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1908…50 of the state's 67 counties had voted for prohibition." Despite the majority of the counties being "dry," the powerful Anti-Saloon League pushed for statewide prohibition. Other prohibition groups rallied to the League's push for a statewide law, forcing Comer to call the legislature into a special session to decide the matter. The 1909 special session enacted prohibition statewide, "but, not content with a mere statute, they also proposed a constitutional amendment to end the sale of liquor." Comer traveled the state to garner support for the proposed amendment, but it failed to win enough votes.
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was raised for white students, with resulting increases in literacy, but in the segregated system, African
Americans did not get equal funding for their educational system. Under Comer, the money spent on education for black children on a per capita basis was one-seventh that for white children. Literacy climbed dramatically for whites but lagged for blacks (by 1920, the rate was less than 50% for African Americans in Alabama).
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600:. To keep operating, TCIRR officials pushed the African-American convicts to work extremely long hours. White foremen brought in additional bonded African Americans as convict labor as well. William Millin, a prominent African-American union leader, protested these conditions and was arrested. A mob took him from jail and
611:(where 12,000 whites had burned down the African-American section of the city) look like six cents.". Governor Comer said, "We are outraged at the attempts to establish social equality between black and white miners." He added that he would "not tolerate eight or nine thousand idle niggers in the state of Alabama."
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Comer's reforms to improve education for whites were funded by increased revenues to the state. A State Board of
Assessors was created "to equalize taxation by equalizing property values throughout the state and establishing franchise taxes for businesses." The reassessment of property values angered
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Accepting the businessman's pledges of financial participation, the
Trainers sought a local investor to assume the presidency of the mill. In 1897, they approached Braxton Bragg Comer. The future governor accepted the offer and invested $ 10,000 into the enterprise. From 1897 until 1927, he served as
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The state legislature "added a provision that would revoke the state business license of any corporation bringing suit in federal court on any issue already before a state court." L&N Railroad and other railroads challenged the new railroad statutes in federal court. The disagreement between the
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to disrupt the election and ambushed a group of around 1,000 Black men going to the polls. The mob massacred at least seven Blacks, shot at least seventy more, and prevented the rest of the crowd from voting. That evening some of Comer's mob stormed an office where ballots were being counted, burned
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In 1897, Comer built the first mill in
Avondale, an area that would become part of Birmingham. During the first year of its operation, Avondale Mills used 4,000 bales of cotton. By 1898, Avondale Mills employed 436 laborers and generated $ 15,000 in profit. By the time B. B. Comer became governor of
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Following graduation, Comer returned to Spring Hill and helped to manage the family plantation. He primarily grew corn and cotton on what became a 30,000-acre (120 km) plantation. He continued to operate his
Barbour County plantation, with his brother John managing it, after he moved his family
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More recently, Comer has been recognized as a progressive politician who advocated for increasing state revenue sources to benefit residents experiencing low incomes. Described as "no flaming liberal and...flawed like any person in history", Comer is recognized for his progressive stance concerning
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Comer "devoted most of his inaugural address to the issue of railroad reform and requested the legislature pass 20 separate laws to give the railroad commission strong rate-making and enforcement powers." The like-minded legislature passed his railroad reforms with only a few changes. Through these
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Comer died on August 15, 1927. His wife, Eva Jane, died on March 6, 1920, while he was serving in the Senate. He and his wife were survived by their nine children: Sally Bailey, John
Fletcher, James McDonald, Eva Mignon, Catherine, Braxton Bevelle, Eva, Braxton Bragg Jr., and Hugh M. Comer. He was
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More than 25 percent of the state's revenue in 1910 was derived from leasing
African-American convicts to private enterprises. The journalist Douglas Blackmon notes that Comer based his improvements for white citizens on funds derived from the slave labor of African Americans. The curriculum level
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due to that state's lower freight rates. The
Birmingham Commercial Club and the Birmingham Freight Bureau, organizations in which Comer had significant roles, found evidence of railroad rate discrimination. Comer believed giving more power to the state's Railroad Commission was the best way to end
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Progressives were divided on prohibition, with some believing it should be decided by local jurisdictions and others supporting the passage of state laws against the sale of alcohol. During his gubernatorial campaign and first two years as governor, Comer viewed prohibition as a local matter. "By
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laws; he said families should be the ones to decide about their children. Comer was "a better campaigner and orator than
Cunningham, and his verbal attacks on the railroads so aroused Alabama audiences that he won the primary with 61 percent of the vote and the November election with more than 85
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Avondale Mills began with 30,000 spindles in the first mill in
Birmingham and grew over the next thirty years to include ten mills in seven communities, totaling 282,160 spindles. The mills : Eva Jane, the Central, the Sally B, and the Catherine in Sylacauga; the Alexander City Cotton Mills, the
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By the mid-20th century, Comer was hailed as a reformer who brought Alabama's primary and secondary educational systems into the mainstream. He was praised for his business savvy and efforts to bring Avondale Mills to Birmingham and Central Alabama. He relied on a system of segregation and child
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When the Railroad Commission did not change rates after two more years, Comer switched tactics to run for a seat on the commission, which had recently been converted to an electoral office. He campaigned to limit the power of the railroads in favor of shipping. In 1904, he was elected commission
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A testament to Comer's emphasis on education as the supreme attribute of any society, one of his final actions was to direct the construction of the Catherine Comer School in Barbour County. Due to mandatory segregation in educational facilities at the time, only white children could attend the
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Comer's administration applied the increases in spending for the education only of white students. Comer directed funds to the building of white rural schools and county high schools (at least one in each county), and increasing the appropriations made to the University of Alabama, the
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His improvements to Alabama's educational systems benefitted white students, while African-American schools and students were underfunded. Literacy rates for whites increased during his tenure as governor. The Democratic legislature consistently underfunded African-American education.
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As state law prevented governors from running for successive terms, Comer was ineligible for the 1910 gubernatorial election. In the election of 1914, Comer was defeated by a candidate supported by an "unlikely coalition" of railroads, organized labor, and supporters of local option .
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in the November 1906 election. Comer's plan to enact reform of the railroads, as well as in other areas such as education, appeared a strong possibility as progressive Democrats favoring reform constituted a majority in the newly elected, Democratic-dominated state legislature.
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Following his short time in the Senate, Comer spent the remainder of his life following his business pursuits. Aside from issuing his endorsement for Alabama gubernatorial candidate A.H. Carmichael, Comer refrained from political activity following his term in the U.S. Senate.
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reform, lowering business rates in Alabama to make them more competitive with other states. He increased funding for the public school system, resulting in more rural schools and high schools in each county for white students and a rise in the state's literacy rate.
549:...was notable as the party "dropped the word 'Conservative' from its formal name, demonstrating that it was comfortable with a more progressive platform." The party's gubernatorial candidates were progressive on almost every topic. However, as Lieutenant Governor
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Although criticized early in his career as an industrialist for his attitudes towards child labor, Comer progressed with the common attitude and, as governor, passed a relatively progressive law requiring that no child under 12 years of age be employed at a
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the ballots so the white candidate could declare victory, and murdered the 16-year-old son of an elections supervisor. When a witness named Comer as a leader of the mob, the witness was falsely charged with perjury, intimidating others from coming forward.
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the large property owners who saw their property taxes increase. But, the major increases in state tax revenues came about not through taxation reforms (although this probably stabilized tax revenues) but through the increase in revenues generated from
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as an active force in the state. For more than 60 years, until federal civil rights legislation was passed to enforce the constitutional rights of African Americans in the mid-1960s, Alabama was essentially a one-party state, with elections won in the
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Much of the early 20th century's industrial growth and productivity in Birmingham, although to a lesser degree, in all of Alabama, can be attributed to Comer's regulation of the railroad industry and his investment in the textile industry.
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president but quickly realized he had little power due to the other two commissioners siding with the railroads. Three years into his term as president, Comer concluded that he could only enact railroad reform by becoming governor.
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the discrimination and lower rates to a level allowing Alabama companies to compete with those in Georgia. But, the state legislature and delegates to the 1901 Constitutional Convention did not strengthen the commission's power.
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Comer was successful in turning back the peonage investigation. The use of convict lease labor continued to provide incentives to police and local officials to entrap, convict and lease African Americans as laborers.
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In mid-August 1908, a delegation of prominent Birmingham citizens visited leaders of the striking miners and issued an explicit threat. They said that unless the strike ended, Birmingham would "make
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Alabama in 1907, Avondale Mills had declared $ 55,000 in profit and produced almost 8,000,000 yards of material. By the turn of the century, Avondale Mills had set the course for future development.
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Comer noted, "Just as we would separate cholera from hogs, ticks from cattle, and boll weevils from cotton, so we should separate from youth of the state all that would deteriorate and destroy."
596:(TCIRR) and other mining operations in Alabama. They were joined by 500 African-American convicts leased from the state. Company officials petitioned the state to break up the strike with state
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Comer adamantly asserted that investment by the state in its educational infrastructure was "of the utmost importance, advising the legislature "...to be liberal in their appropriations to the
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The Comer Foundation, established in his name and headquartered in Birmingham, provides substantial scholarships to students living in the Alabama counties where Comer's mills once operated.
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him. Another African-American organizer was hanged in a lynching a week later. Governor Comer issued orders mobilizing the state militia to break up the strikers and their organized camps.
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Another of Comer's enterprises was Avondale Mills, which, with his sons' help, became one of the largest textile companies in Alabama. The Trainer family, who had a textile business in
734:'s initiative to conserve natural resources, Comer gained legislation to establish the Alabama Soil Conservation Department; it was to oversee a public park system in the state.
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state government and the railroad continued after Comer had left office. Still, he achieved his goal "to give the state increased regulatory power over railroad freight rates."
749:. Also, as governor, Comer passed another law mandating that children under 16 who were employed in mills attend school for at least eight consecutive weeks each school term.
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Catherine Comer School. To ensure that all had access to educational opportunities, Comer also directed the construction of the Beckie Comer School, also in Barbour County.
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644:. In addition, the state took control of the Alabama Boy's Industrial School. Comer's educational reforms influenced the state's educational system for a century.
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percent." Comer, representing the planter elite and rising businessmen, easily defeated Asa E. Stratton of the Republican Party and J. N. Abbott of the
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campaign of terrorism that led to the disenfranchisement of Blacks. He and his brother, Wallace, led a Spring Hill, Alabama, mob that carried out the
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Comer was a vocal advocate for railroad reform. Alabama business owners were at a disadvantage when competing for business with companies based in
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new laws, Comer finally achieved lowering the rates to enable Alabama businesses to better compete with their counterparts in neighboring states.
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The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
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labor for their cotton plantation. B. B. Comer began his education at the age of ten under the tutelage of E. N. Brown.
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663:, all the schools of Alabama, as much so as the finances of the state will admit, because the investment is the best."
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known as the Eureka Mines. In 1897 he invested $ 10,000 with the Trainer family, who intended to develop
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sanatorium as part of using state funds to improve public health. He also strengthened insurance laws.
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In the spring of 1920, Governor Thomas Kilby appointed Comer to serve the remaining months of the late
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Cooper, Len. "Slavery Did Not End With The Civil War. One Man's Odyssey Into a Nation's Secret Shame"
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1422:'Slavery By Another Name': The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
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The Lynching Century: African Americans Who Died in Racial Violence in the United States 1865-1965
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The Lynching Century: African Americans Who Died in Racial Violence in the United States 1865-1965
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Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II,
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He increased transportation funding to improve roads as part of the state's basic infrastructure.
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Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II
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The disfranchisement of blacks by the 1901 constitution and suffrage amendment had reduced the
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As cotton prices fell, poor white farmers lost their land and turned to sharecrop and tenancy.
327:, which was devoted to corn and cotton production. He had an interest in the Comer mines near
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Braxton Bragg Comer: An Alabamian Whose Avondale Mills Opened New Paths for Southern Progress
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Braxton Bragg Comer: An Alabamian Whose Avondale Mills Opened New Paths for Southern Progress
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of Birmingham did not support railroad reform on rates, he gained support from the industry.
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Sycamore Mills, Mignon, and Bevelle Mill, and the Pell City Manufacturing Company.
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from 1907 to 1911, and a United States senator in 1920. As governor, he achieved
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Collection Number: 00168 Collection Title: Braxton Bragg Comer Papers, 1905-1940
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Comer was a planter and businessman before and after entering politics as a
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president of Avondale Mills, directing continued expansion to new sites.
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1619:(Includes information on Comer's views on race, labor and other topics)
1566:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461.
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1568:"State of Alabama- peonage and disfranchisement of African Americans"
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Although a common practice at the time, the mills used child labor.
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RG60 NA "Peonage Files, RG 60 NA ff5280-17119": National Archives
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Chesnutt, Charles W. Excerpts from "Peonage, or the New Slavery"
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labor to earn profits for his plantations, mines, and mills.
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Mock, Gary. "Braxton Bragg Comer, Birmingham, Alabama", 2010
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In 1908, 7,000 (mostly white) miners went on strike at the
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1503:, Athens, Georgia : University of Georgia, ca. 1949,
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Race, Class and Power in the Alabama Coalfields 1908-1921
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Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel,
1128:, Database of lynching victims, Tuskegee Institute, p. 5
1058:"Ambushed in Eufaula: Alabama's forgotten race massacre"
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Comer was criticized because of his known opposition to
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Records of the National Negro Business League 1900-1919
1235:. New York: The Newcomen Society of England. p. 5.
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Negro Education in Alabama: A Study in Cotton and Steel
927:, p. 61 (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina 1987)
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Numerous institutions and places were named for Comer:
1402:, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1291:, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1202:, pp. 100-106 (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009)
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houses offices and labs for the School of Agriculture.
370:, but in April 1865, was forced to leave when General
1572:"Governor Comer seeks pardon for peonage convictions"
1317:, 128 (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina 1987)
1160:, pp. 160-161 (University Alabama Press May 30, 1994)
394:, where he graduated in 1869 with AB and AM degrees.
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Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama
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Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
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Black Prisoners and Their World, Alabama, 1865-1900,
1371:"What will Alabama become? We are about to find out"
884:. New York: Newcomen Society of England. p. 23.
406:. He built a large house for them at Comer Station,
374:'s troops burned the university. He enrolled at the
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Harris, David Alan. "Braxton Bragg Comer (1907-11)"
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Like a Family: the Making of a Southern Cotton Mill
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Eufaula Massacre of 1874 and Political Intimidation
1469:Like a Family the Making of a Southern Cotton Mill
1462:Creating the Modern South: Mill Hands and Managers
1454:, Alabama Department of Archives and History, 1883
1444:Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901-1969
1417:, Urbana: University of Illinois Free Press, 2001.
1315:Like a Family the Making of a Southern Cotton Mill
1028:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 36–37.
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545:The 1906 gubernatorial campaign in the Democratic
427:in east central Alabama in 1885. Comer's brother,
2650:Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Birmingham, Alabama)
1471:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1987
1464:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1992
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950:Mock, "Braxton Bragg Comer, Birmingham, Alabama"
940:, p. 70 (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2009)
335:in the state, and he was appointed president of
1527:, documentary film, 2009, PBS, available online
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1431:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994.
1144:, p. 24 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 2001)
1142:Race Class and Power in the Alabama Coal Field
1100:Race Class and Power in the Alabama Coal Field
778:, B. B. Comer Memorial Elementary School, and
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1171:"Alabama Hall of Fame, "Braxton Bragg Comer""
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303:(November 7, 1848 – August 15, 1927) was an
141:January 14, 1907 – January 17, 1911
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1582:"Peonage and African Americans in Alabama"
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789:houses the Department of Modern Languages.
402:In 1872, Comer married Eva Jane Harris of
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76:March 5, 1920 – November 2, 1920
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1484:McWhorter, Lynn Price. "Avondale Mills"
1000:Harris, "Braxton Bragg Comer (1901-11)"
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355:Comer was born on November 7, 1848, in
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1592:MIT Forum on Slavery and Reparations
1500:History of the University of Georgia
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2605:People from Barbour County, Alabama
2305:United States senators from Alabama
1713:U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Alabama
1400:"Comer, Braxton Bragg, (1848-1927)"
1289:"Comer, Braxton Bragg, (1848-1927)"
792:The federal building in Birmingham.
351:Comer's father, John Fletcher Comer
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2615:Politicians from Anniston, Alabama
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2630:Emory and Henry University alumni
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594:Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad
520:. On Election Day, Comer led the
512:Comer played a part in the 1870s
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2635:Penal labor in the United States
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776:B. B. Comer Memorial High School
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588:Response to 1908 miners' strike
27:American politician (1848–1927)
1424:, New York: Anchor Books, 2008
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868:Comer Family Papers, 1860-1864
723:Comer also helped establish a
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661:(The University of) Montevallo
541:Gubernatorial Campaign of 1908
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1279:, Alabama Men's Hall of Fame,
1255:"Eventful Career is Closed".
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630:Alabama Polytechnic Institute
2625:University of Georgia alumni
2620:University of Alabama alumni
1408:, Alabama Men's Hall of Fame
807:Comer Bridge, Scottsboro, AL
795:Braxton Bragg Comer Hall at
780:B. B. Comer Memorial Library
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2600:American white supremacists
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1005:December 21, 2014, at the
563:Socialist Party of America
384:Phi Kappa Literary Society
366:In 1864 Comer went to the
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1626:Party political offices
1302:Slavery By Another Name,
1102:, pp. 1-8 (Urbana, 2001)
785:B. B. Comer Hall at the
730:Encouraged by President
518:Eufaula Massacre of 1874
343:Early life and education
1563:Encyclopædia Britannica
1488:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1479:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1452:Diary of Richard Dawson
1345:www.comerfoundation.net
1328:Slavery By Another Name
1216:Slavery By Another Name
1200:Slavery By Another Name
1087:Slavery By Another Name
1022:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1011:Encyclopedia of Alabama
703:buried in Birmingham's
388:Emory and Henry College
277:Emory and Henry College
242:Braxton Bragg Comer Jr.
48:Official portrait, 1920
1537:1 (Sept. 1904): 394-97
1231:Comer, Donald (1947).
880:Comer, Donald (1947).
808:
773:
570:Comer's administration
470:
448:
382:, where he joined the
352:
1523:Blackmon, Douglas A.
1498:Reed, Thomas Walter.
1420:Blackmon, Douglas A.
1406:"Braxton Bragg Comer"
1270:"Braxton Bragg Comer"
1112:Atlanta Constitution,
936:Douglas A. Blackmon,
912:"Braxton Bragg Comer"
806:
787:University of Alabama
771:
653:University of Alabama
551:Russell M. Cunningham
465:
453:Chester, Pennsylvania
446:
418:Early business career
376:University of Georgia
368:University of Alabama
350:
273:University of Georgia
269:University of Alabama
238:Braxton Bevelle Comer
59:United States Senator
1773:lieutenant governors
1604:, Tuskegee Institute
1602:"The Southern South"
1509:Tuskegee Institute.
1434:Curtin, Mary Ellen.
1373:. September 10, 2015
845:Governors of Alabama
503:Political Background
447:Comer in his mid-30s
386:. He transferred to
357:Spring Hill, Alabama
232:James McDonald Comer
189:Spring Hill, Alabama
1679:Governor of Alabama
1645:Governor of Alabama
1545:The Washington Post
1535:Voice of the Negro,
1427:Bond, Horace Mann.
1177:on January 11, 2018
1114:6 August 1908, p. 2
817:Scottsboro, Alabama
657:Auburn (University)
486:Railroad Commission
398:Marriage and family
309:governor of Alabama
301:Braxton Bragg Comer
230:John Fletcher Comer
201:Birmingham, Alabama
183:Braxton Bragg Comer
129:Governor of Alabama
18:Braxton Bragg Comer
1719:Served alongside:
1664:Political offices
1275:2012-03-03 at the
1259:. August 19, 1927.
1064:. January 16, 2022
955:2011-07-28 at the
813:B. B. Comer Bridge
809:
774:
732:Theodore Roosevelt
615:Educational reform
449:
353:
228:Sally Bailey Comer
2577:
2576:
2339:C. Claiborne Clay
2271:
2270:
1736:
1735:
1727:Succeeded by
1686:Succeeded by
1654:Succeeded by
1450:Dawson, Richard.
1326:Blackmon (2009),
1300:Blackmon (2009),
1214:Blackmon (2009),
1085:Blackmon (2009),
959:, Textile History
797:Auburn University
514:white supremacist
404:Cuthbert, Georgia
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1706:John H. Bankhead
1703:Preceded by
1672:William D. Jelks
1669:Preceded by
1634:William D. Jelks
1631:Preceded by
1623:
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1574:, Extracts from
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1559:
1442:Daniel, Pete R.
1383:
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693:John H. Bankhead
530:Republican Party
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234:Eva Mignon Comer
186:November 7, 1848
174:Personal details
160:
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1552:Chisholm, Hugh
1548:
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1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
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1061:
1052:
1024:
1017:
1010:
945:
937:
932:
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919:
881:
875:
863:
762:
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755:
751:
747:textile mill
743:
739:
736:
729:
725:tuberculosis
722:
718:
714:
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697:
690:
686:
678:
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650:
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591:
582:
578:
555:
544:
527:
522:White League
511:
497:
489:
476:
474:
471:
466:
461:
457:
450:
421:
401:
365:
354:
318:
300:
299:
164:Emmet O'Neal
159:Succeeded by
136:
116:Succeeded by
87:Thomas Kilby
82:Appointed by
71:
29:
2595:1927 deaths
2590:1848 births
2484:Fitzpatrick
2349:Goldthwaite
2329:Fitzpatrick
1841:Fitzpatrick
1697:U.S. Senate
1608:B. B. Comer
1181:January 15,
1068:January 29,
830:J. W. Comer
671:Prohibition
609:Springfield
558:child labor
537:primaries.
258:J. W. Comer
147:Preceded by
104:Preceded by
36:B. B. Comer
2584:Categories
2409:Tuberville
2253:Folsom Jr.
2233:Folsom Jr.
2178:Carmichael
2133:Cunningham
2104:Lieutenant
2061:Folsom Jr.
2051:G. Wallace
2041:G. Wallace
2031:L. Wallace
2026:G. Wallace
2016:Folsom Sr.
2006:Folsom Sr.
1683:1907–1911
1641:Democratic
1513:, database
1460:Flamming.
1198:Blackmon,
851:References
835:Hugh Comer
683:Later life
640:, and the
535:Democratic
433:John Comer
429:J.W. Comer
329:Birmingham
325:plantation
253:Hugh Comer
211:Democratic
93:Lieutenant
2524:Underwood
2389:H. Heflin
2369:J. Heflin
2263:Ainsworth
2248:L. Baxley
2238:Siegelman
2228:B. Baxley
2123:McKinstry
2113:Applegate
2106:governors
2071:Siegelman
2021:Patterson
1966:Henderson
1961:E. O'Neal
1784:Governors
1769:Governors
1341:"Mission"
283:Signature
265:Education
260:(brother)
255:(brother)
249:Relatives
240:Eva Comer
137:In office
72:In office
2549:M. Allen
2544:J. Allen
2514:Johnston
2464:McKinley
2454:McKinley
2444:Chambers
2394:Sessions
2384:Sparkman
2223:McMillan
2203:Boutwell
2198:Hardwick
2158:McDowell
1941:Johnston
1931:T. Jones
1866:A. Moore
1816:S. Moore
1811:G. Moore
1330:, p. 326
1273:Archived
1218:, p. 120
1089:, p. 321
1044:32739924
1003:Archived
953:Archived
856:Specific
824:See also
425:Anniston
392:Virginia
361:enslaved
321:Democrat
313:railroad
305:American
225:Children
220:Eva Jane
2554:Stewart
2494:Houston
2489:Spencer
2449:Pickens
2427:Class 3
2399:Strange
2334:Clemens
2312:Class 2
2218:Beasley
2168:Merrill
2081:Bentley
2011:Persons
1976:Brandon
1946:Samford
1911:Houston
1901:Lindsay
1881:Parsons
1871:Shorter
1861:Winston
1856:Collier
1851:Chapman
1801:Pickens
1796:T. Bibb
1791:W. Bibb
1777:Alabama
1578:1909-10
1389:General
1140:Kelly,
1098:Kelly,
602:lynched
598:militia
547:primary
492:Georgia
64:Alabama
2564:Shelby
2559:Denton
2534:Graves
2509:Pettus
2434:Walker
2354:Morgan
2344:Warner
2243:Windom
2213:Brewer
2173:Knight
2153:Miller
2036:Brewer
2001:Sparks
1991:Graves
1986:Miller
1981:Graves
1891:Swayne
1886:Patton
1846:Martin
1806:Murphy
1467:Hall.
1313:Hall,
1156:Bond,
1042:
1032:
923:Hall,
711:Legacy
634:Auburn
380:Athens
217:Spouse
2569:Britt
2529:Black
2519:White
2499:Pryor
2474:Bagby
2459:Moore
2439:Kelly
2404:Jones
2379:Swift
2364:Comer
2324:Lewis
2208:Allen
2193:Allen
2188:Inzer
2183:Ellis
2163:Davis
2148:Kilby
2128:Ligon
2118:Moren
2076:Riley
2066:James
2046:James
1996:Dixon
1971:Kilby
1956:Comer
1951:Jelks
1936:Oates
1906:Lewis
1896:Smith
1876:Watts
1836:Bagby
1831:McVay
1821:Gayle
1304:p. 69
127:33rd
62:from
2539:Hill
2504:Pugh
2479:King
2319:King
2258:Ivey
2143:Seed
2138:Gray
2086:Ivey
2056:Hunt
1926:Seay
1916:Cobb
1826:Clay
1771:and
1650:1906
1379:2015
1357:2015
1183:2011
1070:2022
1040:OCLC
1030:ISBN
477:See
195:Died
179:Born
1775:of
1610:at
815:in
632:in
423:to
390:in
378:in
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