northern Norway".
1684:
1262:
1242:
907:
321:
or tectonic breccia results from the grinding action of two fault blocks as they slide past each other. Subsequent
1005:
Goff, Fraser; Gardner, Jamie N.; Reneau, Steven L.; Kelley, Shari A.; Kempter, Kirt A.; Lawrence, John R. (2011).
684:
454:
through earlier phases of the granite mass. When particularly intense, the rock may appear as a chaotic breccia.
1837:
Norton, Denis L.; Cathles, Lawrence M. (1 July 1973). "Breccia Pipes, Products of
Exsolved Vapor from Magmas".
1405:
1330:
1080:
1055:
2059:
1584:"Multistage Intrusion, Brecciation, and Veining at El Teniente, Chile: Evolution of a Nested Porphyry System"
1434:
1116:
1921:
761:
may be lost to the steam phase, and ore may precipitate. Mesothermal deposits are often mined for gold.
198:
is a breccia composed of very large rock fragments, sometimes kilometers across, which can be formed by
61:
17:
653:
218:
Breccia is composed of coarse rock fragments held together by cement or a fine-grained matrix. Like
562:. Breccia of this type may be present on or beneath the floor of the crater, in the rim, or in the
476:
accumulation of rocks which fall through the magma chamber from the roof, forming chaotic remnants;
188:
609:
Hydrothermal breccia in the
Cloghleagh Iron Mine, near Blessington in Ireland, composed mainly of
2180:
2160:
2120:
961:
850: – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object
702:), or even some synsedimentary diatremes formed solely by the overpressure of pore fluid within
626:
2605:
227:
219:
1583:
690:
The morphology of breccias associated with ore deposits varies from tabular sheeted veins and
2570:
2038:
Sibson, R.H. (1987). "Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems".
322:
157:
1006:
318:
2086:
2047:
1709:
1454:
1359:
1018:
973:
784:
For thousands of years, the striking visual appearance of breccias has made them a popular
738:
1642:
Barnes, Stephen J.; Cruden, Alexander R.; Arndt, Nicholas; Saumur, Benoit M. (July 2016).
718:
ore environment and are intimately associated with intrusive-related ore deposits such as
8:
1983:
1421:
Wright, A. E.; Bowes, D. R. (1963). "Classification of
Volcanic Breccias: A Discussion".
793:
507:
2090:
2051:
1713:
1458:
1363:
1022:
977:
2401:
2113:
1987:
1725:
1375:
1303:
1196:
727:
365:
2098:
1907:
1823:
1768:
68:
3124:
2356:
2063:
1991:
1943:
1729:
1680:
1401:
1326:
1307:
1258:
1200:
1076:
1051:
903:
703:
382:
1877:
1660:
1643:
1379:
1149:
3053:
2765:
2552:
2421:
2094:
2055:
2014:
1979:
1903:
1873:
1846:
1819:
1792:
1764:
1717:
1655:
1595:
1564:
1537:
1462:
1430:
1367:
1295:
1250:
1227:
1223:
1186:
1153:
1145:
758:
590:
515:
428:
350:
289:
161:
102:
2019:
2006:
2865:
2625:
2478:
1473:
1466:
1243:"Karst breccias in the Madison limestone (Mississippian), Garland field, Wyoming"
836:
668:
632:
594:
582:
462:
172:
1796:
1599:
1347:
928:"The Early Miocene Markagunt Megabreccia: Utah's largest catastrophic landsline"
877: – A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock
3058:
2900:
2493:
2416:
1850:
1541:
1299:
862:
641:
637:
574:
480:
447:
154:
38:
1721:
1371:
1075:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 135.
3118:
3103:
3018:
2983:
2830:
2391:
2296:
2067:
1644:"The mineral system approach applied to magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposits"
1568:
847:
808:
804:
796:
774:
746:
707:
543:
535:
424:
313:
262:
Sedimentary breccia is breccia formed by sedimentary processes. For example,
1106:
1104:
226:-sized particles (particles over 2mm in size), but it is distinguished from
76:
3028:
3008:
2880:
2527:
2505:
2446:
2346:
2291:
2276:
2142:
1254:
853:
816:
789:
711:
699:
694:
associated with overpressured sedimentary strata, to large-scale intrusive
691:
570:
523:
244:
203:
184:
89:
57:
1485:
2917:
2808:
2788:
2778:
2705:
2655:
2580:
2426:
2361:
2331:
2286:
2244:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2165:
1325:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 546, 577.
1101:
742:
676:
614:
345:
Broken, fragmental rocks associated with volcanic eruptions, both of the
330:
278:
168:
1191:
1174:
1158:
1050:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
285:
occur as fine-grained peripheral deposits to sedimentary breccia flows.
3083:
3068:
3043:
3038:
2948:
2933:
2850:
2818:
2783:
2773:
2755:
2735:
2680:
2660:
2615:
2537:
2522:
2498:
2458:
2431:
2411:
2381:
2341:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2281:
2190:
1679:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
1582:
Vry, V. H.; Wilkinson, J. J.; Seguel, J.; Millan, J. (1 January 2010).
1509:
960:
McEwen, A. S.; Tornabene, L.; Grant, J.; Wray, J.; Mustard, J. (2008).
868:
715:
680:
605:
439:
52:
42:
1175:"A Multidisciplinary Investigation at the Lastros-Sfaka Graben, Crete"
300:
development. Collapse breccias also form by dissolution of underlying
3098:
3088:
3078:
3063:
3033:
3013:
2998:
2993:
2958:
2953:
2912:
2905:
2870:
2840:
2825:
2803:
2745:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2695:
2675:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2595:
2560:
2473:
2441:
2386:
2376:
2351:
2326:
2321:
2261:
2222:
2185:
841:
785:
672:
547:
539:
503:
451:
431:
361:
357:
301:
282:
267:
240:
199:
176:
85:
325:
of these broken fragments may occur by means of the introduction of
3073:
3048:
2973:
2943:
2938:
2860:
2845:
2813:
2793:
2690:
2665:
2542:
2517:
2510:
2488:
2483:
2436:
2371:
2256:
2207:
2197:
2155:
1172:
874:
823:
and was often used in high-profile public buildings. Many types of
820:
695:
559:
527:
511:
491:
487:
386:
293:
72:
Tertiary breccia at Resting Springs Pass, Mojave Desert, California
3093:
3023:
2988:
2963:
2895:
2730:
2670:
2610:
2468:
2396:
2311:
2271:
2239:
2234:
2150:
2105:
1007:"Geologic map of the Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico"
812:
800:
778:
754:
723:
618:
578:
435:
400:
393:
flows, tend to form clastic volcanic rocks by a process known as
326:
254:
Breccias are further classified by their mechanism of formation.
248:
207:
180:
150:
81:
46:
30:
737:
In the mesothermal regime, at much greater depths, fluids under
581:
evidence of contamination with extraterrestrial material (e.g.,
3003:
2978:
2875:
2835:
2798:
2700:
2565:
2463:
2453:
2406:
2366:
2336:
2266:
2251:
2229:
2175:
2170:
1935:
824:
745:
pressure. On their journey, high-pressure fluids crack rock by
731:
610:
586:
563:
555:
444:
390:
271:
223:
34:
1736:
1391:
1389:
811:; one of the best-known examples is the statue of the goddess
2968:
2890:
2885:
2750:
2715:
2635:
2590:
2585:
2077:
Sibson, R.H. (2000). "Fluid involvement in normal faulting".
1497:
1134:
1011:
New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Map Series
865: – Sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock
719:
663:
645:
551:
531:
458:
378:
292:, a collapse breccia may form due to collapse of rock into a
263:
117:
2740:
2685:
2600:
2532:
1781:
1386:
1321:
Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
465:
intrusions have been found and form via several processes:
346:
297:
138:
123:
120:
114:
1348:"Classification of fault breccias and related fault rocks"
769:
149:) is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of
141:
2060:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<701:ERAAMA>2.0.CO;2
1857:
667:
Silicified and mineralized breccia. Light gray is mostly
657:
649:
1581:
1435:
10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[79:COVBAD]2.0.CO;2
959:
1641:
1004:
858:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
341:
Igneous clastic rocks can be divided into two classes:
270:) breccia are generally formed next to fault scarps in
1240:
871: – Igneous rock which sometimes contains diamonds
1942:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
1863:
1320:
1284:
1241:
Demiralin, A.S.; Hurley, N.F.; Oesleby, T.W. (1993).
902:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
856: – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange
135:
132:
111:
108:
815:in the British Museum. Breccia was regarded by the
792:material. Breccia was used for column bases in the
589:anomalies). An example of an impact breccia is the
522:Impact breccias are thought to be diagnostic of an
490:within a feeder conduit or vent conduit, forming a
129:
105:
1528:Mitcham, T. W. (1974). "Origin of breccia pipes".
1128:
1089:
955:
953:
921:
919:
844: – Greenish Breccia found in British Columbia
1929:
1830:
730:-related mineralisation. Epithermal deposits are
3116:
1775:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
679:. Veinlet along lower edge of specimen contains
381:conduit, or physically picked up by the ensuing
1677:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1503:
1395:
950:
916:
671:with a little translucent quartz. Dark gray is
277:Sedimentary breccia may be formed by submarine
1635:
1612:
706:. Hydrothermal breccias are usually formed by
631:Hydrothermal breccias usually form at shallow
2121:
1889:
1887:
1836:
1754:
1742:
1674:
1557:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
1447:
1396:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
1166:
1041:
1039:
991:
893:
891:
807:. Breccia was used on a limited scale by the
534:striking the Earth and are normally found at
1675:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1554:
1345:
1249:. Society for Sedimentary Geology: 101–118.
1179:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece
1073:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1420:
1400:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 89–92.
1216:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2128:
2114:
1884:
1693:
1046:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "breccia".
1036:
900:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
888:
827:are brecciated, such as Breccia Oniciata.
222:, breccia contains at least 30 percent of
2018:
1969:
1939:Ancient Egyptian materials and technology
1659:
1278:
1247:Paleokarst Related Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
1207:
1190:
1157:
1125:, "sedimentary breccia", "talus breccia".
627:Ore genesis § Hydrothermal processes
1809:
1064:
966:American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
898:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Breccia".
768:
662:
604:
502:
75:
67:
51:
29:
1527:
1491:
1122:
1110:
1045:
479:autobrecciation of partly consolidated
14:
3117:
2076:
2037:
1893:
1699:
1515:
1479:
1423:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1346:Woodcock, N. H.; Mort, K. (May 2008).
897:
2109:
2004:
1213:
1095:
1070:
554:impact with the Earth or other rocky
356:Broken, fragmental rocks produced by
1984:10.1179/sic.2010.55.Supplement-2.140
925:
644:. As a result, the chemistry of the
640:as boiling continues, in particular
621:activity about 12 million years ago
427:are also commonly found in shallow
360:processes, usually associated with
24:
2135:
2031:
764:
683:in carbonates. Pend Oreille mine,
27:Rock composed of angular fragments
25:
3136:
1824:10.11456/shigenchishitsu1992.44.1
1613:Ansdell, K.; Normore, N. (2020).
514:, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit,
714:fluids. They are typical of the
101:
1998:
1963:
1914:
1878:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.03.023
1803:
1748:
1668:
1661:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.012
1606:
1575:
1548:
1521:
1441:
1414:
1339:
1314:
1234:
1150:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.05.022
685:Pend Oreille County, Washington
600:
1228:10.1080/03036758.1989.10426448
962:"Noachian Megabreccia on Mars"
542:, forms during the process of
257:
13:
1:
2099:10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00042-3
2020:10.7494/geotour.2009.16-17.61
1908:10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00009-7
1769:10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00009-7
881:
734:for copper, silver and gold.
710:of rocks by highly pressured
1866:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1467:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.12.006
1138:Marine and Petroleum Geology
932:Utah Geological Survey Notes
926:Biek, Robert F. (May 2013).
566:expelled beyond the crater.
538:. Impact breccia, a type of
419:
80:Unusual breccia cemented by
7:
1925:, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
1797:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2156
1600:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.119
1530:American Journal of Science
1504:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1323:Origin of sedimentary rocks
830:
660:deposits are quite common.
372:
160:together by a fine-grained
10:
3141:
1851:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.540
1542:10.2113/gsecongeo.69.3.412
1300:10.1007/s10596-019-09894-9
624:
593:, which was formed in the
483:by fresh magma injections;
336:
311:
62:Death Valley National Park
2926:
2764:
2551:
2141:
1743:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1722:10.1017/S0016756898008395
1372:10.1017/S0016756808004883
1288:Computational Geosciences
498:
434:such as porphyry stocks,
2005:Górny, Zbigniew (2009).
1482:, "Autobrecciated lava".
854:Hydrothermal circulation
307:
213:
2181:Basaltic trachyandesite
2161:Alkali feldspar granite
2011:Geotourism/Geoturystyka
1972:Studies in Conservation
803:on Crete in about 1800
2079:Journal of Geodynamics
1569:10.17741/bgsf/58.1.014
1255:10.2110/cor.93.18.0101
781:
773:Breccia statue of the
687:
622:
519:
93:
73:
65:
56:Megabreccia (left) at
49:
2571:Banded iron formation
772:
749:, forming an angular
666:
608:
506:
79:
71:
55:
33:
739:lithostatic pressure
385:. Lavas, especially
2091:2000JGeo...29..469S
2052:1987Geo....15..701S
1896:Ore Geology Reviews
1757:Ore Geology Reviews
1714:1998GeoM..135..231R
1702:Geological Magazine
1648:Ore Geology Reviews
1459:2018Litho.300...33O
1364:2008GeoM..145..435W
1352:Geological Magazine
1192:10.12681/bgsg.11704
1071:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1048:Glossary of geology
1023:2011AGUFM.V13C2606G
978:2008AGUFM.P43D..03M
577:, and chemical and
508:Alamo bolide impact
2927:Specific varieties
1923:Knossos fieldnotes
1920:C. Michael Hogan,
1453:. 300–301: 33–50.
782:
704:sedimentary basins
688:
623:
520:
450:form a late-stage
416:volcanic breccia.
94:
74:
66:
50:
3112:
3111:
2357:Nepheline syenite
2013:. 16–17 (1): 61.
1978:(sup2): 140–146.
1745:, pp. 89–93.
1398:Pyroclastic rocks
819:as an especially
809:ancient Egyptians
656:. Breccia-hosted
652:minerals rapidly
457:Clastic rocks in
383:pyroclastic surge
16:(Redirected from
3132:
3054:Rapakivi granite
2766:Metamorphic rock
2553:Sedimentary rock
2422:Quartz monzonite
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2085:(3–5): 469–499.
2071:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1839:Economic Geology
1834:
1828:
1827:
1812:Shigen-Chishitsu
1807:
1801:
1800:
1791:(8): 2156–2181.
1785:Economic Geology
1779:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1588:Economic Geology
1579:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:, "mesobreccia".
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1113:, "megabreccia".
1108:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1002:
989:
988:
986:
984:
957:
948:
947:
945:
943:
923:
914:
913:
895:
859:
775:Ancient Egyptian
759:hydrogen sulfide
617:, the result of
615:manganese oxides
591:Neugrund breccia
575:shocked minerals
573:, impact glass,
544:impact cratering
516:Pahranagat Range
486:accumulation of
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
21:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
2922:
2866:Pseudotachylite
2760:
2547:
2479:Tephriphonolite
2137:
2134:
2034:
2032:Further reading
2029:
2028:
2003:
1999:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1892:
1885:
1862:
1858:
1835:
1831:
1808:
1804:
1780:
1776:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1673:
1669:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1580:
1576:
1553:
1549:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1446:
1442:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1387:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1319:
1315:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1239:
1235:
1212:
1208:
1171:
1167:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1044:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1003:
992:
982:
980:
958:
951:
941:
939:
924:
917:
910:
896:
889:
884:
857:
837:Crackle breccia
833:
767:
765:Ornamental uses
747:hydrofracturing
708:hydrofracturing
629:
603:
595:Neugrund impact
501:
471:taxitic texture
422:
395:autobrecciation
375:
339:
316:
310:
260:
216:
128:
104:
100:
45:is composed of
37:breccia in the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Rhomb porphyry
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2901:Talc carbonate
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2494:Trachyandesite
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Quartz diorite
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:Types of rocks
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2073:
2072:
2046:(8): 701–704.
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
1997:
1962:
1948:
1928:
1913:
1902:(3): 111–134.
1883:
1856:
1845:(4): 540–546.
1829:
1802:
1774:
1763:(3): 111–134.
1747:
1735:
1708:(2): 231–244.
1692:
1685:
1667:
1634:
1605:
1594:(1): 119–153.
1574:
1563:(1): 203–233.
1547:
1536:(3): 412–413.
1520:
1518:, "Alloclast".
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1440:
1413:
1406:
1385:
1358:(3): 435–440.
1338:
1331:
1313:
1277:
1263:
1233:
1222:(2): 195–203.
1206:
1165:
1127:
1115:
1100:
1088:
1081:
1063:
1056:
1035:
990:
949:
915:
908:
886:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
872:
866:
863:Vein (geology)
860:
851:
845:
839:
832:
829:
821:precious stone
766:
763:
642:carbon dioxide
625:Main article:
602:
599:
536:impact craters
510:breccia (Late
500:
497:
496:
495:
484:
477:
474:
421:
418:
374:
371:
370:
369:
354:
338:
335:
312:Main article:
309:
306:
259:
256:
215:
212:
39:Canary Islands
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3137:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Litchfieldite
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Hyaloclastite
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Litchfieldite
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Phonotephrite
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Hyaloclastite
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1951:
1949:9780521452571
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1686:9780521880060
1682:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1623:
1622:GeoConvention
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1506:, p. 89.
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1266:
1264:1-56576-004-2
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1098:, p. 68.
1097:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
911:
909:9780199653065
905:
901:
894:
892:
887:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
855:
852:
849:
848:Impact crater
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
791:
790:architectural
787:
780:
776:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:breccia pipes
697:
693:
692:clastic dikes
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
628:
620:
616:
612:
607:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:shatter cones
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
509:
505:
494:breccia pipe.
493:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
446:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
425:Clastic rocks
417:
415:
409:
407:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
344:
343:
342:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
314:Fault breccia
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:karst terrain
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
255:
252:
250:
246:
245:impact events
242:
237:
232:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:
205:
204:impact events
201:
197:
192:
190:
187:breccia, and
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
146:
98:
91:
87:
83:
78:
70:
63:
59:
54:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3029:Luxullianite
3009:Lapis lazuli
2954:Blue Granite
2881:Serpentinite
2856:Metapsammite
2606:Conglomerate
2575:
2528:Trondhjemite
2506:Trachybasalt
2447:Pantellerite
2347:Monzogranite
2292:Hornblendite
2277:Granodiorite
2143:Igneous rock
2082:
2078:
2043:
2039:
2010:
2000:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1938:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1899:
1895:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1738:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1621:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1492:Jackson 1997
1487:
1475:
1450:
1443:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1397:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1294:(1): 61–87.
1291:
1287:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1159:11586/139746
1141:
1137:
1130:
1123:Jackson 1997
1118:
1111:Jackson 1997
1091:
1072:
1066:
1047:
1026:. Retrieved
1014:
1010:
981:. Retrieved
969:
965:
940:. Retrieved
935:
931:
899:
783:
750:
736:
712:hydrothermal
689:
677:ore minerals
648:changes and
630:
601:Hydrothermal
568:
524:impact event
521:
470:
456:
423:
413:
410:
406:mesobreccias
405:
399:
394:
376:
340:
317:
287:
279:debris flows
276:
261:
253:
235:
233:
228:conglomerate
220:conglomerate
217:
195:
193:
189:hydrothermal
166:
96:
95:
90:Morenci Mine
64:, California
58:Titus Canyon
2918:Whiteschist
2809:Greenschist
2789:Cataclasite
2779:Amphibolite
2706:Phosphorite
2656:Itacolumite
2581:Calcarenite
2427:Quartzolite
2362:Nephelinite
2332:Lamprophyre
2287:Harzburgite
2245:Napoleonite
2218:Charnockite
2213:Carbonatite
2203:Blairmorite
2166:Anorthosite
1872:: 126–140.
1654:: 296–316.
1516:Allaby 2013
1480:Allaby 2013
1144:: 439–459.
972:: P43D–03.
743:hydrostatic
654:precipitate
546:when large
526:such as an
429:subvolcanic
414:alloclastic
351:pyroclastic
331:groundwater
323:cementation
258:Sedimentary
236:megabreccia
196:megabreccia
169:sedimentary
3084:Teschenite
3069:Shonkinite
3044:Pietersite
3039:Novaculite
2949:Borolanite
2934:Adamellite
2851:Metapelite
2819:Calcflinta
2784:Blueschist
2774:Anthracite
2756:Wackestone
2736:Travertine
2681:Lumachelle
2661:Jaspillite
2616:Diamictite
2538:Websterite
2523:Troctolite
2499:Benmoreite
2459:Shonkinite
2432:Rhyodacite
2412:Pyroxenite
2382:Peridotite
2342:Lherzolite
2317:Kimberlite
2307:Ignimbrite
2302:Icelandite
2282:Granophyre
2191:Shoshonite
1407:3540127569
1332:0136427103
1096:Boggs 2006
1082:0131547283
1057:0922152349
882:References
869:Kimberlite
786:sculptural
716:epithermal
698:breccias (
681:sphalerite
548:meteorites
463:ultramafic
440:kimberlite
432:intrusions
329:matter in
283:Turbidites
251:collapse.
241:landslides
210:collapse.
200:landslides
43:groundmass
18:Brecciated
3099:Variolite
3089:Theralite
3079:Tachylite
3064:Rodingite
3034:Mangerite
3014:Larvikite
2999:Jasperoid
2994:Jadeitite
2959:Epidosite
2913:Tectonite
2906:Soapstone
2871:Quartzite
2841:Migmatite
2826:Itabirite
2804:Granulite
2746:Turbidite
2726:Sylvinite
2721:Siltstone
2711:Sandstone
2696:Oil shale
2676:Limestone
2651:Gritstone
2646:Greywacke
2641:Geyserite
2631:Evaporite
2621:Diatomite
2596:Claystone
2561:Argillite
2474:Tachylyte
2442:Comendite
2387:Phonolite
2377:Pegmatite
2352:Monzonite
2327:Lamproite
2322:Komatiite
2262:Foidolite
2223:Enderbite
2186:Mugearite
2068:0091-7613
1992:194088642
1730:129955208
1429:(1): 79.
1308:208144669
1201:134862302
1185:(1): 85.
842:Dallasite
673:jasperoid
560:asteroids
540:impactite
488:xenoliths
452:stockwork
420:Intrusive
358:intrusive
302:evaporite
268:colluvial
191:breccia.
183:breccia,
179:breccia,
171:breccia,
92:, Arizona
86:malachite
60:Narrows,
3125:Breccias
3119:Category
3074:Taconite
3049:Pyrolite
2974:Ganister
2944:Aphanite
2939:Appinite
2861:Phyllite
2846:Mylonite
2814:Hornfels
2794:Eclogite
2691:Mudstone
2666:Laterite
2626:Dolomite
2543:Wehrlite
2518:Trachyte
2511:Hawaiite
2489:Tonalite
2484:Tephrite
2437:Rhyolite
2402:Porphyry
2372:Obsidian
2257:Essexite
2208:Boninite
2198:Basanite
2156:Andesite
1380:55133319
875:Regolith
831:See also
777:goddess
728:porphyry
724:greisens
696:diatreme
669:dolomite
579:isotopic
528:asteroid
518:, Nevada
512:Devonian
492:diatreme
481:cumulate
436:granites
387:rhyolite
373:Volcanic
366:porphyry
294:sinkhole
177:tectonic
158:cemented
151:minerals
41:; green
3094:Unakite
3024:Llanite
2989:Ijolite
2964:Felsite
2896:Suevite
2731:Tillite
2671:Lignite
2611:Coquina
2576:Breccia
2469:Syenite
2397:Picrite
2312:Ijolite
2272:Granite
2240:Diorite
2235:Diabase
2151:Adakite
2087:Bibcode
2048:Bibcode
2040:Geology
1955:2 April
1710:Bibcode
1627:2 April
1455:Bibcode
1360:Bibcode
1270:2 April
1019:Bibcode
983:28 July
974:Bibcode
942:28 July
813:Tawaret
801:Knossos
779:Tawaret
755:methane
751:in situ
633:crustal
619:seismic
583:iridium
556:planets
401:Caldera
368:stocks.
362:plutons
337:Igneous
327:mineral
272:grabens
249:caldera
208:caldera
181:igneous
97:Breccia
82:azurite
47:epidote
3004:Kenyte
2979:Gossan
2876:Schist
2836:Marble
2799:Gneiss
2701:Oolite
2566:Arkose
2464:Sovite
2454:Scoria
2407:Pumice
2367:Norite
2337:Latite
2267:Gabbro
2252:Dunite
2230:Dacite
2176:Basalt
2171:Aplite
2066:
1990:
1946:
1728:
1683:
1451:Lithos
1404:
1378:
1329:
1306:
1261:
1199:
1079:
1054:
1028:18 May
906:
825:marble
817:Romans
797:palace
794:Minoan
720:skarns
646:fluids
611:quartz
587:osmium
564:ejecta
552:comets
499:Impact
445:aplite
391:dacite
304:beds.
296:or in
224:gravel
185:impact
162:matrix
35:Basalt
2969:Flint
2891:Slate
2886:Skarn
2751:Varve
2716:Shale
2636:Flint
2591:Chert
2586:Chalk
1988:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1618:(PDF)
1376:S2CID
1304:S2CID
1197:S2CID
732:mined
638:phase
532:comet
459:mafic
448:veins
379:magma
353:type;
319:Fault
308:Fault
288:In a
264:scree
247:, or
214:Types
206:, or
173:fault
155:rocks
2741:Tufa
2686:Marl
2601:Coal
2533:Tuff
2064:ISSN
1957:2022
1944:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1629:2022
1402:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1272:2022
1259:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1030:2020
985:2020
970:2008
944:2020
904:ISBN
788:and
757:and
726:and
675:and
613:and
585:and
461:and
438:and
389:and
349:and
347:lava
298:cave
84:and
3104:Wad
2095:doi
2056:doi
2015:doi
1980:doi
1904:doi
1874:doi
1847:doi
1820:doi
1793:doi
1765:doi
1718:doi
1706:135
1656:doi
1596:doi
1592:105
1565:doi
1538:doi
1463:doi
1431:doi
1368:doi
1356:145
1296:doi
1251:doi
1224:doi
1187:doi
1154:hdl
1146:doi
938:(2)
799:of
658:ore
650:ore
558:or
550:or
530:or
364:or
175:or
153:or
3121::
2093:.
2083:29
2081:.
2062:.
2054:.
2044:15
2042:.
2009:.
1986:.
1976:55
1974:.
1900:12
1898:.
1886:^
1870:65
1868:.
1843:68
1841:.
1818:.
1816:44
1814:.
1789:90
1787:.
1761:12
1759:.
1724:.
1716:.
1704:.
1652:76
1650:.
1646:.
1620:.
1590:.
1586:.
1561:58
1559:.
1534:69
1532:.
1461:.
1427:74
1425:.
1388:^
1374:.
1366:.
1354:.
1350:.
1302:.
1292:24
1290:.
1257:.
1245:.
1220:19
1218:.
1195:.
1183:50
1181:.
1177:.
1152:.
1142:67
1140:.
1103:^
1038:^
1017:.
1015:79
1013:.
1009:.
993:^
968:.
964:.
952:^
936:45
934:.
930:.
918:^
890:^
805:BC
722:,
597:.
473:);
333:.
281:.
274:.
243:,
234:A
202:,
194:A
164:.
145:-/
118:tʃ
88:,
2129:e
2122:t
2115:v
2101:.
2097::
2089::
2070:.
2058::
2050::
2023:.
2017::
1994:.
1982::
1959:.
1910:.
1906::
1880:.
1876::
1853:.
1849::
1826:.
1822::
1799:.
1795::
1771:.
1767::
1732:.
1720::
1712::
1689:.
1664:.
1658::
1631:.
1602:.
1598::
1571:.
1567::
1544:.
1540::
1469:.
1465::
1457::
1437:.
1433::
1410:.
1382:.
1370::
1362::
1335:.
1310:.
1298::
1274:.
1253::
1230:.
1226::
1203:.
1189::
1162:.
1156::
1148::
1085:.
1060:.
1032:.
1021::
987:.
976::
946:.
912:.
142:ʃ
139:ɛ
136:r
133:b
130:ˈ
127:,
124:ə
121:i
115:ɛ
112:r
109:b
106:ˈ
103:/
99:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
