Breast milk - Knowledge

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their children. A longitudinal study was conducted to assess pesticide residues in human breast milk samples and evaluate the risk-exposure of infants to these pesticides from consumption of mother’s milk in Ethiopia. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of infants in the present study was above provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) during the first month of breastfeeding which indicates that there is a health risk for infants consuming breast milk at an early stage of breastfeeding in the study areas. Based on these studies, the exposure of women during pregnancy to these OCPs may lead to various health problems for fetus such as low birth weight, disturbance of thyroid hormone, and neurodevelopmental delay.

1286:), or medications. Even though most infants infected with HIV contract the disease from breastfeeding, most infants that are breastfed by their HIV positive mothers never contract the disease. While this paradoxical phenomenon suggests that the risk of HIV transmission between an HIV positive mother and her child via breastfeeding is small, studies have also shown that feeding infants with breast milk of HIV-positive mothers can actually have a preventative effect against HIV transmission between the mother and child. This inhibitory effect against the infant contracting HIV is likely due to unspecified factors exclusively present in breast milk of HIV-positive mothers. 254:

feeling of energy and satiety. A lower risk of child-onset diabetes may be more applicable to infants who were born from diabetic mothers. The reason is that while breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life minimizes the risk of type 1 diabetes from occurring in the infant, inadequate breastfeeding in an infant prenatally exposed to diabetes was associated with a higher risk of the child developing diabetes later. However, it can be argued that human breastfeeding may contribute to protective effects against the development of type 1 diabetes because the alternative of bottle-feeding may expose infants to unhygienic feeding conditions.

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unsupported by research, they're prone to gym lore and willing to give it a shot if there is any potential effect." At the time the article was written, in the U.S., the price of breast milk procured from milk banks that pasteurize the milk, and have expensive quality and safety controls, was about $ 10 per US fluid ounce ($ 0.34/ml), and the price in the alternative market online, bought directly from mothers, ranges from $ 1–$ 4 per US fluid ounce ($ 0.03–$ 0.14/ml), compared to cow's milk at about $ 3.44 per US gallon ($ 0.0269/US fl oz; $ 0.0009/ml).

2447:. An Icecreamist in London's Covent Garden started selling an ice cream named Baby Gaga in February 2011. Each serving cost £14. All the milk was donated by a Mrs Hiley who earned £15 for every 10 ounces and called it a "great recession beater". The ice cream sold out on its first day. Despite the success of the new flavour, the Westminster Council officers removed the product from the menu to make sure that it was, as they said, "fit for human consumption." Tammy Frissell-Deppe, a family counsellor specialized in 101: 1306: 1011: 1176:, eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide, N-palmitoleoyl-ethanolamine, dihomo-γ-linolenoylethanolamine, N-stearoylethanolamine, prostaglandin F2alpha ethanolamides and prostaglandin F2 ethanolamides, Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy-stearic acids (PAHSAs). They may act as an appetite stimulant, but they also regulate appetite so infants do not eat too much. That may be why formula-fed babies have a higher caloric intake than breastfed babies. 9846: 9164: 1293:, but breast milk donated by volunteers to human milk banks can be obtained by prescription in some countries. In addition, research has shown that women who rely on infant formula could minimize the gap between the level of immunity protection and cognitive abilities a breastfed child benefits from versus the degree to which a bottle-fed child benefits from them. This can be done by supplementing formula-fed infants with bovine 9870: 109: 9858: 6538: 6379: 8752: 294:. Breast milk also contains antibodies and lymphocytes from the mother that help the baby resist infections. The immune function of breast milk is individualized, as the mother, through her touching and taking care of the baby, comes into contact with pathogens that colonize the baby, and, as a consequence, her body makes the appropriate antibodies and immune cells. 1025:. This is a thin yellowish fluid that is the same fluid that sometimes leaks from the breasts during pregnancy. It is rich in protein and antibodies that provide passive immunity to the baby (the baby's immune system is not fully developed at birth). Colostrum also helps the newborn's digestive system to grow and function properly. 2580:

When a mother is exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCP's), her infant can be exposed to these OCP's through breast milk intake. This result is supported by a study done in India, which revealed that in each lactation period there is a loss of OCPs from the mother's body involved in the nursing of

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article, one former competitive body builder said, "It isn't common, but I've known people who have done this. It's certainly talked about quite a bit on the bodybuilding forums on the Internet." Calling bodybuilders "a strange breed of individuals", he said, "Even if this type of thing is completely

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rather than that of its biological mother. One reason is that the unregulated breast milk market is fraught with risks, such as drugs of abuse and prescription medications being present in donated breast milk. The transmission of these substances through breast milk can do more harm than good when it

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and a small proportion of these cross over the nursing infant's intestinal tract into the bloodstream to reach certain organs and transform into fully functional cells. Because of its diverse population of cells and multifarious functions, researchers have argued that breast milk should be considered

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came to the conclusion that a greater volume of milk is expressed whilst listening to relaxing audio during breastfeeding, along with warming and massaging of the breast prior to and during feeding. A greater volume of milk expressed can also be attributed to instances where the mother starts pumping

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may also reduce the risk for both mother and infant from both types of diabetes. Lactation may protect the infant from specifically developing Type 2 diabetes, as studies have shown that bioactive ingredients in human breast milk could prevent excess weight gain during childhood via contributing to a

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increase milk supply, although even herbal variants carry risks. Non-pharmaceutical methods should be tried first, such as pumping out the mother's breast milk supply often, warming or massaging the breast, as well as starting milk pumping earlier after the child is born if they cannot drink milk at

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Despite the capability of most newborns to latch onto the mother's breast within an hour of birth, globally, sixty percent of infants are not breastfed within this crucial first hour. Breastfeeding within the first hour of life protects the newborn from acquiring infections and reduces risk of death

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Breast milk constitutes the sole source of nutrition for exclusively breastfed newborns, supplying all necessary nutrients for infants up to six months. Beyond this age, breast milk continues to be a source of energy for children up to two years old, providing over half of a child's energy needs up

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species produce milk, but the composition of milk for each species varies widely and other kinds of milk are often very different from human breast milk. As a rule, the milk of mammals that nurse frequently (including human babies) is less rich, or more watery, than the milk of mammals whose young

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may cause thawed milk to taste soapy or rancid due to milk fat breakdown. It is still safe to use, and most babies will drink it. Scalding it will prevent rancid taste at the expense of antibodies. It should be stored with airtight seals. Some plastic bags are designed for storage periods of less

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Colostrum will gradually change to become mature milk. In the first 3–4 days it will appear thin and watery and will taste very sweet; later, the milk will be thicker and creamier. Human milk quenches the baby's thirst and hunger and provides the proteins, sugar, minerals, and antibodies that the

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may be unable to produce milk. A Cochrane review looked at the drug domperidone (10 mg three times per day) with results showing a significant increase in volume of milk produced over a period of one to two weeks. However, another review concluded little evidence that use of domperidone and

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In the 1980s and 1990s, lactation professionals (De Cleats) used to make a differentiation between foremilk and hindmilk. But this differentiation causes confusion as there are not two types of milk. Instead, as a baby breastfeeds, the fat content very gradually increases, with the milk becoming

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The breast milk of diabetic mothers has been shown to have a different composition from that of non-diabetic mothers. It may contain elevated levels of glucose and insulin and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids. A dose-dependent effect of diabetic breast milk on increasing language delays in

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with breast milk for the first six months of an infant’s life. This period is followed by the incorporation of nutritionally adequate and safe complementary solid foods at six months, a stage when an infant’s nutrient and energy requirements start to surpass what breast milk alone can provide.

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donor human breast milk is a viable option. In the absence of pasteurized donor milk, commercial formula milk is recommended as a secondary alternative. However, unpasteurized breast milk from a source other than the infant's mother, particularly when shared informally, carries the risk of

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Paesano R, Pacifici E, Benedetti S, Berlutti F, Frioni A, Polimeni A, Valenti P (October 2014). "Safety and efficacy of lactoferrin versus ferrous sulphate in curing iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in hereditary thrombophilia pregnant women: an interventional study".

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Breast milk contains fats, proteins, carbohydrates (including lactose and human milk oligosaccharides), and a varying composition of minerals and vitamins. The composition changes over a single feed as well as over the period of lactation. Changes are particularly pronounced in

2455:, providing a lengthy compilation of detailed food and beverage recipes containing human breast milk. Human breast milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially, because the use of human breast milk as an adult food is considered unusual to the majority of 324:

supplementation for breastfed infants. Vitamin D can be synthesised by the infant via exposure to sunlight; however, many infants are deficient due to being kept indoors or living in areas with insufficient sunlight. Formula is supplemented with vitamin D for this reason.

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Human milk is considered to be healthier than cow's milk and infant formula when it comes to feeding an infant in the first six months of life, but only under extreme situations do international health organizations support feeding an infant breast milk from a healthy

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can contaminate breastmilk. According to research done in 2002, the levels of the organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and dioxins have declined in breast milk in countries where these chemicals have been banned or otherwise regulated, while levels of PBDEs are rising.

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Svanborg, Catharina; Ågerstam, Helena; Aronson, Annika; Bjerkvig, Rolf; Düringer, Caroline; Fischer, Walter; Gustafsson, Lotta; Hallgren, Oskar; Leijonhuvud, Irene; Linse, Sara; Mossberg, Ann-Kristin; Nilsson, Hanna; Pettersson, Jenny; Svensson, Malin (2003).

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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who may initially lack the ability to suck effectively. Using cups to feed expressed breast milk and other supplements results in improved breastfeeding outcomes in terms of both duration and extent, compared with traditional bottle and tube feeding.

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Srinivasjois, Ravisha; Sharma, Ajay; Shah, Prakesh; Kava, Maina (July 2011). "Effect of induction of meconium evacuation using per rectal laxatives on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in term infants: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".

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Breastfeeding also provides health benefits for the mother. It assists the uterus in returning to its pre-pregnancy size and reduces post-partum bleeding, through the production of oxytocin (see Production). Breastfeeding can also reduce the risk of

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intake by breastfeeding mothers may cause their infants to become irritable or have trouble sleeping. A meta-analysis has shown that breastfeeding mothers who smoke expose their infants to nicotine, which may cause respiratory illnesses, including

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concentration is higher in hand-expressed milk, when compared with the use of manual and electric pumps, and fat content is higher when the breast has been massaged, in conjunction with listening to relaxing audio. This may be important for

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Actual inability to produce enough milk is rare, with studies showing that mothers from malnourished regions still produce amounts of milk of similar quality to that of mothers in developed countries. There are many reasons a mother may

2197:, and highly lipid-soluble are more likely to enter the breast milk in larger quantities. Some drugs have no effect on the baby and can be used whilst breastfeeding, while other medications may be dangerous and harmful to the infant. 3758:

Baker, Robert D.; Greer, Frank R.; Committee on Nutrition American Academy of, Pediatrics (November 2010). "Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)".

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Precht D, Molkentin J (August 1999). "C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 trans and cis fatty acid isomers including conjugated cis delta 9, trans delta 11 linoleic acid (CLA) as well as total fat composition of German human milk lipids".

2328:, as well as directly between milk donors and customers as mediated by websites on the internet. Human milk banks generally have standardized measures for screening donors and storing the milk, sometimes even offering 398:. Some of the most common reasons are an improper latch (i.e., the baby does not connect efficiently with the nipple), not nursing or pumping enough to meet supply, certain medications (including estrogen-containing 4456: 6911:"Swiss restaurant to serve meals cooked with human breast milk A Swiss gastronomist has stirred a controversy in the tranquil Alpine republic after announcing that he will serve meals cooked with human breast milk" 5724:

Rodekamp E, Harder T, Kohlhoff R, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A (2006). "Impact of breast-feeding on psychomotor and neuropsychological development in children of diabetic mothers: role of the late neonatal period".

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Breast milk is oftentimes used as an environmental bioindicator given its ability to accumulate certain chemicals, including organochlorine pesticides. Research has found that certain organic contaminants such as

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Department of Health, 1994. Weaning and the weaning diet. Report of the Working Group on the Weaning Diet of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. London: HMSO. Report on Health and Social Subjects No

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was considered superior to breast milk. However, it is since universally recognized that there is no commercial formula that can adequately substitute for breast milk. In addition to the appropriate amounts of

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Continuation of breastfeeding is recommended up to two years of age. This guidance is due to the protective benefits of breast milk, which include less infections such as diarrhea—a protection not afforded by

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responses, which may benefit the infant. As of 2015 more than a hundred different HMOs have been identified; both the number and composition vary between women and each HMO may have a distinct functionality.

76:, comprising fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and a varying composition of minerals and vitamins. Breast milk also contains substances that help protect an infant against infection and inflammation, such as 3266:

Lausten-Thomsen U, Bille DS, Nässlund I, Folskov L, Larsen T, Holm JC (June 2013). "Neonatal anthropometrics and correlation to childhood obesity--data from the Danish Children's Obesity Clinic".

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derived from the mother's mammary glands. The stem cells found in human breast milk have been shown to be able to differentiate into a variety of other cells involved in the production of bodily

4043: 2332:, while milk donors on websites vary in regard to these measures. A study in 2013 came to the conclusion that 74% of breast milk samples from providers found from websites were colonized with 5192:

Wu J, Gouveia-Figueira S, Domellöf M, Zivkovic AM, Nording ML (January 2016). "Oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and related compounds in human milk: Levels and effects of storage conditions".

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Twigger, Alecia-Jane; Hepworth, Anna R.; Tat Lai, Ching; Chetwynd, Ellen; Stuebe, Alison M.; Blancafort, Pilar; Hartmann, Peter E.; Geddes, Donna T.; Kakulas, Foteini (10 August 2015).

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Two samples of human breast milk. The sample on the left is the first milk produced by the mother, while the sample on the right was produced later during the same breast pumping cycle.

2269:, such as cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, and marijuana cause adverse effects on the infant during breastfeeding. Adverse effects include seizures, tremors, restlessness, and diarrhea. 3125:

Cantey JB, Bascik SL, Heyne NG, Gonzalez JR, Jackson GL, Rogers VL, et al. (March 2013). "Prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of influenza during the postpartum period".

1246:(HMOs), which were not present in traditional infant formula, however they are increasing added by many manufacturers. HMOs are not digested by the infant but help to make up the 185:

Breastfeeding offers health benefits to mother and child even after infancy. These benefits include proper heat production and adipose tissue development, a 73% decreased risk of

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Taylor JS, Kacmar JE, Nothnagle M, Lawrence RA (October 2005). "A systematic review of the literature associating breastfeeding with type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes".

6562: 5271: 4436: 7738: 6354: 5294:"Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR" 1522:

The composition of marsupial and monotreme milk contains essential nutrients, growth factors and immunological properties to support the development of joeys and puggles.

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Some medications considered generally safe for use by a breastfeeding mother, with a doctor’s or pharmacist’s advice, include simple analgesics or pain killers such as

6523: 6910: 9547: 2942: 991: 125: 2415:." The article also explains that milk purchased online may be improperly sanitized or stored, so it may contain food-borne illness and infectious diseases such as 9780: 9735: 2482:

While there is no scientific evidence that shows that breast milk is advantageous for adults, according to several 2015 news sources, breast milk is being used by

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Persico M, Podoshin L, Fradis M, Golan D, Wellisch G (June 1983). "Recurrent middle-ear infections in infants: the protective role of maternal breast feeding".

7718: 7102: 417:: the more the mother nurses her baby or pumps, the more milk is produced. It is beneficial to nurse when the baby wants to nurse rather than on a schedule. A 7129: 4686: 2283:

metoclopramide to enhance milk supply works. Instead, non-pharmacological approaches such as support and more frequent breastfeeding may be more efficacious.

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Prentice, Andrew; Paul, Alison; Prentice, Ann; Black, Alison; Cole, Tim; Whitehead, Roger (1986). "Cross-Cultural Differences in Lactational Performance".

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To reduce infant exposure to medications used by the mother, use topical therapy or avoid taking the medication during breastfeeding times when possible.

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Hauck FR, Thompson JM, Tanabe KO, Moon RY, Vennemann MM (July 2011). "Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis".

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Donovan TJ, Buchanan K (March 2012). "Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their preterm hospitalised infants".

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use during pregnancy carries a significant risk of serious birth defects, but consuming alcohol after the birth of the infant is considered safe. High

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children. In addition, feeding an infant breast milk is associated with lower insulin levels and higher leptin levels compared feeding an infant via

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Corona, Laura; Lussu, Anna; Bosco, Alice; Pintus, Roberta; Cesare Marincola, Flaminia; Fanos, Vassilios; Dessì, Angelica (14 September 2021).

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Hormonal products and combined oral contraceptives should be avoided during the early postpartum period as they can interfere with lactation.

7522: 3077: 2659: 2439:, who operates a restaurant in New York City, have used human breast milk, or at least advocated its use, as a substitute for cow's milk in 2193:

of the drug all determine whether and how much of the drug will pass into breastmilk. Medications that are mostly non-protein bound, low in

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There are some medications that may stimulate the production of breast milk. These medications may be beneficial in cases where women with

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Chantry CJ, Wiedeman J, Buehring G, Peerson JM, Hayfron K, K'Aluoch O, Lonnerdal B, Israel-Ballard K, Coutsoudis A, Abrams B (June 2011).

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Eidelman, Arthur I.; Schanler, Richard J.; Johnston, Margreete; Landers, Susan; Noble, Larry; Szucs, Kinga; Viehmann, Laura (March 2012).

7071: 6090: 4204: 7080: 3929: 1214:, which contribute to colonization of the infant gut. As a result, it can be defined as a probiotic food, depending on how one defines " 8420: 6949: 6821: 4179: 2234:

Conversely, there are medications that are known to be toxic to the baby and thus should not be used in breastfeeding mothers, such as

5783: 2157:* Note: Milk is generally fortified with vitamin D in the U.S. and Canada. Non-fortified milk contains only 2 IU per 3.5 oz. 5227:

Brezinova, M (2018). "Levels of palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are reduced in the breast milk of obese mothers".

4464:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 4068: 5263: 3367:"Long-term impact of neonatal breastfeeding on childhood adiposity and fat distribution among children exposed to diabetes in utero" 9820: 6555: 5809:

Wahl A, Baker C, Spagnuolo RA, Stamper LW, Fouda GG, Permar SR, Hinde K, Kuhn L, Bode L, Aldrovandi GM, Garcia JV (November 2015).

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At around four months of age, the internal iron supplies of the infant, held in the hepatic cells of the liver, are exhausted. The

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FSA, 2002. McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 6th summary edition. Cambridge, England, Royal Society of Chemistry.

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should consult with their physician regarding substances that can be unwittingly passed to the infant via breast milk, such as

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Andreas NJ, Kampmann B, Mehring Le-Doare K (November 2015). "Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity".

386:). Male lactation can occur; the production or administration of the hormone prolactin is necessary to induce lactation (see 9642: 9602: 8661: 8338: 7269: 7052: 6106:

Martinez GA, Ryan AS, Malec DJ (1985). "Nutrient intakes of American infants and children fed cow's milk or infant formula".

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Allen, Elizabeth; Rumbold, Alice R; Keir, Amy; Collins, Carmel T; Gillis, Jennifer; Suganuma, Hiroki (21 October 2021).

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In the United States, the online marketplace for breast milk is largely unregulated and the high premium has encouraged

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infants has also been noted, although doctors recommend that diabetic mothers breastfeed despite this potential risk.

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Human milk contains 0.8–0.9% protein, 4.5% fat, 7.1% carbohydrates, and 0.2% ash (minerals). Carbohydrates are mainly

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infants. If pumping, it is helpful to have an electric, high-grade pump so that all of the milk ducts are stimulated.

9430: 9200: 9144: 8888: 7788: 7753: 7094: 2404: 31: 7125: 4694: 4553:"Biomolecules II: Biologically Important Molecules Other than Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids". 7315:

Mekonen, Seblework; Ambelu, Argaw; Wondafrash, Mekitie; Kolsteren, Patrick; Spanoghe, Pieter (November 11, 2021).

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Becker GE, Smith HA, Cooney F (February 2015). Becker GE (ed.). "Methods of milk expression for lactating women".

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recommends that at this time that an iron supplement should be introduced. Other health organisations such as the

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than 72 hours. Others can be used for up to 12 months if frozen. This table describes safe storage time limits.

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Atkinson HC, Begg EJ, Darlow BA (April 1988). "Drugs in human milk. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations".

4227:"Supporting Mothers of Very Preterm Infants and Breast Milk Production: A Review of the Role of Galactogogues" 2560:

The CDC has provided some resources for breastfeeding mothers to reference for safe medication use, including

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Cannabinoids and Feeding: The Role of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System as a Trigger for Newborn Suckling

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purchased online poses many health risks." CBS found a study from the Center for Biobehavioral Health at

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and the proportion of each cell type differs from individual to individual. The somatic cells are mainly

7317:"Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia" 7153:"Exposure of infants to organochlorine pesticides from breast milk consumption in southwestern Ethiopia" 2967: 1519:

in whole cow's milk are more difficult for an infant to digest and absorb than the ones in breast milk.

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variations; some of the nucleotides are more commonly produced during the night, others during the day.

9791: 9390: 8217: 7763: 7625: 7517: 5995: 1243: 1048: 238: 17: 8287: 4114: 2832:"Cup versus bottle feeding for hospitalized late preterm infants in Egypt: A quasi-experimental study" 9313: 9282: 8654: 8596: 8212: 8079: 7680: 7151:

Mekonen, Sablework; Ambelu, Argaw; Wondafrash, Mekitie; Kolsteren, Patrick; Spanoghe, Pieter (2021).

5811:"Breast Milk of HIV-Positive Mothers Has Potent and Species-Specific In Vivo HIV-Inhibitory Activity" 4863:"Trans fatty acids in human milk in Canada declined with the introduction of trans fat food labeling" 2550: 1294: 117: 6057: 6032: 5558:

Ninkina N, Kukharsky MS, Hewitt MV, Lysikova EA, Skuratovska LN, Deykin AV, Buchman VL (July 2019).

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HAMLET kills tumor cells by an apoptosis-like mechanism—cellular, molecular, and therapeutic aspects

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Abouelfettoh, Amel M; Dowling, Donna A; Dabash, Soheir A; Elguindy, Shadia R; Seoud, Iman A (2008).

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Martín R, Jiménez E, Heilig H, Fernández L, Marín ML, Zoetendal EG, Rodríguez JM (February 2009).

3311:"Mental health, attachment and breastfeeding: implications for adopted children and their mothers" 9926: 9801: 9487: 9472: 9452: 9405: 9267: 8124: 7743: 7728: 7030:

A Breastfeeding Mother's Secret Recipes: Breast milk Recipes, Fun Food for Kids and Quick Dishes!

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Sánchez CL, Cubero J, Sánchez J, Chanclón B, Rivero M, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C (February 2009).

1297:(MFGM) meant to mimic the positive effects of the MFGMs which are present in human breast milk. 868: 257:

Though it is almost universally prescribed, in some countries during the 1950s, the practice of

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Keim SA, Hogan JS, McNamara KA, Gudimetla V, Dillon CE, Kwiek JJ, Geraghty SR (November 2013).

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that "found that 11 out of 102 breast milk samples purchased online were actually blended with

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have no such recommendation. Breast milk contains less iron than formula, but the iron is more

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Rowe H, Baker T, Hale TW (February 2013). "Maternal medication, drug use, and breastfeeding".

6360:. Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. Archived from 6087: 3365:

Crume TL, Ogden L, Maligie M, Sheffield S, Bischoff KJ, McDuffie R, et al. (March 2011).

816: 177:), and other microorganisms from the donor to the infant, rendering it an unsafe alternative. 9637: 9612: 9597: 9467: 9237: 9193: 8114: 7685: 7640: 7532: 7527: 4200: 3982: 3921: 3892: 3525:

Gouveri E, Papanas N, Hatzitolios AI, Maltezos E (March 2011). "Breastfeeding and diabetes".

1188: 1184: 1169: 842: 455: 403: 194: 170: 77: 5503:"Gene expression in breastmilk cells is associated with maternal and infant characteristics" 9916: 9911: 9896: 9751: 9731: 9607: 9462: 9008: 8647: 8333: 8272: 8172: 8146: 7854: 7783: 7328: 7164: 6522:. Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1 February 2017. 5514: 5305: 5135:

The Endocannabinoid-CB Receptor System: Importance for development and in pediatric disease

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cells. This is thought to contribute to the protection of breastfed babies against cancer.

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in the body; the breast milk of Inuit mothers is extraordinarily high in toxic compounds.

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Non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds, making up 25% of the milk's nitrogen, include

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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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Human milk in the modern world : psychosocial nutritional and economic significance

6999: 6970: 5518: 5309: 5153: 5134: 2983:"Breast milk alkylglycerols sustain beige adipocytes through adipose tissue macrophages" 2286:

Finally, there are other substances besides medications that may appear in breast milk.

237:. Many of the infection-fighting and immune system related benefits are associated with 9921: 9746: 9660: 9527: 9517: 9385: 9370: 9297: 8996: 8893: 8094: 7808: 7630: 7507: 7349: 7316: 7237: 7212: 7185: 7152: 6763: 6738: 6679: 6654: 6501: 6284: 6259: 6233: 5996:

Protocol #8: Human milk storage information for home use for healthy full-term infants.

5911: 5884: 5835: 5810: 5750: 5666: 5641: 5616: 5584: 5559: 5535: 5502: 5478: 5453: 5429: 5402: 5375: 5350: 5326: 5293: 5103: 5049: 5002: 4802: 4775: 4662: 4635: 4530: 4505: 4351: 4326: 4302: 4277: 4253: 4226: 3858: 3710: 3685: 3661: 3636: 3585: 3507: 3440: 3415: 3391: 3366: 3337: 3310: 3291: 3150: 3055: 3007: 2982: 2910: 2885: 2858: 2831: 2807: 2782: 2314: 2247: 1697: 1680: 1231: 1165: 881: 796: 567: 283: 202: 4912: 4734: 4717: 4391: 2344:. Bacterial growth happens during transit. According to the FDA, bad bacteria in food 9936: 9811: 9741: 9670: 9665: 9587: 9502: 9482: 9287: 9034: 8308: 8247: 8069: 7670: 7620: 7354: 7265: 7242: 7190: 7048: 6768: 6684: 6600: 6493: 6445: 6325: 6289: 6225: 6221: 6185: 6149: 6123: 5953: 5916: 5840: 5775: 5742: 5706: 5702: 5671: 5620: 5589: 5540: 5483: 5434: 5380: 5331: 5244: 5209: 5111: 5095: 5041: 4994: 4989: 4972: 4953: 4926: 4916: 4884: 4843: 4807: 4754: 4667: 4613: 4599: 4566: 4535: 4475: 4465: 4395: 4356: 4307: 4258: 4157: 4015: 3970: 3850: 3776: 3715: 3666: 3577: 3542: 3511: 3445: 3396: 3342: 3283: 3248: 3204: 3177: 3142: 3107: 3047: 3012: 2915: 2863: 2812: 2760: 2595: 2569: 1884: 1040:(IgA) in breast milk remains high from day 10 until at least 7.5 months post-partum. 920: 669: 410:, which is associated with prolactin deficiency and may require hormone replacement. 6505: 6237: 5754: 5107: 5053: 5006: 3862: 3757: 3589: 3295: 3243: 3226: 3154: 1227: 9850: 9806: 9771: 9766: 9756: 9627: 9577: 9557: 9507: 9497: 9400: 9247: 9186: 9127: 8853: 8202: 8177: 7938: 7923: 7665: 7562: 7537: 7344: 7336: 7232: 7224: 7180: 7172: 6790: 6758: 6750: 6674: 6666: 6596: 6592: 6483: 6437: 6279: 6271: 6217: 6115: 5943: 5906: 5896: 5830: 5822: 5734: 5698: 5661: 5653: 5612: 5579: 5571: 5530: 5522: 5473: 5465: 5424: 5414: 5370: 5362: 5321: 5313: 5236: 5201: 5087: 5033: 4984: 4908: 4874: 4835: 4797: 4787: 4729: 4657: 4647: 4603: 4595: 4558: 4525: 4517: 4387: 4346: 4338: 4297: 4289: 4248: 4238: 4153: 4149: 4007: 3960: 3842: 3768: 3705: 3697: 3656: 3648: 3573: 3569: 3534: 3499: 3435: 3427: 3386: 3378: 3332: 3322: 3275: 3238: 3134: 3059: 3039: 3002: 2994: 2981:

Yu H, Dilbaz S, Coßmann J, Hoang AC, Diedrich V, Herwig A, et al. (May 2019).

2905: 2897: 2853: 2843: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2750: 2561: 2369:. Human breast milk may be diluted with other liquids to increase volume including 2341: 2194: 1952: 1433: 1415: 1247: 1235: 1037: 829: 287: 153: 81: 5163:

Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology, 2002 The Haworth Press, Inc.

3603: 9901: 9761: 9652: 9457: 9362: 9356: 9257: 9074: 8831: 8821: 8786: 8776: 8724: 8626: 8576: 8505: 8480: 8450: 8360: 8267: 8207: 7823: 7793: 7768: 7645: 7635: 7597: 7075: 6275: 6094: 6002: 5689:

Bode L (November 2015). "The functional biology of human milk oligosaccharides".

5240: 5160: 5141: 3799: 2783:"Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breastfeeds in preterm infants" 2630: 2325: 2308: 2182: 1484: 1251: 1193: 1149: 1099: 430: 418: 407: 395: 334: 310: 218: 7126:"Bodybuilders Are Drinking Human Breast Milk. Are They Insane, or Super Insane?" 5948: 5935: 4636:"Marsupial and monotreme milk – a review of its nutrients and immune properties" 4506:"Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA" 4327:"Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA" 4011: 3896: 2575: 1460:

nurse less often. Human milk is noticeably thinner and sweeter than cow's milk.

100: 9675: 9617: 9552: 9492: 9477: 9420: 9415: 9252: 9149: 8806: 8781: 8616: 8500: 8440: 8104: 8099: 8089: 8084: 8049: 7798: 7650: 7602: 7482: 7409: 7340: 7176: 6852: 6754: 6313: 5575: 5091: 4459: 3880: 3733: 3538: 2620: 2408: 2370: 2329: 2287: 2279: 2266: 1305: 1290: 1275: 1051:) have been identified as minor components. The fat fraction contains specific 387: 360: 306: 262: 234: 157: 89: 61: 6441: 5657: 5469: 5419: 4293: 3846: 3503: 3279: 2935:"Pasteurized and unpasteurized donor human milk | Canadian Paediatric Society" 2160: 413:

The amount of milk produced depends on how often the mother is nursing and/or

9890: 9622: 9542: 9292: 9232: 9167: 9115: 9064: 8858: 8796: 8621: 8591: 8571: 8430: 8405: 8328: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8141: 8034: 7902: 7592: 7472: 7446: 6542: 6383: 5454:"Exploring the stem cell and non-stem cell constituents of human breast milk" 5037: 4879: 4862: 4840:

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3803(19990801)43:4<233::AID-FOOD233>3.0.CO;2-B

3965: 3701: 3684:

Bertotto A, Castellucci G, Fabietti G, Scalise F, Vaccaro R (November 1990).

3490:

Levin RJ (May 2006). "The breast/nipple/areola complex and human sexuality".

2530: 2412: 2205: 2190: 1629: 1271: 1091: 1068: 1056: 1052: 371: 258: 246: 137:

to the age of one and a third of the needs between one and two years of age.

85: 7213:"Chemical contaminants in breast milk: time trends and regional variability" 5779: 4792: 4562: 3431: 2399:, in which they say that "health claims do not stand up clinically and that 317:, which carries more safety for mothers and children than ferrous sulphate. 164:

For mothers unable to produce an adequate supply of breast milk, the use of

9095: 8873: 8868: 8848: 8826: 8684: 8460: 8455: 8435: 8415: 8401: 8345: 8192: 8074: 8024: 7818: 7690: 7487: 7358: 7246: 7194: 6772: 6688: 6670: 6604: 6497: 6488: 6471: 6469: 6449: 6329: 6293: 5975: 5957: 5920: 5844: 5746: 5710: 5675: 5593: 5544: 5487: 5438: 5384: 5335: 5248: 5213: 5099: 5045: 4930: 4888: 4847: 4811: 4671: 4617: 4608: 4539: 4521: 4479: 4399: 4360: 4342: 4311: 4262: 4161: 3974: 3854: 3780: 3772: 3670: 3581: 3546: 3449: 3400: 3346: 3287: 3252: 3208: 3181: 3146: 3138: 3051: 3043: 3016: 2919: 2867: 2848: 2816: 2764: 2755: 2738: 2483: 2296: 2251: 2243: 2177:

Almost all medicines, or drugs, pass into breastmilk in small amounts by a

1731: 1411: 1394: 1374: 1219: 933: 490: 434: 374:

is functioning properly. It also creates a mild laxative effect, expelling

267: 190: 130: 7228: 6229: 6127: 5936:"Clinical Benefits of Milk Fat Globule Membranes for Infants and Children" 5885:"Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula" 5366: 5229:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids

4998: 4776:"Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Comprehensive Review towards Metabolomics" 4423: 3719: 3686:"Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk" 3652: 3327: 3111: 2901: 1010: 9632: 9049: 8878: 8843: 8816: 8811: 8791: 8699: 8566: 8561: 8535: 8425: 8410: 8391: 8350: 8318: 8313: 8151: 8029: 7969: 7897: 7887: 7660: 5826: 5738: 5317: 4973:"Nucleotides in human milk: sources and metabolism by the newborn infant" 4957: 2432: 2201: 1935: 1714: 1358: 1310: 1259: 1083: 1079: 719: 474: 414: 314: 165: 149: 145: 8966: 3637:"Effect of flash-heat treatment on antimicrobial activity of breastmilk" 9079: 9059: 9054: 9029: 8991: 8919: 8883: 8771: 8741: 8731: 8689: 8545: 8490: 8485: 8475: 8470: 8323: 8197: 8059: 8054: 8010: 7813: 5607:

Urashima, T.; Asakuma, S.; Messer, M. (2007). "Milk Oligosaccharides".

5451: 4652: 4243: 3465:"Breast-Feeding Might Cut Risk for Tough-to-Treat Breast Cancer: Study" 2546: 2534: 2366: 2255: 2228: 2224: 2037: 1901: 1867: 1504: 1488: 1161: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1103: 1060: 686: 652: 348: 6203: 6201: 5901: 5526: 4629: 4627: 3382: 3074:"Breastfeeding Associated With Increased Intelligence, Study Suggests" 2998: 84:, whilst also contributing to the healthy development of the infant's 9110: 8981: 8949: 8801: 8719: 8709: 8704: 8530: 8396: 8375: 8257: 8182: 8134: 8064: 8019: 7869: 7849: 7803: 7582: 7577: 7567: 7512: 6470:

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on, Drugs (September 2001).

2625: 2416: 2353: 2318: 2239: 2212: 2208: 2122: 2054: 2020: 1833: 1816: 1799: 1782: 1765: 1500: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1255: 1223: 1215: 1142: 1122: 1064: 1022: 1014: 1004: 774: 761: 748: 735: 625: 379: 356: 340: 321: 250: 6822:"Breast Milk Bought Online Diluted With Cows Milk, Researchers Find" 5769: 3734:"The Newborn Immune System and Immunological Benefits of Breastmilk" 9134: 9044: 8954: 8863: 8736: 8581: 8520: 8510: 8445: 8282: 8262: 8187: 7655: 7557: 7385:

by Carol L. Wagner (Overview article, eMedicine, December 14, 2010)

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Indumathi S, Dhanasekaran M, Rajkumar JS, Sudarsanam D (May 2013).

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Milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of a human female

6655:"Microbial contamination of human milk purchased via the Internet" 5191: 3683: 2884:

Pound, Catherine; Unger, Sharon; Blair, Becky (16 December 2020).

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6382:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5723: 5400: 3524: 3195:

Finigan V (December 2012). "Breastfeeding and diabetes: Part 2".

2829: 2471: 2467: 2456: 2436: 2259: 1986: 1969: 1850: 1595: 1516: 1512: 1492: 1468: 1390: 1258:, which may help to prevent infectious diseases. They also alter 1095: 1044: 605: 512: 279: 271: 222: 73: 69: 7415: 7314: 7150: 5883:

Martin, Camilia; Ling, Pei-Ra; Blackburn, George (11 May 2016).

3831: 3227:"Breastfeeding: an overview of oral and general health benefits" 108: 9532: 9013: 8924: 8914: 8465: 8252: 8237: 8000: 7587: 7477: 7467: 5022:"The possible role of human milk nucleotides as sleep inducers" 4901: 4718:"Immunoglobulin A (IgA) content of human breast milk over time" 4585: 2964:"The World Health Organization's infant feeding recommendation" 2736: 2463: 2444: 2105: 2071: 1918: 1496: 1456: 1322: 1283: 702: 425: 261:

went through a period where it was out of vogue and the use of

214: 210: 121: 65: 5557: 5500: 3922:"Lactation (Human Milk Production): Causes & How It Works" 3634: 1063:(O-P-O triglycerides), and also lipids with trans bonds (see: 1021:

During the first few days after delivery, the mother produces

9693: 9100: 8976: 8971: 8929: 8909: 8370: 7844: 7389:

United Nations University Centre – Constituents of human milk

5933: 3559: 2576:

Contamination effects of organochlorine pesticides on infants

2549:

is predominantly meat. Studies are looking at the effects of

2542: 2440: 2431:

A minority of people, including restaurateurs Hans Lochen of

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classes, and medications for gastroesophageal reflux such as

1748: 1578: 1111: 508: 72:. Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborn 5291: 5019: 4907:. Advances in Cancer Research. Vol. 88. pp. 1–29. 3416:"Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama" 2565: 9003: 8986: 8944: 8934: 8751: 8694: 8670: 8156: 7547: 7410:

The comparative composition of human milk and of cow's milk

6853:"This Is What's Actually in the Breast Milk You Buy Online" 6472:"The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk" 6170:"Milk, human, mature, fluid Nutrition Facts & Calories" 5642:"Virus–Receptor Interactions: The Key to Cellular Invasion" 2220: 2216: 2161:

Effects of medications and other substances on milk content

2088: 2003: 1552: 1464: 1118: 352: 57: 9178: 6652: 5972:"What are the LLLI guidelines for storing my pumped milk?" 5859:"Breastfeeding | Health benefits for mother and baby" 5351:"Human milk: mother nature's prototypical probiotic food?" 4450: 4429:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 4065:"Breast-feeding: Pumping and maintaining your milk supply" 3949: 3364: 3097: 2459:

around the world, and most disapprove of such a practice.

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article cites an editorial led by Dr. Sarah Steele in the

1491:

for human babies. Whole cow's milk also contains too much

9039: 7000:"Baby Gaga breast milk ice cream seized for safety tests" 6703:"Refrigerator Thermometers: Cold Facts about Food Safety" 5934:

Hernell O, Timby N, Domellöf M, Lönnerdal B (June 2016).

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Neuroendocrinology Letters Nos.1/2, Feb–Apr Vol.25, 2004.

4278:"Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors" 4001: 3124: 2517: 2420: 2390: 2186: 1612: 1544: 1279: 539: 422:

milk sooner, even if the infant is unable to breastfeed.

363: 275: 198: 174: 4944:

Jenness R (July 1979). "The composition of human milk".

2524: 8639: 6311: 3029: 2780: 2462:

In Costa Rica, there have been trials to produce human

6884:"Adult health craze for human breast milk poses risks" 6736: 5401:

Witkowska-Zimny M, Kaminska-El-Hassan E (2017-07-13).

4773: 4715: 3881:"AAP Doubles Recommended Vitamin D Intake in Children" 2357:

comes to the health outcomes of the infant recipient.

1526:

Comparing milks (per cup in SI units of measurement)

1047:; several lactose-based oligosaccharides (also called 6971:"Breast milk ice cream goes on sale in Covent Garden" 5606: 4970: 1075:(CLA) accounting for up to 6% of the human milk fat. 4275: 4092:. Parenting.ivillage.com. 2010-01-01. Archived from 2980: 2713:"World Health Organization; Exclusive breastfeeding" 2650:

Association, Australian Breastfeeding (2017-07-03).

144:

Alternatively, breast milk can be expressed using a

30:"Mother's milk" redirects here. For other uses, see 7391:– including comparison of human and cow's milk ones 6791:"Don't Buy Your Breast Milk Online, Scientists Say" 5882: 5070: 1300: 1187:, but contains as many as 600 different species of 6909: 6312:Spencer JP, Gonzalez LS, Barnhart DJ (July 2001). 6207: 4971:Thorell L, Sjöberg LB, Hernell O (December 1996). 4461:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 4376:"Do breastfed infants need supplemental vitamins?" 4139: 4137: 4135: 370:. This helps to protect the newborn until its own 225:later in life, and a decreased risk of developing 6844: 6784: 6782: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6144:. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. 6105: 4633: 4143: 806: 615: 95: 9888: 7095:"Why Bodybuilders Are Pounding Down Breast Milk" 7042: 6942:"Restaurant Drops Plan to Cook with Breast Milk" 6172:. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021 4753:(4th ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 501 . 2886:"Pasteurized and unpasteurized donor human milk" 7069:Clínica busca cómo hacer queso de leche materna 6739:"Got milk? Sharing human milk via the Internet" 6586: 4824: 4716:Rechtman DJ, Ferry B, Lee ML, Chapel H (2002). 4132: 3630: 3628: 3220: 3218: 2883: 2185:, the size of the drug molecule, the pH and/or 1511:which may put a strain on an infant's immature 402:), illness, and dehydration. A rarer reason is 7400:A comparison between human milk and cow's milk 7027: 6779: 6725: 6432:. Breastfeeding Updates for the Pediatrician. 6142:"Breastfeeding: Human Milk Versus Animal Milk" 5861:. womenshealth.gov. 2010-08-01. Archived from 5348: 4504:Kim, Su Yeong; Yi, Dae Yong (15 August 2020). 4417: 2486:for its nutritional value. In a February 2015 1242:Breast milk contains a unique type of sugars, 355:. The initial milk produced is referred to as 152:, cup, spoon, supplementation drip system, or 9194: 8655: 8495:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 7985: 7431: 7262:Silent Snow: The Slow Poisoning of the Arctic 7211:Solomon, Gina M; Weiss, Pilar M (June 2002). 6820:Erika, Edwards; Briggs, Bill (6 April 2015). 6427: 5071:Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC (April 2005). 4324: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3224: 2317:for human breast milk, both in the form of a 1254:that block the attachment of disease causing 7210: 6737:Geraghty SR, Heier JE, Rasmussen KM (2011). 6648: 6646: 6257: 5804: 5802: 5800: 4860: 4722:International Journal of Infectious Diseases 4367: 4318: 4269: 3987:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 3625: 3562:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 3225:Salone LR, Vann WF, Dee DL (February 2013). 3215: 2494: 1450: 7206: 7204: 6819: 6589:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6023: 6021: 6005:Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol. 4146:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4090:"Breast milk: Increasing supply – iVillage" 3167: 2649: 2181:. The amount of the drug bound by maternal 201:resistance, a tiny decrease in the risk of 156:. This method is especially beneficial for 78:symbiotic bacteria and other microorganisms 9201: 9187: 8662: 8648: 7999: 7992: 7978: 7438: 7424: 7291:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6314:"Medications in the breast-feeding mother" 5194:Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 4684: 4425:United States Food and Drug Administration 3353: 3231:Journal of the American Dental Association 2426: 2324:As a product, breast milk is exchanged by 1218:". Breast milk also contains a variety of 7348: 7236: 7184: 7086: 6850: 6788: 6762: 6678: 6643: 6487: 6283: 5947: 5910: 5900: 5834: 5797: 5665: 5583: 5534: 5477: 5428: 5418: 5374: 5325: 5226: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 4988: 4878: 4801: 4791: 4733: 4661: 4651: 4607: 4529: 4350: 4301: 4252: 4242: 3964: 3878: 3709: 3660: 3462: 3439: 3390: 3336: 3326: 3242: 3006: 2909: 2857: 2847: 2806: 2754: 2739:"Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk" 2541:. This is an issue in particular for the 2381:, thus undermining its health benefits. 7201: 7092: 6512: 6108:American Journal of Diseases of Children 6046: 6018: 5639: 5407:Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters 5261: 4373: 4224: 3168:Aguiar H, Silva AI (December 2011). "". 2396:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1304: 1009: 107: 99: 36: 7463:Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk 7395:Children's Health Topics: Breastfeeding 7061: 6347: 5349:McGuire MK, McGuire MA (January 2015). 4943: 4634:Stannard HJ, Miller RD, Old JM (2020). 3308: 3194: 2787:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2453:A Breastfeeding Mother's Secret Recipes 1148:Mother's milk has been shown to supply 1094:. In an acidic environment such as the 448:Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk 378:and helping to prevent the build-up of 14: 9889: 9411:Nursing credentials and certifications 7123: 6875: 6561:. American Thyroid Association. 2014. 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6423: 6421: 5767: 5682: 5396: 5394: 5298:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 5166: 4748: 4176:"Fenugreek Seed for Increasing Supply" 2529:Pesticides and other toxic substances 2470:from human milk, as an alternative to 1515:. In addition, the proteins, fats and 1289:Most women that do not breastfeed use 193:, decreased likelihood of contracting 9182: 8643: 7973: 7523:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis 7419: 6939: 6881: 6611: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 4687:"Worries About Foremilk and Hindmilk" 4503: 4057: 3874: 3872: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3489: 2987:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2525:Pesticide contamination in breastmilk 1463:Whole cow's milk contains too little 1432:Chest or upright manual defrost deep 9857: 9699:Nursing Interventions Classification 8110:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 7759:History and culture of breastfeeding 7259: 7105:from the original on 8 December 2015 6890:from the original on 13 January 2019 6548: 6120:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140120056027 5688: 5640:Maginnis, Melissa S. (August 2018). 5206:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.11.002 4861:Friesen R, Innis SM (October 2006). 4510:Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 3413: 2879: 2877: 2776: 2774: 2678: 2676: 2656:Australian Breastfeeding Association 2384: 1152:(the natural neurotransmitters that 339:Under the influence of the hormones 9869: 7774:Human milk banking in North America 7473:Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery) 7284: 7047:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6624:. World Health Organization. 2014. 6456: 6418: 6258:Hotham N, Hotham E (October 2015). 6088:Cow's milk for infants and children 6054:"Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation" 6029:"Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation" 5391: 4225:Asztalos, Elizabeth (12 May 2018). 3315:International Breastfeeding Journal 2932: 2836:International Breastfeeding Journal 2705: 2611:Human milk banking in North America 320:Both the AAP and the NHS recommend 24: 7779:International Breastfeeding Symbol 7734:Breastfeeding in the United States 6863:from the original on 18 April 2024 6832:from the original on 18 April 2024 6801:from the original on 18 April 2024 6789:OAKLANDER, MANDY (24 March 2015). 6713:from the original on 22 April 2019 6430:Pediatric Clinics of North America 6300: 6244: 6086:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: 4036:"Low milk supply: What causes it?" 3953:Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 3869: 3787: 2173:Breast milk-mediated drug delivery 25: 9948: 9145:Milk quotas in the United Kingdom 7789:International Breast Milk Project 7754:Diana West (lactation consultant) 7445: 7376:Drug Interactions with Human Milk 7369: 7217:Environmental Health Perspectives 7043:Jelliffe DB, Jelliffe EF (1978). 6851:OAKLANDER, MANDY (6 April 2015). 6707:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 6568:from the original on 20 June 2019 6526:from the original on 12 July 2017 6520:"Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy" 5560:"Stem cells in human breast milk" 5262:Williams, Florence (2012-06-16). 5080:Experimental Biology and Medicine 3492:Sexual & Relationship Therapy 2874: 2771: 2673: 2537:will store more of them in their 2204:, anti-hypertensives such as the 1078:The principal proteins are alpha- 479:65–78 kcal (270–330 kJ) 9868: 9856: 9845: 9844: 9163: 9162: 8750: 7308: 7278: 7253: 7144: 7117: 7036: 7021: 6992: 6963: 6933: 6902: 6813: 6695: 6631:from the original on 14 May 2017 6580: 6536: 6377: 6222:10.2165/00003088-198814040-00003 5703:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.001 5617:10.1016/B978-044451967-2/00128-8 4990:10.1203/00006450-199612000-00012 4685:Mohrbacher, Nancy (2011-07-10). 4600:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013 3879:Armstrong, Carrie (2009-07-15). 3690:Archives of Disease in Childhood 3127:American Journal of Perinatology 2684:"Infant and young child feeding" 2533:; i.e., creatures higher up the 1301:Storage of expressed breast milk 1102:into a different form and binds 467: 205:, lower risk of childhood onset 9709:Nursing Outcomes Classification 9704:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) 9376:Associate of Science in Nursing 8045:Breastfeeding and mental health 7959:Breastfeeding and mental health 7954:Breastfeeding contraindications 7865:List of breastfeeding activists 7696:Breastfeeding and mental health 7297:from the original on 2019-06-23 7132:from the original on 2018-05-11 7093:Neporent L (17 February 2015). 7010:from the original on 2011-03-02 6981:from the original on 2011-03-02 6922:from the original on 2022-01-12 6389: 6336:from the original on 2019-07-03 6162: 6134: 6099: 6080: 6071: 6008: 5989: 5964: 5927: 5876: 5851: 5786:from the original on 2022-07-20 5761: 5717: 5633: 5600: 5551: 5494: 5445: 5342: 5285: 5274:from the original on 2021-04-11 5255: 5220: 5147: 5128: 5064: 5013: 4964: 4937: 4895: 4854: 4818: 4767: 4742: 4709: 4678: 4546: 4497: 4486:from the original on 2024-05-09 4439:from the original on 2024-03-27 4406:from the original on 2024-07-26 4218: 4207:from the original on 2021-01-18 4193: 4182:from the original on 2021-03-09 4168: 4121:from the original on 2019-09-16 4107: 4082: 4071:from the original on 2019-08-26 4046:from the original on 2022-04-28 4028: 3995: 3943: 3932:from the original on 2022-04-28 3914: 3903:from the original on 2022-03-22 3825: 3814:from the original on 2018-11-22 3751: 3740:from the original on 2021-03-09 3726: 3677: 3614:from the original on 2019-05-29 3596: 3553: 3518: 3483: 3456: 3407: 3302: 3259: 3244:10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0093 3188: 3161: 3118: 3100:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal 3091: 3080:from the original on 2021-01-15 3066: 3023: 2974: 2945:from the original on 2021-04-23 2719:from the original on 2019-10-30 2694:from the original on 2024-03-12 2662:from the original on 2021-01-19 2591:Breastmilk storage and handling 2477: 2321:service and as a milk product. 1033:fattier and fattier over time. 9381:Bachelor of Science in Nursing 7503:Dysphoric milk ejection reflex 7264:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. 6597:10.1002/14651858.cd005544.pub2 6397:"Breastfeeding and Medication" 4154:10.1002/14651858.CD006170.pub4 4067:. MayoClinic.com. 2010-03-13. 3574:10.1080/07315724.2005.10719480 3268:European Journal of Pediatrics 2956: 2933:Society, Canadian Paediatric. 2926: 2890:Paediatrics & Child Health 2823: 2799:10.1002/14651858.CD005252.pub5 2730: 2643: 2405:Nationwide Children's Hospital 441: 396:not produce enough breast milk 299:American Academy of Pediatrics 96:Use and methods of consumption 32:Mother's Milk (disambiguation) 13: 1: 9603:Psychiatric and mental health 8040:Breastfeeding and medications 7949:Breastfeeding and medications 7498:Breastfeeding and medications 7404:The composition of cow's milk 7287:"Prescription Medication Use" 7032:. Dracut, MA: JED Publishing. 6940:Black R (18 September 2008). 5727:Journal of Perinatal Medicine 4913:10.1016/S0065-230X(03)88302-1 4735:10.1016/s1201-9712(02)90302-4 4392:10.1016/s0031-3955(08)70034-8 4276:Ballard O, Morrow AL (2013). 4115:"How Breast Milk is Produced" 2636: 2616:La Leche League International 2555:persistent organic pollutants 2348:can double every 20 minutes. 2167:Breastfeeding and medications 1317:Expressed breast milk can be 328: 104:Pumped breast milk in bottles 9396:Master of Science in Nursing 8602:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 8223:Infant cognitive development 8120:Neonatal intensive care unit 7676:Nipple pain in breastfeeding 7408:Meigs, EB (August 30, 1913) 6276:10.18773/austprescr.2015.056 5646:Journal of Molecular Biology 5403:"Cells of human breast milk" 5241:10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.004 4201:"Increasing Low Milk Supply" 986:Percentages estimated using 187:sudden infant death syndrome 141:during the neonatal period. 7: 9208: 8526:Supplemental nursing system 7944:Breastfeeding and fertility 7908:Supplemental nursing system 7739:Breastfeeding organizations 6882:Kraft, Amy (18 June 2015). 5949:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.077 4117:. Babies.sutterhealth.org. 4012:10.1007/978-1-4615-7207-7_2 3414:Bode, L. (September 2012). 2584: 2451:, published a book, titled 1244:human milk oligosaccharides 1049:human milk oligosaccharides 406:, also known as postpartum 347:, women produce milk after 239:human milk oligosaccharides 180: 173:bacteria, viruses (such as 10: 9953: 9391:Doctor of Nursing Practice 8278:Prenatal development table 8218:Irritant diaper dermatitis 7764:Human-animal breastfeeding 7749:Child's Right to Nurse Act 7626:Breastfeeding difficulties 7518:Human milk oligosaccharide 7341:10.1038/s41598-021-01656-x 7177:10.1038/s41598-021-01656-x 6755:10.1177/003335491112600204 5609:Comprehensive Glycoscience 5576:10.1007/s13577-019-00251-7 5092:10.1177/153537020523000401 3539:10.2174/157339911794940684 2306: 2215:, anti-depressants of the 2170: 2164: 1295:milk fat globule membranes 466:Nutritional value per 100 445: 382:(a contributory factor in 332: 29: 9840: 9717: 9684: 9651: 9548:Women's Health Care Nurse 9439: 9355: 9306: 9283:Clinical nurse specialist 9275: 9266: 9225: 9216: 9158: 9088: 9022: 8902: 8759: 8748: 8677: 8597:Prenatal cocaine exposure 8554: 8385:Infant care and equipment 8384: 8302:Socialization and Culture 8301: 8213:Infant visual development 8165: 8080:Infant and toddler safety 8008: 7916: 7878: 7837: 7704: 7681:Breastfeeding infertility 7611: 7453: 7028:Frissell-Deppe T (2002). 6442:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.009 6318:American Family Physician 6210:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6190:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6154:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5940:The Journal of Pediatrics 5768:Strock, Margaret (2002). 5658:10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.024 5470:10.1007/s10616-012-9492-8 5420:10.1186/s11658-017-0042-4 4557:. 2010. pp. 89–118. 4294:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002 3885:American Family Physician 3847:10.1007/s10534-014-9723-x 3504:10.1080/14681990600674674 3309:Gribble KD (March 2006). 3280:10.1007/s00431-013-1949-z 2551:polychlorinated biphenyls 2506:organochlorine pesticides 2495:Breast milk contamination 2302: 2202:paracetamol/acetaminophen 1451:Comparison to other milks 1334: 1106:to form a complex called 985: 981: 969: 957: 953: 945: 932: 919: 906: 893: 880: 867: 854: 841: 828: 815: 794: 790: 786: 773: 760: 747: 734: 718: 701: 685: 668: 651: 634: 624: 603: 599: 595: 588: 584: 564: 560: 556: 536: 532: 528: 507: 487: 483: 473: 465: 118:World Health Organization 9727:International Nurses Day 9243:Licensed practical nurse 8669: 8607:Parental child abduction 8130:Oral rehydration therapy 7829:World Breastfeeding Week 7382:Human milk and lactation 6556:"Postpartum Thyroiditis" 6260:"Drugs in breastfeeding" 5038:10.1179/147683009X388922 5026:Nutritional Neuroscience 4946:Seminars in Perinatology 4867:The Journal of Nutrition 3966:10.4103/0019-5359.107388 3702:10.1136/adc.65.11.1274-a 3527:Current Diabetes Reviews 2652:"Breastmilk composition" 2360: 2336:or had more than 10,000 1086:(apo-lactoferrin), IgA, 1073:conjugated linoleic acid 9406:Nurse Licensure Compact 8612:Parental responsibility 8125:Newborn care and safety 7744:Breastfeeding promotion 7729:Breastfeeding in public 7124:Easter M (2015-02-19). 5691:Early Human Development 5264:"The wonder of breasts" 4793:10.3390/children8090804 4588:Early Human Development 4563:10.1201/9781482294491-7 3969:(inactive 2024-06-02). 3808:National Health Service 2601:Breastfeeding in public 2427:Restaurants and recipes 2299:in the nursing infant. 2236:chemotherapeutic agents 1191:, including beneficial 988:US recommendations 400:hormonal contraceptives 359:, which is high in the 278:, breast milk provides 227:psychological disorders 171:vertically transmitting 126:exclusive breastfeeding 9106:Fidel Castro and dairy 9070:Plastic milk container 8356:Grandparent visitation 7934:Extended breastfeeding 7724:Breastfeeding in Islam 7714:Breastfeeding advocacy 7006:. London. 2011-03-01. 6977:. London. 2011-02-24. 6918:. London. 2008-09-17. 6671:10.1542/peds.2013-1687 6489:10.1542/peds.108.3.776 4880:10.1093/jn/136.10.2558 4522:10.3345/cep.2020.00059 4343:10.3345/cep.2020.00059 4325:Kim SY, Yi DY (2020). 3773:10.1542/peds.2010-2576 3641:Breastfeeding Medicine 3197:The Practising Midwife 3170:Acta Médica Portuguesa 3139:10.1055/s-0032-1323585 3044:10.1542/peds.2010-3000 2849:10.1186/1746-4358-3-27 2756:10.1542/peds.2011-3552 2435:and Daniel Angerer of 2334:gram-negative bacteria 2313:There is a commercial 2179:concentration gradient 1314: 1174:N-arachidonoyl glycine 1158:2-arachidonoylglycerol 1018: 992:the National Academies 368:gastrointestinal tract 113: 105: 48:(sometimes spelled as 42: 9638:Travel health nursing 9238:Clinical nurse leader 8115:Infant sleep training 7686:Breastfeeding and HIV 7641:Fissure of the nipple 7533:Lactation suppression 7412:, J.Biol.Chem 147–168 7229:10.1289/ehp.021100339 6743:Public Health Reports 6709:. 14 September 2021. 6264:Australian Prescriber 5367:10.3945/an.114.007435 5355:Advances in Nutrition 4380:Pediatr Clin North Am 4282:Pediatr Clin North Am 3653:10.1089/bfm.2010.0078 3463:Gillego A, Bernik S. 3432:10.1093/glycob/cws074 3328:10.1186/1746-4358-1-5 2570:The InfantRisk Center 2189:of the drug, and the 2171:Further information: 1444:Six to twelve months 1393:compartment inside a 1338:Maximum storage time 1308: 1170:palmitoylethanolamide 1013: 590:Vitamins and minerals 456:Human milk microbiome 446:Further information: 195:middle ear infections 148:and administered via 111: 103: 40: 9463:Correctional nursing 8273:Prenatal development 8173:Attachment parenting 8147:Shaken baby syndrome 7855:Lactation consultant 7784:Jack Newman (doctor) 7719:Breastfeeding in art 7260:Cone, Marla (2007). 5942:. 173 Suppl: S60–5. 5827:10.1128/JVI.01702-15 5739:10.1515/JPM.2006.095 5611:. pp. 695–724. 5318:10.1128/AEM.02063-08 2449:attachment parenting 2338:colony-forming units 1427:Three to six months 1418:with separate doors 1200:B. adolescentis 1098:, alpha-lactalbumin 221:, decreased risk of 209:, decreased risk of 112:Breast feeding latch 9797:Republic of Ireland 9573:Occupational health 9563:Nursing informatics 9339:Psych/mental health 8587:Infant ear piercing 7860:Lactation counselor 7573:Prolactin modulator 7553:Overactive let-down 7454:Anatomy, physiology 7333:2021NatSR..1122053M 7169:2021NatSR..1122053M 6946:New York Daily News 6916:The Daily Telegraph 5815:Journal of Virology 5519:2015NatSR...512933T 5310:2009ApEnM..75..965M 3176:(Suppl 4): 889–96. 2970:on January 8, 2012. 2902:10.1093/pch/pxaa118 2606:Breast milk jewelry 2346:at room temperature 1698:Omega-6 fatty acids 1681:Omega-3 fatty acids 1664:Polyunsaturated fat 1647:Monounsaturated fat 1527: 1352:Six to eight hours 1232:myoepithelial cells 1179:Breast milk is not 462: 452:Human milk immunity 9661:Nursing assessment 9523:Legal consultation 9386:Diploma in Nursing 9371:Nightingale Pledge 9298:Nurse practitioner 8095:Infant food safety 7881:with breastfeeding 7631:Breast engorgement 7508:Frenulum of tongue 7321:Scientific Reports 7157:Scientific Reports 7074:2020-10-03 at the 6093:2016-07-05 at the 6001:2020-10-29 at the 5507:Scientific Reports 5159:2020-10-01 at the 5140:2016-04-02 at the 4977:Pediatric Research 4653:10.7717/peerj.9335 4555:Plant Cell Biology 4244:10.3390/nu10050600 4006:. pp. 13–44. 2443:products and food 2248:immunosuppressants 1525: 1315: 1185:its own microbiome 1166:oleoylethanolamide 1141:. Breast milk has 1067:). The lipids are 1019: 959:Other constituents 837:0.00001–0.00003 mg 460: 404:Sheehan's syndrome 366:, which coats the 203:childhood leukemia 114: 106: 43: 9884: 9883: 9671:Nursing care plan 9666:Nursing diagnosis 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9319:Adult-gerontology 9307:NPs by population 9288:Nurse anesthetist 9268:Advanced practice 9176: 9175: 9035:Glass milk bottle 8637: 8636: 8497: 8334:Children's rights 8248:Object permanence 8070:Failure to thrive 7967: 7966: 7671:Neonatal jaundice 7621:Blocked milk duct 7271:978-1-55584-769-2 7054:978-0-19-264921-8 5902:10.3390/nu8050279 5652:(17): 2590–2611. 5626:978-0-444-51967-2 5527:10.1038/srep12933 4922:978-0-12-006688-9 4760:978-3-540-69935-4 4749:Belitz H (2009). 4691:Breastfeeding USA 4572:978-0-429-08034-0 4471:978-0-309-48834-1 4374:Greer FR (2001). 4021:978-1-4615-7209-1 4004:Human Lactation 2 3383:10.2337/dc10-1716 2999:10.1172/JCI125646 2715:. Who.int. 2021. 2596:Blocked milk duct 2385:Older consumption 2155: 2154: 1448: 1447: 1332:Place of storage 1239:a living tissue. 1000: 999: 949: 948: 461:Human breast milk 288:digestive enzymes 16:(Redirected from 9944: 9872: 9871: 9860: 9859: 9848: 9847: 9538:Medical-surgical 9441:Specialties and 9401:Board of nursing 9273: 9272: 9248:Registered nurse 9223: 9222: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9180: 9179: 9166: 9165: 8754: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8640: 8493: 8178:Baby-led weaning 7994: 7987: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7939:Nipple confusion 7924:Baby-led weaning 7666:Nipple vasospasm 7614:and difficulties 7563:Passive immunity 7538:Lactiferous duct 7440: 7433: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7188: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7128:. Men's Health. 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7090: 7084: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6948:. Archived from 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6913: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6766: 6734: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6682: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6491: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6403:. Archived from 6393: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6359: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6309: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6255: 6242: 6241: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6145: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6103: 6097: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6056:. Archived from 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6031:. Archived from 6025: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5974:. Archived from 5968: 5962: 5961: 5951: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5904: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5821:(21): 10868–78. 5806: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5669: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5189: 5164: 5151: 5145: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5116: 5110:. Archived from 5077: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5056:. Archived from 5017: 5011: 5010: 4992: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4805: 4795: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693:. Archived from 4682: 4676: 4675: 4665: 4655: 4631: 4622: 4621: 4611: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4354: 4331:Clin Exp Pediatr 4322: 4316: 4315: 4305: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4246: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4141: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4032: 4026: 4025: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3968: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3926:Cleveland Clinic 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3796: 3785: 3784: 3767:(5): 1040–1050. 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3713: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3467:. Archived from 3460: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3426:(9): 1147–1162. 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3362: 3351: 3350: 3340: 3330: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3203:(11): 33–4, 36. 3192: 3186: 3185: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3010: 2993:(6): 2485–2499. 2978: 2972: 2971: 2966:. Archived from 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2861: 2851: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2793:(10): CD005252. 2778: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2749:(3): e827–e841. 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2647: 2547:traditional diet 2342:aerobic bacteria 2326:human milk banks 2195:molecular weight 1953:Pantothenic acid 1547:milk (3.25% fat) 1528: 1524: 1485:unsaturated fats 1385:Up to five days 1329: 1328: 1248:intestinal flora 1189:various bacteria 1150:endocannabinoids 1038:Immunoglobulin A 976: 941:0.0001–0.0003 mg 876:0.0003–0.0004 mg 810: 723: 706: 690: 673: 656: 639: 619: 586: 585: 578: 550: 522: 501: 469: 463: 459: 235:powdered-formula 154:nasogastric tube 82:immunoglobulin A 60:produced by the 21: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9836: 9713: 9686: 9685:Classification 9680: 9653:Nursing process 9647: 9488:Faith community 9453:Ambulatory care 9444: 9442: 9435: 9361: 9359: 9343: 9302: 9262: 9258:Nurse scientist 9218: 9212: 9207: 9177: 9172: 9154: 9084: 9075:Square milk jug 9018: 8898: 8755: 8746: 8673: 8668: 8638: 8633: 8627:Paternity fraud 8577:Closed adoption 8550: 8506:Infant clothing 8481:Haberman Feeder 8451:Car seat safety 8380: 8361:Infant swimming 8339:UN Child rights 8297: 8208:Gestational age 8161: 8004: 7998: 7968: 7963: 7912: 7880: 7874: 7833: 7824:Mary Rose Tully 7809:Mothers' rights 7794:La Leche League 7769:Human milk bank 7706: 7700: 7646:Inverted nipple 7636:Low milk supply 7613: 7607: 7598:Mammary alveoli 7455: 7449: 7444: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7313: 7309: 7300: 7298: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7258: 7254: 7209: 7202: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7091: 7087: 7076:Wayback Machine 7066: 7062: 7055: 7041: 7037: 7026: 7022: 7013: 7011: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6984: 6982: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6953: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6923: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6787: 6780: 6735: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6665:(5): e1227–35. 6651: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6591:(3): CD005544. 6585: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6537: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6468: 6457: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6378: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6355:"Breastfeeding" 6353: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6337: 6310: 6301: 6256: 6245: 6206: 6199: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6104: 6100: 6095:Wayback Machine 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6038: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6003:Wayback Machine 5994: 5990: 5981: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5932: 5928: 5881: 5877: 5868: 5866: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5807: 5798: 5789: 5787: 5766: 5762: 5722: 5718: 5687: 5683: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5605: 5601: 5556: 5552: 5499: 5495: 5450: 5446: 5399: 5392: 5347: 5343: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5225: 5221: 5190: 5167: 5161:Wayback Machine 5152: 5148: 5142:Wayback Machine 5133: 5129: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5018: 5014: 4969: 4965: 4942: 4938: 4923: 4900: 4896: 4873:(10): 2558–61. 4859: 4855: 4823: 4819: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4747: 4743: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4679: 4632: 4625: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4502: 4498: 4489: 4487: 4472: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4407: 4372: 4368: 4323: 4319: 4274: 4270: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4148:(2): CD006170. 4142: 4133: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4074: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4000: 3996: 3980: 3979: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3877: 3870: 3841:(5): 999–1006. 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3798: 3797: 3788: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3682: 3678: 3633: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3604:"Breastfeeding" 3602: 3601: 3597: 3558: 3554: 3523: 3519: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3471:on 3 March 2016 3461: 3457: 3412: 3408: 3363: 3354: 3307: 3303: 3264: 3260: 3223: 3216: 3193: 3189: 3166: 3162: 3123: 3119: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3028: 3024: 2979: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2931: 2927: 2882: 2875: 2828: 2824: 2779: 2772: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2631:Mary Rose Tully 2587: 2578: 2527: 2497: 2480: 2429: 2387: 2363: 2311: 2309:human milk bank 2305: 2183:plasma proteins 2175: 2169: 2163: 1453: 1368:Up to 24 hours 1361:with ice packs 1303: 1252:decoy receptors 1212:B. dentium 1208:B. bifidum 1194:Bifidobacterium 995: 974: 940: 927: 914: 901: 888: 875: 862: 849: 836: 823: 811: 781: 768: 755: 742: 729: 721: 713: 704: 696: 688: 680: 671: 663: 654: 646: 637: 620: 591: 580: 576: 571: 552: 548: 543: 524: 520: 515: 503: 499: 494: 458: 444: 431:low birthweight 419:Cochrane review 408:hypopituitarism 337: 335:Low milk supply 331: 249:later in life. 229:, including in 219:dental problems 183: 98: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9950: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9927:Milk by animal 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9866: 9854: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9824: 9817:United Kingdom 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9729: 9723: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9676:Nursing theory 9673: 9668: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9593:Perianesthesia 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9421:Nurse registry 9418: 9416:Nursing school 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9365: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9329:Women's health 9326: 9321: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9253:Graduate nurse 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9206: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9150:World Milk Day 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8619: 8617:Parenting plan 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8501:Infant carrier 8498: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8441:Baby transport 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8105:Infant massage 8102: 8100:Infant formula 8097: 8092: 8090:Infant feeding 8087: 8085:Infant bathing 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8050:Bottle feeding 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8006: 8005: 8003:and their care 7997: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7879:Equipment used 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7799:Lactation room 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7651:Cracked nipple 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7603:Mammary lobule 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7483:Breast anatomy 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7457: 7456:and immunology 7451: 7450: 7443: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7406: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7378: 7371: 7370:External links 7368: 7365: 7364: 7307: 7277: 7270: 7252: 7223:(6): A339-47. 7200: 7143: 7116: 7085: 7083:, 17 June 2007 7060: 7053: 7035: 7020: 6991: 6962: 6932: 6901: 6874: 6843: 6812: 6778: 6724: 6694: 6642: 6610: 6579: 6547: 6511: 6482:(3): 776–789. 6455: 6417: 6388: 6367:on 14 May 2017 6346: 6299: 6243: 6197: 6161: 6133: 6114:(10): 1010–8. 6098: 6079: 6070: 6045: 6017: 6007: 5988: 5963: 5926: 5875: 5850: 5796: 5760: 5716: 5697:(11): 619–22. 5681: 5632: 5625: 5599: 5570:(3): 223–230. 5550: 5493: 5458:Cytotechnology 5444: 5390: 5341: 5284: 5254: 5235:(2): 126–131. 5219: 5165: 5146: 5127: 5063: 5060:on 2009-08-12. 5012: 4963: 4936: 4921: 4894: 4853: 4817: 4766: 4759: 4751:Food Chemistry 4741: 4708: 4677: 4623: 4594:(11): 629–35. 4578: 4571: 4545: 4516:(8): 301–309. 4496: 4470: 4449: 4416: 4366: 4337:(8): 301–309. 4317: 4268: 4217: 4192: 4167: 4131: 4106: 4081: 4056: 4027: 4020: 3994: 3959:(7): 278–285. 3942: 3913: 3868: 3824: 3786: 3750: 3725: 3696:(11): 1274–5. 3676: 3624: 3595: 3552: 3517: 3498:(2): 237–249. 3482: 3455: 3406: 3352: 3301: 3258: 3214: 3187: 3160: 3117: 3106:(6): 297–304. 3090: 3065: 3022: 2973: 2955: 2925: 2896:(8): 549–550. 2873: 2822: 2770: 2729: 2704: 2672: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621:Lactation room 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2566:Mother to Baby 2526: 2523: 2496: 2493: 2479: 2476: 2428: 2425: 2401:raw human milk 2386: 2383: 2362: 2359: 2330:pasteurization 2307:Main article: 2304: 2301: 2280:hypothyroidism 2267:drugs of abuse 2206:ACE-inhibitors 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1541: 1536: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1302: 1299: 1291:infant formula 1250:. They act as 1204:B. longum 998: 997: 983: 982: 979: 978: 971: 967: 966: 961: 955: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 938: 936: 930: 929: 925: 923: 917: 916: 912: 910: 904: 903: 899: 897: 891: 890: 886: 884: 878: 877: 873: 871: 865: 864: 860: 858: 852: 851: 847: 845: 839: 838: 834: 832: 826: 825: 821: 819: 813: 812: 805: 800: 792: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 779: 777: 771: 770: 766: 764: 758: 757: 753: 751: 745: 744: 740: 738: 732: 731: 727: 725: 716: 715: 711: 709: 699: 698: 694: 692: 683: 682: 678: 676: 666: 665: 661: 659: 649: 648: 644: 642: 632: 631: 628: 622: 621: 614: 609: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 582: 581: 574: 572: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 546: 544: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 525: 518: 516: 511: 505: 504: 497: 495: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 443: 440: 388:male lactation 361:immunoglobulin 330: 327: 263:infant formula 182: 179: 158:preterm babies 97: 94: 90:gut microbiome 62:mammary glands 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9949: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9907:Breastfeeding 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9877: 9876: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9832: 9828: 9827:United States 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9613:Public health 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9598:Perioperative 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9468:Critical care 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9438: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9293:Nurse midwife 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9233:Student nurse 9231: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9192: 9190: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9169: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9116:Breastfeeding 9114: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9065:Milk delivery 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8997:Crème fraîche 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8894:Ultrafiltered 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8753: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8658: 8653: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8592:Open adoption 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8572:Child neglect 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8406:Hidden camera 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8329:Child custody 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Nursery rhyme 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233:Kangaroo care 8231: 8229: 8228:Infant crying 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Preterm birth 8140: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8035:Breastfeeding 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7903:Nursing chair 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Nipple shield 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7593:Mammary gland 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7447:Breastfeeding 7441: 7436: 7434: 7429: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7411: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7205: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7024: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6952:on 2011-08-05 6951: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6647: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6544: 6543:public domain 6525: 6521: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6436:(1): 275–94. 6435: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6407:on 2019-08-02 6406: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6385: 6384:public domain 6363: 6356: 6350: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6324:(1): 119–26. 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6216:(4): 217–40. 6215: 6211: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6074: 6060:on 2014-08-11 6059: 6055: 6049: 6035:on 2014-08-21 6034: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6011: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5978:on 2014-07-01 5977: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5865:on 2016-03-04 5864: 5860: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464:(3): 385–93. 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5361:(1): 112–23. 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5131: 5117:on 2009-08-02 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086:(4): 225–34. 5085: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4983:(6): 845–52. 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4952:(3): 225–39. 4951: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834:(4): 233–44. 4833: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4697:on 2021-01-15 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4609:10044/1/25981 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386:(2): 415–23. 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4096:on 2010-05-14 4095: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800:"First Foods" 3795: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3533:(2): 135–42. 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Diabetes Care 3368: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274:(6): 747–51. 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3237:(2): 143–51. 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3133:(3): 233–40. 3132: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038:(1): 103–10. 3037: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531:bioaccumulate 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265:Furthermore, 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191:lipophilicity 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1630:Saturated fat 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487:or essential 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1307: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:breastfeeding 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:somatic cells 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092:serum albumin 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1069:vaccenic acid 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1053:triglycerides 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1036:The level of 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1017:vs breastmilk 1016: 1012: 1008: 1006: 993: 989: 984: 980: 972: 968: 965: 962: 960: 956: 952: 944: 937: 935: 931: 924: 922: 918: 911: 909: 905: 898: 896: 892: 885: 883: 879: 872: 870: 866: 859: 857: 853: 846: 844: 840: 833: 831: 827: 820: 818: 814: 809: 804: 801: 799: 798: 793: 789: 785: 778: 776: 772: 765: 763: 759: 752: 750: 746: 739: 737: 733: 726: 724: 717: 710: 708: 700: 693: 691: 684: 677: 675: 667: 660: 658: 653:Riboflavin (B 650: 643: 641: 633: 629: 627: 623: 618: 613: 610: 608: 607: 602: 598: 594: 587: 583: 573: 570: 569: 563: 559: 555: 545: 542: 541: 535: 531: 527: 517: 514: 510: 506: 496: 493: 492: 491:Carbohydrates 486: 482: 478: 476: 472: 464: 457: 453: 449: 439: 436: 435:Galactagogues 432: 427: 423: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:immune system 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 336: 326: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 260: 259:breastfeeding 255: 252: 248: 247:breast cancer 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 178: 176: 172: 167: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 138: 134: 132: 127: 123: 119: 110: 102: 93: 91: 87: 86:immune system 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 54:mother's milk 51: 47: 39: 33: 19: 9873: 9862: 9849: 9802:South Africa 9608:Private duty 9276:APNs by role 8714: 8555:Other topics 8494: 8461:Cradle board 8456:Cloth diaper 8416:Baby shampoo 8402:Baby monitor 8392:Baby bouncer 8346:Circumcision 8193:Birth defect 8075:Immunization 8025:Birth weight 7917:Other topics 7819:Amy Spangler 7691:Prolactinoma 7492: 7488:Breast crawl 7380: 7327:(1): 22053. 7324: 7320: 7310: 7299:. Retrieved 7290: 7285:CDC (2018). 7280: 7261: 7255: 7220: 7216: 7163:(1): 22053. 7160: 7156: 7146: 7134:. Retrieved 7119: 7107:. Retrieved 7098: 7088: 7067: 7063: 7044: 7038: 7029: 7023: 7012:. Retrieved 7003: 6994: 6983:. Retrieved 6974: 6965: 6954:. Retrieved 6950:the original 6945: 6935: 6924:. Retrieved 6915: 6904: 6892:. Retrieved 6877: 6865:. Retrieved 6856: 6846: 6834:. Retrieved 6825: 6815: 6803:. Retrieved 6794: 6749:(2): 161–4. 6746: 6742: 6715:. Retrieved 6706: 6697: 6662: 6658: 6633:. Retrieved 6613: 6588: 6582: 6570:. Retrieved 6550: 6528:. Retrieved 6514: 6479: 6475: 6433: 6429: 6409:. Retrieved 6405:the original 6400: 6391: 6369:. Retrieved 6362:the original 6349: 6338:. Retrieved 6321: 6317: 6270:(5): 156–9. 6267: 6263: 6213: 6209: 6174:. Retrieved 6164: 6136: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6082: 6073: 6062:. Retrieved 6058:the original 6048: 6037:. Retrieved 6033:the original 6010: 5991: 5980:. Retrieved 5976:the original 5966: 5939: 5929: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5867:. Retrieved 5863:the original 5853: 5818: 5814: 5788:. Retrieved 5770: 5763: 5733:(6): 490–6. 5730: 5726: 5719: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5608: 5602: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5513:(1): 12933. 5510: 5506: 5496: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5410: 5406: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5304:(4): 965–9. 5301: 5297: 5287: 5276:. Retrieved 5268:The Guardian 5267: 5257: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5197: 5193: 5149: 5130: 5119:. Retrieved 5112:the original 5083: 5079: 5066: 5058:the original 5029: 5025: 5015: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4904: 4897: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4750: 4744: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4699:. Retrieved 4695:the original 4690: 4680: 4643: 4639: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4554: 4548: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4488:. Retrieved 4460: 4452: 4441:. Retrieved 4432: 4419: 4408:. Retrieved 4383: 4379: 4369: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4288:(1): 49–74. 4285: 4281: 4271: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4209:. Retrieved 4195: 4184:. Retrieved 4170: 4145: 4123:. Retrieved 4109: 4098:. Retrieved 4094:the original 4084: 4073:. Retrieved 4059: 4048:. Retrieved 4039: 4030: 4003: 3997: 3983:cite journal 3956: 3952: 3945: 3934:. Retrieved 3925: 3916: 3905:. Retrieved 3888: 3884: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3816:. Retrieved 3804:Start 4 Life 3803: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3742:. Retrieved 3728: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3647:(3): 111–6. 3644: 3640: 3616:. Retrieved 3607: 3598: 3568:(5): 320–6. 3565: 3561: 3555: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3469:the original 3458: 3423: 3420:Glycobiology 3419: 3409: 3377:(3): 641–5. 3374: 3370: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3234: 3230: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3082:. Retrieved 3068: 3035: 3031: 3025: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2968:the original 2958: 2947:. Retrieved 2938: 2928: 2893: 2889: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2790: 2786: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2721:. Retrieved 2707: 2696:. Retrieved 2687: 2664:. Retrieved 2655: 2645: 2579: 2559: 2528: 2498: 2484:bodybuilders 2481: 2478:Bodybuilders 2461: 2452: 2430: 2394: 2388: 2364: 2350: 2345: 2323: 2312: 2297:otitis media 2285: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2252:methotrexate 2244:cyclosporine 2233: 2199: 2176: 2156: 1732:Carbohydrate 1551: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1521: 1462: 1454: 1438:−20 °C 1421:−18 °C 1412:refrigerator 1399:−15 °C 1395:refrigerator 1375:refrigerator 1335:Temperature 1316: 1288: 1269: 1265: 1241: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1178: 1147: 1116: 1077: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1029:baby needs. 1027: 1020: 1001: 963: 958: 850:0.03–0.07 mg 807: 802: 795: 616: 611: 604: 566: 538: 489: 438:the breast. 424: 412: 392: 351:to feed the 338: 319: 311:bioavailable 296: 268:carbohydrate 256: 243: 217:, decreased 191:intelligence 189:, increased 184: 163: 143: 139: 135: 131:formula milk 115: 53: 49: 45: 44: 9917:Neonatology 9912:Body fluids 9897:Breast milk 9875:WikiProject 9792:Philippines 9777:New Zealand 9633:Telenursing 9583:Orthopedics 9513:Home health 9226:Generalists 9050:Milk carton 8854:Pasteurized 8567:Babywearing 8562:Baby shower 8536:Swim diaper 8426:Baby walker 8411:Baby powder 8351:Foster care 8319:Child abuse 8314:Babysitting 8166:Development 8152:Soy formula 8030:Breast pump 7898:Nursing bra 7888:Breast pump 7705:Culture and 7661:Nipple bleb 7528:Latching on 7493:Breast milk 5771:Medications 4828:Die Nahrung 4728:(S3): S58. 4040:Mayo Clinic 3608:www.who.int 2688:www.who.int 2433:Switzerland 1936:Vitamin B12 1715:Cholesterol 1489:fatty acids 1441:−4 °F 1410:A combined 1382:39 °F 1359:thermal bag 1349:77 °F 1346:25 °C 1313:breast milk 1278:, viruses ( 1260:immune cell 1156:simulates) 1139:nucleotides 1135:amino acids 1110:that kills 1084:lactoferrin 1080:lactalbumin 636:Thiamine (B 442:Composition 315:lactoferrin 197:, cold and 166:pasteurized 150:baby bottle 146:breast pump 46:Breast milk 9932:Immunology 9891:Categories 9719:By country 9588:Pediatrics 9568:Obstetrics 9528:Management 9518:Hyperbaric 9503:Geriatrics 9324:Pediatrics 9217:Levels of 9080:Tetra Brik 9060:Milk crate 9055:Milk churn 9030:Bag-in-box 9023:Containers 8992:Sour cream 8920:Buttermilk 8832:Watermelon 8822:Strawberry 8787:Evaporated 8777:Carbonated 8546:Travel cot 8491:Infant bed 8486:High chair 8476:Baby wipes 8471:Diaper bag 8436:Baby swing 8324:Child care 8309:Attachment 8198:Childbirth 8060:Cradle cap 8011:Pediatrics 7814:Pat Shelly 7301:2019-08-02 7136:4 December 7109:4 December 7014:2011-03-07 6985:2011-03-07 6956:2009-06-18 6926:2010-04-26 6894:13 January 6659:Pediatrics 6476:Pediatrics 6411:2019-08-02 6340:2019-08-02 6064:2013-01-07 6039:2013-01-07 5982:2014-07-16 5895:(5): 279. 5869:2011-10-26 5790:2022-04-28 5564:Human Cell 5278:2016-12-14 5270:. London. 5121:2007-10-23 5032:(1): 2–8. 4786:(9): 804. 4490:2024-06-21 4443:2024-03-28 4410:2024-03-03 4237:(5): 600. 4211:2014-07-15 4186:2014-07-15 4125:2011-10-26 4100:2011-10-26 4075:2011-10-26 4050:2022-04-28 3936:2022-04-28 3907:2018-11-21 3818:2018-11-21 3761:Pediatrics 3744:2013-02-23 3618:2022-04-28 3475:18 October 3084:2018-02-28 3032:Pediatrics 2949:2022-04-28 2743:Pediatrics 2723:2021-12-01 2698:2024-03-03 2666:2021-01-29 2637:References 2535:food chain 2413:cow's milk 2371:cow’s milk 2367:food fraud 2256:amiodarone 2238:which are 2229:ranitidine 2225:omeprazole 2038:Phosphorus 1902:Vitamin B6 1868:Riboflavin 1539:Human milk 1505:phosphorus 1424:0 °F 1405:Two weeks 1402:5 °F 1379:4 °C 1357:Insulated 1343:In a room 1309:Bottle of 1228:lactocytes 1224:stem cells 1162:anandamide 1131:creatinine 1104:oleic acid 1061:oleic acid 1005:marsupials 882:Phosphorus 349:childbirth 333:See also: 329:Production 124:recommend 120:(WHO) and 50:breastmilk 18:Breastmilk 9922:Midwifery 9752:Hong Kong 9732:Australia 9543:Midwifery 9483:Emergency 9478:Education 9443:areas of 9363:licensure 9357:Education 9111:Lactation 8982:Milkshake 8950:Ice cream 8807:Chocolate 8782:Condensed 8720:Colostrum 8622:Paternity 8531:Swaddling 8397:Baby gate 8376:Wet nurse 8366:Milk bank 8258:Parenting 8183:Baby talk 8135:Pedialyte 8065:Esotropia 8020:Baby food 7870:Wet nurse 7850:Midwifery 7804:Lactivism 7612:Disorders 7583:Lactation 7578:Colostrum 7568:Prolactin 7513:Galactose 6635:11 August 5889:Nutrients 5413:(1): 11. 5200:: 28–36. 4646:: e9335. 4231:Nutrients 3897:234313238 3835:Biometals 3512:219696836 2842:(1): 27. 2626:Lactivism 2417:hepatitis 2354:wet nurse 2319:wet nurse 2240:cytotoxic 2213:captopril 2209:enalapril 2123:Manganese 2055:Potassium 2021:Magnesium 1834:Vitamin K 1817:Vitamin E 1800:Vitamin D 1783:Vitamin C 1766:Vitamin A 1501:potassium 1481:vitamin D 1477:vitamin C 1473:vitamin E 1457:mammalian 1256:pathogens 1216:probiotic 1143:circadian 1123:uric acid 1065:trans fat 1023:colostrum 1015:Colostrum 895:Potassium 869:Manganese 856:Magnesium 775:Vitamin K 762:Vitamin E 749:Vitamin D 736:Vitamin C 720:Vitamin B 703:Folate (B 687:Vitamin B 670:Niacin (B 626:Vitamin A 380:bilirubin 357:colostrum 341:prolactin 322:vitamin D 251:Lactation 68:of human 9937:Babycare 9851:Category 9787:Pakistan 9781:timeline 9736:timeline 9628:Surgical 9578:Oncology 9558:Neonatal 9553:Military 9508:Holistic 9498:Forensic 9445:practice 9334:Neonatal 9219:practice 9168:Category 9135:Milkmaid 9128:Pipeline 9045:Milk bag 8967:Filmjölk 8955:Ice milk 8903:Products 8859:Powdered 8797:Flavored 8582:Cry room 8521:Stroller 8511:Pacifier 8446:Bassinet 8421:Baby toy 8283:Teething 8263:Peekaboo 8203:Crawling 8188:Babbling 8009:Health ( 7656:Mastitis 7558:Oxytocin 7359:34764390 7295:Archived 7247:12055065 7195:34764390 7130:Archived 7103:Archived 7099:ABC News 7072:Archived 7008:Archived 7004:BBC News 6979:Archived 6975:BBC News 6920:Archived 6888:Archived 6867:18 April 6861:Archived 6836:18 April 6830:Archived 6826:NBC News 6805:18 April 6799:Archived 6773:21387943 6717:6 August 6711:Archived 6689:24144714 6626:Archived 6605:22419310 6563:Archived 6524:Archived 6506:27763768 6498:11533352 6450:23178070 6334:Archived 6330:11456429 6294:26648652 6238:33029715 6186:cite web 6150:cite web 6091:Archived 5999:Archived 5958:27234413 5921:27187450 5845:26292320 5784:Archived 5780:52113208 5755:26423226 5747:17140300 5711:26375354 5676:29924965 5594:30972555 5545:26255679 5488:22940915 5439:28717367 5385:25593150 5336:19088308 5272:Archived 5249:29154942 5214:26656029 5157:Archived 5138:Archived 5108:25430588 5100:15792943 5054:30414322 5046:19178785 5007:36817657 4931:12665051 4889:16988126 4848:10481820 4812:34572236 4780:Children 4672:32612884 4618:26375355 4540:32252145 4484:Archived 4480:30844154 4437:Archived 4427:(2024). 4404:Archived 4400:11339161 4361:32252145 4312:23178060 4263:29757199 4205:Archived 4180:Archived 4162:25722103 4119:Archived 4069:Archived 4044:Archived 3975:23422701 3930:Archived 3901:Archived 3893:ProQuest 3863:14807311 3855:24590680 3812:Archived 3781:20923825 3738:Archived 3671:21091243 3612:Archived 3590:24794632 3582:16192255 3547:21348815 3450:22513036 3401:21357361 3347:16722597 3321:(1): 5. 3296:25934526 3288:23371390 3253:23372130 3209:23304866 3182:22863497 3155:37717003 3147:22926635 3078:Archived 3052:21669892 3017:31081799 2943:Archived 2920:33365109 2868:19025602 2817:34671969 2765:22371471 2717:Archived 2692:Archived 2660:Archived 2585:See also 2545:, whose 2539:body fat 2488:ABC News 2457:cultures 2409:Columbus 2375:soy milk 2292:caffeine 2140:Selenium 1562:Calories 1533:Nutrient 1509:chloride 1183:and has 1154:cannabis 1127:creatine 1088:lysozyme 1057:palmitic 996:Source: 964:Quantity 928:15–25 mg 915:1–2.5 μg 908:Selenium 902:40–55 mg 889:12–14 mg 863:3–3.5 mg 824:20–25 mg 803:Quantity 797:Minerals 612:Quantity 606:Vitamins 384:jaundice 376:meconium 345:oxytocin 292:hormones 284:minerals 280:vitamins 207:diabetes 181:Benefits 9863:Commons 9831:history 9821:history 9747:Germany 9687:systems 9458:Cardiac 9210:Nursing 9140:Milkman 9123:Milking 9096:Allergy 8962:Jewelry 8940:Custard 8874:Skimmed 8869:Scalded 8849:Organic 8839:Haymilk 8827:Vanilla 8725:Newborn 8685:Buffalo 8541:Teether 8516:Playpen 8293:Weaning 8288:Walking 8001:Infants 7929:Weaning 7707:support 7543:Lactose 7350:8585979 7329:Bibcode 7238:1240888 7186:8585979 7165:Bibcode 6886:. CBS. 6764:3056026 6680:4530303 6572:20 July 6530:20 July 6401:AAP.org 6371:20 July 6285:4657301 6230:3292101 6176:10 June 6128:4036886 5912:4882692 5836:4621099 5667:6083867 5585:6570695 5536:4542700 5515:Bibcode 5479:3597173 5430:5508878 5376:4288270 5327:2643565 5306:Bibcode 4999:8947961 4803:8465502 4701:1 March 4663:7319036 4531:7402982 4352:7402982 4303:3586783 4254:5986480 3720:2147370 3711:1792611 3662:3143386 3441:3406618 3392:3041197 3338:1459116 3112:6409579 3060:1257376 3008:6546455 2911:7739531 2859:2635351 2808:8529385 2562:LactMed 2472:weaning 2468:custard 2445:recipes 2437:Austria 2389:A 2015 2340:/mL of 2288:Alcohol 2260:lithium 1987:Calcium 1970:Choline 1851:Thiamin 1802:(IU) * 1596:Protein 1564:(Kcal) 1517:calcium 1513:kidneys 1493:protein 1469:retinol 1434:freezer 1416:freezer 1391:Freezer 1276:alcohol 1236:tissues 1181:sterile 1100:unfolds 1096:stomach 1045:lactose 817:Calcium 697:9–21 μg 681:0.15 mg 575:0.8–1.4 568:Protein 547:3.2–4.8 519:6.7–7.8 513:lactose 498:6.7–7.8 415:pumping 305:in the 272:protein 231:adopted 223:obesity 74:infants 70:females 64:in the 9902:Breast 9812:Taiwan 9742:Canada 9618:School 9533:Matron 9493:Flight 9473:Dental 9314:Family 9089:Topics 9014:Yogurt 8925:Cheese 8915:Butter 8879:Soured 8844:Malted 8817:Papaya 8812:Coffee 8792:Filled 8700:Donkey 8678:Source 8466:Diaper 8253:Parent 8238:Mother 7588:Nipple 7478:Breast 7468:Areola 7357: 7347: 7268: 7245: 7235: 7193: 7183: 7081:Nación 7051: 6771: 6761: 6687: 6677: 6603: 6504: 6496: 6448: 6328: 6292: 6282: 6236: 6228: 6126: 5956: 5919: 5909: 5843: 5833: 5778: 5753: 5745: 5709: 5674: 5664: 5623: 5592: 5582: 5543: 5533: 5486: 5476: 5437: 5427: 5383: 5373: 5334: 5324: 5247: 5212: 5106: 5098: 5052: 5044: 5005: 4997: 4958:392766 4956: 4929: 4919: 4887: 4846: 4810: 4800: 4757: 4670: 4660: 4616: 4569: 4538: 4528: 4478: 4468: 4398: 4359: 4349: 4310: 4300: 4261: 4251: 4160: 4018: 3973: 3895: 3861: 3853: 3779: 3718: 3708: 3669: 3659: 3588: 3580: 3545: 3510: 3448: 3438: 3399: 3389: 3345: 3335: 3294: 3286: 3251: 3207: 3180: 3153: 3145: 3110: 3058: 3050: 3015: 3005: 2939:cps.ca 2918: 2908: 2866: 2856: 2815: 2805: 2763: 2568:, and 2516:, and 2466:, and 2464:cheese 2377:, and 2315:market 2303:Market 2142:(mcg) 2106:Copper 2072:Sodium 1938:(mcg) 1921:(mcg) 1919:Folate 1885:Niacin 1836:(mcg) 1749:Sugars 1497:sodium 1323:Lipase 1319:stored 1311:pumped 1284:HTLV-1 1270:Women 1210:, and 1137:, and 1108:HAMLET 1090:, and 1071:, and 975: 921:Sodium 830:Copper 782:0.2 μg 769:0.2 mg 730:0.1 μg 714:2–5 μg 630:220 IU 577: 549: 521: 509:Sugars 500: 475:Energy 454:, and 426:Sodium 290:, and 274:, and 215:eczema 211:asthma 122:UNICEF 66:breast 9807:Spain 9772:Kenya 9767:Japan 9757:India 9694:NANDA 9623:Space 9426:NCLEX 9101:Dairy 8977:Kumis 8972:Kefir 8930:Cream 8910:Ayran 8884:Toned 8802:Anise 8772:Baked 8760:Types 8742:Sheep 8732:Moose 8715:Human 8710:Horse 8690:Camel 8371:Nanny 8055:Colic 7845:Doula 7838:Roles 6629:(PDF) 6622:(PDF) 6566:(PDF) 6559:(PDF) 6502:S2CID 6365:(PDF) 6358:(PDF) 6234:S2CID 5751:S2CID 5115:(PDF) 5104:S2CID 5076:(PDF) 5050:S2CID 5003:S2CID 4640:PeerJ 3891:(2). 3859:S2CID 3586:S2CID 3508:S2CID 3292:S2CID 3151:S2CID 3056:S2CID 2543:Inuit 2514:PBDEs 2510:PCDDs 2441:dairy 2379:water 2361:Fraud 2258:, or 2250:like 2242:like 2125:(mg) 2108:(mg) 2091:(mg) 2074:(mg) 2057:(mg) 2043:34.4 2040:(mg) 2032:34.2 2029:24.4 2023:(mg) 2015:0.12 2012:0.07 2009:0.07 2006:(mg) 1989:(mg) 1981:39.0 1978:34.9 1975:39.4 1972:(mg) 1955:(mg) 1904:(mg) 1887:(mg) 1870:(mg) 1853:(mg) 1819:(mg) 1811:29.3 1808:97.6 1788:12.3 1785:(mg) 1768:(IU) 1760:10.9 1757:11.0 1754:17.0 1743:10.9 1740:11.0 1737:17.0 1726:26.8 1723:24.4 1720:34.4 1717:(mg) 1700:(mg) 1692:97.6 1683:(mg) 1624:10.1 1618:10.8 1579:Water 1373:In a 1196:breve 1112:tumor 973:87–88 970:Water 664:35 μg 647:21 μg 52:) or 9762:Iran 9643:WOCN 9431:TEAS 9360:and 9009:Ymer 9004:Whey 8987:Skyr 8945:Ghee 8935:Curd 8705:Goat 8671:Milk 8268:Play 8157:SIDS 7548:Milk 7402:and 7355:PMID 7266:ISBN 7243:PMID 7191:PMID 7138:2015 7111:2015 7049:ISBN 6896:2019 6869:2024 6857:TIME 6838:2024 6807:2024 6795:TIME 6769:PMID 6719:2017 6685:PMID 6637:2017 6601:PMID 6574:2017 6532:2017 6494:PMID 6446:PMID 6373:2017 6326:PMID 6290:PMID 6226:PMID 6192:link 6178:2018 6156:link 6124:PMID 5954:PMID 5917:PMID 5841:PMID 5776:OCLC 5743:PMID 5707:PMID 5672:PMID 5621:ISBN 5590:PMID 5541:PMID 5484:PMID 5435:PMID 5381:PMID 5332:PMID 5245:PMID 5233:1863 5210:PMID 5096:PMID 5042:PMID 4995:PMID 4954:PMID 4927:PMID 4917:ISBN 4885:PMID 4844:PMID 4808:PMID 4755:ISBN 4703:2015 4668:PMID 4614:PMID 4567:ISBN 4536:PMID 4476:PMID 4466:ISBN 4396:PMID 4357:PMID 4308:PMID 4259:PMID 4158:PMID 4016:ISBN 3989:link 3971:PMID 3851:PMID 3777:PMID 3716:PMID 3667:PMID 3578:PMID 3543:PMID 3477:2012 3446:PMID 3397:PMID 3343:PMID 3284:PMID 3249:PMID 3205:PMID 3178:PMID 3143:PMID 3108:PMID 3048:PMID 3013:PMID 2916:PMID 2864:PMID 2813:PMID 2791:2021 2761:PMID 2553:and 2502:PCBs 2419:and 2227:and 2221:SNRI 2219:and 2217:SSRI 2211:and 2151:3.4 2148:9.0 2145:4.4 2134:0.0 2131:0.0 2128:0.1 2117:0.1 2114:0.0 2111:0.1 2100:0.7 2097:1.0 2094:0.4 2089:Zinc 2083:122 2066:498 2063:349 2060:125 2049:271 2046:222 2026:7.4 2004:Iron 1998:327 1995:276 1964:0.8 1961:0.9 1958:0.5 1947:0.2 1944:1.1 1941:0.1 1913:0.1 1910:0.1 1907:0.0 1896:0.7 1893:0.3 1890:0.4 1879:0.3 1876:0.4 1873:0.1 1862:0.1 1859:0.1 1856:0.0 1845:0.7 1842:0.5 1839:0.7 1828:0.2 1825:0.1 1822:0.2 1805:9.8 1794:3.2 1777:483 1774:249 1771:522 1751:(g) 1734:(g) 1709:266 1706:293 1703:920 1689:183 1686:128 1675:0.4 1672:0.5 1669:1.2 1666:(g) 1658:2.7 1655:2.0 1652:4.1 1649:(g) 1641:6.5 1638:4.6 1635:4.9 1632:(g) 1621:7.9 1615:(g) 1607:8.7 1604:7.9 1601:2.5 1598:(g) 1590:212 1587:215 1584:215 1581:(g) 1573:168 1570:146 1567:172 1555:milk 1553:Goat 1507:and 1465:iron 1455:All 1414:and 1230:and 1222:and 1119:urea 1059:and 934:Zinc 843:Iron 756:2 IU 743:4 mg 353:baby 343:and 213:and 116:The 88:and 80:and 58:milk 9040:Jug 8889:UHT 8864:Raw 8737:Pig 8695:Cow 8431:Bib 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