Breast implant - Knowledge

989:. Countries with breast implant registries have the best data on the risks of BIA-ALCL. For example, as of October 2020, the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia and New Zealand reported a "1:3,345 risk with Allergan Biocell and a 1:86,029 risk with Mentor Siltex." AIn the U.S, estimates of the risk of BIA-ALCL in textured implants ranges from 1.79 per 1,000 (1 woman with BIA-ALCL per 559 implants) to 2.82 per 1,000 (1 woman per 355 implants). As of April 2022, the FDA reported 1,130 medical device reports (MDRs) of BIA-ALCL. Of those MDRs, 59 of the women died . FDA states that 798 of the 1,130 MDRs for BIA-ALCL involved textured breast implants, 37 MDRs involved smooth-surfaced implants, and 295 MDRs did not specify whether the implants were textured or smooth. In some cases, the women who developed BIA-ALCL after smooth breast implants had textured expanders prior to their implants. Most patients had BIA-ALCL affect only one breast with only 8 patients diagnosed with bilateral BIA-ALCL. The most common reported symptom of BIA-ALCL according to the FDA was seroma, followed by breast swelling and pain, capsular contracture, and peri-implant mass or lump. Furthermore, 84 percent of the reported implants were made by Allergan, the largest breast implant manufacturer at the time. 970:(ALCL), which some experts believe is believed to be associated with chronic bacterial inflammation. Similar ALCL phenomena have been seen with other types of medical implants including vascular access ports, orthopedic hip implants, and jaw (TMJ) implants. The causal association between breast implants and ALCL was conclusively established in December 2013, when researchers at MD Anderson Cancer Center published a study of 60 women with breast implants who were diagnosed with ALCL in the breast. In 2015, plastic surgeons published an article reviewing 37 articles in the literature on 79 patients and collected another 94 unreported cases, resulting in 173 women with breast implants who had developed ALCL of the breast. They concluded that "Breast implant-associated ALCL is a novel manifestation of site- and material-specific lymphoma originating in a specific scar location, presenting a wide array of diverse characteristics and suggesting a multifactorial cause." They stated that "There was no preference for saline or silicone fill or for cosmetic or reconstructive indications." Where implant history was known, the patient had received at least one textured-surface device. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially recognized BIA-ALCL. 438:

and either type of disease. However, the Institute of Medicine report pointed out that these earlier studies included too few women to conclusively evaluate the impact on these rare diseases. In addition, many of the studies included women who had breast implants for just a few months, which would be too early to develop a diagnosed autoimmune disease. In recent years, large epidemiological studies have reported clinically and statistically significant increases in some of these diseases. A study by Watad and colleagues that was published in 2018 compared and examined the medical records of more than 24,000 women with breast implants to more than 98,000 "matched controls" who did not have breast implants but shared very similar demographic traits. The study found a statistically significant 22% overall increase in diagnosed autoimmune or rheumatic disorders. The greatest increases in diagnoses for women with breast implants was for

914:

increase in four types of cancer among women with breast implants compared to other plastic surgery patients of the same age and similar demographic traits and health habits. This increase in cancer was attenuated but did not disappear when the researchers followed the women for 5 more years, with a 43% increase in brain cancer and a 63% increase in respiratory cancer compared to other plastic surgery patients. A study by Watad et al. evaluated the medical records of more than 24,000 women with breast implants compared to more than 98,000 women with the same demographic traits who did not have breast implants. The researchers found a statistically significant 22 percent increase in several diagnosed diseases, increasing to more than 60% for

1697: 450:

illness found that nearly all of 750 women who underwent explant surgery reported a significant improvement in their health within a month after their surgery. Researchers focused on the following symptoms: hair loss, memory loss, dry eyes and/or blurred vision, numbness or tingling in the extremities, chronic fatigue, joint pain, rashes, breast pain, food intolerance, flu-like symptoms, and difficulty breathing. The same authors also published a study on the impact of breast implant removal on breathing difficulties and found a statistically significant improvement in well-established objective measures of pulmonary function following explant surgery.

1923: 767:(2005), reported that, in asymptomatic patients, only 30 per cent of the ruptured breast implants are accurately palpated and detected by an experienced plastic surgeon, whereas MRI examinations accurately detected 86 per cent of breast implant ruptures. Therefore, the U.S. FDA recommended scheduled MRI examinations, as silent-rupture screenings, beginning at the 3-year-mark post-implantation, and then every two years, thereafter. Nonetheless, beyond the U.S., the medical establishments of other nations have not endorsed routine MRI screening, and, in its stead, proposed that such a 1638:

affected by subglandular implants (under the gland), and by large-sized breast implants, which pinch the lactiferous ducts and impede milk flow. Small-sized breast implants, and submuscular implantation, cause fewer breast-function problems; however, it is impossible to predict whether a woman who undergoes breast augmentation will be able to successfully breast feed since some women are able to breast-feed after periareolar incisions and subglandular placement and some are not able to after augmentation using submuscular and other types of surgical incisions.

1297: 1211:, after the surgeon releases the inferior muscular attachments, with or without partial dissection of the subglandular plane. Resultantly, the upper pole of the implant is partially beneath the pectoralis major muscle, while the lower pole of the implant is in the subglandular plane. This implantation technique achieves maximal coverage of the upper pole of the implant, whilst allowing the expansion of the implant's lower pole; however, "animation deformity", the movement of the implants in the subpectoral plane can be excessive for some patients. 1662:, that is, the image might not show any tumor(s) present. In this case, an Eklund view mammogram is required to ascertain either the presence or the absence of a cancerous tumor, wherein the breast implant is manually displaced against the chest wall and the breast is pulled forward, so that the mammograph can visualize a greater volume of the internal tissues; nonetheless, approximately one-third of the breast tissue remains inadequately visualized, resulting in an increased incidence of mammograms with false-negative results. 1286: 1574: 1872:, and re-classified breast implant devices as Class III medical devices, and required from manufacturers the documentary data substantiating the safety and efficacy of their breast implant devices. In 1992, the FDA placed silicone-gel breast implants in moratorium in the U.S., because there was "inadequate information to demonstrate that breast implants were safe and effective". Nonetheless, medical access to silicone-gel breast implant devices continued for clinical studies of post-mastectomy 162: 1972:

BIOCELL textured breast implants were the type of breast implants most likely to cause BIA-ALCL. Following the committee meeting, the FDA requested that Allergan recall their BIOCELL textured breast implants and tissue expanders, and in July 2019 Allergan took those BIOCELL textured implants and expanders off the market. Allergan subsequently announced they would contact all customers who had purchased their products to ensure they were aware of the recall.

1085:), and the dissection tunnels superiorly, up towards the bust. The TUBA approach allows emplacing the breast implants without producing visible scars upon the breast proper; but makes appropriate dissection and device-emplacement more technically difficult. A TUBA procedure is performed bluntly—without the endoscope's visual assistance—and is not appropriate for emplacing (pre-filled) silicone-gel implants, because of the great potential for damaging the 1647: 1544:, the manufacturers of prosthetic breasts then designed and made anatomic models (natural breast) and shaped models (round, tapered) that realistically corresponded with the breast- and body- types of women. The tapered models of breast implant have a uniformly textured surface, which reduces the rotation of the prosthesis within the implant pocket; the round models of breast implant are available in smooth-surface- and textured-surface- types. 1523:

solution (the outer lumen); (ii) a breast implant device the volume of which is post-operatively adjustable. Nevertheless, the more complex design of the double-lumen breast implant suffered a device-failure rate greater than that of single-lumen breast implants. The contemporary versions of second-generation breast implant devices (presented in 1984) are the "Becker Expandable" models of breast implant, which are primarily used for

666: 1268:

beneath the chest muscles (submuscular placement) usually have a longer, slightly more painful convalescence, because of the healing of the incisions to the chest muscles. Usually, she does not exercise or engage in strenuous physical activities for approximately 6 weeks. During the initial post-operative recovery, the woman is encouraged to regularly exercise (flex and move) her arm to alleviate pain and discomfort; if required,

906: 847:. The surgical implantation procedures that have reduced the incidence of capsular contracture include submuscular emplacement, the use of breast implants with a textured surface (polyurethane-coated); limited pre-operative handling of the implants, limited contact with the chest skin of the implant pocket before the emplacement of the breast implant, and irrigation of the recipient site with triple-antibiotic solutions. 1737: 646: 1939:(1999) study that reported no evidence that saline-filled and silicone-gel filled breast implant devices caused systemic health problems; that their use posed no new health or safety risks; and that local complications are "the primary safety issue with silicone breast implants", in distinguishing among routine and local medical complications and systemic health concerns." 1121: 952:

medical literature on platinum and breast implants in 2002 and concluded there was little evidence suggesting toxicity from platinum in implant patients. The FDA revisited this study and additional literature several years later, reaffirming prior conclusions that platinum catalysts used in implants is likely not ionized and therefore would not represent a risk to women.

662:(2009) indicated rupture-deflation rates of 3–5 per cent at 3-years post-implantation, and 7–10 per cent rupture-deflation rates at 10-years post-implantation. In a study of his 4761 augmentation mammaplasty patients, Eisenberg reported that overfilling saline breast implants 10-13% significantly reduced the rupture-deflation rate to 1.83% at 8-years post-implantation. 442:, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and sarcoidosis, each of which were 58%-98% higher in women with breast implants. That analysis was based on Israeli women with breast implants as confirmed by medical records, and the analyses of diseases were based on diagnoses made after the women got breast implants that were included in medical records during up to 20 years of follow-up. 1145: 1133: 1977:

and older; silicone implants were approved for women 22 years of age and older. Because each breast implant device entails different medical risks, the minimum age of the patient for saline breast implants is different from the minimum age of the patient for silicone breast implants—because of the filler leakage and silent shell-rupture risks; thus, periodic

1419:. In the case of the woman with much breast tissue, for whom sub-muscular emplacement is the recommended surgical approach, saline breast implants can produce an aesthetic result much like that afforded by silicone breast implants. Ultrasound examination and outcome studies have revealed that saline and silicone breast implants look and feel similar. 786:(2011) reported that the breast-screening MRIs of asymptomatic women might overestimate the incidence of breast implant rupture. In the event, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration emphasised that "breast implants are not lifetime devices. The longer a woman has silicone gel-filled breast implants, the more likely she is to experience complications." 446:

their breast implant surgery. However, of the women in the study for at least two years, the researchers reported an 800% increase in Sjögren syndrome, 700% increase in scleroderma, and almost 600% increase in rheumatoid arthritis among women with breast implants compared to the general population of women of the same age and demographics.

40: 897:

characteristics reduces the incidence of revision surgery. Appropriate tissue matching, implant selection, and proper implantation technique, the re-operation rate was 3 percent at the 7-year-mark, compared with the re-operation rate of 20 per cent at the 3-year-mark, as reported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

1848:, developed the first silicone breast prosthesis, filled with silicone gel; in due course, the first augmentation mammoplasty was performed in 1962 using the Cronin–Gerow Implant, prosthesis model 1963. In 1964, the French company Laboratoires Arion developed and manufactured the saline breast implant, filled with 1010: BIA-ALCL. SCC and other lymphomas have been found in smooth-surface and textured implants as well as silicone-gel-filled and saline-filled implants. Patients who reported symptoms specified swelling, pain, lumps, and changes to their skin. As of 2022, neither the incidence rate nor prevalence is known. 1959:

completion of 10-year-mark studies of the women who already had the breast implants, and the completion of a second, 10-year-mark study of the safety of the breast implants in 40,000 other women. The FDA warned the public that breast implants do carry medical risks, and recommended that women who undergo

1677:(2001) of women with breast implant prostheses reported no significant differences in disease-stage at the time of the diagnosis of cancer; prognoses are similar in both groups of women, with augmented patients at a lower risk for subsequent cancer recurrence or death. Conversely, the use of implants for 1074:(illuminated video microcamera), without producing visible scars on the breast proper; yet, it is likelier to produce inferior asymmetry of the implant-device position. Therefore, surgical revision of transaxillary emplaced breast implants usually requires either an IMF incision or a periareolar incision. 927:

systemic symptoms, such as joint pain, muscle aches, confusion, chronic fatigue, autoimmune diseases, and others. Individual patient risk for developing these symptoms has not been well established. Some patients report complete resolution of symptoms when the implants are removed without replacement".

1981:

screening examinations are the recommended post-operative, follow-up therapy for the patient. In other countries, in Europe and Oceania, the national health ministries' breast implant policies do not endorse periodic MRI screening of asymptomatic patients, but suggest palpation proper—with or without

1971:

In March 2019, the FDA hosted a public meeting of their General and Plastic Surgery Devices Advisory Panel to discuss safety issues of silicone and saline breast implants, including BIA-ALCL and breast implant illness. One of the major topics of that public meeting was the evidence that Allergan

1958:

In 2006, for the Inamed Corporation and for the Mentor Corporation, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lifted its restrictions against using silicone-gel breast implants for breast reconstruction and for augmentation mammoplasty. Yet, the approval was conditional upon accepting FDA monitoring, the

1516:

was an infinitesimal health-risk to women with breast implants, and did not justify legally requiring physicians to explain the matter to their patients. In the event, polyurethane-coated breast implants remain in plastic surgery practice in Europe and in South America; and no manufacturer has sought

992:

A study conducted at Memorial Sloan Kettering cancer center of women undergoing prophylactic mastectomies indicated that 1 in 355 women were subsequently diagnosed with BIA-ALCL. Almost all those women had Allergan biocell implants and expanders. These reports strongly suggest that BIA-ALCL develops

850:

The correction of capsular contracture might require an open capsulotomy (surgical release) of the collagen-fiber capsule, or the removal, and possible replacement, of the breast implant. Furthermore, in treating capsular contracture, the closed capsulotomy (disruption via external manipulation) once

657:

of limited product-life, the principal rupture-rate factors are its age and design; nonetheless, a breast implant device can retain its mechanical integrity for decades in a woman's body. When a saline breast implant ruptures, leaks, and empties, it quickly deflates, and thus can be readily explanted

445:

A published study of U.S. women with similar results was published in 2019 by Coroneos and his colleagues at MD Anderson Medical Center. The data were based on two studies with a combined total of almost 100,000 women with breast implants, but many dropped out of the study within a few years of

1976:

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration established the age ranges for women seeking breast implants; for breast reconstruction, silicone-gel filled implants and saline-filled implants were approved for women of all ages; for breast augmentation, saline implants were approved for women 18 years of age

1708:

breast-conservation surgery for women who developed breast cancer after the implantation procedure, nor does the breast implant interfere with external beam radiation treatments (XRT); moreover, the post-treatment incidence of breast-tissue fibrosis is common, and thus a consequent increased rate of

879:

When the patient is unsatisfied with the outcome of the augmentation mammoplasty; or when technical or medical complications occur; or because of the breast implants' limited product life, it is likely she might require replacing the breast implants. Common revision surgery indications include major

762:

evaluations of the silicone breast implants with thick filler-gel reported a device-rupture rate of 1 percent, or less, at the median 6-year device-age. Statistically, the manual examination (palpation) of the woman is inadequate for accurately evaluating if a breast implant has ruptured. The study,

540:

Reported that "silicone breast implants neither cause auto-immune diseases nor rheumatic diseases and have no disadvantageous effects on pregnancy, breast-feeding capability, or the health of children who are breast-fed. There is no scientific evidence for the existence of silicone allergy, silicone

437:

In the 1990s, several reports reviewed the few studies evaluating any increased risk of systemic and auto-immune diseases among women with breast implants. The conclusion at that time was that there was no evidence establishing a causal connection between the implantation of silicone breast implants

320:

as are women who have not sought breast implants. Compared to the standard suicide-rate for women of the general populace, the suicide-rate for women with augmented breasts remained constant until 10-years post-implantation, yet, it increased to 4.5 times greater at the 11-year mark, and so remained

144:

device is a temporary breast prosthesis used to form and establish an implant pocket for the future permanent breast implant. For the correction of male breast defects and deformities, the pectoral implant is the breast prosthesis used for the reconstruction and the aesthetic repair of a man's chest

1831:

In the mid-twentieth century, Morton I. Berson, in 1945, and Jacques Maliniac, in 1950, each performed flap-based breast augmentations by rotating the patient's chest wall tissue into the breast to increase its volume. Furthermore, throughout the 1950s and the 1960s, plastic surgeons used synthetic

1522:

the third technological development was the double lumen breast implant device, a double-cavity prosthesis composed of a silicone breast implant contained within a saline breast implant. The two-fold, technical goal was: (i) the cosmetic benefits of silicone-gel (the inner lumen) enclosed in saline

1470:

the first technological developments were a thinner-gauge device-shell, and a filler gel of low-cohesion silicone, which improved the functionality and the verisimilitude (size, appearance, and texture) of the silicone-gel breast implant. Yet, in clinical practice, second-generation breast implants

1272:

indwelling medication catheters can alleviate pain Moreover, significantly improved patient recovery has resulted from refined breast-device implantation techniques (submuscular, subglandular) that allow 95 per cent of women to resume their normal lives at 24-hours post-procedure, without bandages,

1267:

mammoplasty develop approximately at 6-weeks post-operative, and fade within months. Depending upon the daily-life physical activities required of the woman, the breast augmentation patient usually resumes her normal life at 1-week post-operative. Moreover, women whose breast implants were emplaced

973:

As of April 2022, the FDA has received 1,130 global medical device reports (MDRs) of BIA-ALCL, including 59 deaths. Since ALCL was thought to be diagnosed in only 1 woman in half a million, 60 women was a much higher number than would be expected. The researchers pointed out that BIA-ALCL could be

913:

In the 1990s, the national health ministries of the listed countries reviewed the pertinent studies for causal links among silicone-gel breast implants and systemic and diagnosed autoimmune diseases and breast cancer. A study by researchers at the U.S. National Institute of Health reported an

926:

After investigating this issue, in 2021 the U.S. FDA revised its "black box warnings" on breast implants to acknowledge the association between breast implants and systemic autoimmune, rheumatologic, and neurological symptoms to state: "Patients receiving breast implants have reported a variety of

836: 1552:

Since the mid-1990s, the fifth generation of silicone-gel breast implant is made of a high-strength, highly cohesive silicone gel that mostly eliminates the occurrences of filler leakage ("silicone gel bleed") and of the migration of the silicone filler from the implant pocket to elsewhere in the

996:

The ASPS and the Plastic Surgery Foundation (PSF) have partnered with the FDA to study this condition and in doing so created the Patient Registry and Outcomes for Breast Implants and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Etiology and Epidemiology (PROFILE). The United States FDA strongly encourages all

1394:

The technical goal of saline-implant technology was a physically less invasive surgical technique for emplacing an empty breast implant device through a smaller surgical incision. In surgical praxis, after having emplaced the empty breast implants to the implant pockets, the plastic surgeon then

1727:

There have been multiple reported cases of other adverse effects of mammography of women with breast implants; ruptures resulting from pressure exerted on the breast implant make up a majority of these cases. Compression may also lead to pain or exacerbate already existing pain in the breasts.

1390:

most common device used for breast augmentation surgery in the United States, because of the U.S. FDA's restriction against the implantation of silicone-filled breast implants outside of clinical studies. Saline breast implants have enjoyed little popularity in the rest of the world, possessing

674:

When a silicone breast implant ruptures it usually does not deflate, yet the filler gel does leak from it, which can migrate to the implant pocket; therefore, an intracapsular rupture (in-capsule leak) can become an extracapsular rupture (out-of-capsule leak), and each occurrence is resolved by

325:

and the abuse of prescription and recreational drugs. Although seven studies have statistically connected a woman's breast augmentation to a greater suicide-rate, the research indicates that breast augmentation surgery does not increase the death rate; and that, in the first instance, it is the

3056:

Diamond BA; Hulka BS; Kerkvliet NI; Tugwell P. "Silicone Breast Implants in Relation to Connective Tissue Diseases and Immunologic Dysfunction: A Report by a National Science Panel to the Honorable Sam C. Pointer Jr. Coordinating Judge for the Federal Breast Implant Multi-District Litigation".

1931:

In 1998, the U.S. FDA approved adjunct study protocols for silicone-gel filled implants only for breast reconstruction patients and for revision-surgery patients; and also approved the Dow Corning Corporation's Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) study for silicone-gel breast implants for a

1637:

Functional breast-feeding difficulties arise if the surgeon cut the milk ducts or the major nerves innervating the breast, or if the milk glands were otherwise damaged. Milk duct and nerve damage are more common if the incisions cut tissue near the nipple. The milk glands are most likely to be

1453:

The Cronin–Gerow Implant, prosthesis model 1963, was a silicone rubber envelope-sac, shaped like a teardrop, which was filled with viscous silicone-gel. To reduce the rotation of the emplaced breast implant upon the chest wall, the model 1963 prosthesis was affixed to the implant pocket with a

1402:

When compared to the results achieved with a silicone-gel breast implant, the saline implant can yield acceptable results, of increased breast-size, smoother hemisphere-contour, and realistic texture; yet, it is likelier to cause cosmetic problems, such as the rippling and the wrinkling of the

1058:

procedure. In periareolar emplacement, the incision is around the medial-half (inferior half) of the areola's circumference. Silicone gel implants can be difficult to emplace via periareolar incision, because of the short, five-centimetre length (~ 5.0 cm) of the required access-incision.

951:

is a catalyst used in the making of silicone implant polymer shells and other silicone devices used in medicine. The literature indicates that small amounts of platinum leaches (leaks) from these implants and is present in the surrounding tissue. The FDA reviewed the available studies from the

449:

Recent research on women who reported autoimmune and other system symptoms but were not diagnosed with an autoimmune disease evaluated whether the women's symptoms changed after their implants were removed. A 2020 study on the effectiveness of explant surgery on women with breast implant

1688:

appears to have no negative effect upon the incidence of cancer-related death. That patients with breast implants are more often diagnosed with palpable—but not larger—tumors indicates that equal-sized tumors might be more readily palpated in augmented patients, which might compensate for the

1342:

A fourth type of implant, composite (or alternative-composite) implants, have largely been discontinued. These types featured fillers such as soy oil and polypropylene string. Other discontinued materials include ox cartilage, Terylene wool, ground rubber, silastic rubber, and teflon-silicone

1009:

or various lymphomas found in the scar tissue around breast implants. The agency reported 10 MDRs about squamous-sell carcinoma found in the capsule scar tissue and 12 MDRs about various lymphomas also in the scar tissue around the breast implants. These new cases do not overlap with cases of

939:

before and after their implants and scar capsules were removed. The researchers reported that 74% of the patients reported significant improvements on at least 3 of the pulmonary function tests. In self-reports, all study participants reported that their breathing improved after their implant

1942:

In 2000, the FDA approved saline breast implant Premarket Approval Applications (PMA) containing the type and rate data of the local medical complications experienced by the breast surgery patients. "Despite complications experienced by some women, the majority of those women still in the

831:

that might distort either the breast implant, or the breast, or both. Capsular contracture is diagnosed through a visual and physical examiniation according to level of increasing severity based on the Baker Grade scale: Baker Grade I, Baker Grade II, Baker Grade III, and Baker Grade IV.

896:

patients usually undergo revision surgery of the nipple-areola complex (NAC), and symmetry procedures upon the opposite breast, to create a bust of natural appearance, size, form, and feel. Carefully matching the type and size of the breast implants to the patient's pectoral soft-tissue

1185:(major muscle of the chest), which most approximates the plane of normal breast tissue, and affords the most aesthetic results. Yet, in women with thin pectoral soft-tissue, the subglandular position is likelier to show the ripples and wrinkles of the underlying implant. Moreover, the 1633:

Women with breast implants may have functional breast-feeding difficulties; mammoplasty procedures that feature periareolar incisions are especially likely to cause breast-feeding difficulties. Surgery may also damage the lactiferous ducts and the nerves in the nipple-areola area.

43: 42: 48: 46: 41: 1880:

patients for the statistical studies required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In mid-1992, the FDA approved an adjunct study protocol for silicone-gel filled implants for breast reconstruction patients, and for revision-surgery patients. Also in 1992, the

47: 1403:

breast-envelope skin, accelerated lower breast pole stretch, and technical problems, such as the presence of the implant being noticeable to the eye and to the touch. The occurrence of such cosmetic problems is likelier in the case of the woman with very little

633:

The consensus statement of the Transatlantic Innovations conference (April 2009) indicated that additional medical studies demonstrated no association between silicone gel-filled breast implants and carcinoma, or any metabolic, immune, or allergic disorder.

1096:

Transabdominal: as in the TUBA procedure, in the transabdominoplasty breast augmentation (TABA), the breast implants are tunneled superiorly from the abdominal incision into bluntly dissected implant pockets, whilst the patient simultaneously undergoes an

1918:, neurological diseases, or other systemic complaints or conditions are no more common in women with breast implants, than in women without implants" subsequent studies and systemic review found no causal link between silicone breast implants and disease. 3762: 1967:

examinations to screen for signs of either shell rupture or of filler leakage, or both conditions; and ordered that breast surgery patients be provided with detailed, informational brochures explaining the medical risks of using silicone-gel breast

401:(fluid accumulation), incision-site breakdown (wound infection). Complications specific to breast augmentation include breast pain, altered sensation, impeded breast-feeding function, visible wrinkling, asymmetry, thinning of the breast tissue, and 1031:(natural crease under the breast), which affords maximal access for precise dissection of the tissues and emplacement of the breast implants. It is the preferred surgical technique for emplacing silicone-gel implants, because it better exposes the 742:

data for single-lumen breast implants, the European literature about second generation silicone-gel breast implants (1970s design), reported silent device-rupture rates of 8–15 per cent at 10-years post-implantation (15–30% of the patients).

45: 232:

Recent research has indicated that mammograms should not be done with any greater frequency than that used in normal procedure in patients undergoing breast surgery, including breast implant, augmentation, mastopexy, and breast reduction.

1498:

tissue around the breast implant. Nevertheless, despite that prophylactic measure, the medical use of polyurethane-coated breast implants was briefly discontinued, because of the potential health-risk posed by 2,4-toluenediamine (TDA), a

1399:, and, because the required insertion-incisions are short and small, the resultant incision-scars will be smaller and shorter than the surgical scars usual to the long incisions required for inserting pre-filled, silicone-gel implants. 930:

A 2021 study by Cleveland Clinic physicians investigated the outcome of breast implant removal on women with breast implants who had reported difficulty breathing or tightness in their chest; this is one of the symptoms associated with

110:

A rare complication associated with textured surfaced implants and polyurethane foam-covered implants is a type of lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) known as breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL).

6746:

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Bondurant S, Ernster V, Herdman R, et al. (Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants) (1999). Bondurant S, Ernster V, Herdman R (eds.).

1245:

muscle without dissecting it so that the implant fills directly the volume of the mammary gland that has been removed. To avoid the issue of capsular contracture, the implant is often covered frontally or completely with a mesh in

6541:

Schwartz GF, Veronesi U, Clough KB, Dixon JM, Fentiman IS, Heywang-Köbrunner SH, Holland R, Hughes KS, Mansel RE, Margolese R, Mendelson EB, Olivotto IA, Palazzo JP, Solin LJ (2006). "Consensus Conference on Breast Conservation".

5142: 1386:(2006) reported that the rates of deflation (filler leakage) of the pre-filled saline breast implant made it a second-choice prosthesis for corrective breast surgery. Nonetheless, in the 1990s, the saline breast implant was the 302:. Furthermore, the women reported long-term satisfaction with their breast implant outcomes; some despite having medical complications that required surgical revision, either corrective or aesthetic. Likewise, in Denmark, 8% of 508:

French original: "Nous n'avons pas observé de connectivité ni d'autre pathologie auto-immune susceptible d'être directement ou indirectement induite par la présence d'un implant mammaire en particulier en gel de silicone...."

3464:

Tugwell P, Wells G, Peterson J, Welch V, Page J, Davison C, McGowan J, Ramroth D, Shea B (2001). "Do silicone Breast Implants Cause Rheumatologic Disorders? A Systematic Review for a Court-appointed National Science Panel".

1059:

Aesthetically, because the scars are at the areola's border (periphery), they usually are less visible than the IMF-incision scars of women with light-pigment areolae; when compared to cutaneous-incision scars, the modified

884:, shell rupture, and device deflation. Revision incidence rates were greater for breast reconstruction patients, because of the post-mastectomy changes to the soft-tissues and to the skin envelope of the breast, and to the 479:

There was no evidence of an increased risk of connective-tissue disease in patients who had undergone silicone-gel breast implant emplacement, and no cause for changing either breast implant practice or policy in the U.K.

1092:

shell of the breast implant during its manual insertion through the short (~2.0 cm) incision at the navel, and because pre-filled silicone gel implants are incompressible, and cannot be inserted through so small an

349:, and increased, satisfactory sexual functioning to having undergone breast augmentation; the cohort, aged 21–57 years, averaged post-operative self-esteem increases that ranged from 20.7 to 24.9 points on the 30-point 1876:, the correction of congenital deformities, and the replacement of ruptured silicone-gel implants. The FDA required from the manufacturers the clinical trial data, and permitted their providing breast implants to the 1200:; the subfascial position is a variant of the subglandular position for the breast implant. The technical advantages of the subfascial implant-pocket technique are debated; proponent surgeons report that the layer of 1629:

The presence of breast implants currently presents no contraindication to breast feeding, and no evidence to support that the practice may present health issues to a breast feeding infant is recognized by the USFDA.

4932:

Swerdlow, Steven H.; Campo, Elias; Pileri, Stefano A.; Harris, Nancy Lee; Stein, Harald; Siebert, Reiner; Advani, Ranjana; Ghielmini, Michele; Salles, Gilles A.; Zelenetz, Andrew D.; Jaffe, Elaine S. (2016-05-19).

4084:

Hölmich LR, Fryzek JP, Kjøller K, Breiting VB, Jørgensen A, Krag C, McLaughlin JK (2005). "The Diagnosis of Silicone Breast implant Rupture: Clinical Findings Compared with Findings at Magnetic Resonance Imaging".

669:

A breast implant failure: the parts of a surgically explanted breast implant are the red, fibrous capsule (left), the ruptured silicone implant (center), and the transparent filler-gel that leaked with the capsule

1471:

proved fragile, and had greater incidences of shell rupture, and of filler leakage ("silicone-gel bleed") through the intact device shell. The consequent, increased incidence-rates of medical complications (e.g.

993:

primarily in patients with textured implants or expanders. In all cases, however, many researchers suspect that BIA-ALCL is an under-recognized, misdiagnosed, and under-reported complication of breast implants.

4225:

Barnsley GP, Sigurdson LJ, Barnsley SE (2006). "Textured surface Breast Implants in the Prevention of Capsular Contracture among Breast Augmentation Patients: a Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials".

851:

was a common maneuver for treating hard capsules, but now is a discouraged technique, because it can rupture the breast implant. Non-surgical treatments for collagen-fiber capsules include massage, external

573:, nor any other malignant disease. . . . EQUAM continues to believe that there is no scientific evidence that silicone allergy, silicone intoxication, atypical disease or a 'new silicone disease' exists." 3162:

Coroneos, Christopher J.; Selber, Jesse C.; Offodile, Anaeze C.; Butler, Charles E.; Clemens, Mark W. (January 2019). "US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients".

1909:

from the emplacement of silicone breast implants. The IOM's review of the safety and efficacy of silicone gel-filled breast implants, reported that the "evidence suggests diseases or conditions, such as

429:, 20 percent of women who underwent cosmetic implantation, and 50 percent of women who underwent breast reconstruction implantation, required their explantation (surgical removal) at the 10-year mark. 4211: 555:"No evidence of an association between... silicone-gel-filled breast implants specifically, and any of the individual CTDs, all definite CTDs combined, or other auto-immune or rheumatic conditions." 3799: 982:

staining can frequently miss the diagnosis." Diagnosis and treatment of breast implant-associated ALCL now follows standardized guidelines established by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

321:

until the 19-year mark, when it increased to 6 times greater at 20-years post-implantation. Moreover, additional to the suicide-risk, women with breast implants also faced a trebled death-risk from

7083: 4128: 1951:

studies, after three years, reported being satisfied with their implants." The premarket approvals were granted for breast augmentation, for women at least 18 years old, and for women requiring

7122: 4396:

Adams WP, Rios JL, Smith SJ (2006). "Enhancing Patient Outcomes in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery using Triple Antibiotic Breast Irrigation: Six-year Prospective Clinical Study".

2723:

Pukkala E, Kulmala I, Hovi SL, Hemminki E, Keskimäki I, Pakkanen M, Lipworth L, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK (2003). "Causes of death among Finnish women with cosmetic breast implants, 1971-2001".

658:(surgically removed). In some cases, saline implant rupture can result in an infection due to bacteria or mold that had been within the implant, though this is uncommon. The follow-up report, 5241: 5647:

Tebbetts JB (2002). "Achieving a predictable 24-hour return to normal activities after breast augmentation: Part II. Patient preparation, refined surgical techniques, and instrumentation".

3575:

Brown SL, Middleton MS, Berg WA, Soo MS, Pennello G (2000). "Prevalence of Rupture of Silicone gel Breast Implants Revealed on MR Imaging in a Population of Women in Birmingham, Alabama".

1234:

surgery, the submuscular implantation approach effects maximal coverage of the breast implants. This technique is rarely used in cosmetic surgery due to high risk of animation deformities.

298:

Post-operative patient surveys about mental health and quality-of-life, reported improved physical health, physical appearance, social life, self-confidence, self-esteem, and satisfactory

5165:"Risk of breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) in a cohort of 3546 women prospectively followed long term after reconstruction with textured breast implants" 7101: 615:

The STOA report to the European Parliament Petitions Committee reported that the current scientific evidence demonstrates no solid, causal evidence linking SBI to severe diseases, e.g.

5134: 526:

The "current, high-quality literature suggest that there is no association between breast implants and connective tissue disease-like syndromes (atypical connective tissue diseases)."

511:

English translation: "We did not observe connective tissue diseases to be directly or indirectly associated by the presence of a breast implant, in particular one of silicone gel...."

4687:

Breiting VB, Hölmich LR, Brandt B, Fryzek JP, Wolthers MS, Kjøller K, McLaughlin JK, Wiik A, Friis S (2004). "Long-term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants".

129:

gel; structured implants use nested elastomer silicone shells and two saline-filled lumen; and the alternative composition implants featured miscellaneous fillers, such as hydrogel,

5076: 4910: 1005:

In September, 2022, the FDA announced new information regarding other types of cancers related to breast implants, based on medical device reports (MDRs) of cases of patients with

44: 5604:

Tebbetts JB (2002). "Achieving a predictable 24-hour return to normal activities after breast augmentation: part I. Refining practices by using motion and time study principles".

1218:, without releasing the inferior origin of the muscle proper. Total muscular coverage of the implant can be achieved by releasing the lateral muscles of the chest wall—either the 839:

A breast implant failure: capsular contracture is a medical complication, in this case, a Baker scale Grade IV contraction, of a subglandular silicone implant in the right breast.

6678: 6099:

Fruhstorfer BH, Hodgson EL, Malata CM (2004). "Early experience with an anatomical soft cohesive silicone gel prosthesis in cosmetic and reconstructive breast implant surgery".

2588: 3984: 985:

The current lifetime risk of BIA-ALCL in the U.S. is unknown, but estimates have ranged between one in 70,000 and one in 500,000 women with breast implants, according to the

1466:

In the 1970s, manufacturers presented the second generation of breast implant prostheses that featured functional developments and aesthetic improvements to the technology:

114:

There are four general types of breast implants, defined by their filler material: saline solution, silicone gel, structured and composite filler. The saline implant has an

3931:

Hedén P, Nava MB, van Tetering JP, Magalon G, Fourie le R, Brenner RJ, Lindsey LE, Murphy DK, Walker PS (2006). "Prevalence of Rupture in Inamed Silicone Breast Implants".

7102:"The FDA Requests Allergan Voluntarily Recall Natrelle BIOCELL Textured Breast Implants and Tissue Expanders from the Market to Protect Patients: FDA Safety Communication" 978:

are suggested. The American Society of Plastic Surgery (ASPS) states, "CD30 is the main diagnostic test that must be performed on the seroma fluid as routine pathology or

601:

The panel evaluated established and undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (CTD), and concluded there was no causal evidence between breast implants and these CTDs.

1553:

woman's body. These implants are commonly referred to as "gummy bear breast implants" for their firm, pliant consistency, which is similar to gummy candies. The studies

569:"Additional medical studies have not demonstrated any association between silicone-gel filled breast implants and traditional auto-immune or connective tissue diseases, 3718:

Hölmich LR, Vejborg IM, Conrad C, Sletting S, Høier-Madsen M, Fryzek JP, McLaughlin JK, Kjøller K, Wiik A, Friis S (2004). "Untreated Silicone Breast Implant Rupture".

961: 4269:

Wong CH, Samuel M, Tan BK, Song C (2006). "Capsular Contracture in Subglandular Breast Augmentation with Textured versus Smooth Breast Implants: a Systematic Review".

4995: 4609:

Tebbetts JB (October 2006). "Out Points Criteria for Breast Implant Removal without Replacement and Criteria to Minimize Reoperations following Breast Augmentation".

3501: 2123: 4041:

Hedén P, Boné B, Murphy DK, Slicton A, Walker PS (2006). "Style 410 Cohesive Silicone Breast Implants: Safety and Effectiveness at 5 to 9 years after Implantation".

2080:

Loch-Wilkinson, Anna; Beath, Kenneth J; Magnusson, Mark R; Cooter, Rodney; Shaw, Karen; French, James; Vickery, Karen; Prince, H Miles; Deva, Anand K (2020-07-13).

4826: 3532:

Neuhann-Lorenz C, Fedeles J, Eisenman-Klein M, Kinney B, Cunningham BL (2001). "Eighth IQUAM Consensus Position Statement: Transatlantic Innovations, April 2009".

2205:

Jacobsen PH, Hölmich LR, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Kjøller K, Friis S (2004). "Mortality and suicide among Danish women with cosmetic breast implants".

1689:

impaired mammogram images. The ready palpability of the breast-cancer tumor(s) is consequent to breast tissue thinning by compression, innately in smaller breasts

405:, the "bread loafing" of the bust that interrupts the natural plane between the breasts. Specific treatments for the complications of indwelling breast implants— 6241:

Handel N, Silverstein MJ, Gamagami P, Jensen JA, Collins A (1992). "Factors Affecting Mammographic Visualization of the Breast after Augmentation Mammaplasty".

4644:

Tebbetts JB (December 2006). "Achieving a Zero Percent Reoperation Rate at 3 years in a 50-consecutive-case Augmentation Mammaplasty Premarket Approval Study".

2994: 2867: 229:

surgery is determined by the procedure employed, the type of incisions, the breast implant (type and materials), and the pectoral locale of the implant pocket.

2513: 827:—which should be distinguished from normal capsular tissue—occurs when the collagen-fiber capsule thickens and compresses the breast implant; it is a painful 5561:

Tebbetts JB, Adams WP (2005). "Five critical decisions in breast augmentation using five measurements in 5 minutes: the high five decision support process".

4203: 3896:

Hölmich LR, Friis S, Fryzek JP, Vejborg IM, Conrad C, Sletting S, Kjøller K, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH (2003). "Incidence of Silicone Breast Implant Rupture".

4155:"The Effect of Study design Biases on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Silicone Breast Implant Ruptures: a Meta-analysis" 1536:

In the 1980s, the models of the third and of the fourth generations of breast implant devices were sequential advances in manufacturing technology, such as

2404:

Cash TF, Duel LA, Perkins LL (2002). "Women's Psychosocial Outcomes of Breast Augmentation with Silicone gel-filled implants: a 2-year Prospective Study".

1944: 1503:

by-product of the chemical breakdown of the polyurethane foam coating of the breast implant proven to cause liver and skin cancers in animal-model studies.

3848: 843:

The cause of capsular contracture is unknown, but the common incidence factors include bacterial contamination, device-shell rupture, filler leakage, and

784:

The Effect of Study design Biases on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Silicone Breast Implant Ruptures: a Meta-analysis

4132: 7126: 5483:

Pacik PT, Nelson CE, Werner C (2008). "Pain control in augmentation mammaplasty using indwelling catheters in 687 consecutive patients: data analysis".

2240:

Young VL, Nemecek JR, Nemecek DA (1994). "The Efficacy of Breast Augmentation: Breast Size Increase, Patient Satisfaction, and Psychological Effects".

1824:—formaldehyde polymer sponge), a polyethylene sac with Ivalon, polyether foam sponge (Etheron), polyethylene tape (Polystan) strips wound into a ball, 1565:

and of device-shell rupture; and greater rates of improved medical-safety and technical-efficacy than that of early generation breast implant devices.

3669:"Does Overfilling Smooth Inflatable Saline-Filled Breast Implants Decrease the Deflation Rate? Experience with 4761 Augmentation Mammaplasty Patients" 3033: 107:, rashes, skin changes, infection, rupture, cosmetic changes to the breasts such as asymmetry and hardness, and a fluid collection around the breast. 1693:(because they have lesser tissue volumes), and that the implant serves as a radio-opaque base against which a cancerous tumor can be differentiated. 357:, relative to her pre-operative level of libido. Therefore, before agreeing to any surgery, the plastic surgeon evaluates and considers the woman's 4566:

Silver H (1982). "Reduction of capsular contracture with two-stage augmentation mammaplasty and pulsed electromagnetic energy (Diapulse therapy)".

2766:

Villeneuve PJ, Holowaty EJ, Brisson J, Xie L, Ugnat AM, Latulippe L, Mao Y (2006). "Mortality among Canadian women with cosmetic breast implants".

2537:

Handel N, Cordray T, Gutierrez J, Jensen JA (2006). "A Long-term Study of Outcomes, Complications, and Patient Satisfaction with Breast Implants".

6021:

Hester TR, Tebbetts JB, Maxwell GP (2001). "The Polyurethane-covered Mammary Prosthesis: Facts and Fiction (II): A Look Back and a "peek" Ahead".

3306: 2611: 3822: 3218: 997:

physicians to report cases to PROFILE in an effort to better understand the role of breast implants in ALCL and the management of this disease.

2369:

Chahraoui K, Danino A, Frachebois C, Clerc AS, Malka G (2006). "Aesthetic Surgery and Quality of Life Before and Four Months Postoperatively".

494:

There was "insufficient evidence for an association of silicone gel- or saline-filled breast implants with defined connective tissue disease."

6579:"Breast cancer detection and survival among women with cosmetic breast implants: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies" 6366:

Skinner KA, Silberman H, Dougherty W, Gamagami P, Waisman J, Sposto R, Silverstein MJ (2001). "Breast cancer after augmentation mammoplasty".

1898: 6142:

Hedén P, Jernbeck J, Hober M (2001). "Breast augmentation with anatomical cohesive gel implants: The world's largest current experience".

5697: 5073: 4903:"Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Breast Implants: Update - Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)" 4902: 587:"There is no evidence of an association with an abnormal immune response or typical or atypical connective tissue diseases or syndromes." 7171: 675:

explantation. Although the leaked silicone filler-gel can migrate from the chest tissues to elsewhere in the woman's body, most clinical

259:

patient usually is a young woman whose personality profile indicates psychological distress about her personal appearance and her bodily

6343: 6326: 5720: 5220: 1889:, but would continue producing 45 other, medical-grade, silicone materials—three years later, in 1995, the Dow Corning Corporation went 6670: 2082:"Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Australia: A Longitudinal Study of Implant and Other Related Risk Factors" 1902: 1713:. There is tentative evidence that women who have had breast augmentation, have worse breast cancer prognosis. The use of implants for 5526:

Tebbetts JB (2002). "A system for breast implant selection based on patient tissue characteristics and implant-soft tissue dynamics".

5407:

Tebbetts JB (2002). "A System for Breast Implant Selection Based on Patient Tissue Characteristics and Implant-soft tissue Dynamics".

771:

examination be reserved for two purposes: (i) for the woman with a suspected breast implant rupture; and (ii) for the confirmation of

6851: 6745: 7062: 3974: 3121:

Watad, A.; Rosenberg, V.; Tiosano, S.; Cohen Tervaert, J. W.; Yavne, Y.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Shalev, V.; Chodick, G.; Amital, H. (2018).

6828: 5259:

Johnson GW, Christ JE (1993). "The Endoscopic Breast augmentation: The Transumbilical Insertion of Saline-filled Breast Implants".

4883: 4523:

Scuderi N, Mazzocchi M, Fioramonti P, Bistoni G (2006). "The effects of zafirlukast on capsular contracture: preliminary report".

6620:"Survival after lumpectomy and mastectomy for early stage invasive breast cancer: the effect of age and hormone receptor status" 5242:"Breast Implants: Reports of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Various Lymphomas in Capsule Around Implants: FDA Safety Communication" 3448: 2326:

Sarwer DB, LaRossa D, Bartlett SP, Low DW, Bucky LP, Whitaker LA (2003). "Body Image Concerns of Breast Augmentation Patients".

6974: 6056:

Brown MH, Shenker R, Silver SA (2005). "Cohesive silicone gel breast implants in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery".

3478: 6780: 3610: 2054: 7084:"March 25-26, 2019: General and Plastic Surgery Devices Panel of the Medical Devices Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement" 6930: 6869: 5966:"A Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic Model for 2,4-toluenediamine Leached from Polyurethane foam-covered Breast Implants" 2849:

National Plastic Surgery Procedural Statistics, 2006. Arlington Heights, Illinois, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2007

974:

fatal. If women with implants present with delayed swelling or fluid collection, cytologic studies and a test for the marker

2439:

Figueroa-Haas CL (2007). "Effect of Breast Augmentation Mammoplasty on Self-esteem and Sexuality: A Quantitative Analysis".

3508: 2137: 2119: 868: 6852:

Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants, Bondurant S, Ernster V, Herdman R (1999).

2160:"Characteristics of a Population of Women with Breast Implants Compared with Women Seeking other Types of Plastic Surgery" 1782:

injections, with disastrous results arising from the breakup of the paraffin into smaller bodies following the procedure.

1759:

augment the size (volume), modify the shape (contour), and enhance the feel (tact) of a woman's breasts. In 1895, surgeon

7241: 5337:

Graf RM, Bernardes A, Rippel R, Araujo LR, Damasio RC, Auersvald A (2003). "Subfascial Breast Implant: A New Procedure".

3332: 2032: 1078: 5095:"NCCN Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma" 4818: 3375:"German Society for Senology, Declaration of Consensus for the Security of Silicone Breast Implants". 24 September 1998. 2925: 2482: 1926:

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services verifies the scientific, medical, and clinical data of medical devices.

765:

The Diagnosis of Silicone Breast implant Rupture: Clinical Findings Compared with Findings at Magnetic Resonance Imaging

7036: 7006: 2962: 2580: 1555:

Experience with Anatomical Soft Cohesive Silicone gel Prosthesis in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Breast Implant Surgery

823:

fibers, in order to maintain the integrity of the body by isolating the foreign object, and so tolerate its presence.

758:

surgery patients, reported low device-rupture rates of 1.1 per cent at 6-years post-implantation. The first series of

7364: 6766: 6198: 5730: 3002: 2859: 1865: 1479:-lawsuits, by the U.S. government, against the Dow Corning Corporation, and other manufacturers of breast prostheses. 1367:/L.)—was first manufactured by the Laboratoires Arion company, in France, and was introduced for use as a prosthetic 6179: 5444:"Pain control in augmentation mammaplasty: safety and efficacy of indwelling catheters in 644 consecutive patients" 630:

International Committee for Quality Assurance, Medical Technologies & Devices in Plastic Surgery panel (IQUAM)

3879: 7164: 6414:"Breast implants following mastectomy in women with early-stage breast cancer: prevalence and impact on survival" 3431: 1541: 17: 1434:, there are five generations of silicone breast implant, each defined by common model-manufacturing techniques. 7450: 3856: 3345: 2001: 1356: 967: 4439:

Planas J, Cervelli V, Planas G (2001). "Five-year experience on ultrasonic treatment of breast contractures".

7332: 6220: 5756:

Stevens WG, Hirsch EM, Stoker DA, Cohen R (2006). "In vitro Deflation of Pre-filled Saline Breast Implants".

3632:

Walker PS, Walls B, Murphy DK (2009). "Natrelle Saline-filled Breast Implants: a Prospective 10-year Study".

2027: 2963:"Important Information for Augmentation Patients About Mentor MemoryGel Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants" 1658:

opaque breast implants (either saline or silicone) might interfere with the radiographic sensitivity of the

7445: 6979: 6833: 3979: 3391:"Meta-analyses of the Relation between Silicone Breast Implants and the Risk of Connective-tissue Diseases" 3069:"Meta-analyses of the relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue diseases" 3028: 3023: 2933: 2490: 1885:, a silicone products and breast implant manufacturer, announced the discontinuation of five implant-grade 1509: 1371:

in 1964. The contemporary models of saline breast implant are manufactured with thicker, room-temperature

935:. The study examined breast implant patients who reported problems breathing, comparing their scores on 6 314:

Excess Mortality from Suicide and other External Causes of Death Among Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants

2676:"Total and cause specific mortality among Swedish women with cosmetic breast implants: prospective study" 1790:

From the first half of the twentieth century, physicians used other substances as breast implant fillers—

1696: 1540:-coated shells that decreased gel-bleed (filler leakage), and a thicker (increased-cohesion) filler gel. 1070:(armpit), from which the dissection tunnels medially, to emplace the implants, either bluntly or with an 350: 203:

revision and reconstruction: to revise (correct) the outcome of a previous breast reconstruction surgery.

6913:

Grigg M, Bondurant S, Ernster VL, Herdman R (2000). Grigg M, Bondurant S, Ernster VL, Herdman R (eds.).

5021:

Miranda RN, Aladily TN, Prince HM, Kanagal-Shamanna R, de Jong D, Fayad LE, et al. (January 2014).

3763:"Pathology of Lymph Nodes From Patients With Breast Implants: A Histologic and Spectroscopic Evaluation" 2603: 7157: 3310: 2926:"Important Information for Women About Breast Augmentation with INAMED Silicone-Filled Breast Implants" 2883:"Late unilateral hematoma after breast reconstruction with implants: case report and literature review" 1964: 1864:

In 1988, twenty-six years after the 1962 introduction of breast implants filled with silicone gel, the

1455: 4996:"Breast Implants - Medical Device Reports of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma" 4848:

Arepalli SR, Bezabeh S, Brown SL (2002). "Allergic reaction to platinum in silicone breast implants".

7197: 3814: 986: 197: 6960: 6899: 4755: 3998:

Cunningham B, McCue J (2009). "Safety and effectiveness of Mentor's MemoryGel implants at 6 years".

2483:"Important Information for Women About Breast Augmentation with Inamed Silicone Gel-Filled Implants" 6577:

Lavigne E, Holowaty EJ, Pan SY, Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Fergusson DA, et al. (April 2013).

936: 242: 5372:

Tebbetts JB (2004). "Does Fascia Provide Additional, Meaningful Coverage over a Breast Implant?".

2022: 1922: 1081:) is a less common implant-device emplacement technique wherein the incision is at the umbilicus ( 1050:, which provides an optimal approach when adjustments to the IMF position are required, or when a 439: 7440: 7409: 7404: 6915:

Information for Women about the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants - The National Academies Press

2011: 1882: 1869: 1845: 1442: 1223: 1215: 1208: 1197: 1182: 1166: 1036: 1006: 676: 414: 3123:"Silicone breast implants and the risk of autoimmune/rheumatic disorders: a real-world analysis" 966:

The FDA has identified that breast implants may be associated with a rare form of cancer called

7397: 5690: 3502:

Health risks posed by silicone implants in general, with a special attention to breast implants

1906: 1524: 856: 828: 738:

Silicone implant rupture can be evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging; from the long-term

339:

Effect of Breast Augmentation Mammoplasty on Self-Esteem and Sexuality: A Quantitative Analysis

93: 5898:"Prospective Study of Saline versus Silicone Gel Implants for Subpectoral Breast Augmentation" 5023:"Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: long-term follow-up of 60 patients" 4861: 1237:

Prepectoral or subcutaneous: in a breast reconstruction following a skin-sparing or skin- and

962:

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma § Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma

316:(2007), reported that women who sought breast implants are almost 3 times as likely to commit 7419: 7307: 7279: 6506:

Cunningham B (2006). "Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis in augmented women- Discussion".

6463:

Handel N, Silverstein MJ (2006). "Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis in augmented women".

5212: 2006: 1952: 1873: 1744: 1714: 1678: 1416: 1313: 1231: 915: 378: 222: 134: 125:

during surgery; the silicone implant has an elastomer silicone shell pre-filled with viscous

7149: 6794:

Anderson N (1997). "Lawsuit Science: Lessons from the Silicone Breast Implant Controversy".

3258:

Brinton LA, Malone KE, Coates RJ, Schoenberg JB, Swanson CA, Daling JR, Stanford JL (1996).

2283:

Crerand CE, Franklin ME, Sarwer DB (2006). "Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Cosmetic Surgery".

1774:, to repair the asymmetry of the breast from which he had removed a tumor. In 1889, surgeon 275:(2006) reported that the woman who underwent breast augmentation surgery also had undergone 7455: 1562: 1487: 1472: 1186: 881: 824: 795: 406: 397:(post-operative bleeding), late hematoma (post-operative bleeding after 6 months or more), 7143: 8: 7236: 7212: 7207: 7058: 5945:

Cronin TD, Gerow FJ (1963). "Augmentation Mammaplasty: A New "natural feel" Prosthesis".

4935:"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms" 1996: 1960: 1877: 1317: 1264: 755: 566:

European Committee on Quality Assurance & Medical Devices in Plastic Surgery (EQUAM)

331: 303: 256: 226: 207: 165: 97: 6838: 4887: 2995:"Saline-Filled Breast Implant Surgery: Making An Informed Decision (Mentor Corporation)" 2081: 7229: 6948: 6887: 6644: 6619: 6523: 6519: 6488: 6476: 6440: 6413: 6391: 6302: 6277: 6218:

Inorganic Milk: Can Kendra Wilkinson breast-feed her baby even though she has implants?

6124: 6112: 6081: 6069: 5998: 5985: 5965: 5922: 5897: 5878: 5835: 5781: 5769: 5672: 5629: 5586: 5574: 5508: 5385: 5350: 5319: 5307: 5189: 5164: 5047: 5022: 4967: 4934: 4800: 4787: 4770: 4743: 4712: 4700: 4669: 4657: 4622: 4591: 4548: 4464: 4421: 4409: 4378: 4294: 4282: 4251: 4239: 4179: 4154: 4110: 4098: 4066: 4054: 4023: 3956: 3944: 3790: 3778: 3743: 3731: 3695: 3668: 3557: 3287: 3240: 3219:"The Objective Effect of Breast Implant Removal and Capsulectomy on Pulmonary Function" 3196: 2832: 2819: 2802: 2748: 2736: 2562: 2550: 2514:"Breast implants have a positive impact on female sexuality, according to new research" 2464: 2452: 2351: 2339: 2308: 2296: 2265: 2187: 1932:

limited number of breast augmentation-, reconstruction-, and revision-surgery patients.

1763:

effected the earliest breast implant emplacement when he used the patient's autologous

1486:

foam coating for the shell of the breast implant; the coating reduced the incidence of

1338:

structured implants using nested elastomer silicone shells and two saline filled lumen.

1296: 1174: 1028: 919: 852: 720: 310: 185: 6555: 6155: 6034: 2700: 2675: 2652: 1161:

approaches to emplacing a breast implant to the implant pocket are often described in

7371: 7359: 6936: 6926: 6875: 6865: 6772: 6762: 6728: 6649: 6600: 6559: 6527: 6480: 6445: 6383: 6348: 6307: 6258: 6159: 6116: 6073: 6038: 6003: 5927: 5882: 5870: 5839: 5773: 5726: 5664: 5660: 5621: 5617: 5578: 5543: 5539: 5500: 5465: 5424: 5420: 5389: 5354: 5311: 5276: 5272: 5194: 5116: 5052: 4972: 4954: 4865: 4792: 4704: 4661: 4626: 4583: 4579: 4540: 4505: 4456: 4413: 4370: 4335: 4286: 4243: 4184: 4102: 4058: 4015: 3948: 3913: 3782: 3735: 3700: 3649: 3592: 3549: 3482: 3446: 3412: 3341: 3279: 3275: 3244: 3188: 3180: 3144: 3098: 3090: 2904: 2824: 2783: 2740: 2705: 2656: 2554: 2456: 2421: 2417: 2386: 2343: 2300: 2257: 2253: 2222: 2179: 2175: 2101: 1849: 1821: 1590: 1396: 1352: 1325: 1289: 1039:

interface; yet, IMF implantation can produce thicker, slightly more visible surgical

889: 362: 299: 284: 122: 89: 6984: 6492: 6395: 6128: 6085: 5785: 5676: 5633: 5590: 5512: 5323: 4804: 4716: 4673: 4425: 4382: 4298: 4255: 4114: 4070: 4027: 3960: 3794: 3747: 3561: 3291: 3200: 2836: 2752: 2566: 2468: 2355: 2191: 1559:

Cohesive Silicone gel Breast Implants in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery

96:

of the chest wall or, cosmetically, to enlarge the appearance of the breast through

7287: 7260: 6918: 6857: 6754: 6748: 6720: 6639: 6631: 6590: 6551: 6515: 6472: 6435: 6425: 6375: 6338: 6297: 6289: 6250: 6151: 6108: 6065: 6030: 5993: 5977: 5917: 5909: 5862: 5827: 5765: 5656: 5613: 5570: 5535: 5492: 5455: 5416: 5381: 5346: 5303: 5268: 5184: 5176: 5106: 5042: 5034: 4962: 4946: 4857: 4782: 4696: 4653: 4618: 4595: 4575: 4532: 4495: 4468: 4448: 4405: 4362: 4325: 4278: 4235: 4174: 4166: 4094: 4050: 4007: 3940: 3905: 3774: 3727: 3690: 3680: 3641: 3584: 3541: 3474: 3402: 3271: 3260:"Breast Enlargement and Reduction: Results from a Breast Cancer Case-control Study" 3230: 3172: 3134: 3080: 2894: 2814: 2775: 2732: 2695: 2687: 2648: 2546: 2448: 2413: 2378: 2335: 2312: 2292: 2249: 2214: 2171: 2093: 1948: 1610: 418: 141: 5213:"Breast Implant Associated ALCL: PROFILE Project | The Plastic Surgery Foundation" 4552: 4353:

Mladick RA (1993). ""No-touch" submuscular saline breast augmentation technique".

2269: 1650:

A mammograph of a normal breast (left); a mammograph of a cancerous breast (right)

1411:

breast reconstruction; thus, the silicone-gel implant is the technically superior

7344: 7302: 6724: 6412:

Le GM, O'Malley CD, Glaser SL, Lynch CF, Stanford JL, Keegan TH, West DW (2005).

6224: 6202: 6183: 5913: 5080: 4950: 4170: 3883: 3545: 3452: 3435: 3235: 3176: 2382: 2218: 2132: 2128: 1756: 1438: 1360: 1285: 1260: 1227: 1219: 1158: 801: 692: 394: 382: 374: 327: 292: 81: 3407: 3085: 1844:. In 1961, the American plastic surgeons Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, and the 84:, breast implants can be placed to restore a natural looking breast following a 7319: 7217: 7189: 6344:

10.1002/1097-0142(19931001)72:7<2170::AID-CNCR2820720717>3.0.CO;2-1

6278:"Current practice in mammographic imaging of the augmented breast in Australia" 5866: 5831: 5180: 4876: 4731: 3909: 3685: 2637:"Cancer risk at sites other than the breast following augmentation mammoplasty" 1853: 1775: 1764: 1760: 1740: 1615: 1573: 1428: 1387: 1368: 1120: 1098: 1023:

Breast implant emplacement is performed with five types of surgical incisions:

751: 654: 215: 6379: 5496: 5460: 5443: 4536: 4330: 4313: 4011: 3645: 3588: 3390: 3351: 3068: 1144: 1132: 161: 7434: 7414: 7392: 7349: 7339: 7292: 6254: 6205:, Selected Bibliography April 2003, LLLI Center for Breastfeeding Information 5038: 4958: 3184: 3094: 2938: 2899: 2882: 2691: 2495: 2105: 1666: 1578: 1513: 1372: 1178: 1162: 893: 885: 616: 358: 276: 193: 180:

primary reconstruction: the replacement of breast tissues damaged by trauma (

7028: 6998: 4500: 4483: 4314:"Long-term safety and efficacy of polyurethane foam-covered breast implants" 2969: 1828:(polyurethane foam sponge) Silastic rubber, and teflon-silicone prostheses. 7376: 6940: 6879: 6776: 6732: 6653: 6604: 6563: 6484: 6449: 6387: 6311: 6163: 6120: 6077: 6042: 5931: 5874: 5777: 5668: 5625: 5582: 5547: 5504: 5469: 5428: 5393: 5358: 5315: 5198: 5120: 5056: 4976: 4869: 4796: 4708: 4665: 4630: 4544: 4509: 4460: 4417: 4339: 4290: 4247: 4188: 4106: 4062: 4019: 3952: 3917: 3786: 3739: 3704: 3653: 3596: 3553: 3486: 3416: 3192: 3148: 3102: 2908: 2828: 2787: 2744: 2709: 2660: 2558: 2460: 2425: 2390: 2347: 2304: 2226: 2183: 1893:

when it faced large class action lawsuits claiming a variety of illnesses.

1817: 1813: 1491: 1483: 1476: 1445:; in due course, the first augmentation mammoplasty was performed in 1962. 1238: 724: 716: 189: 181: 146: 27:

Prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's breast

6352: 6262: 6195: 6007: 5280: 4587: 4452: 4374: 3283: 2261: 888:

borders of the breast, especially in women who received adjuvant external

361:

to determine if breast implants can positively affect her self-esteem and

176:

procedure for the placement of breast implant devices has three purposes:

7327: 7250: 5111: 5094: 3815:"Study of Rupture of Silicone Gel-filled Breast Implants (MRI Component)" 3531: 3139: 3122: 2779: 2097: 1905:(NAS) to investigate the potential risks of operative and post-operative 1710: 1309: 1247: 1055: 923: 864: 860: 772: 731: 505:

Agence Nationale pour le Developpement de l'Evaluation Medicale (ANDEM)

346: 280: 173: 104: 6618:

Hwang ES, Lichtensztajn DY, Gomez SL, Fowble B, Clarke CA (April 2013).

6176: 5294:

Wallach SG (2004). "Maximizing the Use of the Abdominoplasty Incision".

1836:

injections received by some 50,000 women, from which developed silicone

7354: 7297: 7224: 7202: 6635: 5989: 4366: 3876: 2635:

Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Burich MC, Colton T, Brown SL, Hoover RN (2001).

1983: 1890: 1841: 1721: 1705: 1685: 1659: 1620: 1585: 1500: 1431: 1412: 1408: 1364: 1060: 812: 809: 776: 696: 426: 390: 342: 322: 264: 260: 246: 219: 85: 73: 6595: 6578: 3479:

10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2477::AID-ART427>3.0.CO;2-Q

3429: 1646: 58: 7274: 6692:

Czerny V (1895). "Plastischer Ersatz der Brusthus durch ein Lipoma".

6293: 6228: 4482:

Schlesinger SL, Ellenbogen R, Desvigne MN, Svehlak S, Heck R (2002).

2016: 1986:

screening—to be sufficient post-operative therapy for most patients.

1911: 1837: 1825: 1802: 1755:

Since the late nineteenth century, breast implants have been used to

1655: 1537: 1379: 1269: 1207:

Subpectoral (dual plane): the breast implant is emplaced beneath the

1086: 1071: 1051: 805: 768: 688: 402: 306:

patients had a pre-operative history of psychiatric hospitalization.

150: 115: 5981: 5020: 4481: 3259: 2803:"Mortality rates among augmentation mammoplasty patients: an update" 2636: 2159: 2118: 1273:

fluid drains, pain pumps, catheters, medical support brassières, or

835: 6430: 6217: 5853:

Eisenberg TS (2022). "The Underappreciated Saline Breast Implant".

5722:

Tales for Tagliacozzi: An Inside Look at Modern-Day Plastic Surgery

5074:

Breast Implant Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)

3499: 3120: 2881:

Grippaudo FR, Renzi L, Costantino B, Longo B, Santanelli F (2013).

1886: 1833: 1806: 1495: 1376: 1332: 1301: 1274: 1204:

provides greater implant coverage and better sustains its position.

1089: 948: 844: 820: 665: 660:

Natrelle Saline-filled Breast Implants: a Prospective 10-year Study

126: 118: 6922: 6861: 6758: 5818:

Eisenberg TS (2009). "Silicone Gel Implants Are Back — So What?".

4736:

Information for Women About the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants

4484:"Zafirlukast (Accolate): A new treatment for capsular contracture" 2079: 1517:

FDA approval for medical sales of such breast implants in the U.S.

1437:

The modern prosthetic breast was invented in 1961 by the American

1308:

Today, there are three types of breast implants commonly used for

1189:

incidence rate is slightly greater with subglandular implantation.

905: 748:

Safety and Effectiveness of Mentor's MemoryGel Implants at 6 Years

645: 541:

poisoning, atypical silicone diseases or a new silicone disease."

7125:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. October 2010. Archived from 6854:

Safety of Silicone Breast Implants - The National Academies Press

6365: 4886:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 16 June 2006. Archived from 4522: 4129:"Expert Advisory Panel on Breast Implants: Record of Proceedings" 3500:

Gorgojo L, Gonzalez J, Wisbaum W, Martin-Moreno J (30 May 2003).

2204: 1736: 1595: 804:

to a surgically installed foreign object—breast implant, cardiac

779:

studies that indicate the presence of a ruptured breast implant.

386: 353:, which data supported the 78.6 per cent increase in the woman's 317: 288: 263:, and a history of having endured criticism (teasing) about the 7181: 6240: 1915: 1795: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1605: 1600: 1458:), which was attached to the rear of the breast implant shell. 1404: 1201: 1193: 1067: 1047: 1046:

Periareolar: a border-line incision along the periphery of the

1032: 979: 684: 680: 570: 398: 354: 250: 77: 4771:"Mortality among augmentation mammoplasty patients: An update" 2368: 1868:(FDA) investigated breast implant failures and the subsequent 1724:

appears to have no negative effect upon cancer-related death.

1000: 417:

and re-operations related to the implantation surgery, and to

140:

In surgical practice, for the reconstruction of a breast, the

7265: 7179: 6617: 3257: 2880: 2801:

Brinton LA, Lubin JH, Murray MC, Colton T, Hoover RN (2006).

1791: 1082: 1063:

of the areolae are less prone to (raised) hypertrophic scars.

421:(implant place-holders during surgery) can cause unfavorable 6912: 6576: 5135:"Implant-associated ALCL Facts | The MD Anderson Foundation" 4083: 3930: 3761:

Katzin WE, Centeno JA, Feng LJ, Kiley M, Mullick FG (2001).

3717: 3161: 2765: 2674:

Koot VC, Peeters PH, Granath F, Grobbee DE, Nyren O (2003).

2536: 6540: 4686: 3340:(4th ed.). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. 2001. 3067:

Janowsky, E. C.; Kupper, L. L.; Hulka, B. S. (2000-03-16).

2158:

Brinton LA, Brown SL, Colton T, Burich MC, Lubin J (2000).

1809: 1040: 975: 816: 422: 4884:"FDA Backgrounder on Platinum in Silicone Breast Implants" 3457: 2722: 341:(2007), reported that the women attributed their improved 76:

used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's

6411: 6327:"Cancer in the Augmented Breast: Diagnosis and Prognosis" 6275: 5336: 4931: 4224: 3895: 3463: 2673: 1978: 759: 739: 410: 130: 6098: 5755: 2800: 2634: 2325: 2157: 1214:

Submuscular: the breast implant is emplaced beneath the

750:(2009), which was a branch study of the U.S. FDA's core 702:

The suspected mechanisms of breast implant rupture are:

649:

Implant rupture visualized by breast computed tomography

1901:(HHS) appointed the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the 1799: 1671:

Cancer in the Augmented Breast: Diagnosis and Prognosis

1441:

Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, and manufactured by the

1384:

In vitro Deflation of Pre-filled Saline Breast Implants

1192:

Subfascial: the breast implant is emplaced beneath the

1077:

Transumbilical: a trans-umbilical breast augmentation (

6324: 4900: 4040: 3760: 3613:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 28 September 2020 2136:, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, archived from 6020: 5801:

Comptes Rendus de la Société Française de Gynécologie

5068: 5066: 3574: 2282: 2124:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 4847: 4438: 4204:"Breast implants safe, but not for life: US experts" 3384: 3382: 1173:

Subglandular: the breast implant is emplaced to the

537:

Federal Institute for Medicine and Medical Products

5712: 3975:"FDA summary of clinical issues (MS Word document)" 3388: 3066: 2239: 1494:that impeded the formation of a capsule of fibrous 413:monitoring and physical examinations. Furthermore, 269:

Body Image Concerns of Breast Augmentation Patients

7059:"FDA Approves Silicone Gel-Filled Breast Implants" 6671:"Breast Implant Adverse Events During Mammography" 6141: 6055: 5063: 4732:"A Report of a Study by the Institute of Medicine" 4152: 3798: 1407:tissue, and in the case of the woman who requires 377:emplacement of breast implant devices, either for 6462: 6456: 5482: 5441: 4268: 3631: 3379: 1935:In 1999, the Institute of Medicine published the 955: 612:Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) 7432: 7144:Article "Expander-Implant Breast Reconstruction" 6276:O'Keefe JR, Wilkinson JM, Spuur KM (June 2020). 4850:Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants 3223:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 2604:"Breast Implants Linked to Higher Suicide Rates" 2438: 2371:Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants 1840:and breast hardening that required treatment by 1704:The breast implant has no clinical bearing upon 1230:it, or them, to the pectoralis major muscle. In 874: 712:chemical degradation of the breast implant shell 523:Therapeutic Devices Evaluation Committee (TDEC) 330:-inclined woman who is more likely to undergo a 6499: 5963: 4475: 4311: 3997: 2630: 2628: 2403: 2198: 1531: 425:in approximately 6–7 percent of the patients. 5092: 4729: 4395: 3991: 3660: 2581:"Breast Implants Linked with Suicide in Study" 1292:-solution-filled breast implant device models. 598:Court-appointed National Science Panel review 7165: 6829:"FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004" 5947:Excerpta Medica International Congress Series 5560: 5258: 4305: 4153:Song JW, Kim HM, Bellfi LT, Chung KC (2011). 3666: 2874: 273:Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Cosmetic Surgery 6713:Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esthétique 6534: 6505: 6359: 5938: 5852: 5817: 5799:Arion HG (1965). "Retromammary Prosthesis". 5640: 5597: 5554: 5519: 5476: 5435: 5400: 4841: 4680: 4218: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3611:"Risks and Complications of Breast Implants" 2794: 2759: 2716: 2667: 2625: 2595: 2362: 2055:"Risks and Complications of Breast Implants" 1899:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1675:Breast Cancer after Augmentation Mammoplasty 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6710: 6544:Journal of the American College of Surgeons 6407: 6405: 6234: 5944: 5751: 5749: 5646: 5603: 5525: 5406: 5371: 4643: 4608: 4602: 4346: 4121: 4077: 3889: 3853:FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004 3819:FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004 3754: 3711: 3368: 3251: 2999:FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004 2920: 2918: 2573: 2276: 1700:Breast MRI of a patient with implant (blue) 1508:After reviewing the medical data, the U.S. 1482:the second technological development was a 1355:(biological-concentration salt water 0.90% 1105: 1001:Other lymphomas and squamous-cell carcinoma 892:. Moreover, besides breast reconstruction, 385:, presents the same health risks common to 7172: 7158: 7117: 7115: 6793: 6318: 5792: 5365: 5293: 4559: 4432: 4352: 4131:. HealthCanada. 2005-09-29. Archived from 3967: 3625: 2475: 2151: 38: 6643: 6594: 6439: 6429: 6342: 6301: 6213: 6211: 5997: 5957: 5921: 5895: 5459: 5188: 5110: 5046: 4966: 4862:10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v12.i4.80 4786: 4730:Grigg, Martha; Bondurant, Stuart (2000). 4499: 4389: 4329: 4178: 3924: 3877:MRI of a ruptured silicone breast implant 3836: 3807: 3694: 3684: 3568: 3525: 3406: 3389:Janowsky EC, Kupper LL, Hulka BS (2000). 3234: 3138: 3084: 2987: 2898: 2818: 2699: 2319: 1454:fastener-patch, made of Dacron material ( 1254: 1054:(breast lift) is included to the primary 709:damage during (other) surgical procedures 476:Independent Expert Advisory Group (IEAG) 6806: 6402: 6325:Clark CP, Peters GN, O'Brien KM (1993). 5746: 5162: 4637: 4565: 4262: 4146: 3304: 2955: 2915: 2432: 2397: 2233: 1921: 1735: 1695: 1645: 1572: 1422: 1415:device for breast augmentation, and for 1295: 1284: 904: 834: 664: 644: 210:the size, form, and feel of the breasts. 160: 7112: 6186:, La Leche League, contains references. 5252: 4819:"Labeling for Approved Breast Implants" 4768: 4516: 2601: 2530: 1561:(2005) reported low incidence-rates of 1066:Transaxillary: an incision made to the 789: 206:primary augmentation: to aesthetically 14: 7433: 7123:"Breast Implant Questions and Answers" 6691: 6665: 6663: 6208: 5718: 5442:Pacik PT, Nelson CE, Werner C (2008). 3767:American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1351:The saline breast implant—filled with 1027:Inframammary: an incision made to the 1013: 103:Complications of implants may include 7153: 6753:. Institute of Medicine. p. 21. 6282:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 5964:Luu HM, Hutter JC, Bushar HF (1998). 5798: 5700:from the original on 24 November 2016 5093:Clemens MW, Horwitz SM (March 2017). 4990: 4988: 4986: 4034: 3212: 3210: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3052: 3050: 2511: 1331:silicone implant filled with viscous 584:UK Independent Review Group (UK-IRG) 5820:American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 5696:. Minneapolis Plastic Surgery, LTD. 5330: 5287: 2120:American Society of Plastic Surgeons 1461: 943: 869:pulsed electromagnetic field therapy 691:(inflammatory nodules) and axillary 283:, presented frequent occurrences of 196:), and failed anatomic development ( 7242:Trans-umbilical breast augmentation 7180:Tests and procedures involving the 6660: 4214:from the original on 3 August 2016. 4201: 3216: 3073:The New England Journal of Medicine 2860:"Plastic Surgery Helps Self-Esteem" 2033:Trans-umbilical breast augmentation 1852:, and then introduced for use as a 1547: 1448: 1324:saline implant filled with sterile 909:Chest X-ray showing breast implants 900: 730:mechanical pressure of traditional 24: 7009:from the original on 30 March 2009 6750:Safety of Silicone Breast Implants 6520:10.1097/01.prs.0000233047.87102.8e 6508:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 6477:10.1097/01.prs.0000233038.47009.04 6465:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 6177:Breastfeeding after Breast Surgery 6113:10.1097/01.sap.0000134508.43550.6f 6070:10.1097/01.prs.0000176259.66948.e7 6058:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5902:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5770:10.1097/01.prs.0000227674.65284.80 5758:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5575:10.1097/01.prs.0000191163.19379.63 5534:(4): 1396–409, discussion 1410–5. 5409:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5386:10.1097/01.PRS.0000104516.13465.96 5374:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5351:10.1097/01.PRS.0000041601.59651.15 5339:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5308:10.1097/01.PRS.0000091422.11191.1A 5296:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 5261:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4983: 4913:from the original on 28 April 2018 4788:10.1097/01.ede.0000197056.84629.19 4701:10.1097/01.PRS.0000128823.77637.8A 4689:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4658:10.1097/01.prs.0000239602.99867.07 4646:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4623:10.1097/01.prs.0000136802.91357.cf 4611:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4568:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4410:10.1097/01.prs.0000185671.51993.7e 4398:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4312:Handel N, Gutierrez J (May 2006). 4283:10.1097/01.prs.0000237013.50283.d2 4271:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4240:10.1097/01.prs.0000218184.47372.d5 4228:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4159:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4099:10.1097/01.sap.0000164470.76432.4f 4055:10.1097/01.prs.0000239457.17721.5d 4043:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 4000:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3945:10.1097/01.prs.0000233471.58039.30 3933:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3779:10.1097/01.pas.0000155145.60670.e4 3732:10.1097/01.PRS.0000128821.87939.B5 3720:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3534:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3334:Breast Implant Information Booklet 3307:"Histoire des protheses mammaires" 3264:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 3207: 3109: 3047: 2820:10.1097/01.ede.0000197056.84629.19 2737:10.1097/01.sap.0000080407.97677.A5 2551:10.1097/01.prs.0000201457.00772.1d 2539:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2453:10.1097/01.PSN.0000264159.30505.c9 2406:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2340:10.1097/01.PRS.0000066005.07796.51 2328:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2297:10.1097/01.prs.0000242500.28431.24 2285:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2242:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2164:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1937:Safety of Silicone Breast Implants 1346: 1241:, the implant is placed above the 640: 409:and capsular rupture—are periodic 25: 7467: 7365:Automated whole-breast ultrasound 7137: 7106:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 7088:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 6556:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.04.009 6196:Breastfeeding and Breast Implants 5246:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 4823:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3577:American Journal of Roentgenology 1903:U.S. National Academy of Sciences 1866:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1568: 1250:, either biological or synthetic. 1018: 880:and minor medical complications, 491:U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) 7094: 7076: 7051: 7039:from the original on 26 May 2009 7021: 6991: 6967: 6906: 6845: 6787: 6783:from the original on 2007-03-13. 6739: 6711:Glicenstein J (April 2007). "". 6704: 6685: 6681:from the original on 2020-09-19. 6611: 6570: 6269: 6189: 6170: 6135: 6092: 6064:(3): 768–779, discussion 779–1. 6049: 6014: 5889: 5846: 5811: 5683: 5661:10.1097/00006534-200201000-00046 5655:(1): 293–305, discussion 306–7. 5618:10.1097/00006534-200201000-00044 5540:10.1097/00006534-200204010-00030 5421:10.1097/00006534-200204010-00030 5273:10.1097/00006534-199392050-00004 4580:10.1097/00006534-198205000-00013 3987:from the original on 2008-03-08. 3276:10.1097/00006534-199602000-00001 2870:from the original on 2010-06-19. 2591:from the original on 2008-12-21. 2418:10.1097/00006534-200205000-00049 2254:10.1097/00006534-199412000-00009 2176:10.1097/00006534-200003000-00014 1143: 1131: 1119: 368: 7065:from the original on 2008-07-26 5691:"Choosing Your Breast Implants" 5612:(1): 273–90, discussion 291–2. 5234: 5223:from the original on 2017-05-07 5205: 5163:Cordeiro, Peter (20 Jan 2020). 5156: 5145:from the original on 2017-12-09 5127: 5086: 5014: 4925: 4894: 4829:from the original on 2019-09-11 4811: 4762: 4723: 4195: 3870: 3825:from the original on 2007-06-09 3603: 3493: 3440: 3423: 3395:New England Journal of Medicine 3325: 3298: 3155: 3060: 3036:from the original on 2011-11-03 3016: 2852: 2843: 2731:(4): 339–42, discussion 343–4. 2614:from the original on 2011-03-18 2505: 1859: 1785: 1750: 1743:(1842–1916), a pioneer in 1475:) precipitated faulty-product, 168:of a woman with breast implants 6796:New York Law School Law Review 2112: 2073: 2047: 2002:Breast enlargement supplements 1641: 968:anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 956:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 857:leukotriene pathway inhibitors 653:Because a breast implant is a 619:, connective tissue diseases. 389:, such as adverse reaction to 13: 1: 7333:Positron emission mammography 6156:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32393-2 6035:10.1016/S0094-1298(20)32397-X 5169:J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2653:10.1016/s1047-2797(00)00223-4 2512:Dolan, Eric W. (2023-10-06). 2040: 2028:Polypropylene breast implants 875:Repair and revision surgeries 687:areas, usually manifested as 552:Federal court-ordered review 236: 6980:Food and Drug Administration 6834:Food and Drug Administration 6725:10.1016/j.anplas.2006.05.003 5914:10.1097/GOX.0000000000002882 5027:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4951:10.1182/blood-2016-01-643569 4901:Office of the Commissioner. 4355:Journal of Aesthetic Surgery 4318:Journal of Aesthetic Surgery 4171:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182043630 3980:Food and Drug Administration 3855:. 2004-06-08. Archived from 3546:10.1097/PRS.0b013e318206312e 3236:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003636 3217:Wee, Corinne E (June 2021). 3177:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002990 3029:Food and Drug Administration 3001:. 2004-01-13. Archived from 2968:. 2006-11-03. Archived from 2937:. 2006-11-03. Archived from 2934:Food and Drug Administration 2491:Food and Drug Administration 2383:10.1016/j.anplas.2005.07.010 2219:10.1001/archinte.164.22.2450 1963:should periodically undergo 1577:Cross-section scheme of the 1532:Third and fourth generations 1510:Food and Drug Administration 1181:(the mammary gland) and the 1113:Implant placement comparison 295:, a type of mental illness. 7: 6675:Federal Drug Administration 3408:10.1056/NEJM200003163421105 3309:(in French). Archived from 3086:10.1056/NEJM200003163421105 1989: 1512:concluded that TDA-induced 815:—is to encapsulate it with 351:Rosenberg self-esteem scale 267:of her person. The studies 98:breast augmentation surgery 10: 7472: 6694:Zentralblatt für Chirurgie 6144:Clinics in Plastic Surgery 5867:10.1007/s00266-022-03106-z 5832:10.1177/074880680902600103 5181:10.1016/j.bjps.2019.11.064 3910:10.1001/archsurg.138.7.801 3686:10.1007/s00266-021-02198-3 3434:December 27, 2005, at the 2887:Aesthetic Surgical Journal 1767:, harvested from a benign 1731: 1456:Polyethylene terephthalate 1300:Late-generation models of 959: 819:capsules of tightly woven 793: 706:damage during implantation 240: 121:shell filled with sterile 7385: 7318: 7198:Breast-conserving surgery 7188: 6380:10.1007/s10434-001-0138-x 6101:Annals of Plastic Surgery 5855:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 5497:10.1016/j.asj.2008.09.001 5461:10.1016/j.asj.2008.02.001 5099:Aesthetic Surgery Journal 4537:10.1007/s00266-006-0038-3 4441:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 4331:10.1016/j.asj.2006.04.001 4202:AFP (18 September 2011). 4087:Annals of Plastic Surgery 4012:10.1007/s00266-009-9364-6 3673:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 3646:10.1016/j.asj.2008.10.001 3634:Aesthetic Surgery Journal 3589:10.2214/ajr.175.4.1751057 2086:Aesthetic Surgery Journal 1391:negligible market share. 1239:nipple-sparing mastectomy 987:MD Anderson Cancer Center 432: 198:tuberous breast deformity 55: 37: 32: 6255:10.1001/jama.268.14.1913 6023:Clinical Plastic Surgery 5039:10.1200/JCO.2013.52.7911 3507:(Report). Archived from 2900:10.1177/1090820X13496249 2692:10.1136/bmj.326.7388.527 2602:Manning A (2007-08-06). 1395:filled each device with 1280: 1106:Implant pocket placement 937:pulmonary function tests 655:Class III medical device 285:psychological depression 243:Body dysmorphic disorder 7410:Breast self-examination 7405:Breast cancer screening 5970:Environ Health Perspect 4501:10.1067/maj.2002.126753 2441:Plastic Surgery Nursing 2131:: an initiative of the 2012:Breast reduction plasty 1883:Dow Corning Corporation 1846:Dow Corning Corporation 1443:Dow Corning Corporation 1375:(RTV) shells made of a 1224:pectoralis minor muscle 1216:pectoralis major muscle 1209:pectoralis major muscle 1198:pectoralis major muscle 1183:pectoralis major muscle 1167:pectoralis major muscle 1007:squamous-cell carcinoma 156: 7398:Fine-needle aspiration 6841:on September 17, 2008. 3667:Eisenberg, TS (2021). 3451:June 23, 2006, at the 2494:. 2006. Archived from 1927: 1794:, glass balls, ground 1747: 1701: 1651: 1626: 1305: 1304:gel-filled prostheses. 1293: 1255:Post-surgical recovery 933:breast implant illness 910: 840: 671: 650: 462:Systemic Review Group 169: 7451:Medical controversies 7420:Breast duct endoscopy 7308:Central duct excision 7286:Interventions on the 7280:Breast reconstruction 5649:Plast. Reconstr. Surg 5606:Plast. Reconstr. Surg 5563:Plast. Reconstr. Surg 5528:Plast. Reconstr. Surg 4525:Aesthetic Plast. Surg 4488:Aesthetic Plast. Surg 4453:10.1007/s002660010102 3849:"Local Complications" 2023:Poly Implant Prothèse 2007:Breast reconstruction 1953:breast reconstruction 1925: 1874:breast reconstruction 1745:breast reconstruction 1739: 1715:breast reconstruction 1699: 1679:breast reconstruction 1649: 1576: 1525:breast reconstruction 1492:inflammatory reaction 1423:Silicone gel implants 1417:breast reconstruction 1314:breast reconstruction 1299: 1288: 1232:breast reconstruction 908: 838: 699:in the armpit area). 668: 648: 379:breast reconstruction 241:Further information: 223:breast reconstruction 164: 6987:on January 13, 2008. 6227:, Christopher Beam, 5248:. September 8, 2022. 4769:Brinton, LA (2006). 1563:capsular contracture 1488:capsular contracture 1473:capsular contracture 1187:capsular contracture 1126:Subglandular implant 882:capsular contracture 825:Capsular contracture 796:Capsular contracture 790:Capsular contracture 407:capsular contracture 328:psychopathologically 135:polypropylene string 80:. In reconstructive 7446:Implants (medicine) 7237:Breast augmentation 7213:Wide local excision 7208:Segmental resection 6677:. 18 January 2018. 4825:. 3 December 2021. 3305:Benadiba L (2004). 2291:(July): 167e–180e. 1997:Breast augmentation 1961:breast augmentation 1878:breast augmentation 1318:breast augmentation 1265:breast augmentation 1150:Submuscular implant 1138:Subpectoral implant 1014:Surgical procedures 756:breast augmentation 679:are limited to the 332:breast augmentation 304:breast augmentation 257:breast augmentation 227:breast augmentation 166:Computed tomography 7230:Radical mastectomy 6636:10.1002/cncr.27795 6589:(apr29 1): f2399. 6231:, 11 December 2009 6223:2010-01-25 at the 6201:2010-12-31 at the 6182:2010-12-30 at the 5896:Swanson E (2020). 5139:www.mdanderson.org 5112:10.1093/asj/sjw259 5079:2017-03-26 at the 4367:10.1007/BF00636260 3882:2013-09-26 at the 3313:on 29 January 2015 3140:10.1093/ije/dyy217 3024:"FDA NEWS RELEASE" 2975:on 16 October 2014 2780:10.1093/aje/kwj214 2412:(May): 2112–2121. 2098:10.1093/asj/sjz333 1949:Mentor Corporation 1945:Inamed Corporation 1928: 1832:fillers—including 1778:experimented with 1748: 1702: 1652: 1627: 1591:Pectoralis muscles 1306: 1294: 1175:retromammary space 920:multiple sclerosis 916:Sjogren's syndrome 911: 841: 734:breast examination 721:penetrating trauma 672: 651: 440:Sjögren's syndrome 363:sexual functioning 311:longitudinal study 300:sexual functioning 170: 90:congenital defects 7428: 7427: 7372:Scintimammography 7360:Breast ultrasound 7288:Lactiferous ducts 7090:. April 25, 2019. 6932:978-0-309-06593-1 6871:978-0-309-15740-7 6596:10.1136/bmj.f2399 6418:Breast Cancer Res 6249:(14): 1913–1917. 5719:Zannis J (2017). 4945:(20): 2375–2390. 4738:– via NCBI. 3165:Annals of Surgery 2864:Psych Central.com 2207:Arch. Intern. Med 2122:(24 April 2014), 2061:. 21 October 2019 1912:connective tissue 1822:polyvinyl alcohol 1462:Second generation 1277:pain medication. 1037:pectoralis muscle 1029:inframammary fold 944:Platinum toxicity 890:radiation therapy 867:(Singulair), and 800:The human body's 638: 637: 383:aesthetic purpose 66: 65: 49: 16:(Redirected from 7463: 7261:Breast reduction 7174: 7167: 7160: 7151: 7150: 7131: 7130: 7119: 7110: 7109: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6983:. Archived from 6971: 6965: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6952: 6944: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6883: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6837:. Archived from 6825: 6804: 6803: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6647: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6598: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6433: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6305: 6294:10.1002/jmrs.374 6273: 6267: 6266: 6238: 6232: 6215: 6206: 6193: 6187: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6001: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5463: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5415:(4): 1396–1409. 5404: 5398: 5397: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5090: 5084: 5072:Clemens, Mark. " 5070: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5002:. 20 August 2020 4992: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4790: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4739: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4617:(5): 1258–1262. 4606: 4600: 4599: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4503: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4277:(5): 1224–1236. 4266: 4260: 4259: 4234:(7): 2182–2190. 4222: 4216: 4215: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4165:(3): 1029–1044. 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4049:(6): 1281–1287. 4038: 4032: 4031: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3893: 3887: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3845: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3803:on May 24, 2009. 3802: 3797:. Archived from 3758: 3752: 3751: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3688: 3679:(5): 1991–1999. 3664: 3658: 3657: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3583:(4): 1057–1064. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3540:(3): 1368–1375. 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3461: 3455: 3444: 3438: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3410: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3350:. Archived from 3339: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3133:(6): 1846–1854. 3118: 3107: 3106: 3088: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2974: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2930: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2822: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2768:Am. J. Epidemiol 2763: 2757: 2756: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2545:(Mar): 757–767. 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2248:(Dec): 958–969. 2237: 2231: 2230: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2051: 1654:The presence of 1548:Fifth generation 1490:, by causing an 1449:First generation 1439:plastic surgeons 1243:pectoralis major 1165:relation to the 1147: 1135: 1123: 901:Systemic disease 453: 452: 419:tissue expanders 375:plastic surgical 287:, had attempted 59:edit on Wikidata 51: 50: 30: 29: 21: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7381: 7345:Xeromammography 7314: 7303:Microdochectomy 7184: 7178: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7108:. June 1, 2020. 7100: 7099: 7095: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7068: 7066: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7012: 7010: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6956: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6933: 6911: 6907: 6895: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6872: 6850: 6846: 6827: 6826: 6807: 6792: 6788: 6769: 6744: 6740: 6709: 6705: 6690: 6686: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6616: 6612: 6575: 6571: 6539: 6535: 6504: 6500: 6461: 6457: 6410: 6403: 6364: 6360: 6323: 6319: 6274: 6270: 6239: 6235: 6225:Wayback Machine 6216: 6209: 6203:Wayback Machine 6194: 6190: 6184:Wayback Machine 6175: 6171: 6140: 6136: 6097: 6093: 6054: 6050: 6019: 6015: 5982:10.2307/3434066 5962: 5958: 5943: 5939: 5894: 5890: 5851: 5847: 5816: 5812: 5797: 5793: 5754: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5725:. AuthorHouse. 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5645: 5641: 5602: 5598: 5559: 5555: 5524: 5520: 5481: 5477: 5440: 5436: 5405: 5401: 5370: 5366: 5335: 5331: 5292: 5288: 5257: 5253: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5226: 5224: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5091: 5087: 5081:Wayback Machine 5071: 5064: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4984: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4895: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4767: 4763: 4751: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4728: 4724: 4685: 4681: 4642: 4638: 4607: 4603: 4564: 4560: 4521: 4517: 4480: 4476: 4437: 4433: 4394: 4390: 4351: 4347: 4310: 4306: 4267: 4263: 4223: 4219: 4208:The Independent 4200: 4196: 4151: 4147: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4082: 4078: 4039: 4035: 3996: 3992: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3929: 3925: 3894: 3890: 3884:Wayback Machine 3875: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3847: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3759: 3755: 3716: 3712: 3665: 3661: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3573: 3569: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3473:(11): 2477–84. 3467:Arthritis Rheum 3462: 3458: 3453:Wayback Machine 3445: 3441: 3436:Wayback Machine 3428: 3424: 3401:(11): 781–790. 3387: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3303: 3299: 3256: 3252: 3215: 3208: 3160: 3156: 3127:Int J Epidemiol 3119: 3110: 3079:(11): 781–790. 3065: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2879: 2875: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2799: 2795: 2764: 2760: 2721: 2717: 2686:(7388): 527–8. 2672: 2668: 2633: 2626: 2617: 2615: 2600: 2596: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2437: 2433: 2402: 2398: 2367: 2363: 2334:(July): 83–90. 2324: 2320: 2281: 2277: 2238: 2234: 2203: 2199: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2140:on 19 July 2014 2133:ABIM Foundation 2129:Choosing Wisely 2117: 2113: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 1992: 1862: 1850:saline solution 1820:chips, Ivalon ( 1788: 1753: 1734: 1644: 1625: 1571: 1550: 1534: 1464: 1451: 1425: 1409:post-mastectomy 1397:saline solution 1353:saline solution 1349: 1347:Saline implants 1326:saline solution 1283: 1257: 1220:serratus muscle 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1021: 1016: 1003: 964: 958: 946: 903: 877: 802:immune response 798: 792: 752:clinical trials 693:lymphadenopathy 643: 641:Implant rupture 627:European Union 581:United Kingdom 563:European Union 473:United Kingdom 435: 371: 293:body dysmorphia 279:, suffered low 253: 239: 159: 142:tissue expander 123:saline solution 82:plastic surgery 62: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Breast implants 15: 12: 11: 5: 7469: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7441:Breast surgery 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7324: 7322: 7320:Breast imaging 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7258: 7256:Breast implant 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7218:Quadrantectomy 7215: 7210: 7205: 7194: 7192: 7190:Breast surgery 7186: 7185: 7177: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7138:External links 7136: 7133: 7132: 7129:on 2010-11-12. 7111: 7093: 7075: 7050: 7029:"FDA approval" 7020: 6999:"FDA approval" 6990: 6966: 6931: 6905: 6870: 6844: 6805: 6786: 6767: 6738: 6703: 6684: 6659: 6630:(7): 1402–11. 6610: 6569: 6550:(2): 198–207. 6533: 6514:(3): 594–595. 6498: 6455: 6431:10.1186/bcr974 6424:(2): R184–93. 6401: 6368:Ann Surg Oncol 6358: 6317: 6288:(2): 102–110. 6268: 6233: 6207: 6188: 6169: 6150:(3): 531–552. 6134: 6107:(6): 536–542. 6091: 6048: 6013: 5976:(7): 393–400. 5956: 5937: 5888: 5861:(2): 897–900. 5845: 5810: 5791: 5764:(2): 347–349. 5745: 5731: 5711: 5682: 5639: 5596: 5569:(7): 2005–16. 5553: 5518: 5485:Aesthet Surg J 5475: 5448:Aesthet Surg J 5434: 5399: 5380:(2): 777–779. 5364: 5345:(2): 904–908. 5329: 5302:(1): 411–417. 5286: 5251: 5233: 5217:www.thepsf.org 5204: 5175:(5): 841–846. 5155: 5126: 5105:(3): 285–289. 5085: 5062: 5013: 4982: 4924: 4893: 4890:on 2006-07-15. 4875: 4856:(4): 299–306. 4840: 4810: 4781:(2): 162–169. 4761: 4752:|journal= 4722: 4695:(1): 217–226. 4679: 4636: 4601: 4574:(5): 802–805. 4558: 4531:(5): 513–520. 4515: 4474: 4431: 4388: 4361:(3): 183–192. 4345: 4324:(3): 265–274. 4304: 4261: 4217: 4194: 4145: 4120: 4093:(6): 583–589. 4076: 4033: 4006:(3): 440–444. 3990: 3966: 3939:(2): 303–308. 3923: 3904:(7): 801–806. 3888: 3869: 3835: 3821:. 2000-05-22. 3806: 3753: 3726:(1): 204–214. 3710: 3659: 3624: 3602: 3567: 3524: 3492: 3456: 3439: 3422: 3378: 3367: 3346: 3324: 3297: 3270:(2): 269–275. 3250: 3206: 3154: 3108: 3059: 3046: 3015: 2986: 2954: 2914: 2893:(6): 830–834. 2873: 2851: 2842: 2793: 2758: 2725:Ann Plast Surg 2715: 2666: 2647:(4): 248–256. 2624: 2594: 2587:. 2007-08-08. 2572: 2529: 2504: 2501:on 2007-01-03. 2474: 2447:(Mar): 16–36. 2431: 2396: 2377:(3): 207–210. 2361: 2318: 2275: 2232: 2213:(22): 2450–5. 2197: 2170:(3): 919–927. 2150: 2111: 2092:(8): 838–846. 2072: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1956: 1940: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1861: 1858: 1854:medical device 1787: 1784: 1776:Robert Gersuny 1765:adipose tissue 1761:Vincenz Czerny 1752: 1749: 1741:Vincenz Czerny 1733: 1730: 1720:breast cancer 1684:breast cancer 1656:radiologically 1643: 1640: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1582: 1570: 1569:Breast-feeding 1567: 1549: 1546: 1542:Sociologically 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1505: 1504: 1480: 1463: 1460: 1450: 1447: 1429:medical device 1424: 1421: 1369:medical device 1348: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1282: 1279: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1235: 1226:, or both—and 1212: 1205: 1202:fascial tissue 1190: 1177:, between the 1149: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099:abdominoplasty 1094: 1075: 1064: 1044: 1020: 1019:Incision types 1017: 1015: 1012: 1002: 999: 960:Main article: 957: 954: 945: 942: 902: 899: 876: 873: 863:(Accolate) or 794:Main article: 791: 788: 736: 735: 728: 713: 710: 707: 642: 639: 636: 635: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620: 613: 610: 607: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595:United States 593: 589: 588: 585: 582: 579: 575: 574: 567: 564: 561: 557: 556: 553: 550: 549:United States 547: 543: 542: 538: 535: 532: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 514: 513: 506: 503: 500: 496: 495: 492: 489: 488:United States 486: 482: 481: 477: 474: 471: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 434: 431: 370: 367: 238: 235: 216:operating room 212: 211: 204: 201: 158: 155: 70:breast implant 64: 63: 56: 53: 52: 35: 34: 33:Breast implant 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7468: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Ductal lavage 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7393:Breast biopsy 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7350:Galactography 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7340:Tomosynthesis 7338: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7293:Ductal lavage 7291: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7024: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6962: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6923:10.17226/9618 6920: 6916: 6909: 6901: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6862:10.17226/9602 6859: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6768:0-309-06532-1 6764: 6760: 6759:10.17226/9602 6756: 6752: 6751: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6719:(2): 157–61. 6718: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471:(3): 587–93. 6470: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6374:(2): 138–44. 6373: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6337:(7): 2170–4. 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6029:(3): 579–86. 6028: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5734: 5732:9781524659073 5728: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5699: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491:(6): 631–41. 5490: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5454:(3): 279–84. 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5033:(2): 114–20. 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4652:(6): 1453–7. 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4494:(4): 329–36. 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4135:on 2007-11-07 4134: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3859:on 2007-05-13 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3773:(4): 506–11. 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3612: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3514:on 2003-08-29 3510: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3371: 3357:on 2007-01-01 3353: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3019: 3005:on 2006-11-26 3004: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2971: 2964: 2958: 2944:on 2007-01-03 2940: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774:(4): 334–41. 2773: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641:Ann Epidemiol 2638: 2631: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019:(breast lift) 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1907:complications 1904: 1900: 1897:In 1997, the 1896: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:complications 1867: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1667:breast cancer 1663: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1622: 1621:Skin envelope 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579:mammary gland 1575: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514:breast cancer 1511: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179:breast tissue 1176: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1146: 1134: 1122: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:breast tissue 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1011: 1008: 998: 994: 990: 988: 983: 981: 977: 971: 969: 963: 953: 950: 941: 938: 934: 928: 925: 921: 917: 907: 898: 895: 894:breast cancer 891: 887: 883: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 848: 846: 837: 833: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811: 807: 803: 797: 787: 785: 782:Furthermore, 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 741: 733: 729: 726: 722: 718: 714: 711: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:complications 667: 663: 661: 656: 647: 632: 629: 626: 623: 622: 618: 617:breast cancer 614: 611: 608: 605: 604: 600: 597: 594: 591: 590: 586: 583: 580: 577: 576: 572: 568: 565: 562: 559: 558: 554: 551: 548: 545: 544: 539: 536: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 516: 515: 512: 507: 504: 501: 498: 497: 493: 490: 487: 484: 483: 478: 475: 472: 469: 468: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 451: 447: 443: 441: 430: 428: 427:Statistically 424: 420: 416: 415:complications 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 369:Complications 366: 364: 360: 359:mental health 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 324: 319: 315: 312: 309:In 2008, the 307: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:psychotherapy 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 252: 248: 244: 234: 230: 228: 224: 221: 218:time of post– 217: 209: 205: 202: 199: 195: 194:breast cancer 191: 187: 183: 179: 178: 177: 175: 167: 163: 154: 152: 148: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 112: 108: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 88:, to correct 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 60: 54: 36: 31: 19: 7377:Elastography 7255: 7127:the original 7105: 7096: 7087: 7078: 7067:. Retrieved 7053: 7041:. Retrieved 7032: 7023: 7011:. Retrieved 7002: 6993: 6985:the original 6978: 6969: 6914: 6908: 6853: 6847: 6839:the original 6832: 6802:(2): 401–07. 6799: 6795: 6789: 6749: 6741: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6674: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6421: 6417: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6191: 6172: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6026: 6022: 6016: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5908:(6): e2882. 5905: 5901: 5891: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5761: 5757: 5736:. Retrieved 5721: 5714: 5702:. Retrieved 5685: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5267:(5): 801–8. 5264: 5260: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5225:. Retrieved 5216: 5207: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5147:. Retrieved 5138: 5129: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4999: 4942: 4938: 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4906: 4896: 4888:the original 4878: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4822: 4813: 4778: 4775:Epidemiology 4774: 4764: 4735: 4725: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4447:(2): 89–93. 4444: 4440: 4434: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4207: 4197: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4137:. Retrieved 4133:the original 4123: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3969: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3872: 3861:. Retrieved 3857:the original 3852: 3827:. Retrieved 3818: 3809: 3800:the original 3770: 3766: 3756: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3640:(1): 19–25. 3637: 3633: 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3605: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3516:. Retrieved 3509:the original 3495: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3442: 3425: 3398: 3394: 3370: 3359:. Retrieved 3352:the original 3333: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3311:the original 3300: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3229:(6): e3636. 3226: 3222: 3171:(1): 30–36. 3168: 3164: 3157: 3130: 3126: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3038:. Retrieved 3027: 3018: 3007:. Retrieved 3003:the original 2998: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2970:the original 2957: 2946:. Retrieved 2939:the original 2932: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2813:(2): 162–9. 2810: 2807:Epidemiology 2806: 2796: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2644: 2640: 2616:. Retrieved 2607: 2597: 2584: 2575: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2521:. Retrieved 2517: 2507: 2496:the original 2489: 2477: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2142:, retrieved 2138:the original 2127: 2114: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2063:. Retrieved 2058: 2049: 1975: 1936: 1863: 1860:FDA approval 1830: 1818:polyethylene 1814:gutta-percha 1789: 1786:20th century 1754: 1751:19th century 1726: 1717: 1703: 1690: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1653: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1616:Fatty tissue 1558: 1554: 1551: 1535: 1501:carcinogenic 1484:polyurethane 1477:class action 1465: 1452: 1436: 1426: 1401: 1393: 1383: 1382:. The study 1350: 1343:prostheses. 1341: 1320:procedures: 1307: 1258: 1242: 1156: 1022: 1004: 995: 991: 984: 972: 965: 947: 932: 929: 912: 878: 849: 842: 829:complication 799: 783: 781: 773:mammographic 764: 754:for primary 747: 745: 737: 732:mammographic 725:blast trauma 717:blunt trauma 701: 697:lymph glands 673: 659: 652: 510: 465:Conclusions 448: 444: 436: 372: 338: 336: 313: 308: 297: 272: 268: 254: 231: 213: 192:), disease ( 171: 147:gynecomastia 139: 113: 109: 102: 69: 67: 7456:Prosthetics 7328:Mammography 7251:Mammaplasty 7146:at Medscape 6975:"FDA study" 6957:|work= 6896:|work= 5704:23 November 5000:www.fda.gov 4907:www.fda.gov 4404:(1): 30–6. 1711:contracture 1673:(1993) and 1642:Mammography 1557:(2004) and 1310:mammaplasty 1263:scars of a 1248:biomaterial 1056:mammoplasty 924:sarcoidosis 865:montelukast 861:zafirlukast 817:scar tissue 347:self-esteem 334:procedure. 281:self-esteem 271:(2003) and 186:penetrating 174:mammoplasty 145:wall (see: 105:breast pain 94:deformities 7435:Categories 7355:Breast MRI 7298:Ductoscopy 7225:Mastectomy 7203:Lumpectomy 7069:2008-07-01 5227:2017-04-25 5149:2017-12-08 4833:19 January 4139:2007-05-04 3898:Arch. Surg 3886:2013-04-05 3863:2007-05-04 3829:2007-05-04 3617:14 October 3518:2019-01-28 3361:2006-12-29 3347:0642735794 3317:12 October 3040:2011-11-09 3009:2007-05-04 2979:11 October 2948:2007-05-04 2618:2010-04-26 2523:2023-10-09 2065:30 October 2041:References 1984:ultrasonic 1914:diseases, 1842:mastectomy 1838:granulomas 1816:, Dicora, 1757:surgically 1722:mastectomy 1706:lumpectomy 1686:mastectomy 1660:mammograph 1586:Chest wall 1432:technology 1413:prosthetic 1388:prosthesis 1373:vulcanized 1363:, ca. 300 1163:anatomical 886:anatomical 853:ultrasonic 813:prosthesis 810:orthopedic 777:ultrasonic 769:radiologic 746:The study 695:(enlarged 689:granulomas 520:Australia 391:anesthesia 343:self image 337:The study 323:alcoholism 291:, and had 265:aesthetics 261:self image 247:Body image 237:Psychology 220:mastectomy 86:mastectomy 74:prosthesis 7275:Mastopexy 6959:ignored ( 6949:cite book 6898:ignored ( 6888:cite book 6528:220562548 6229:Slate.com 5883:252437143 5840:136191732 5083:" (2017). 5006:18 August 4959:0006-4971 4754:ignored ( 4744:cite book 3245:235801794 3185:1528-1140 3095:0028-4793 2608:USA Today 2106:1090-820X 2017:Mastopexy 1968:implants. 1887:silicones 1856:in 1964. 1826:polyester 1803:cartilage 1709:capsular 1611:Milk duct 1538:elastomer 1380:elastomer 1270:analgesic 1157:The five 1093:incision. 1087:elastomer 1072:endoscope 1061:epithelia 1052:mastopexy 940:surgery. 871:(PEMFT). 855:therapy, 806:pacemaker 403:symmastia 225:, and of 151:mastopexy 116:elastomer 7063:Archived 7043:28 April 7037:Archived 7013:28 April 7007:Archived 6941:20669498 6880:20669503 6781:Archived 6777:20669503 6733:16860452 6679:Archived 6654:23359049 6605:23637132 6564:16864033 6493:36277679 6485:16932162 6450:15743498 6396:26010159 6388:11258778 6312:31981297 6221:Archived 6199:Archived 6180:Archived 6164:11471959 6129:24661896 6121:15602249 6086:35392851 6078:16141814 6043:11471963 5932:32766047 5875:36131136 5786:41156555 5778:16874200 5698:Archived 5677:21392313 5669:11786828 5634:26419990 5626:11786826 5591:11180810 5583:16327616 5548:11964998 5513:13441800 5505:19083591 5470:19083538 5429:11964998 5394:14758271 5359:12560720 5324:44430032 5316:14707667 5221:Archived 5199:32008941 5143:Archived 5121:28184418 5077:Archived 5057:24323027 4977:26980727 4917:28 April 4911:Archived 4870:12627791 4827:Archived 4805:22285852 4797:16477256 4717:20584928 4709:15220596 4674:27630646 4666:17051118 4631:15457046 4545:16977359 4510:19331987 4461:11349308 4426:35238465 4418:16404244 4383:39767802 4340:19338905 4299:29643167 4291:17016195 4256:35420582 4248:16772915 4212:Archived 4189:21364405 4115:39525474 4107:15900139 4071:34380204 4063:17051096 4028:25722841 4020:19437068 3985:Archived 3961:30442865 3953:16874191 3918:12860765 3880:Archived 3823:Archived 3795:31982669 3787:15767806 3748:25947224 3740:15220594 3705:33712871 3654:19233001 3597:11000165 3562:29112694 3554:21364439 3487:11710703 3449:Archived 3432:Archived 3417:10717013 3292:29456173 3201:52284936 3193:30222598 3149:30329056 3103:10717013 3034:Archived 2909:23864111 2868:Archived 2837:22285852 2829:16477256 2788:16777929 2753:34929987 2745:14520056 2710:12623911 2661:11306343 2612:Archived 2589:Archived 2567:15228702 2559:16525261 2469:23169107 2461:17356451 2426:11994621 2391:16181718 2356:45574374 2348:12832880 2305:17102719 2227:15596635 2192:32599107 2184:10724251 1990:See also 1891:bankrupt 1834:silicone 1807:Terylene 1780:paraffin 1691:a priori 1669:studies 1496:collagen 1377:silicone 1333:silicone 1302:silicone 1275:narcotic 1261:surgical 1228:suturing 1159:surgical 1090:silicone 949:Platinum 859:such as 845:hematoma 821:collagen 715:trauma ( 670:(right). 534:Germany 470:1991–93 459:Country 423:scarring 395:hematoma 127:silicone 119:silicone 7061:. FDA. 7033:fda.gov 7003:fda.gov 6645:3604076 6441:1064128 6353:8374874 6303:7276184 6263:1404718 6008:9637796 5999:1533137 5990:3434066 5923:7339341 5826:: 5–7. 5281:8415961 5190:7247945 5048:4062709 4968:4874220 4596:8451166 4588:7071225 4469:2784003 4375:8213311 4180:3080104 3696:8481168 3284:8559808 2585:Reuters 2518:PsyPost 2313:8925060 2262:7972484 2144:25 July 1732:History 1596:Lobules 1222:or the 1196:of the 980:H&E 502:France 387:surgery 381:or for 318:suicide 289:suicide 208:augment 131:soy oil 7182:breast 6939: 6929: 6878: 6868: 6775: 6765: 6731: 6652: 6642: 6624:Cancer 6603: 6562: 6526: 6491: 6483: 6448: 6438: 6394: 6386: 6351: 6331:Cancer 6310: 6300: 6261: 6162: 6127: 6119: 6084: 6076: 6041: 6006: 5996: 5988: 5930: 5920: 5881: 5873: 5838: 5784: 5776: 5738:7 June 5729: 5675: 5667: 5632: 5624: 5589: 5581: 5546: 5511: 5503: 5468: 5427: 5392: 5357: 5322: 5314: 5279: 5197: 5187: 5119: 5055: 5045: 4975: 4965: 4957: 4868: 4803: 4795: 4715: 4707: 4672: 4664: 4629: 4594: 4586: 4553:251008 4551: 4543: 4508: 4467: 4459: 4424: 4416: 4381: 4373: 4338: 4297: 4289: 4254: 4246: 4187: 4177: 4113: 4105: 4069: 4061: 4026: 4018: 3959: 3951: 3916: 3793: 3785: 3746: 3738: 3703: 3693: 3652: 3595: 3560: 3552: 3485: 3415: 3344: 3290: 3282: 3243: 3199: 3191: 3183: 3147: 3101: 3093: 2907: 2835: 2827: 2786: 2751: 2743: 2708: 2701:150462 2698: 2659: 2565: 2557: 2467: 2459: 2424: 2389: 2354: 2346: 2311: 2303: 2270:753343 2268: 2260: 2225: 2190: 2182: 2104: 2035:(TUBA) 1916:cancer 1796:rubber 1772:lipoma 1769:lumbar 1606:Areola 1601:Nipple 1405:breast 1316:, and 1290:Saline 1194:fascia 1068:axilla 1048:areola 922:, and 685:armpit 681:breast 609:Spain 571:cancer 433:Safety 399:seroma 355:libido 251:Beauty 249:, and 78:breast 7386:Other 7266:SPAIR 6700:: 72. 6524:S2CID 6489:S2CID 6392:S2CID 6125:S2CID 6082:S2CID 5986:JSTOR 5953:: 41. 5879:S2CID 5836:S2CID 5782:S2CID 5694:(Web) 5673:S2CID 5630:S2CID 5587:S2CID 5509:S2CID 5320:S2CID 4939:Blood 4801:S2CID 4713:S2CID 4670:S2CID 4592:S2CID 4549:S2CID 4465:S2CID 4422:S2CID 4379:S2CID 4295:S2CID 4252:S2CID 4111:S2CID 4067:S2CID 4024:S2CID 3957:S2CID 3791:S2CID 3744:S2CID 3558:S2CID 3512:(PDF) 3505:(PDF) 3355:(PDF) 3338:(PDF) 3288:S2CID 3241:S2CID 3197:S2CID 3057:1998. 2973:(PDF) 2966:(PDF) 2942:(PDF) 2929:(PDF) 2833:S2CID 2749:S2CID 2563:S2CID 2499:(PDF) 2486:(PDF) 2465:S2CID 2352:S2CID 2309:S2CID 2266:S2CID 2188:S2CID 1792:ivory 1718:after 1682:after 1427:As a 1281:Types 1083:navel 1041:scars 624:2009 606:2003 592:2001 578:2001 560:2000 546:2000 531:1998 517:1997 499:1996 485:1996 456:Year 190:blast 182:blunt 72:is a 57:[ 7045:2018 7015:2018 6961:help 6937:PMID 6927:ISBN 6900:help 6876:PMID 6866:ISBN 6773:PMID 6763:ISBN 6729:PMID 6650:PMID 6601:PMID 6560:PMID 6481:PMID 6446:PMID 6384:PMID 6349:PMID 6308:PMID 6259:PMID 6243:JAMA 6160:PMID 6117:PMID 6074:PMID 6039:PMID 6004:PMID 5928:PMID 5871:PMID 5774:PMID 5740:2019 5727:ISBN 5706:2016 5665:PMID 5622:PMID 5579:PMID 5544:PMID 5501:PMID 5466:PMID 5425:PMID 5390:PMID 5355:PMID 5312:PMID 5277:PMID 5195:PMID 5117:PMID 5053:PMID 5008:2021 4973:PMID 4955:ISSN 4919:2018 4866:PMID 4835:2022 4793:PMID 4756:help 4705:PMID 4662:PMID 4627:PMID 4584:PMID 4541:PMID 4506:PMID 4457:PMID 4414:PMID 4371:PMID 4336:PMID 4287:PMID 4244:PMID 4185:PMID 4103:PMID 4059:PMID 4016:PMID 3949:PMID 3914:PMID 3783:PMID 3736:PMID 3701:PMID 3650:PMID 3619:2021 3593:PMID 3550:PMID 3483:PMID 3413:PMID 3342:ISBN 3319:2015 3280:PMID 3189:PMID 3181:ISSN 3145:PMID 3099:PMID 3091:ISSN 2981:2014 2905:PMID 2825:PMID 2784:PMID 2741:PMID 2706:PMID 2657:PMID 2555:PMID 2457:PMID 2422:PMID 2387:PMID 2344:PMID 2301:PMID 2258:PMID 2223:PMID 2180:PMID 2146:2014 2102:ISSN 2067:2019 1947:and 1810:wool 1665:The 1365:mOsm 1361:NaCl 1335:gel. 1259:The 1079:TUBA 976:CD30 775:and 683:and 373:The 255:The 214:The 157:Uses 149:and 92:and 6919:doi 6858:doi 6755:doi 6721:doi 6640:PMC 6632:doi 6628:119 6591:doi 6587:346 6583:BMJ 6552:doi 6548:203 6516:doi 6512:118 6473:doi 6469:118 6436:PMC 6426:doi 6376:doi 6339:doi 6298:PMC 6290:doi 6251:doi 6247:268 6152:doi 6109:doi 6066:doi 6062:116 6031:doi 5994:PMC 5978:doi 5974:106 5918:PMC 5910:doi 5863:doi 5828:doi 5766:doi 5762:118 5657:doi 5653:109 5614:doi 5610:109 5571:doi 5567:116 5536:doi 5532:109 5493:doi 5456:doi 5417:doi 5413:109 5382:doi 5378:113 5347:doi 5343:111 5304:doi 5300:113 5269:doi 5185:PMC 5177:doi 5107:doi 5043:PMC 5035:doi 4963:PMC 4947:doi 4943:127 4858:doi 4783:doi 4697:doi 4693:114 4654:doi 4650:118 4619:doi 4615:114 4576:doi 4533:doi 4496:doi 4449:doi 4406:doi 4402:117 4363:doi 4326:doi 4279:doi 4275:118 4236:doi 4232:117 4175:PMC 4167:doi 4163:127 4095:doi 4051:doi 4047:118 4008:doi 3941:doi 3937:118 3906:doi 3902:138 3775:doi 3728:doi 3724:114 3691:PMC 3681:doi 3642:doi 3585:doi 3581:175 3542:doi 3538:127 3475:doi 3403:doi 3399:342 3272:doi 3231:doi 3173:doi 3169:269 3135:doi 3081:doi 3077:342 2895:doi 2815:doi 2776:doi 2772:164 2733:doi 2696:PMC 2688:doi 2684:326 2680:BMJ 2649:doi 2547:doi 2543:117 2449:doi 2414:doi 2410:109 2379:doi 2336:doi 2332:112 2293:doi 2289:118 2250:doi 2215:doi 2211:164 2172:doi 2168:105 2094:doi 2059:FDA 1982:an 1979:MRI 1965:MRI 1359:of 1357:w/v 760:MRI 740:MRI 411:MRI 153:). 133:or 7437:: 7114:^ 7104:. 7086:. 7035:. 7031:. 7005:. 7001:. 6977:. 6953:: 6951:}} 6947:{{ 6935:. 6925:. 6917:. 6892:: 6890:}} 6886:{{ 6874:. 6864:. 6856:. 6831:. 6808:^ 6800:41 6798:. 6779:. 6771:. 6761:. 6727:. 6717:52 6715:. 6698:27 6696:. 6673:. 6662:^ 6648:. 6638:. 6626:. 6622:. 6599:. 6585:. 6581:. 6558:. 6546:. 6522:. 6510:. 6487:. 6479:. 6467:. 6444:. 6434:. 6420:. 6416:. 6404:^ 6390:. 6382:. 6370:. 6347:. 6335:72 6333:. 6329:. 6306:. 6296:. 6286:67 6284:. 6280:. 6257:. 6245:. 6210:^ 6158:. 6148:28 6146:. 6123:. 6115:. 6105:53 6103:. 6080:. 6072:. 6060:. 6037:. 6027:28 6025:. 6002:. 5992:. 5984:. 5972:. 5968:. 5951:66 5949:. 5926:. 5916:. 5904:. 5900:. 5877:. 5869:. 5859:47 5857:. 5834:. 5824:26 5822:. 5803:. 5780:. 5772:. 5760:. 5748:^ 5671:. 5663:. 5651:. 5628:. 5620:. 5608:. 5585:. 5577:. 5565:. 5542:. 5530:. 5507:. 5499:. 5489:28 5487:. 5464:. 5452:28 5450:. 5446:. 5423:. 5411:. 5388:. 5376:. 5353:. 5341:. 5318:. 5310:. 5298:. 5275:. 5265:92 5263:. 5244:. 5219:. 5215:. 5193:. 5183:. 5173:73 5171:. 5167:. 5141:. 5137:. 5115:. 5103:37 5101:. 5097:. 5065:^ 5051:. 5041:. 5031:32 5029:. 5025:. 4998:. 4985:^ 4971:. 4961:. 4953:. 4941:. 4937:. 4909:. 4905:. 4864:. 4854:12 4852:. 4821:. 4799:. 4791:. 4779:17 4777:. 4773:. 4748:: 4746:}} 4742:{{ 4734:. 4711:. 4703:. 4691:. 4668:. 4660:. 4648:. 4625:. 4613:. 4590:. 4582:. 4572:69 4570:. 4547:. 4539:. 4529:30 4527:. 4504:. 4492:22 4490:. 4486:. 4463:. 4455:. 4445:25 4443:. 4420:. 4412:. 4400:. 4377:. 4369:. 4359:17 4357:. 4334:. 4322:26 4320:. 4316:. 4293:. 4285:. 4273:. 4250:. 4242:. 4230:. 4210:. 4206:. 4183:. 4173:. 4161:. 4157:. 4109:. 4101:. 4091:54 4089:. 4065:. 4057:. 4045:. 4022:. 4014:. 4004:33 4002:. 3983:. 3977:. 3955:. 3947:. 3935:. 3912:. 3900:. 3851:. 3838:^ 3817:. 3789:. 3781:. 3771:29 3769:. 3765:. 3742:. 3734:. 3722:. 3699:. 3689:. 3677:45 3675:. 3671:. 3648:. 3638:29 3636:. 3591:. 3579:. 3556:. 3548:. 3536:. 3481:. 3471:44 3469:. 3411:. 3397:. 3393:. 3381:^ 3286:. 3278:. 3268:97 3266:. 3262:. 3239:. 3225:. 3221:. 3209:^ 3195:. 3187:. 3179:. 3167:. 3143:. 3131:47 3129:. 3125:. 3111:^ 3097:. 3089:. 3075:. 3071:. 3049:^ 3032:. 3026:. 2997:. 2931:. 2917:^ 2903:. 2891:33 2889:. 2885:. 2866:. 2862:. 2831:. 2823:. 2811:17 2809:. 2805:. 2782:. 2770:. 2747:. 2739:. 2729:51 2727:. 2704:. 2694:. 2682:. 2678:. 2655:. 2645:11 2643:. 2639:. 2627:^ 2610:. 2606:. 2583:. 2561:. 2553:. 2541:. 2516:. 2488:. 2463:. 2455:. 2445:27 2443:. 2420:. 2408:. 2385:. 2375:51 2373:. 2350:. 2342:. 2330:. 2307:. 2299:. 2287:. 2264:. 2256:. 2246:94 2244:. 2221:. 2209:. 2186:. 2178:. 2166:. 2162:. 2126:, 2100:. 2090:40 2088:. 2084:. 2057:. 1812:, 1805:, 1800:ox 1798:, 1581:. 1312:, 1169:. 918:, 808:, 723:, 719:, 393:, 365:. 345:, 245:, 200:). 188:, 184:, 172:A 137:. 100:. 68:A 7173:e 7166:t 7159:v 7072:. 7047:. 7017:. 6963:) 6943:. 6921:: 6902:) 6882:. 6860:: 6757:: 6735:. 6723:: 6656:. 6634:: 6607:. 6593:: 6566:. 6554:: 6530:. 6518:: 6495:. 6475:: 6452:. 6428:: 6422:7 6398:. 6378:: 6372:8 6355:. 6341:: 6314:. 6292:: 6265:. 6253:: 6166:. 6154:: 6131:. 6111:: 6088:. 6068:: 6045:. 6033:: 6010:. 5980:: 5934:. 5912:: 5906:8 5885:. 5865:: 5842:. 5830:: 5807:. 5805:5 5788:. 5768:: 5742:. 5708:. 5679:. 5659:: 5636:. 5616:: 5593:. 5573:: 5550:. 5538:: 5515:. 5495:: 5472:. 5458:: 5431:. 5419:: 5396:. 5384:: 5361:. 5349:: 5326:. 5306:: 5283:. 5271:: 5230:. 5201:. 5179:: 5152:. 5123:. 5109:: 5059:. 5037:: 5010:. 4979:. 4949:: 4921:. 4872:. 4860:: 4837:. 4807:. 4785:: 4758:) 4719:. 4699:: 4676:. 4656:: 4633:. 4621:: 4598:. 4578:: 4555:. 4535:: 4512:. 4498:: 4471:. 4451:: 4428:. 4408:: 4385:. 4365:: 4342:. 4328:: 4301:. 4281:: 4258:. 4238:: 4191:. 4169:: 4142:. 4117:. 4097:: 4073:. 4053:: 4030:. 4010:: 3963:. 3943:: 3920:. 3908:: 3866:. 3832:. 3777:: 3750:. 3730:: 3707:. 3683:: 3656:. 3644:: 3621:. 3599:. 3587:: 3564:. 3544:: 3521:. 3489:. 3477:: 3419:. 3405:: 3364:. 3321:. 3294:. 3274:: 3247:. 3233:: 3227:9 3203:. 3175:: 3151:. 3137:: 3105:. 3083:: 3043:. 3012:. 2983:. 2951:. 2911:. 2897:: 2839:. 2817:: 2790:. 2778:: 2755:. 2735:: 2712:. 2690:: 2663:. 2651:: 2621:. 2569:. 2549:: 2526:. 2471:. 2451:: 2428:. 2416:: 2393:. 2381:: 2358:. 2338:: 2315:. 2295:: 2272:. 2252:: 2229:. 2217:: 2194:. 2174:: 2108:. 2096:: 2069:. 1955:. 1527:. 1328:. 1101:. 1043:. 1035:– 727:) 61:] 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index