Working Group (resistance organization)

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Nazis could be bribed, and the laws governing currency transfer could be bypassed. Although they had received only $ 36,000 by that month, deportations from Slovakia did not resume. Fleischmann met with Wisliceny, who told her that the deportations would be halted if the Nazis received a $ 200,000 down payment by June. The Yishuv managed to transfer about half of that sum to the Working Group, probably by laundering contributions from overseas Jewish organizations and smuggling diamonds into Turkey. The JDC, the WJC, and other organizations blocked the distribution of funds because their leaders believed that the Nazi promises were empty. In addition, the Swiss government obstructed currency transfers on the required scale. Mayer helped to the best of his ability, but could only smuggle $ 42,000 to the Working Group by June and an additional $ 53,000 in August and September. However, some of this money was needed for improving the welfare of Jews living in labor camps in Slovakia, aiding deportees in Poland, or smuggling refugees to Hungary. One of the Working Group's requests to Wisliceny as part of the plan was improved communication with deportees; according to Fatran, Wisliceny enabled the delivery of thousands of letters from Jews imprisoned at Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Theresienstadt in late summer 1943.

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under Slovak exemption policy, and lobbying by the Catholic Church. According to Rothkirchen, there were three roughly equal factors: the Working Group's activities, pressure from the Vatican, and the growing unpopularity of deportations among gentile Slovaks (who witnessed the Hlinka Guard's violence in rounding up Jews). Longerich credits the shift in public opinion as the decisive factor, although the Working Group played "a significant role". Aronson says that the halt was due to a complicated mix of domestic political factors, bribes for Slovak officials who organized transports, the Catholic Church's intervention, and implementation of the Final Solution in other countries. According to Ivan Kamenec, diplomatic pressure from the Vatican and the Allies and internal pressure, including the visible brutality of the deportations, combined to halt the transports. Kamenec emphasizes the economic aspect; the deportations harmed the economy, and the remaining Jews were in economically useful positions.

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Weissmandl believed that the international Jewish community had millions of dollars readily available. Slovak Jewish leaders did not understand the impact of Allied currency restrictions, and tended to "take Wisliceny's statements at face value"; Weissmandl wrote that he suspected the negotiations to be a sham only in 1944. Aronson describes Weissmandl's belief that deportations from Slovakia had ceased due to bribes paid to Wisliceny as "completely detached from historical reality". According to Bauer, "The effect of this false rendition of events on Jewish historical consciousness after the Holocaust was enormous, because it implied that the outside Jewish world, nonbelievers in the non-Zionist and Zionist camps alike, had betrayed European—in this case Slovak—Jewry by not sending the money in time." After the war, Weissmandl accused the Jewish Agency, the JDC, and other secular Jewish organizations of deliberately abandoning Jews to the gas chambers. Weissmandl's accusations, which supported

1000:, head of the Ministry of the Interior department responsible for implementing the deportations. Although he began accepting bribes in late June 1942, he continued to organize transports and said publicly that the "Jewish question must be solved 100 percent". Due to his "high-handedness" in exercising the power over life and death, Vašek became known as "King of the Jews"; he was known to pull Jews out of cattle wagons after receiving a bribe, only to send them on the next transport. Vašek's desire for money to fund his gambling and womanizing made him susceptible to bribery. Tibor Kováč, a member of the Working Group and Vašek's former classmate, visited his office almost daily to deliver the bribes and provide him with excuses to explain the delay to his superiors. The Working Group promised Vašek 100,000 Ks (about $ 1,600) for each month without deportations. Due to Vašek's intervention, a 26 June transport of Jews was cancelled; Vašek presented Interior Minister 1722:, a German-language academic journal, in 1979 and 1984. The first article was based on the false premise that Lenard had escaped from Majdanek in April 1942, and information on the mass murder of Jews in gas chambers was available to the Working Group by the end of the month. In both articles, Conway said that the Working Group collaborated with the Nazis by negotiating with Wisliceny and failing to distribute the Vrba-Wetzler report to Jews in Slovakia. Their alleged motivation was to cover up the complicity of group members who had drawn up lists of Jews to be deported and to save itself or its members' "close friends", a claim for which Conway does not cite any evidence. Fatran criticized Conway's thesis for its selective reliance on a few pieces of evidence which were mistranslated or misinterpreted, describing his argument that the Working Group collaborated with the Nazis as "speculative and unproven"; Bauer deems this idea "preposterous". 1011:, head of the prime minister's office and the person who had initially proposed the deportation of Jews, received a monthly payment from the Working Group in 1942 and 1943. Afraid of being caught, Koso refused to make personal contact with Fleischmann. However, his wife, Žofia Kosova, provided the Working Group with updates on the government's plans for the remaining Slovak Jews in exchange for bribes. Finance minister Gisi Medricky, labor-camp director Alois Pecuch, deportation commissioners Ján Bučenek and Karol Zábrecky, gendarme officers who ran the labor camps, and government officials with no power over deportations but useful information for the Working Group were all bribed. Although the group attempted to bribe Tiso, there is no evidence that they were successful. After the war, Slovak officials denied accepting bribes. 1534: 1330: 536:, became involved in the Working Group in March 1942. He attended a meeting in Gross' stead when the latter was forced into hiding, and eventually replaced him as the group's Orthodox representative. Due to its lack of representation of Orthodox Jews, Weissmandl initially objected to the Working Group; however, he eventually concluded that the group's members were "devoted, upright, and extremely reliable people" who were working to save the Slovak Jewish community from deportation and death. Due to the general respect for his wisdom and integrity, Weissmandl became a key figure in the Working Group. He was the only member of the group who was not a member or employee of the ÚŽ, although he did have close connections with the Orthodox faction of the ÚŽ. 981: 1521:

the ransom of Hungarian Jews) could be shipped within a week. Their proposal was to send the Slovak Jews to Switzerland simultaneously with the shipment of the goods in the opposite direction. Koslowski told the Working Group that a reply would arrive later, but at the next meeting he demanded that the Jewish leaders arrange for the orderly collection of Bratislava's Jews at Sereď and said that Brunner would arrive soon. On a visit to Bratislava on 18 September, Grueson warned the Working Group not to negotiate with Brunner. It is unclear if the Working Group believed that the negotiations might be successful or used them as a delaying tactic, hoping to delay the murder of Slovak Jews until the war ended.

415:, or ÚŽ). The first such organization outside the Reich and German-occupied Poland, ÚŽ was the only secular Jewish organization permitted; all Jews were required to be members. Leaders of the Jewish community were divided on how to react to this development. Some refused to associate with the ÚŽ in the belief that it would be used to implement anti-Jewish measures, but more saw participating in the ÚŽ as a way to help their fellow Jews by delaying the implementation of such measures. As a result, the ÚŽ was initially dominated by Jews who refused to collaborate and focused on charitable projects (such as soup kitchens) to help those impoverished by the anti-Jewish measures. 560: 751: 1105:

bribing of Wisliceny with stopping the trains, believed that the Slovak Jewish leaders had an obligation to help their fellow Jews in other Nazi-occupied countries. He proposed attempting to bribe Wisliceny's superiors into halting all transports to the General Government zone, a proposal which became known as the Europa Plan. Many of the Working Group's members were skeptical of the plan, arguing that Wisliceny had been acting on his own. A larger-scale operation would be doomed to fail, and might trigger the deportation of the remaining Slovak Jews. Only Fleischmann, Weissmandl, and Neumann thought the Europa Plan worth pursuing.

1033: 1406:(part of an influential Neolog family). Freudiger focused on saving only his family and friends; Weiss was in hiding, but Kastner was a member of the Aid and Rescue Committee and able to take action. The committee, under the impression that large bribes to Wisliceny had saved the remaining Jews in Slovakia, sought to establish connections with him immediately after his arrival in Budapest. Wisliceny's superior, Adolf Eichmann, claimed that he would release one million Jews still living under Nazi occupation (primarily in Hungary) in exchange for 10,000 trucks. During these negotiations, called "blood for goods", 1029:

intermediary as a last resort; the Working Group considered Hochberg a collaborator, feared that associating with him would harm their reputations, and believed him to be unreliable. Nevertheless, Fleischmann and Weissmandl agreed that it was worth making a deal with the devil to rescue Jews. At this point, the structure of the Working Group was formalized to improve its efficiency and the secrecy of its operations; Fleischmann was unanimously chosen to lead the bribery department. Due to the disagreement about involving Hochberg, negotiations with Wisliceny did not begin until mid-July or early August.

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Group's reports spurred other groups to take action to mitigate the Holocaust. Although the aid program could not save Jews from the Final Solution, it saved an unknown number from starvation temporarily. The aid program was undertaken with little assistance from the Red Cross, which sought to maintain its neutrality by avoiding confrontation with Nazi Germany's genocidal policies. Fatran writes that although the Europa Plan was "unrealistic" in hindsight, it was undertaken with the best of motives; the bulk of Slovak Jewry was not saved, but this was not due to the mistakes of the Working Group.

707:. Accurate information on these camps was not available because anyone caught within eight kilometers would be summarily executed, so as late as September 1943 (despite reports of an extermination camp at Auschwitz) Birkenau and Majdanek were still described as heavily guarded forced-labor camps. In August many Slovak Jewish deportees were transported a second time, to extermination camps, with many Jews murdered in the roundups. News of this reached the Working Group by the end of the month; in October the couriers reported that Slovak Jewish deportees had been sent to "the other side of the 47: 422:, longtime secretary of the Orthodox Jewish community, who had been chosen for his fluency in Slovak. Schwartz thwarted anti-Jewish orders to the best of his ability by delaying their implementation. He sabotaged a census of Jews in eastern Slovakia which aimed to move them to the west of the country, and Wisliceny had him arrested in April 1941. Schwartz' replacement was Arpad Sebestyen, who fully cooperated with Wisliceny. However, Sebestyen was aware of the activities of the Working Group and made no effort to stop them or report them to the authorities. Wisliceny formed the 1577: 1194:

the Working Group distributed information about rescue operations in official circulars. Planning for how to keep the remaining Jews alive during the coming Axis defeat was the focus of the group's meetings during the next few months. It continued sending aid to surviving Jews in Poland and Theresienstadt, with the resumption of deportations from Slovakia a constant threat. Due to the fallout of the Koso affair, Fleischmann was forced to go in and out of hiding to avoid arrest. She was arrested again on 9 January 1944, and imprisoned for four months at the

1631:, and Bauer, bribery was not a significant factor in the two-year hiatus in deportations from Slovakia. However, Bauer acknowledges that the bribing of Wisliceny may "have helped to solidify an already existing tendency". Bauer notes that most of the Jews not exempt from deportation had already been deported or fled into Hungary; the halt in deportations on 1 August 1942 came shortly after several Slovak officials (including Morávek) had accepted bribes from the Working Group, while Wisliceny did not receive a bribe until 17 August. American historian 1156:'s reliability. After the war, he claimed that Himmler had ordered him to break off contact with the Working Group, an interpretation supported by Bauer and Rothkirchen. The Nazis' refusal to go through with their proposal shocked the Working Group members. During this meeting, Wisliceny attempted to reinforce the group's trust in him by leaking information that the Nazis were in the process of transferring 5,000 Polish Jewish children to Theresienstadt; from there, they would be sent to Switzerland if a British ransom was paid. He also told them that 1466:

in rural eastern Slovakia, the Slovak government proposed roundups; the Working Group convinced them to concentrate the Jews in western Slovakia. Although the Working Group did not support an uprising (because it feared the consequences for Slovakia's remaining Jews), Neumann gave an underground group in the Nováky labor camp funds for purchasing weapons. On 29 August, Germany invaded Slovakia in response to the increase in partisan sabotage. The Slovak National Uprising, which began that day, was crushed by the end of October.

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the Working Group should have issued clear warnings in September 1944, although such warnings "would have made no difference in any case". Fatran writes that the conduct of the Working Group after the invasion can be explained by their previous apparent success with negotiation and their desperation to save the remaining Slovak Jews, recognizing that their actions were mistaken. Bauer emphasizes that despite their faults and ultimate failure, the Working Group's members tried to rescue Jews and deserve to be recognized as heroes.

301: 1525:

of these proposals to distract the Working Group, arranging for a group of Jewish professionals to visit Sereď two days later. On 24 September, Fleischmann wrote a letter to Switzerland requesting money for a new round of ransom negotiations. During the visit to Sereď, the Jewish professionals from Bratislava were summarily dismissed by Brunner, but managed to learn of the murder of several inmates by guards. As a result, the Working Group recommended that the Jews in Bratislava go into hiding.

1968:, the brutality of the deportation of families in April and May caused many Slovaks to doubt the purportedly Christian character of the regime. In June, the German ambassador to Slovakia, Hanns Ludin, reported that popular opinion in Slovakia had turned against the deportations, because gentile Slovaks witnessed the violence used by the Hlinka Guard against Jews. Rothkirchen also highlights the role of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile and the BBC in publicizing reports of atrocities. 1065:

simultaneously tried to persuade the Slovak government to approve the resumption of deportations, sending a memo to Tuka and Mach claiming that only indigent Jews were deported. Wisliceny recommended raids on Jews in hiding, cancellation of most economic exceptions, and the deportation of converts (who would be settled separately from Jews). If this was done, Wisliceny claimed, twenty-three trains could be filled and Slovakia would be the first country in southeastern Europe to become

439: 10527: 1230: 772:

fraudulent conversion certificates, or other exemptions. Several thousand Jews fled to Hungary, aided by Rabbi Shmuel Dovid Ungar and the youth movements, in the spring of 1942. Many others were arrested at the border and immediately deported. Because Jews were not reporting for their transports, the Hlinka Guard forcibly rounded up Jews and deported some prisoners in the labor camps in Slovakia, who had been promised that they would not be deported.

696:

reasonably accurate information on the horrible conditions in which deportees were held; this was in addition to vague allusions in censored messages the Germans allowed them to send. These letters were forwarded to the ÚŽ by their recipients in Slovakia. Additional reports reached the Bratislava activists from Jews in the countryside who had special permits allowing them to travel. The Working Group also used its couriers to track deportees from the

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further instructions. According to Bauer and Longerich, Himmler's goal was to negotiate with the Americans through the Jews. Rothkirchen thinks this is possible but unproven, and suggests that the Nazis intended to influence popular opinion in the free world and discredit reports of the Final Solution (which were reaching the Allies). She notes that Himmler's decision to suspend negotiations in September 1943 coincided with the arrest of

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the main factors, along with fascist politicians' fears that they would be tried for war crimes if the Axis was defeated. Fatran notes that property confiscation and deportation did not bring the prosperity promised by antisemitic politicians. According to Kamenec, the transports were not resumed due to the detrimental effect of anti-Jewish measures on the economy and strong diplomatic pressure from the Vatican and the Allies.

1176:", communications with Jewish organizations in Switzerland were severed, so the Working Group could not guarantee that it would be able to raise the money. In early January 1944, Fleischmann was arrested again and Wisliceny left for Berlin. These negotiations, as well as the prior negotiations over the Europa Plan, may have paved the way for the later blood-for-goods proposal to ransom Hungarian Jews after the 880:

the Working Group's news of mass deaths. In response to renewed Slovak demands to see the sites where Slovak Jews were imprisoned, Eichmann suggested that they visit Theresienstadt (where Slovak Jews had not been sent). The Slovak representatives were not allowed to go to Lublin, because most Slovak Jewish deportees had already been murdered. Although the Working Group received the report of Auschwitz escapee

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populations of Jews could be exterminated with fewer political repercussions. However, Friling doubts that a larger-scale ransom effort could have succeeded. As a personal bribe to Himmler or other Nazi officials, it would have had little effect on the complicated bureaucracy of the Nazi murder apparatus. The Europa Plan's cost per head was exponentially lower than other Jewish ransom efforts in

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The following month, Himmler obtained permission from Hitler to begin negotiations to ransom Jews for hard currency; however, the Working Group could not raise the money. The JDC, skeptical of the proposal and reluctant to give money to Nazis, did not send any additional money to Switzerland. Mayer funneled money to the Working Group despite his reluctance to violate the

330:—Hungary's annexation of 40 percent of Slovakia's arable land and 270,000 people who had declared Czechoslovak ethnicity. In the state-sponsored media, propagandists claimed that Jews were disloyal and a "radical solution of the Jewish issue" was necessary for the progress of the Slovak nation. In a process overseen by the Central Economic Office (led by Slovak official 1172:

the Nazis were negotiating in bad faith. By mid-October, it was clear to international Jewish leaders that the Nazis had abandoned the plan. When Wisliceny appeared in Bratislava again in late 1943, however, the Working Group still hoped to salvage negotiations. When Fleischmann was caught bribing a Slovak official's wife in October 1943, an incident known as the "

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systematically murdered. Aiding deportees was a priority of the Working Group and the deportees' families and communities. Through the couriers and vague allusions in censored messages from deportees, the Working Group obtained reasonably accurate information on the horrible conditions in which deportees were held. Coordinating its efforts with the

1117:. The Hungarian Jewish community was unable or unwilling to help. The Working Group contacted Abraham Silberschein of the World Jewish Congress and Nathan Schwalb of Hehalutz. Schwalb became a committed supporter of the plan and contacted Palestine directly, repeating the Working Group's impression that Wisliceny had kept his promises. 1061:, which was probably delivered to Wisliceny on 17 August. The balance of the payoff was due in late September. What happened to the money is unclear, but it was probably embezzled by Hochberg or Wisliceny. Deportations were halted from 1 August to 18 September, and the Working Group assumed that its ransom operations had borne fruit. 1867:, pp. 73–74) stated that 8,000 had escaped; in 2002 he revised this figure to 7,000. In 1992, Fatran estimated that 5,000–6,000 Jews crossed the border, but four years later she changed this estimate to 10,000. According to Kamenec, most of those who were successful in crossing the border bribed the guards to let them through. 451:. Fleischmann's office was across the street from the main Jewish Center, which helped keep the group's activity secret. It was eventually formalized into an underground organization which became known as the Working Group. The group included Jews from across the ideological spectrum, working in concert to oppose the Holocaust. 925:

in the Protectorate, the Reich, and the General Government zone. Fleischmann, who was in charge of the ÚŽ welfare department at the time, oversaw this operation. The only confirmed deliveries were to Theresienstadt. Through couriers, the Working Group maintained contact with a group of able-bodied Jews used for forced labor on

629:. Tiso did not interfere; despite the ban on Jews issuing official documents, the petitions were widely duplicated and circulated among Slovak government officials, legislators, bishops, and other Catholic religious leaders. However, the Slovak government supported the deportation of Jews and the protests were ineffective. 1505:

Working Group did not issue a clear warning to Jews in western Slovakia to travel to partisan-controlled areas. The group's leadership had shrunk significantly; Steiner was in central Slovakia upon the outbreak of the uprising and did not return to Bratislava, Weissmandl and his family were caught in a 5 September raid on

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send the report. Using its ties to the Slovak resistance, the Working Group sent information in the report on 22 May to Jaromír Kopecký (who received a full copy by 10 June). In an attached letter, the group informed Kopecký about preparations for deportations from Hungary. Kopecký transmitted this information to the

1080:

demanded by Wisliceny. In August and September, Weissmandl pressed his Orthodox Jewish contacts to provide the remaining $ 20,000. When another transport left Slovakia on 18 September, Weissmandl cabled Jewish leaders in Budapest and blamed them for the deportation. A second transport departed on 21 September,

1559:" by Brunner, Fleischmann was murdered upon her arrival. Steiner, Frieder, Neumann, and Kováč survived, but Working Group treasurer William Fürst was deported and murdered. In the second round of persecution, 13,500 Jews were deported (including 8,000 to Auschwitz) and several hundred murdered in Slovakia. 574:. Slovakia did not want to send gentile Slovaks, but neither did it want to care for the families of deported Jews. The Jews were also a political bargaining chip between opposing factions of the Slovak People's Party who both sought to curry favor with the Germans. Tiso's political rival, Prime Minister 1550:

and local collaborators caught 1,800 Jews in Bratislava (including most of the Working Group's leadership). Those arrested were held in the Jewish Center's headquarters until 6 am, when they were jammed onto freight cars and transported to Sereď (arriving at 2 am on 30 September). The first transport

1545:

Fleischmann's office was raided on 26 September, giving the Germans a list of Jews. The Working Group, apparently not realizing the significance of this development, protested to Brunner (who agreed to punish the culprits). On 28 September, Weissmandl and Kováč were summoned by Brunner on the pretext

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in Slovakia), and arranged for the release of Weissmandl from Sereď. The Working Group offered Koslowski a list of goods worth seven million Swiss francs (including fifteen tractors) in exchange for the release of 7,000 Slovak Jews to Switzerland, claiming that these products (initially collected for

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the centers of annihilation" at Auschwitz II-Birkenau and the rail infrastructure in Carpathian Ruthenia and Slovakia used to transport Hungarian Jews to the camp. Kopecký forwarded these suggestions, and on 4 July the Czechoslovak government-in-exile officially recommended bombing the crematoria and

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After the March 1944 German invasion of Hungary, the flow reversed and Slovak and Hungarian Jews fled back across the border to Slovakia. At this time, the approximately 800,000 Jews (as defined by race) in Hungary was the largest surviving population in Europe. The Jews in Hungary had been subjected

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had agreed to halt deportations to the General Government zone in exchange for $ 3 million. Hochberg was arrested later that month for bribery and corruption. As a result, the Working Group took control of the ÚŽ's day-to-day operations and Steiner (and later Fleischmann) met with Wisliceny directly.

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that Slovakia's development could only progress after the remaining Jews were deported. The Working Group was unaware of Wisliceny's advocacy for continued deportations. He pretended to be on the Jews' side and was reasonable and polite, but claimed to need large sums of money to bribe his superiors.

1019:

The Working Group's negotiations with Dieter Wisliceny began during the summer of 1941, when Shlomo Gross attempted to arrange emigration. These contacts informed the Slovak Jewish leaders that Wisliceny was susceptible to bribery and the SS hierarchy was eager to get in touch with representatives of

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failed when the recipients were not found, forcing the Working Group to rely even more on the couriers (who were also charged with finding and aiding escapees). In May 1943, pressure from the Working Group caused the Slovak government to allow them to send packages of used clothing to known addresses

900:

The Polish-speaking couriers delivered money and valuables, and smuggled letters back to Slovakia. A few letters saying that the recipient's life had been extended by the aid received persuaded the Working Group to intensify its efforts in the face of increasing evidence that the deportees were being

879:

In 1943, moderate government officials who opposed the deportations could use information on the fate of deported Jews to justify their opposition. The Slovak church also took a less favorable attitude towards renewed transports than it had the previous year, which historian Gila Fatran attributes to

276:

Most historians agree that the actions of the Working Group had some effect in halting the deportations from Slovakia between 1942 and 1944, although the extent of their role and which of their actions should be credited is debated. The group's leaders believed that the failure of the Europa Plan was

1931:

Andrej Steiner, a member of the Working Group, distrusted Hochberg and had provided the Slovak police with evidence against him. However, Weissmandl advocated that the Working Group try to get him released; he believed that Hochberg was useful and was concerned that he would reveal the negotiations.

1614:

According to Katarína Hradská, the Working Group had to negotiate with the Germans to achieve its goals; however, this led its members to self-delusion in their desperation to save other Jews from death. Bauer argues that bribing Wisliceny was misguided since he did not stop the transports, and that

1584:

According to Bauer, the Working Group was one of the only underground organizations in occupied Europe to unite the ideological spectrum (excluding communists) and to try to save Jews in other countries. Livia Rothkirchen, who says that the "relentless" efforts of the Working Group achieved concrete

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Brunner arrived in Bratislava (probably on 22 or 23 September), and the Working Group presented the proposal to trade commodities for Jewish lives. They also suggested improvements to Sereď to make the camp economically productive, as it had been before the uprising. Brunner feigned interest in both

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The Working Group took advantage of a reorganization in the Slovak government to remove Arpad Sebestyen, the ineffectual leader of the ÚŽ, in December 1943. The Jewish community was allowed to choose his successor; the Working Group voted unanimously for Oskar Neumann. With full control over the ÚŽ,

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The meeting between Hochberg and Wisliceny probably occurred after Tuka's request to send a Slovak delegation to the General Government zone, which convinced the Germans to reduce their pressure for deportations. Wisliceny collected the Jews' money and took credit for the reduction in transports. He

967:(earmarked for Working Group relief and bribery operations), it was usually insufficient for the group's needs; Fleischmann frequently had to remind the Jewish organizations in Switzerland to honor their promises to her. The money was transferred to Bratislava via Hungary, delaying its availability. 680:

The Working Group tracked the destinations of the deportation trains, learning that young women were deported to Auschwitz and young men to various sites in the Lublin district (where they were forced to work on construction projects). Deportees brought chalk which they used to write the destination

650:

After failing to stop the deportations, the Working Group became increasingly demoralized; however, they attempted to save as many Jews as possible. A Claims Department, led by Kováč, was set up in the ÚŽ to help Jews obtain exemptions from transport and ensure that the Slovak government would honor

599:

The Working Group learned in late February 1942, probably from the Slovak government official Jozef Sivák, that the Slovak government was planning to deport all Jews to Poland. Although it was a shock, Israeli historian Gila Fatran notes that deportation was the logical outcome of the Slovak State's

2127:

Bauer notes that, of the Slovak Jewish leaders, only Hochberg assisted with deportations (and did not draw up deportation lists), while Working Group members orchestrated his arrest. Contradicting Conway's assertions, the Working Group, Orthodox organizations and the Zionist youth movements advised

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claims that Zionists and secularists were responsible for the Holocaust, became a cornerstone of the Haredi "counter-history". For ideological reasons, his collaboration with Fleischmann—a woman and a Zionist—was minimized or omitted. Many Haredi writers take Weissmandl's allegations at face value,

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in crystallizing popular opinion against the Nazis and preventing the resumption of the deportations, while Bauer credits the Working Group's bribery of Slovak officials. Fatran identifies the Working Group's efforts to spread news of mass death and the increasing pressure of the Catholic Church as

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emphasize the role of the Working Group in distributing reports of Nazi atrocities to Slovak leaders, who backpedaled on deportations in late 1942. Braham credits a mix of factors: the request to visit "Jewish settlements" in Poland, bribing of Slovak officials, the protection of the remaining Jews

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Because of Germany's imminent military defeat, much of the Slovak population and army leadership switched their allegiance to the Allies. Increasing partisan activity in the mountains presented a dilemma for Jews and, in particular, their leadership. To counter the perceived security threat of Jews

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The general information in the report was smuggled into Hungary by non-Jewish couriers, reaching Budapest by early May. By the same route, the report itself reached an antifascist Lutheran organization in Budapest in late May. There were probably other, unsuccessful attempts by the Working Group to

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Wisliceny left the prospect of reopening negotiations open. The Working Group blamed itself for the plan's failure, and gave Wisliceny $ 10,000 on 12 September in the hope of reviving negotiations. The fact that the murder of Jews continued apace made it obvious to international Jewish leaders that

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The Working Group's attention was diverted by the threat of resumed transports from Slovakia, which were due to begin in April 1943. As the deadline approached, Fleischmann and Weissmandl became even more militant in promoting the plan to Jewish leaders. They insisted that it was feasible, that the

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had been deported during the summer of 1942. Although the Working Group passed these reports on to its Swiss contacts in December, it downplayed them in its letter and sent the couriers back to confirm the reports (indicating that the group doubted the accuracy of the information). In this respect,

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In one of his letters to Switzerland, Weissmandl wrote, "We must accept premise No. 1, in theory and practice—that their intentions are honest in this matter... Premise No. 2: ... All this is a plot, a maneuver, a gesture of camouflage which they have undertaken to win our confidence, to undermine

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Deported with his family on 10 October, Weissmandl jumped off the train. He was later rescued by Kastner and Becher and taken to Switzerland. After the roundup, Fleischmann and Kováč were allowed to remain in Bratislava; Fleischmann refused to betray Jews in hiding, and was arrested on 15 October.

1079:

The JDC in Switzerland was hamstrung by restrictions on sending currency to Switzerland, and had to employ questionable smugglers to bring funds into Nazi-occupied Europe. Although Mayer was sometimes able to borrow money in Swiss francs against a postwar payment, he was unable to send the dollars

775:

According to historian Yehoshua Büchler, the Working Group's most important sources of information on the fate of deported Jews were escapee reports. Majdanek, where young Slovak Jewish men were sent, had had an active escape committee from April 1942. Dozens of escape attempts were made; the most

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Polish-speaking couriers, mostly from villages along the Polish-Slovak border, were employed to illegally cross the border and establish contact with the deportees. According to Weissmandl, contact was established with some by late April or early May. Through the couriers, the Working Group obtain

632:

The Working Group also begged Catholic officials to intercede on humanitarian grounds, hoping that their Christian faith would prevent them from supporting deportation. The Vatican responded with a letter protesting against the deportations which was delivered to the Slovak ambassador on 14 March.

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views and conservative Orthodox philosophy, readily accepted the leadership of a woman and Zionist. According to Weissmandl, Fleischmann's leadership and interpersonal skills led him to accept her; the fact that she was a woman prevented leadership disputes. Bauer notes that Weissmandl was Ungar's

281:

historiography, most historians maintain that the Nazis would not have allowed the rescue of a significant number of Jews. It has also been argued that the Working Group's negotiations were collaborationist and that it failed to warn Jews about the dangers awaiting them, but most historians reject

224:

colleagues began to meet in the summer of 1941. In 1942, the group worked to prevent the deportation of Slovak Jews by bribing Wisliceny and Slovak officials, lobbying the Catholic Church to intervene, and encouraging Jews to flee to Hungary. Its efforts were mostly unsuccessful, and two-thirds of

1028:

emphasizes his craving for recognition, since he had been passed over for promotion in favor of Eichmann. However, unlike the Slovak representatives, contact with Wisliceny carried a high risk and had to be done secretly. Hochberg, who made regular visits to Wisliceny's office, was employed as an

1954:

In Wisliceny's postwar testimony, he claimed that he first heard about the plan to kill all Jews at the beginning of August. Bauer alleges that this may have influenced his behavior, but Rothkirchen asserts that Wisliceny distorted his chronology in order to claim that he had not known about the

1682:

with the Western Allies on Himmler's behalf. Aronson says that the negotiations might have been coordinated with antisemitic propaganda broadcasts to the West, which depicted the war as being fought on behalf of Jews. Braham considers Wisliceny to have been "advancing the interests of the SS" by

1673:

Friling suggests that Wisliceny probably devised the scheme to extort money from the Jews, and had no intention of keeping his side of the agreement. According to Bauer, Himmler approved the opening of negotiations in November 1942 but they "lacked a concrete basis" because Wisliceny received no

1350:

representative in Switzerland. The Hungarian government, which had claimed that the Allied aerial bombing of military targets in Budapest in April was directed by an international Jewish conspiracy, intercepted the cable. According to Bauer, the mention of bombing in the cable was interpreted by

992:

Negotiations to save Slovak Jews with bribery began at Weissmandl's initiative in mid-June 1942. The Working Group immediately approached the Slovak officials responsible for Jewish affairs, who had demonstrated their corruptibility when they accepted bribes for preferential treatment during the

616:

The petition from community leaders, delivered on 5 March, used pragmatic arguments for allowing the Jews to remain in Slovakia. The petition from the rabbis, delivered to Tiso on 8 March by Armin Frieder, condemned the deportations in emotive language. Although no one in Slovakia knew about the

1664:

It is unlikely that the Nazis would have been willing to compromise on the implementation of the Final Solution for any price that the Jews could raise and illegally transfer. Friling and Bauer agree that the Nazis were willing to temporarily spare about 24,000 Slovak Jews in 1942 because other

1504:

Immediately after the German invasion, Neumann disbanded the ÚŽ and told its members to go into hiding or flee. Some Bratislava Jews infiltrated German intelligence operations and delivered daily reports to the Working Group, which the leaders used to decide whether or not to flee. However, the

1043:

Exploiting Wisliceny's desire to contact international Jewish organizations, Weissmandl forged letters from "Ferdinand Roth", a fictitious Swiss official. In mid-July, Hochberg brought the letters to Wisliceny. He told the Working Group that Wisliceny had the power to stop the deportations from

762:

Slovak officials promised that deportees would not be mistreated and would be allowed to return home after a fixed period. Initially, even most youth-movement activists believed that it was better to report rather than risk reprisals against their families. This was accompanied by a campaign of

1572:

During the Holocaust, the Yishuv organizations in Istanbul noted the effectiveness of the Working Group's courier network and its inventiveness at reaching otherwise-inaccessible locations in occupied Poland, describing it as their "only window into the theatre of the catastrophe"; the Working

1104:

The Working Group's contacts at the Slovak railway informed them that deportations would not resume until spring 1943. Although the group contacted Wisliceny about the evacuation of Slovak Jewish children from Lublin to Switzerland or Palestine, nothing came of it. Weissmandl, who credited the

1701:

Weissmandl and Fleischmann believed that the Europa Plan failed because too little money was provided too late, due to the indifference of mainstream Jewish organizations. Perhaps influenced by antisemitic conspiracy theories exaggerating the wealth and power of "world Jewry", Fleischmann and

867:

In late July 1942, the Working Group received a report of a massacre of Jews in Poland; as with other reports of atrocities, it forwarded the information to the Slovak government. Church officials and cabinet members pressured the government, and Prime Minister Vojtech Tuka asked Wisliceny to

771:

by train with these reports to warn Jews to hide or flee, a task made more difficult by strict censorship and travel restrictions. By June, accumulating evidence of Nazi perfidy caused many Jews not to appear for deportation or wait at home to be rounded up. Many tried to obtain false papers,

691:

at the border, one Slovak railway worker accompanied each train to ensure that the equipment would be returned intact. The Working Group interviewed these railway workers, and obtained destinations from them. Little was known about the sites to which the Jews were being taken, however, and no

733:

During the winter of 1942–43, the mass murder of Jews in Lublin and harsh weather hampered the work of the couriers. In February 1943, however, the Working Group received information that other Slovak Jews deported from the Lublin area had also been sent to Bełżec (corroborating reports of

1056:

to "productivize" the remaining Jews and create a financial incentive to keep them in Slovakia. The Working Group, not having expected an affirmative response, began to hope that it could save the remaining Slovak Jews. Slovak Jewish businessman Shlomo Stern donated the first $ 25,000 in

1546:

of being needed for a project at Sereď; they were imprisoned in Brunner's office, where they witnessed the use of the stolen list of Jews to prepare for a major roundup. Among the Jews at large in the city, competing rumors foretold a large operation or nothing would happen. That night,

1249:, escaped and reached Slovakia on 21 April. After the Working Group heard of Vrba and Wetzler's escape, Neumann was dispatched to interview them; the report was completed on 27 April. The 40-page report corroborated previous Auschwitz reports which had been forwarded to Britain by the 836:, between 1,900 and 2,500 adults and 114 children reached Hungary by late November 1943. The success of this operation was dependent on the lukewarm attitude of the Slovak government to persecuting the Jewish refugees, a fact which Fatran attributes to lobbying by the Working Group. 2018:

With Hitler's permission, a few Dutch Jews were allowed to leave occupied Europe after paying large sums of foreign currency. The vast majority of offers were rejected, and ultimately 28 Jews were allowed to emigrate for the average payment of some 50,000 – 100,000 Swiss francs per

539:

Many historians state that Fleischmann was the leader of the Working Group. Other sources are less specific about her role, stating that the group was led by Fleischmann and Weissmandl, or not describing an explicit hierarchy. Scholars have debated why Weissmandl, with his strongly

1726:

criticized Vrba's and Conway's "distorted statements" about the Working Group, which had hidden Vrba after his escape. Conway accused mainstream Israeli historians who studied the Working Group of yielding to Zionist establishment pressure and promoting a "hegemonic narrative".

1214:

or systematically exterminated. After the German invasion, the Working Group learned from sympathetic Slovak railway officials about the preparation of 120 trains for Jews deported from Hungary and relayed the information to Budapest, where it was received by the end of April.

2036:, p. 100) writes, "What is amazing is that the highly intelligent Slovak Jewish leaders believed and trusted him more than they did their colleagues outside the Nazi empire, and none more so than Weissmandel. He did not trust Schwalb or Mayer, but he did trust a Nazi." 1401:

After the invasion of Hungary, Wisliceny was sent there to organize the deportation of the Hungarian Jews. Weissmandl gave him a letter (written in Hebrew) saying that he was a reliable negotiator, and told him to show it to Pinchas Freudiger, Rudolf Kastner, and Baroness

1267:, who unsuccessfully tried to suppress its contents. Although the information was transmitted to two other Carpathian Ruthenian transit ghettos, the Jews did not act on the report. Oskar Krasniansky, who helped transcribe the report, claimed that Hungarian Zionist leader 1366:

in Switzerland, who published it on 4 July. Over the next eighteen days, at least 383 articles about Auschwitz which were based on information in the report were published in Swiss and international media. Because of the publicity, Allied leaders (including US President

959:(Ks) on relief efforts, she asked Schwalb for a monthly budget for relief efforts. Frieder and Weissmandl, deeply involved in the illegal relief efforts, were arrested on 22 September but continued their work when they were released. The Working Group received 20,000 808:, and another person who had spoken with an escapee from Bełżec reported to the Working Group, and their testimony was relayed to Jewish groups in Switzerland. These reports finally convinced the Working Group of the German plan for total extermination of all Jews. 1379:, and the Red Cross also made appeals. Horthy offered to allow 10,000 Jewish children to leave Hungary and unofficially halted the deportations on 7 July (with about 200,000 Jews still in Budapest), justifying his change in policy to the Germans by claiming that a 1422:. The group agreed to help, asking Kastner to request a moratorium on deportations from Slovakia. Fleischmann organized a committee of local Jewish businessmen to fulfill Kastner's requests. Kastner visited Bratislava again in late August with Becher's adjutant, 430:(an ambitious, unprincipled Viennese Jew) as its director. Hochberg carried out the removal of Jews from Bratislava, tarnishing the ÚŽ's reputation in the Jewish community. Due to Sebestyen's ineffectiveness, Hochberg's department came to dominate ÚŽ operations. 600:

antisemitic policies. The Working Group believed that persuading Tiso was key to stopping the deportations, a view shared by its sympathizers in the government. The group met on 25 February, agreeing to take a three-pronged approach to stopping the transports:

396:

for Slovakia in September 1940. His aim was to impoverish the Jewish community so it became a burden on gentile Slovaks, who would then agree to deport them. Wisliceny ordered the dissolution of all Jewish community organizations and forced the Jews to form a

852:, and Jewish groups in Switzerland. The Working Group used diplomatic parcels, undercover messengers, and codes based on Hebrew and Yiddish words to bypass German censorship; Wisliceny's codename was "Willy". Most of the correspondence was intercepted by the 742:. The Stanisławów Ghetto was liquidated before help could arrive, but the couriers urged the Jews in Bochnia to escape and provided information on routes. In 1943, the Working Group still believed—erroneously—that most able-bodied Jews were allowed to live. 6995: 587:

in an attempt to discredit Tiso's Catholic credentials. Nevertheless, Tiso went through with the deportations to retain German support. A compromise was reached in which the families of Jewish workers would accompany them, and the Slovaks would pay 500

767:, which carried out many of the roundups. The first deportee reports trickled in during May and June 1942, citing starvation, arbitrary killings, the forcible separation of families, and poor living conditions. Neumann sent members of banned 509:

rabbi in Slovakia, and Steiner was a "non-ideological" engineer. Gross represented the Orthodox community. From the beginning, the Working Group had the support of moderates in the Slovak government (including minister of education

1669:

and the Netherlands, making it a bad deal from the Nazi perspective. Fatran dismisses the plan as "unrealistic", and argues that the Nazis might be willing to release individuals for high ransoms, but not a large number of Jews.

482:, whose aid the Working Group needed to fund its operations. Her colleagues admired her dedication to public service and ability to motivate individuals with opposing ideological views to work together towards a common goal. 876:). This incident probably convinced the Germans to relax their pressure on the Slovak government regarding deportations; a transport scheduled for 7 August was cancelled, and deportations did not resume until mid-September. 1650:

Nazi Germany put increasing pressure on the Slovak State hand over its remaining Jews in 1943 and 1944, but Slovak politicians did not agree to resume the deportations. Rothkirchen and Longerich emphasize the role of the

1291:

at Auschwitz. On 16 June, the BBC broadcast warnings to the German leadership that it would be tried for its crimes. It is unclear whether the warnings influenced the fate of the Czech prisoners although Polish historian

596:(which paid 30 Reichsmarks per person), Slovakia was the only country which paid to deport its Jewish population. Slovakia was the only country besides Nazi Germany to organize the deportation of its own Jewish citizens. 1601:): "Gisi Fleischmann's name deserves to be immortalized in the annals of our people, and her memory should be bequeathed to further generations as a radiant example of heroism and of boundless devotion". In a review of 734:

extermination facilities there). From then on, the group knew that those deported a second time had been murdered. Later that spring, the couriers told the Working Group that about 10,000 Jews were still alive in the

260:). Wisliceny demanded a $ 3 million bribe, which far exceeded the Working Group's ability to pay, and broke off negotiations in September 1943. In April and May 1944, the Working Group collected and disseminated the 868:

authorize a delegation of Slovak priests to the General Government zone to disprove the report. Wisliceny had to travel to Berlin to notify Eichmann of this request. Instead of priests, the Nazis sent Wisliceny and

1044:

Slovakia and demanded $ 40,000 to $ 50,000, paid in two installments, in exchange for delaying the deportations until the following spring. Hochberg also relayed Wisliceny's suggestion to expand the labor camps at

1303:, reached Slovakia on 6 June and provided more information on the murder of the Hungarian Jews. At the request of Burzio, Krasniansky arranged a meeting between Vrba, Mordowicz, and papal representative Monsignor 272:

in fall 1944, the Germans invaded Slovakia and the Working Group attempted to bribe the Germans into sparing the Slovak Jews. Its failure to clearly warn Jews to go into hiding is considered its greatest mistake.

446:

Dissatisfied with this state of affairs and fearful of voicing their concerns aloud due to Hochberg's influence, during the summer of 1941 many ÚŽ members began meeting in the office of ÚŽ director of emigration

819:

to Hungary but charged high fees and used harsh measures on those unable to pay. The Working Group enlisted him and similar individuals to set up smuggling operations in Prešov and other border towns, including

1096:, via police attaché Franz Golz. On 20 October, the last transport for nearly two years departed with 1,000 physically or mentally disabled Jews. The Working Group assumed that the bribe had been successful. 1426:. After the Working Group presented Grueson with a list of vital commodities which they could provide, Grueson promised to ask his superiors to allow Slovak Jews to flee. Before anything could be done, the 1417:

to Bergen-Belsen (the passengers were eventually allowed to leave for Switzerland). He asked the Working Group to help him raise money and obtain other commodities for ongoing negotiations with SS officer

2128:

Jews to flee to Hungary and helped smuggle them across the border even before news of systematic extermination was available. Kamenec said that Conway had misinterpreted some passages in his monograph

796:

submitted a report to the Working Group which was forwarded to Istanbul. In the early summer of 1943, three fugitives brought more information on extermination camps. David Milgrom, a Polish Jew from

621:—the murder of all Jews in Nazi Germany's reach—the petitions stressed that deportation entailed "physical extermination" based on the poor conditions for Jews in Poland and news of the massacre of 1202:

prison. The Working Group sought her release and escape to Palestine, but Fleischmann refused to leave Bratislava. Slovak authorities began to re-register Jews, prompting some to flee to Hungary.

780:, who returned to Slovakia in July and reported on the high Jewish death rate from hunger (but not on the Final Solution). Other Slovak Jews escaped from ghettos in the Lublin area, including the 349:), 12,300 Jewish-owned businesses were confiscated or liquidated; this deprived most Slovak Jews of their livelihood. Although Jews were initially defined based on religion, the September 1941 " 7086: 264:

by two Auschwitz escapees documenting the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews. By stimulating diplomatic pressure against the Hungarian government, the report was a major factor in regent

1887:, p. 848)—Rothkirchen attributes them to the Working Group. Bauer notes that the camps may have "played into the hands of the Nazis" by facilitating deportations after the 1944 invasion. 1473:, ten percent of the total insurgent force. German and Slovak propaganda blamed them for the uprising, providing the Germans with an excuse to implement the Final Solution. Eichmann sent SS- 10353: 10017: 7753: 10358: 1342:

the rail infrastructure; their military significance was emphasized. Although neither Auschwitz nor its rail lines were ever bombed, a cable mentioning the proposal was sent on 24 June by

1387:

of the deportees' fate (since he had a copy of the report) also probably played a significant role in the decision. At the time, 12,000 Jews per day were being transported to Auschwitz.

1152:

On 2 September 1943, Wisliceny met with Working Group leaders and announced that the Europa Plan had been cancelled because the delay in payment caused the Nazis to doubt "Ferdinand Roth

9021: 681:

on the railway carriages which returned, empty, to Slovakia. A few managed to send postcards along the route, with disguised references to their location and the terrible conditions on

1337:

On 16 or 18 May, Weissmandl sent an emotional plea for help to Nathan Schwalb and detailed steps that the Allies could take to mitigate the disaster. Among his suggestions was to "

1879:

About 2,500 people were living in the camps on 1 January 1943. Although most sources describe the efforts to discourage deportation via the labor camps as being run by the ÚŽ—see

10029: 9048: 906: 955:

representative in Switzerland, expressing doubt that the deported Jews would ever be seen alive again. Writing that the cash-strapped local community had already spent 300,000

1635:

argues that Wisliceny "played along" with negotiations and collected the Jews' money but in fact played an active role in the deportations. More cautiously, German historian

963:

from the JDC via a courier in November, their first support from an international Jewish organization. Although the JDC later deposited this sum monthly in an account at the

1509:

and were held at Sereď, and Frieder was arrested on 7 September in Bratislava. Fleischmann had the opportunity to escape to the mountains, but refused to abandon her post.

993:

liquidation of Jewish businesses. Initially, officials were bribed to add more names to the list of Jews deemed essential to the economy (exempting them from deportation).

832:. The Zionist youth movements set up a cottage industry forging false papers; priority was given to Polish Jews, who were more vulnerable to deportation. According to the 651:

exemptions already issued. Between 26 March and 20 October 1942, about 57,000 Jews (two-thirds of the Jews in Slovakia at the time) were deported. Eighteen trains went to

2046:

our already meager and paltry power to resist them... Though we must operate on the basis of premise No. 1 in our posture and money, we must also confront premise No. 2."

1088:) probably arrived the next day, although other sources report that the Working Group did not make the second payment until November. Wisliceny forwarded $ 20,000 to the 8683: 1512:

Due to the new Slovak government and changes in the German administration, the Working Group's contacts had been disrupted. With Grueson's help, the activists contacted

864:, an August 1942 report on the Holocaust, was derived in part from information provided by the Working Group, particularly the report by Majdanek escapee Dionýz Lénard. 10041: 1136:, and other leaders of the Jewish Agency and the Yishuv suspected that Wisliceny's offer was extortion. In the meantime, Wisliceny had left Slovakia to supervise the 9822: 9375: 7020: 9698: 727: 7336:

Paulovičová, Nina (2013). "The "Unmasterable Past"? The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Slovakia". In Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.).

10361: 9445: 6942:

Fatran, Gila (2002) . "The Struggle for Jewish Survival during the Holocaust". In Długoborski, Wacław; Tóth, Dezider; Teresa, Świebocka; Mensfelt, Jarek (eds.).

331: 1004:

with a falsified report that all non-exempt Jews had already been deported. Mach was skeptical about the report, however, and the deportations resumed in July.

10220: 9262: 1283:

and the ICRC in a 23 June message, reporting that 12,000 Hungarian Jews were being sent daily to their deaths. The Czechoslovak government-in-exile asked the

9073: 8718: 7128:. Translated by Mensfelt, Jarek. Oświęcim and Banská Bystrica: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Museum of the Slovak National Uprising. pp. 221–242. 7051:. Translated by Mensfelt, Jarek. Oświęcim and Banská Bystrica: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and Museum of the Slovak National Uprising. pp. 111–139. 804:

in late 1942 and lived as a gentile in Poland before being smuggled into Slovakia by Working Group couriers. Milgrom, an unknown Slovak Jewish escapee from

1343: 1206:

to strict antisemitic legislation and tens of thousands had been murdered, both young men conscripted into labor battalions and foreign Jews deported to

419: 7047:(2002) . "The Deportation of Jewish Citizens from Slovakia in 1942". In Długoborski, Wacław; Tóth, Dezider; Teresa, Świebocka; Mensfelt, Jarek (eds.). 1909:

According to the Slovak police records, Hochberg had an illegal account in which large bribes were deposited in return for the cessation of transports.

1304: 7106: 10556: 10085: 8849: 7725: 1120:

Due to miscommunication, the scale of the Europa Plan was not understood by leaders in Palestine until a March 1943 visit by Jewish Agency treasurer

869: 844:

Information on the progress of the Holocaust was transmitted to the Working Group's contacts, including the Aid and Rescue Committee, Orthodox rabbi

10236: 1351:

Hungarian leaders as confirming this erroneous belief. By early July, the only remaining Hungarian Jews were in Budapest. Hungary's Fascist regent,

7831: 7124:(2002) . "The History of the Vrba and Wetzler Auschwitz Report". In Długoborski, Wacław; Tóth, Dezider; Teresa, Świebocka; Mensfelt, Jarek (eds.). 1513: 1271:

visited Bratislava on 26 or 28 April and read a copy of the report (which was not completed until the 27th). However, Kastner's intimate associate

1007:

Other officials accepted bribes from the Working Group. Augustín Morávek was dismissed in July 1942, coinciding with the slowdown in deportations.

937: 913:

and relatives of deportees, the Working Group attempted to track down exact addresses for aid parcels. In a July 1942 letter to WJC representative

245:. The group transmitted reports of systematic murder received from the couriers and Jewish escapees to Jewish organizations in Switzerland and the 10586: 9480: 9380: 8434: 1822:

Slovak Jews who had come of age under Austro-Hungarian rule spoke German or Hungarian as their primary language; most were not fluent in Slovak.

6813:

Caplan, Kimmy (2001). "Have "Many Lies Accumulated in History Books"? - The Holocaust in Ashkenazi Haredi Historical Consciousness in Israel".

9430: 9053: 1423: 1403: 1008: 467: 920:

Zionist youth-movement activists used the information to track down deported activists and send aid to them. Attempts to send money via the

9952: 9796: 9691: 9213: 7836: 7748: 1085: 857: 10046: 9417: 8752: 8576: 1996:

This analysis is supported by a Nazi missive in summer 1942 advising against insisting upon the deportation of the remaining Slovak Jews.

2009:. Despite the potential for financial gain, the Nazis sabotaged offers of ransom in Transnistria and for Jewish children in the Balkans. 933:

until 23 July 1944 (when the camp was liquidated). This was the last substantial surviving group of Slovak Jews in the Lublin district.

10093: 9332: 8713: 7640: 1089: 518:, the governor of the national bank, and attorney Ivan Pietor), who kept the Working Group informed about the government's next moves. 1413:

Kastner visited Bratislava in the summer of 1944 and informed the Working Group about events in Hungary, including the release of the

466:

at a young age. Fleischmann had been active in Jewish public-service organizations before the war, founding the Slovak chapter of the

9650: 1410:

and other Jewish leaders adopted tactics used during the Slovakia and Europa Plan negotiations, including the use of forged letters.

1124:. Kaplan believed that the plan was impossible, but he relayed more optimistic opinions from some of his colleagues in Istanbul. The 10080: 7936: 10551: 9607: 8787: 8236: 902: 17: 811:

In 1943, the Working Group helped Polish and Slovak Jews escape from Poland. A Slovak Jewish taxi driver named Schwartz, based in

785: 365:. According to the 1940 census, about 89,000 Jews (slightly more than three percent of the population) lived in the Slovak State. 10530: 10483: 10409: 10034: 9684: 9544: 9135: 8384: 7779: 7730: 7548: 7520: 7427: 7370: 1448: 1329: 1024:

was greatly exaggerated in the Nazi imagination. Gila Fatran suggests that Wisliceny was desperate for money; Israeli historian

10143: 9594: 9327: 7960: 7089:[The phenomenon of corruption in the so-called solutions to the "Jewish questions" in Slovakia between 1938 and 1945]. 5777: 1071:("cleansed of Jews"). Wisliceny pointed out that Tiso, a member of a rival faction of the Slovak People's Party, had recently 10449: 9655: 9561: 7484: 7458: 7439: 7400: 7378: 7347: 7307: 7232: 7182: 7159: 7133: 7075: 7056: 7009: 6981: 6955: 6803: 6676: 6607: 6588: 6558: 6539: 6517: 6494: 423: 1687:

states that "the Reich's representatives were using the negotiations merely as a means of delay and personal enrichment".

917:, Fleischmann reported that the Working Group had obtained only 2,200 addresses for the tens of thousands of deported Jews. 10388: 10305: 10271: 9665: 9342: 8340: 7758: 7598: 7174: 860:

gave them to Wisliceny (who had jurisdiction over Jewish issues). Slovak historian Katarína Hradská has suggested that the

946: 829: 10591: 10414: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 9787: 9145: 8978: 8623: 8086: 7826: 703:

By the end of the summer, the only locations with which the Working Group had not established contact were Birkenau and

697: 326:, the persecution of Jews was "central to the domestic policy of the Slovak state". Slovak Jews were blamed for the 1938 10151: 1533: 715:), where there were reportedly facilities for mass murder using poison gas. They also informed the Working Group of the 9967: 9337: 8174: 1114: 526:'s Jewish elder, visited Bratislava in the autumn of 1941 and advised against cooperation with the German authorities. 10576: 10571: 10566: 10393: 7955: 7700: 7366: 1942: 523: 322: 277:

due to the indifference of mainstream Jewish organizations. Although this argument has influenced public opinion and

7970: 7906: 7265:"The discussions of Nazi Germany on the deportation of Jews in 1942 – the examples of Slovakia, Rumania and Hungary" 10454: 10442: 10300: 9726: 9400: 9206: 8741: 8198: 7975: 7916: 7891: 7680: 7608: 1485: 1168:

was sent to Theresienstadt in August 1943, the children were sent to Auschwitz on 5 October and gassed on arrival.

1157: 885: 286:

considers the Working Group's members flawed heroes who deserve public recognition for their efforts to save Jews.

1922:

notes that an 11 August meeting of Slovak officials concluded that further deportations would cripple the economy.

1611:

described the group as "Bratislava's legendary Jewish resistance circle" and regretted that it was not mentioned.

554: 10459: 10053: 9899: 9645: 9407: 7819: 7814: 7337: 6947: 1639:

writes: "It remains unresolved if had any causal connection with the suspension of deportations from Slovakia".

1585:

results in multiple operations, emphasizes the uniqueness of a resistance group operating within a Nazi-directed

1072: 309: 1355:, believed that their presence protected the city from carpet-bombing and the 2 July bombing of Budapest by the 295: 10561: 10263: 10228: 9294: 8636: 8449: 7911: 6704: 1280: 755: 712: 8611: 700:, Austria and Belgium, and to keep abreast of the situation of Jews at Theresienstadt and in the Czech lands. 237:, the Working Group sent relief to Slovak Jews imprisoned in Lublin ghettos and helped more than two thousand 10175: 9108: 8948: 8111: 7965: 7946: 7926: 7896: 7789: 7318: 7001: 1356: 10488: 8018: 1589:(which was necessary for the Working Group's successes). In his introduction to a biography of Fleischmann, 9629: 8973: 8536: 8164: 8033: 8008: 7886: 7299: 6668: 1496:

for deportation to Auschwitz. Jews in eastern Slovakia were deported from other Slovak camps or massacred.

1207: 593: 571: 471: 313: 226: 8606: 5800:

Ward, J. M. (2 January 2013). "Slovakia in History, ed. Mikulas Teich, Dusan Kovac, and Martin D. Brown".

1383:

Budapest would be carpet-bombed. Mounting international pressure and the fact that Horthy could no longer

793: 10207: 9199: 9155: 9140: 9041: 8887: 8811: 8023: 7980: 7941: 7841: 7675: 7541: 6965: 6795: 5787: 1555:

Two days later, she was deported on the last transport from Slovakia to be gassed at Auschwitz. Labeled "

1308: 1036: 704: 479: 10320: 9257: 8133: 7148:

The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour

6733:

Büchler, Yehoshua (1996). "First in the Vale of Affliction: Slovakian Jewish Women in Auschwitz, 1942".

1493: 1045: 10348: 10073: 9013: 8892: 8862: 8781: 8698: 8531: 8169: 8067: 8028: 7985: 7921: 7794: 7670: 7511: 7126:

The Tragedy of the Jews of Slovakia 1938-1945: Slovakia and the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"

7049:

The Tragedy of the Jews of Slovakia 1938-1945: Slovakia and the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"

6973: 6944:

The Tragedy of the Jews of Slovakia 1938-1945: Slovakia and the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question"

6839: 6509: 2059: 1919: 1715: 1628: 1288: 1250: 502: 474:(JDC). Her prewar volunteer work had impressed international Jewish organizations such as the JDC, the 383: 1945:, left Theresienstadt for Auschwitz despite Nazi promises not to deport any more Jews from the ghetto. 980: 357:) defined them by ancestry. Among the Code's 270 anti-Jewish regulations were the requirement to wear 10431: 10310: 9602: 9390: 9222: 8651: 8466: 8013: 7990: 7901: 7763: 7615: 7603: 7590: 7151: 6997:

Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust

964: 921: 559: 6832: 6783: 1547: 605:

Issuing two petitions to Tiso, one from Jewish community organizations and the other from the rabbis

10581: 10315: 10167: 10159: 9983: 9660: 9514: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9130: 9085: 8631: 8411: 7950: 7931: 7878: 7862: 7809: 7804: 7715: 7705: 7695: 7647: 7630: 7620: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7423: 2006: 1765: 1666: 1489: 1458: 1444: 1427: 1338: 1324: 833: 344: 340: 336: 269: 246: 217: 10512: 9267: 8556: 1287:

to publicize the information in the hope of preventing the murder of Czech Jews imprisoned at the

10251: 10127: 9975: 9617: 9123: 9113: 8839: 8393: 8121: 7799: 7784: 7710: 7690: 7685: 7665: 7635: 7625: 7247: 7224: 2130: 1238: 1224: 1137: 1108:

In November 1942, Wisliceny told the Working Group that Reich Security Main Office interim chief

750: 739: 261: 9579: 8190: 7431: 1711: 1480:

to Bratislava to oversee the deportation and murder of about 25,000 surviving Jews in Slovakia.

580: 9999: 9804: 9537: 8834: 8601: 8080: 7658: 7652: 7534: 7087:"Fenomén korupcie v procese tzv. riešenia "židovskej otázky" na Slovensku v rokoch 1938 - 1945" 1810: 1021: 768: 529: 194: 123: 8345: 1375:) threatened Horthy with a war-crimes trial if he did not stop the transports. Pope Pius XII, 404: 374: 10325: 9931: 9612: 9068: 8693: 8646: 8310: 8061: 6580: 6549:

Bartrop, Paul Robert (2017). "Slovakia". In Bartrop, Paul Robert; Dickerman, Michael (eds.).

6486: 2084: 1932:

Fleischmann sided with Steiner, and the Working Group did not intervene on Hochberg's behalf.

1384: 1368: 643:

if he went through with them. In response, the Slovak bishops issued a statement on 26 April

475: 252:

After transports from Slovakia were halted in October 1942, the Working Group tried to bribe

98: 9574: 7415: 7169:

Kubátová, Hana (2014). "Jewish Resistance in Slovakia, 1938–1945". In Henry, Patrick (ed.).

1987:. In Friling's words, compromise on the Final Solution "totally contradicted Nazi ideology". 350: 9869: 9031: 8968: 8551: 8335: 8226: 8204: 8099: 8094: 8075: 7476: 7358: 7264: 2062:(1979). "Frühe Augenzeugenberichte aus Auschwitz. Glaubwürdigkeit und Wirkungsgeschichte". 1978: 1652: 1177: 914: 889: 816: 626: 10199: 9770: 8897: 7516: 1300: 8: 9272: 9118: 9026: 8872: 8459: 7121: 7023:[Activity of Central office Jews during the deportations of Jews from Slovakia]. 1977:

Bauer points out that the Nazis explicitly defined the war as a "race war"; to halt the

1696: 1603: 1538: 1264: 781: 687: 656: 202: 8254: 8244: 7449:

Rothkirchen, Livia (2001). "Slovakia". In Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (eds.).

6699: 1307:, who interviewed the escapees for six hours on 20 June. According to British historian 1165: 9830: 9299: 8498: 8493: 8000: 7416: 7339:

Bringing the Dark Past to Light. The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe

7204: 6764: 6648: 6640: 2099: 2071: 1632: 1376: 1161: 1133: 985: 777: 717: 664: 660: 545:

son-in-law, and posits that Fleischmann's cousin approved her leadership of the group.

455: 327: 242: 230: 10241: 6702:(1991). "The deportation of Slovakian Jews to the Lublin District of Poland in 1942". 789: 268:'s decision to halt the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz in July. After the 10191: 9808: 9103: 8963: 8794: 8708: 8675: 8589: 8406: 8372: 7480: 7454: 7435: 7411: 7396: 7388: 7374: 7343: 7303: 7279: 7228: 7178: 7155: 7129: 7098: 7071: 7052: 7032: 7005: 6977: 6951: 6917: 6888: 6859: 6822: 6799: 6773: 6750: 6721: 6672: 6652: 6603: 6584: 6573: 6554: 6535: 6513: 6490: 2107: 1839: 1683:

extorting money from Jews while continuing to participate in the Final Solution. The

1517: 1372: 1347: 1284: 1025: 942: 845: 635: 10135: 7507:

The "Working Group" - The Attempt by Jewish Activists to Rescue the Jews of Slovakia

2005:

At one point, the sum of $ 400 per head was suggested for the ransom of Jews in the

1772:(Slovak for "subsidiary government" or "Alternative Government"). Weissmandl used a 10495: 10183: 10068: 10022: 9865: 9527: 9500: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9370: 9277: 9080: 9058: 8877: 8867: 8596: 8584: 8566: 8503: 7418:

The Holocaust and History: the Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined

7324: 7291: 7251: 6909: 6880: 6851: 6742: 6713: 6630: 5809: 1835: 1794: 1790: 1590: 1470: 1129: 1109: 861: 682: 563: 490: 448: 379: 253: 221: 213: 190: 149: 111: 46: 10058: 8249: 8211: 1859:, p. 847) gave the figure of 5,000–6,000. In 1992 and 2011, Slovak historian 1855:

Estimates vary widely because the illegal crossings were not officially recorded.

1707:

claiming that mainstream scholars are influenced by unconscious pro-Zionist bias.

1352: 515: 265: 10505: 10256: 9991: 9885: 9873: 9746: 9676: 9569: 9385: 9150: 8990: 8983: 8800: 8703: 8561: 8541: 8454: 8290: 7216: 6686:

Braham, Randolph L. (2004). "Rescue Operations in Hungary: Myths and Realities".

6660: 6530:(2017). "Fleischmann, Gisi". In Bartrop, Paul Robert; Dickerman, Michael (eds.). 6527: 1773: 1757: 1643: 1636: 1608: 1576: 1556: 1481: 1396: 1363: 873: 584: 519: 459: 408: 278: 170: 9734: 6621:[Rudolf Vrba and the Auschwitz Protocols: an answer to John S. Conway]. 1900:

in order to make it appear that they had been recently issued by a foreign bank.

856:

in Vienna; the letters were returned to Bratislava, where German police attaché

633:

Burzio condemned the deportations in strong language in April and, according to

9707: 9549: 9440: 9063: 8958: 8857: 8828: 8520: 8484: 8439: 8149: 8056: 7143: 6635: 6618: 6478: 1843: 1802: 1679: 1598: 1594: 1362:

Information from the Vrba–Wetzler Report was smuggled from Hungary to diplomat

1268: 1246: 1121: 1001: 735: 644: 618: 506: 498: 427: 387: 354: 256:

through Wisliency into halting the deportation of European Jews to Poland (the

234: 157: 9475: 8444: 8264: 7505: 997: 511: 426:

within the ÚŽ to ensure the prompt implementation of Nazi decrees, appointing

10545: 10292: 9816: 9584: 9532: 9435: 9425: 9238: 8953: 8882: 8773: 8641: 8471: 8428: 8274: 8259: 7557: 7391:(1984). "The Europa Plan: A Reassessment". In Finger, Seymour Maxwell (ed.). 7283: 7102: 7036: 6991: 6921: 6892: 6863: 6826: 6777: 6754: 6725: 1806: 1798: 1675: 1624: 1477: 1414: 1312: 956: 722: 570:

During the summer of 1941, the Germans demanded 20,000 men from Slovakia for

494: 486: 198: 153: 145: 84: 9853: 9191: 7410:

Rothkirchen, Livia (1998). "Czech and Slovak Wartime Jewish Leadership". In

6930: 2288: 2286: 1160:

was used to house "privileged" Jews before a potential exchange. Although a

872:(the Slovak editor of a fascist newspaper, who used the visit as fodder for 608:

Convincing business leaders that deporting Jews would compromise the economy

10437: 10063: 9919: 9812: 9711: 9470: 9395: 9165: 8315: 8300: 8295: 8269: 8222: 8154: 8116: 7866: 7044: 6746: 6619:"Rudolf Vrba und die Auschwitz-Protokolle: Eine Antwort auf John S. Conway" 6568: 2111: 1965: 1860: 1831: 1293: 1032: 960: 881: 764: 575: 541: 392: 362: 358: 283: 206: 186: 182: 6913: 6884: 6855: 6717: 1551:

from Sereď since 1942 departed that day for Auschwitz, with 1,860 people.

797: 209:

and Slovak officials, and smuggling valuables to Jews deported to Poland.

10500: 9758: 9171: 8688: 8305: 8159: 7192: 5813: 5459: 5457: 2298: 2283: 1983: 1723: 1419: 1272: 1242: 1173: 1093: 815:(near the Polish border), helped smuggle Polish Jewish refugees over the 622: 300: 257: 238: 178: 80: 10279: 7357:

Rajcan, Vanda; Vadkerty, Madeline; Hlavinka, Ján (2018). "Slovakia". In

6644: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2398: 2396: 2103: 2075: 821: 9907: 9465: 9160: 8995: 8768: 8546: 7501: 7208: 6792:

In the Lion's Mouth: Gisi Fleischmann and the Jewish Fight for Survival

1897: 1407: 1081: 1058: 589: 361:, a ban on intermarriage, and the conscription of able-bodied Jews for 317: 52: 10089: 7255: 5454: 1020:"International Jewry", whose influence on the policies of the Western 220:(ÚŽ) to implement anti-Jewish decrees. Members of the ÚŽ unhappy with 9289: 9000: 8806: 7468: 3001: 2789: 2393: 2339: 2259: 1067: 926: 801: 708: 652: 640: 8661: 7244:

Some faint hope and courage: the BBC and the final solution, 1942-45

6935:

Bohemia: Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur der Böhmischen Länder

2247: 1229: 1195: 1092:

in October with the knowledge of the German ambassador to Slovakia,

1049: 930: 910: 825: 812: 685:. Although the Slovak railway company turned the trains over to the 578:, organized the deportations and reported the preparations to papal 9304: 8526: 8326: 7328: 1296:

believes that they delayed the liquidation of the camp until July.

1255: 1237:

The Working Group played a central role in the distribution of the

952: 849: 611:

Persuading the Catholic Church to intervene on humanitarian grounds

505:

in Slovakia, Kováč was an assimilationist, Frieder was the leading

438: 399: 7363:

Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany

7195:(1985). "Attempts by Jewish Escapees to Stop Mass Extermination". 6199: 2624: 9309: 6835:

translated into English by Naftali Greenwood and paginated 1–46.)

6271: 2849: 1764:(German), referring to a "shadow government" within the official 805: 533: 463: 7526: 7070:. Translated by Styan, Martin. Bratislava: Hajko & Hajková. 5765: 9624: 9347: 9036: 6946:. Translated by Mensfelt, Jarek. Oświęcim and Banská Bystrica: 5922: 5726: 4099: 3607: 3578: 1703: 1260: 1125: 853: 7395:. American Jewish Commission on the Holocaust. pp. 1–26. 6950:

and Museum of the Slovak National Uprising. pp. 141–162.

5912: 5910: 5370: 5368: 5366: 4911: 3292: 1453: 1128:

expressed willingness to help fund the plan, although Kaplan,

655:

and another thirty-nine went to ghettos and concentration and

320:(a Catholic priest) was appointed president. According to the 8401: 7517:

Interview by Andrej Steiner about his activity during the war

6933:[The deportation of the Jews from Slovakia 1944–45]. 6336: 6334: 6136: 6100: 5329: 5327: 4670: 4014: 4012: 3945: 3943: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3265: 3263: 2676: 2674: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2085:"Der Holocaust in Ungarn. Neue Kontroversen und Überlegungen" 1506: 1461:. The Working Group was based in Bratislava, at extreme left. 1199: 1053: 726:

their knowledge of the Final Solution was less complete than

7021:"Činnosť Ústredne židov počas deportácií židov zo Slovenska" 5939: 5937: 5716: 5714: 4601: 4562: 4455: 3775: 7342:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 549–590. 6112: 6088: 6033: 6009: 5997: 5973: 5907: 5699: 5663: 5603: 5363: 5003: 4899: 4819: 4506: 4467: 4445: 4443: 4249: 4225: 4213: 4135: 3634: 3525: 2989: 2866: 2864: 1449:

The Holocaust in Slovakia § Resumption of deportations

1390: 1311:, this meeting may have influenced the 25 June telegram of 6382: 6331: 6223: 6211: 6177: 6175: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5849: 5847: 5687: 5627: 5572: 5570: 5531: 5469: 5324: 5216: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4682: 4648: 4646: 4579: 4577: 4552: 4550: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4484: 4482: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3972: 3970: 3940: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3823: 3799: 3720: 3679: 3549: 3515: 3513: 3415: 3367: 3260: 3100: 2948: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2671: 2567: 2322: 2310: 2237: 2235: 1039:, where many able-bodied Slovak Jewish men were imprisoned 692:

information about extermination facilities was available.

304:

Territorial losses to Hungary and Germany in 1938 and 1939

6454: 6307: 5934: 5832: 5711: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5312: 5300: 5264: 5240: 5123: 4947: 4848: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4658: 4618: 4616: 4411: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4290: 4288: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4041: 4039: 4024: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3459: 3457: 3355: 3248: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3088: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2477: 2420: 2383: 2381: 2271: 1896:

According to Weissmandl's memoirs, the dollar bills were

522:, a leader of Prague's Jewish community leader and later 6762:

Büchler, Yehoshua (2002). "Certificates for Auschwitz".

6418: 6295: 5949: 5755: 5753: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5351: 5228: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 4981: 4979: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4889: 4887: 4776: 4774: 4706: 4694: 4440: 4387: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4273: 4152: 4150: 3955: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3343: 3321: 3319: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3238: 3236: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3117: 3115: 2936: 2888: 2861: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2600: 2530: 2528: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2368: 2366: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 1084:. The money (donated by Hungarian Jewish philanthropist 27:

World War Two Jewish resistance organisation in Slovakia

7000:. Vol. 1–2. Translated by Cummings, Ora. Madison: 6346: 6247: 6235: 6172: 6124: 6057: 6021: 5985: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5859: 5844: 5820: 5675: 5639: 5615: 5567: 5500: 5407: 5087: 5051: 5027: 4872: 4831: 4807: 4747: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4574: 4547: 4530: 4494: 4479: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4261: 4237: 4201: 4189: 4123: 4058: 4056: 4054: 3994: 3982: 3967: 3928: 3909: 3897: 3859: 3835: 3787: 3732: 3696: 3624: 3622: 3566: 3537: 3510: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3432: 3430: 3223: 3221: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 2837: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2545: 2543: 2232: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 8919: 7453:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 595–600. 7356: 7296:

Saving One's Own: Jewish Rescuers During the Holocaust

7221:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

6931:"Die Deportation der Juden aus der Slowakei 1944-1945" 6551:

The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

6532:

The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

6442: 6370: 6358: 6319: 6187: 6148: 5961: 5738: 5582: 5555: 5543: 5512: 5481: 5463: 5419: 5392: 5288: 5204: 5173: 5099: 5063: 4860: 4786: 4759: 4718: 4613: 4399: 4370: 4285: 4162: 4068: 4036: 3874: 3763: 3708: 3646: 3498: 3454: 3442: 3331: 3206: 3156: 3139: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3014: 2972: 2960: 2924: 2912: 2876: 2814: 2808: 2730: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2659: 2555: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2453: 2402: 2378: 2345: 2304: 2292: 2265: 2253: 2220: 1884: 1856: 667:

occupation zone. Only a few hundred survived the war.

6970:

Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust

6406: 6394: 6259: 6160: 5750: 5651: 5431: 5339: 5276: 5252: 5185: 5154: 5135: 5111: 5075: 5039: 5015: 4991: 4976: 4959: 4935: 4923: 4884: 4771: 4351: 4300: 4147: 4111: 3811: 3744: 3590: 3396: 3379: 3316: 3304: 3275: 3233: 3187: 3127: 3112: 3032: 2900: 2705: 2636: 2612: 2525: 2432: 2363: 2351: 2208: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2134:, possibly due to his inability to understand Slovak. 6430: 6283: 6045: 5888: 5876: 4735: 4628: 4589: 4518: 4423: 4339: 4312: 4087: 4051: 3667: 3619: 3469: 3427: 3218: 3168: 2747: 2579: 2540: 2465: 2408: 2189: 7473:

The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust

6575:

Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945

3486: 3071: 3044: 3020: 2686: 2489: 1275:denied that he had been to Slovakia before August. 1253:. A copy of the report was sent to the head of the 9706: 7068:On the Trail of Tragedy: The Holocaust in Slovakia 6665:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 6572: 2147: 201:by gathering and disseminating information on the 1659: 1457:Territorial control during the first days of the 1315:to Horthy, begging him to stop the deportations. 216:forced the Slovak Jewish community to set up the 10543: 7320:Rescue of Jews in the Slovak State (1939 – 1945) 6879:(2). Translated by Greenwood, Naftali: 164–201. 1188: 462:rabbi), but had abandoned religious Judaism for 177:) was an underground Jewish organization in the 8694:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 996:The most influential official to be bribed was 936:Fleischmann sent a letter on 27 August 1942 to 1241:in the spring of 1944. Two Auschwitz inmates, 975: 839: 9692: 9221: 9207: 9054:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 7542: 1618: 1499: 1318: 555:The Holocaust in Slovakia § Deportations 442:Gisi Fleischmann, leader of the Working Group 6871:Fatran, Gila (1994). "The "Working Group"". 6786:translated into English and paginated 1–24.) 1147: 8753:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 7448: 7409: 7387: 7335: 7316: 6229: 6217: 6142: 6106: 6094: 6082: 6003: 5979: 5916: 5771: 5732: 5374: 4676: 4417: 4183: 4105: 4030: 3613: 3584: 3269: 2954: 2680: 2573: 2333: 2029: 1863:stated that 6,000 Jews escaped to Hungary. 1846:, and Katarína Hradská agree on this point. 1183: 1138:deportation and murder of Thessaloniki Jews 296:The Holocaust in Slovakia § Background 9699: 9685: 9214: 9200: 7549: 7535: 6477:Aronson, Shlomo (2001). "Europa Plan". In 1760:for "Working Group". Alternate names were 1430:broke out after Germany invaded Slovakia. 1090:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 970: 892:in Switzerland, when and how are unclear. 763:intimidation, violence, and terror by the 468:Women's International Zionist Organization 241:flee to relative safety in Hungary during 197:, the Working Group rescued Jews from the 9651:Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State 7262: 7215: 6634: 5943: 5720: 2942: 2241: 1981:for practical reasons would remove their 1875: 1873: 1492:rounded up Jews and concentrated them in 675: 10557:1944 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia 7361:; White, Joseph R.; Hecker, Mel (eds.). 7168: 7142: 6548: 6526: 5955: 5357: 5246: 5234: 5222: 4449: 2995: 2771: 2226: 1575: 1532: 1452: 1328: 1228: 1031: 979: 903:International Committee of the Red Cross 749: 558: 437: 299: 10484:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 7521:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7428:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7371:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7290: 7241: 7084: 7065: 7043: 7018: 6990: 6964: 6789: 6761: 6732: 6698: 6503: 6476: 6253: 6181: 6130: 6070: 6039: 6027: 6015: 5991: 5870: 5853: 5826: 5783: 5705: 5681: 5669: 5645: 5621: 5576: 5506: 5413: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5270: 5105: 5093: 5057: 5033: 5009: 4905: 4878: 4842: 4813: 4753: 4652: 4607: 4583: 4568: 4556: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4473: 4461: 4333: 4267: 4231: 4219: 4195: 4129: 4003: 3988: 3976: 3934: 3922: 3841: 3817: 3793: 3781: 3738: 3640: 3543: 3519: 3504: 3480: 3463: 3448: 3421: 3337: 3227: 3212: 3181: 3162: 3150: 3106: 3065: 2983: 2966: 2882: 2831: 2741: 2665: 2561: 2519: 2387: 2316: 2214: 2183: 1880: 1789:Mentioned on the plaque, in order, are 1528: 14: 10587:Jewish resistance during the Holocaust 10544: 6941: 6928: 6899: 6870: 6838: 6812: 6685: 6659: 6448: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6340: 6325: 6301: 6277: 6265: 6193: 6154: 6118: 5967: 5928: 5744: 5693: 5633: 5609: 5597: 5561: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5494: 5475: 5425: 5401: 5386: 5333: 5210: 5179: 5069: 4866: 4825: 4801: 4765: 4729: 4688: 4622: 4405: 4381: 4294: 4255: 4171: 4081: 4045: 4018: 3949: 3891: 3853: 3829: 3805: 3769: 3726: 3714: 3690: 3661: 3560: 3531: 3436: 3409: 3390: 3373: 3361: 3325: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3254: 3242: 3200: 3133: 3121: 3094: 3038: 2906: 2783: 2724: 2653: 2618: 2534: 2483: 2447: 2426: 2372: 2357: 2277: 2202: 2082: 2058: 1870: 1783: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1233:Aerial photograph of Auschwitz in 1944 1218: 639:(SD) reports, threatened Tiso with an 9680: 9195: 8918: 8739: 8370: 7861: 7860: 7530: 7467: 7323:(PhD thesis). University of Alberta. 7191: 7120: 6616: 6597: 6567: 6460: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6352: 6313: 6289: 6241: 6205: 6166: 6051: 5901: 5882: 5838: 5793: 5759: 5657: 5448: 5345: 5282: 5258: 5198: 5167: 5148: 5129: 5117: 5081: 5045: 5021: 4997: 4985: 4970: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4893: 4854: 4780: 4741: 4712: 4700: 4664: 4637: 4595: 4541: 4524: 4434: 4393: 4364: 4345: 4321: 4306: 4279: 4243: 4207: 4156: 4141: 4117: 4093: 4062: 3961: 3903: 3868: 3757: 3702: 3673: 3628: 3601: 3572: 3492: 3349: 3082: 3053: 3026: 2930: 2918: 2894: 2870: 2855: 2843: 2756: 2699: 2630: 2606: 2594: 2549: 2502: 2471: 2459: 2414: 2162: 2033: 1943:two transports, carrying 5,007 people 1885:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka (2018 1864: 1857:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka (2018 1690: 1210:, but they had not yet been deported 745: 728:that in the Western world at the time 225:Slovakia's Jews were deported to the 8341:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 7175:Catholic University of America Press 6623:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 6602:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5799: 5464:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 3015:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2809:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2403:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2346:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2305:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2293:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2266:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2254:Rajcan, Vadkerty & Hlavinka 2018 2092:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2064:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 1720:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 1438: 1359:was a reaction to the deportations. 1299:Two more escapees, Arnošt Rosin and 984:Jews performing forced labor in the 501:, and Shlomo Gross. Neumann led the 485:The other members of the group were 454:Fleischmann was the first cousin of 10415:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division 9146:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 7393:American Jewry during the Holocaust 7171:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis 1742: 698:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 670: 647:and of harming the Slovak economy. 24: 8740: 592:per Jew deported. Except for the 548: 470:and becoming leader of Slovakia's 79:To save European Jews, especially 25: 10603: 7556: 7495: 7367:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 6900:Fatran, Gila (1995). "Response". 1941:For instance, in early September 1685:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1469:About 1,600 Jews fought with the 721:in which most of the Jews in the 524:Theresienstadt concentration camp 323:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 312:proclaimed its independence from 51:Memorial to the Working Group in 10526: 10525: 8709:Polish leaders and intellectuals 8199:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 6842:(1995). "Letter to the Editor". 6506:Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews 2121: 2049: 2039: 2022: 2012: 1999: 1990: 1971: 1958: 1948: 1935: 1925: 1912: 1903: 1890: 1678:, who was trying to negotiate a 1623:According to Israeli historians 1580:Holocaust memorial in Bratislava 1486:Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions 1014: 886:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 368: 45: 10552:1942 establishments in Slovakia 9646:History of the Jews in Slovakia 6948:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 6481:; Baumel, Judith Tydor (eds.). 6469: 1849: 1825: 1816: 418:The first leader of the ÚŽ was 390:, arrived in Bratislava as the 205:, bribing and negotiating with 8637:Attack on the twentieth convoy 8450:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 6902:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 6873:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 6844:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 6735:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 6705:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1660:Feasibility of the Europa Plan 1433: 1391:"Blood for goods" negotiations 1281:United States State Department 1099: 424:Department for Special Affairs 13: 1: 9545:Department of Special Affairs 7002:University of Wisconsin Press 5802:The English Historical Review 2633:, pp. 174, 178–179, 185. 1730: 1562: 1541:arrive at Auschwitz, May 1944 1357:United States Army Air Forces 1189:Takeover of the Jewish Center 907:Jewish Self-Help Organization 289: 282:this view. Israeli historian 229:and camps and ghettos in the 83:, from being murdered in the 8974:Jewish war conspiracy theory 8165:Extermination through labour 7369:. Vol. 3. Bloomington: 7300:University of Nebraska Press 6669:Wayne State University Press 6208:, pp. 85, 101, 170–171. 2858:, pp. 170–172, 178–179. 2141: 645:accusing the Jews of deicide 627:invasion of the Soviet Union 594:Independent State of Croatia 472:Joint Distribution Committee 433: 235:Nazi plan to murder all Jews 227:Auschwitz concentration camp 7: 10410:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps 9156:Righteous Among the Nations 8371: 7842:Righteous Among the Nations 6796:University Press of America 6553:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 6534:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 1371:and British Prime Minister 1333:Bombing of Budapest in 1944 1162:transport of 1,200 children 1037:Majdanek concentration camp 976:Bribery of Slovak officials 840:Efforts to inform the world 754:Jews awaiting execution at 480:Jewish Agency for Palestine 233:. Initially unaware of the 10: 10608: 10592:Bratislava in World War II 10074:Slovak Insurgent Air Force 10054:Jan Žižka partisan brigade 8893:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 8863:Lithuanian Security Police 8782:Reich Security Main Office 7749:Evidence and documentation 7317:Paulovičová, Nina (2012). 7263:Nižňanský, Eduard (2011). 7019:Hradská, Katarína (2004). 6974:Cambridge University Press 6636:10.1524/VfZg.2006.54.4.701 6510:Cambridge University Press 6280:, pp. 5–6, 11, 17–18. 1718:published two articles in 1712:claims made by Rudolf Vrba 1694: 1619:Role in deportation hiatus 1567: 1500:Developments in Bratislava 1442: 1394: 1322: 1319:Auschwitz bombing proposal 1289:Theresienstadt family camp 1251:Polish government-in-exile 1222: 1178:German invasion of Hungary 1115:Trading with the Enemy Act 566:used to deport Slovak Jews 552: 503:World Zionist Organization 384:Reich Security Main Office 372: 293: 10521: 10476: 10432:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 10423: 10402: 10354:1st Czechoslovak Division 10341: 10334: 10291: 10219: 10176:Bratislava–Brno Offensive 10120: 10113: 10010: 9960: 9951: 9898: 9846: 9795: 9786: 9725: 9718: 9638: 9630:Nation's Memory Institute 9593: 9560: 9513: 9416: 9391:Freiwillige Schutzstaffel 9363: 9356: 9320: 9247: 9229: 9223:The Holocaust in Slovakia 9109:Books and other resources 9096: 9012: 8941: 8937: 8914: 8848: 8820: 8761: 8748: 8735: 8674: 8622: 8575: 8512: 8482: 8420: 8392: 8383: 8379: 8366: 8324: 8283: 8235: 8221: 8183: 8142: 8042: 7999: 7877: 7873: 7856: 7772: 7741: 7641:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 7568: 7564: 7242:Milland, Gabriel (1998). 7152:Syracuse University Press 6937:(in German) (37): 98–119. 1148:Breakdown of negotiations 965:Union Bank of Switzerland 895: 794:Krychów forced-labor camp 713:Bełżec extermination camp 316:under German protection; 139: 129: 117: 107: 90: 75: 67: 59: 44: 37: 10577:The Holocaust in Hungary 10572:Bratislava Working Group 10567:Jewish Hungarian history 10321:Sereď concentration camp 10042:Jan Hus partisan brigade 9984:Slovak National Uprising 9661:Slovak National Uprising 8699:People with disabilities 8632:Aid and Rescue Committee 7424:Indiana University Press 7414:; Peck, Abraham (eds.). 6600:Rethinking the Holocaust 6504:Aronson, Shlomo (2004). 5931:, pp. 193, 200–201. 4920:, pp. 222–223, 229. 3301:, pp. 179, 182–183. 2083:Conway, John S. (1984). 2007:Transnistria Governorate 1735: 1597:(lead prosecutor at the 1494:Sereď concentration camp 1459:Slovak National Uprising 1445:Slovak National Uprising 1428:Slovak National Uprising 1325:Auschwitz bombing debate 1184:The Holocaust in Hungary 834:Aid and Rescue Committee 776:significant was that of 386:Jewish-section director 270:Slovak National Uprising 247:Aid and Rescue Committee 38: 18:Bratislava Working Group 10389:11th Infantry Battalion 9656:Presidential exemptions 9618:Partisan Congress riots 9376:Central Economic Office 8840:Order Police battalions 7278:(Supplement): 111–136. 7248:University of Leicester 7225:Oxford University Press 7066:Kamenec, Ivan (2007) . 6688:East European Quarterly 2131:On the Trail of Tragedy 1955:Final Solution earlier. 971:Negotiation and bribery 830:Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš 769:Zionist youth movements 10030:Czech National Council 9805:Konstantin von Neurath 9538:Michael Dov Weissmandl 9321:Massacres and roundups 8689:Soviet urban residents 7780:International response 7754:Contemporary knowledge 7451:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7085:Kamenec, Ivan (2011). 6790:Campion, Joan (1987). 6617:Bauer, Yehuda (2006). 6598:Bauer, Yehuda (2002). 6483:Holocaust Encyclopedia 2032:, p. 9)'s words. 1811:Michael Dov Weissmandl 1581: 1542: 1462: 1334: 1234: 1040: 989: 874:antisemitic propaganda 792:. An escapee from the 759: 676:Intelligence gathering 567: 530:Michael Dov Weissmandl 443: 412: 308:On 14 March 1939, the 305: 195:Michael Dov Weissmandl 174: 124:Michael Dov Weissmandl 10562:Jewish Slovak history 10326:Theresienstadt Ghetto 10272:Kremnička and Nemecká 9776:Chief of Intelligence 9343:Kremnička and Nemecká 9136:Memorials and museums 9074:Reparations Agreement 9069:Holocaust restitution 8647:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 8170:Human experimentation 8009:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 7359:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 7197:Jewish Social Studies 6929:Fatran, Gila (1996). 6581:Yale University Press 6487:Yale University Press 4144:, pp. 74–75, 96. 1809:, Wilhelm Fürst, and 1780:, "Hidden Committee". 1714:, Canadian historian 1695:Further information: 1579: 1536: 1456: 1443:Further information: 1395:Further information: 1369:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1332: 1323:Further information: 1232: 1223:Further information: 1035: 983: 753: 562: 553:Further information: 532:, a rabbi at Ungar's 476:World Jewish Congress 441: 303: 212:In 1940, SS official 10394:1st Armoured Brigade 9580:Karel František Koch 8336:Jewish Ghetto Police 8205:Politische Abteilung 8100:Risiera di San Sabba 7961:Natzweiler-Struthof 7177:. pp. 504–518. 7173:. Washington, D.C.: 6747:10.1093/hgs/10.3.299 6528:Bartrop, Paul Robert 6489:. pp. 164–167. 6121:, pp. 174, 186. 5774:, pp. 638, 644. 5612:, pp. 107, 116. 4828:, pp. 177, 188. 4610:, pp. 227, 229. 4571:, pp. 226, 229. 4464:, pp. 215, 219. 4258:, pp. 170, 171. 3784:, pp. 160, 162. 3534:, pp. 183, 198. 3376:, pp. 170, 182. 1979:war of extermination 1653:defeat at Stalingrad 1529:28 September roundup 1339:blow up from the air 1285:BBC European Service 922:Slovak National Bank 915:Abraham Silberschein 884:and forwarded it to 817:Carpathian Mountains 10443:Emergency Divisions 10349:Czechoslovak Legion 10316:Carpathian Ruthenia 9976:Vrba–Wetzler report 9937:Minister of Defence 9727:Government-in-exile 9666:Tiso's Holíč speech 9401:Emergency Divisions 9114:Days of remembrance 9027:Holocaust survivors 9022:Depopulated shtetls 8873:Rollkommando Hamann 8719:Jehovah's Witnesses 8537:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7599:Bohemia and Moravia 7025:Človek a Spoločnosť 6914:10.1093/hgs/9.2.269 6885:10.1093/hgs/8.2.164 6856:10.1093/hgs/9.2.269 6718:10.1093/hgs/6.2.151 6661:Braham, Randolph L. 6463:, pp. 709–710. 6391:, pp. 273–274. 6343:, pp. 185–186. 6316:, pp. 70, 267. 6042:, pp. 135–136. 6018:, pp. 134–135. 5841:, pp. 259–260. 5735:, pp. 638–639. 5708:, pp. 135–136. 5696:, pp. 200–201. 5672:, pp. 119–120. 5636:, pp. 107–108. 5540:, pp. 100–101. 5478:, pp. 189–190. 5336:, pp. 188–189. 5132:, pp. 232–233. 5012:, pp. 231–232. 4956:, pp. 232–233. 4908:, pp. 258–260. 4857:, pp. 224–225. 4691:, pp. 175–176. 4667:, pp. 96, 118. 4515:, pp. 219–221. 4476:, pp. 218–219. 4234:, pp. 110–111. 4222:, pp. 129–130. 4108:, pp. 640–641. 4021:, pp. 169–170. 3952:, pp. 168–169. 3856:, pp. 178–179. 3832:, pp. 179–180. 3808:, pp. 177–178. 3729:, pp. 158–159. 3693:, pp. 171–172. 3643:, pp. 155–156. 3616:, pp. 639–640. 3587:, pp. 230–231. 3563:, pp. 181–182. 3424:, pp. 131–132. 3364:, pp. 151–152. 3352:, pp. 177–178. 3257:, pp. 186–187. 3109:, pp. 132–133. 3097:, pp. 148–149. 2998:, pp. 514–515. 2897:, pp. 176–177. 2873:, pp. 178–179. 2609:, pp. 172–173. 2486:, pp. 144–145. 2429:, pp. 143–144. 2319:, pp. 111–112. 2307:, pp. 842–843. 2295:, pp. 844–845. 2280:, pp. 141–142. 1778:Hava'ad Hamistater 1697:Haredim and Zionism 1604:Slovakia in History 1539:Carpathian Ruthenia 1265:Carpathian Ruthenia 1239:Vrba–Wetzler report 1225:Vrba–Wetzler report 1219:Vrba–Wetzler report 1208:Kamianets-Podilskyi 1073:claimed in a speech 800:, had escaped from 740:Stanisławów Ghettos 688:Deutsche Reichsbahn 657:extermination camps 460:Oberlander Orthodox 262:Vrba–Wetzler report 203:Holocaust in Poland 34: 10152:Čajánek's barracks 9831:Karl Hermann Frank 9575:Pavel Peter Gojdič 9357:Major perpetrators 9333:List of transports 9097:History and memory 9001:Forced euthanasia 8949:Nazi racial policy 8652:Danish underground 8499:Operation Reinhard 8494:Wannsee Conference 7412:Berenbaum, Michael 7389:Rothkirchen, Livia 7272:Historický časopis 6815:Yad Vashem Studies 6765:Yad Vashem Studies 6427:, pp. 71, 80. 5814:10.1093/ehr/ces352 5389:, pp. 99–100. 4715:, pp. 99–100. 4703:, pp. 80, 99. 4396:, pp. 80, 91. 4282:, pp. 78, 96. 3964:, pp. 65, 97. 2846:, pp. 64, 74. 1918:Israeli historian 1691:Other perspectives 1633:Randolph L. Braham 1582: 1548:Einsatzkommando 29 1543: 1463: 1377:Gustav V of Sweden 1344:Roswell McClelland 1335: 1235: 1134:Apolinary Hartglas 1041: 990: 760: 746:Evasion and escape 718:Grossaktion Warsaw 665:General Government 568: 456:Shmuel Dovid Ungar 444: 328:First Vienna Award 306: 243:Operation Reinhard 231:Lublin Reservation 32: 10539: 10538: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10284: 10276: 10268: 10248: 10233: 10212: 10204: 10196: 10188: 10180: 10172: 10164: 10156: 10148: 10140: 10132: 10109: 10108: 10038: 10026: 9996: 9988: 9980: 9972: 9947: 9946: 9894: 9893: 9809:Reinhard Heydrich 9771:František Moravec 9674: 9673: 9509: 9508: 9248:Camps and prisons 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9032:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 8979:Jewish emigration 8969:Hitler's prophecy 8964:Haavara Agreement 8910: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8898:Ypatingasis būrys 8795:Sicherheitsdienst 8731: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8670: 8669: 8590:Bielski partisans 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8193:Totenkopfverbände 7852: 7851: 7486:978-0-8050-6660-9 7460:978-0-300-08432-0 7441:978-0-253-33374-2 7402:978-0-9613537-3-5 7380:978-0-253-02373-5 7349:978-0-8032-2544-2 7309:978-0-8276-1297-6 7292:Paldiel, Mordecai 7234:978-0-19-280436-5 7184:978-0-8132-2589-0 7161:978-0-8156-2873-6 7135:978-83-88526-15-2 7077:978-80-88700-68-5 7058:978-83-88526-15-2 7011:978-0-299-17550-4 6983:978-1-139-91727-8 6957:978-83-88526-15-2 6805:978-0-8191-6522-0 6700:Büchler, Yehoshua 6678:978-0-8143-3889-6 6609:978-0-300-09300-1 6590:978-0-300-05913-7 6560:978-1-4408-4834-6 6541:978-1-4408-4834-6 6519:978-0-511-51183-7 6496:978-0-300-08432-0 6355:, pp. 70–71. 6304:, pp. 11–12. 6244:, pp. 89–90. 6145:, pp. 11–12. 6109:, pp. 17–18. 5321:, pp. 8, 12. 5309:, pp. 9, 11. 5273:, pp. 3, 19. 4679:, pp. 13–14. 4544:, pp. 86–87. 4246:, pp. 76–77. 4210:, pp. 96–97. 3906:, pp. 75–76. 3871:, pp. 74–75. 3705:, pp. 92–93. 3575:, pp. 72–73. 2933:, pp. 66–67. 2921:, pp. 67–68. 2462:, pp. 83–84. 2030:Rothkirchen (1984 1840:Livia Rothkirchen 1439:Overall situation 1373:Winston Churchill 1348:War Refugee Board 1301:Czesław Mordowicz 1026:Livia Rothkirchen 846:Pinchas Freudiger 636:Sicherheitsdienst 581:chargé d'affaires 497:, Wilhelm Fürst, 420:Heinrich Schwartz 163: 162: 71:28 September 1944 16:(Redirected from 10599: 10529: 10528: 10513:Western betrayal 10496:Munich Agreement 10455:Slovak Air Force 10339: 10338: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10246: 10245: 10231: 10210: 10202: 10194: 10186: 10184:Prague Offensive 10178: 10170: 10162: 10160:Slovak–Hungarian 10154: 10146: 10144:Carpatho-Ukraine 10138: 10130: 10118: 10117: 10097: 10069:Slovak partisans 10050: 10032: 10020: 10018:Council of Three 9994: 9986: 9978: 9970: 9958: 9957: 9932:Ferdinand Čatloš 9793: 9792: 9764:foreign minister 9723: 9722: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9678: 9677: 9639:Related articles 9613:Topoľčany pogrom 9528:Gisi Fleischmann 9501:Dieter Wisliceny 9497: 9462: 9446:Augustín Morávek 9371:Abwehrgruppe 218 9361: 9360: 9328:1938 deportation 9235: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9081:Holocaust denial 9059:Nuremberg trials 9049:Postwar violence 9004: 8939: 8938: 8916: 8915: 8878:Special Brigades 8868:Nederlandsche SS 8835:Police Regiments 8759: 8758: 8737: 8736: 8597:Ghetto uprisings 8585:Jewish partisans 8532:Harvest Festival 8504:Holocaust trains 8390: 8389: 8381: 8380: 8368: 8367: 8233: 8232: 8129: 8107: 8089: 8070: 8052: 7875: 7874: 7858: 7857: 7566: 7565: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7528: 7527: 7508: 7490: 7464: 7445: 7421: 7406: 7384: 7353: 7332: 7313: 7287: 7269: 7259: 7238: 7217:Longerich, Peter 7212: 7203:(3/4): 295–306. 7188: 7165: 7139: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7105:. Archived from 7081: 7062: 7040: 7015: 6987: 6966:Fleming, Michael 6961: 6938: 6925: 6896: 6867: 6830: 6809: 6781: 6758: 6729: 6695: 6682: 6656: 6638: 6613: 6594: 6578: 6564: 6545: 6523: 6500: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6230:Rothkirchen 1984 6227: 6221: 6218:Rothkirchen 1984 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6143:Rothkirchen 1984 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6107:Rothkirchen 1984 6104: 6098: 6095:Rothkirchen 1998 6092: 6086: 6083:Rothkirchen 1984 6080: 6074: 6068: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6004:Rothkirchen 1984 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5980:Rothkirchen 1998 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5917:Rothkirchen 1998 5914: 5905: 5899: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5857: 5851: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5808:(530): 202–204. 5797: 5791: 5781: 5775: 5772:Rothkirchen 1998 5769: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5733:Rothkirchen 1998 5730: 5724: 5718: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5580: 5574: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5375:Rothkirchen 1998 5372: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5225:, p. xviii. 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5152: 5146: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4829: 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3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3614:Rothkirchen 1998 3611: 3605: 3599: 3588: 3585:Paulovičová 2012 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3394: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3273: 3270:Rothkirchen 1998 3267: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2955:Paulovičová 2013 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2812: 2806: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2754: 2745: 2739: 2728: 2722: 2703: 2697: 2684: 2681:Rothkirchen 2001 2678: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2577: 2574:Rothkirchen 1998 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2517: 2506: 2500: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2334:Rothkirchen 2001 2331: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2135: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2089: 2079: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1975: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1883:, p. 134), 1877: 1868: 1853: 1847: 1836:Mordecai Paldiel 1829: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1791:Gisi Fleischmann 1787: 1781: 1754:Pracovná Skupina 1751: 1591:Simon Wiesenthal 1475:Hauptsturmführer 1305:Mario Martilotti 1166:Białystok Ghetto 1155: 1130:David Ben-Gurion 1110:Heinrich Himmler 950: 862:Riegner Telegram 790:Lubartów Ghettos 683:Holocaust trains 671:Aid to deportees 449:Gisi Fleischmann 380:Dieter Wisliceny 353:" (based on the 348: 332:Augustín Morávek 254:Heinrich Himmler 222:collaborationist 214:Dieter Wisliceny 191:Gisi Fleischmann 175:Pracovná Skupina 112:Gisi Fleischmann 49: 39:Pracovná Skupina 35: 31: 21: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10582:Blood for goods 10542: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10517: 10506:Sudeten Germans 10464: 10450:Government Army 10419: 10398: 10330: 10287: 10239: 10215: 10105: 10083: 10044: 10006: 9992:Prague uprising 9943: 9900:Slovak Republic 9890: 9886:Emanuel Moravec 9874:Richard Bienert 9870:Jaroslav Krejčí 9842: 9836:Chief of Police 9823:Reichsprotektor 9782: 9714: 9705: 9675: 9670: 9634: 9589: 9570:Giuseppe Burzio 9556: 9505: 9483: 9448: 9412: 9408:Slovak Republic 9386:Einsatzgruppe H 9352: 9316: 9243: 9233: 9225: 9220: 9190: 9177: 9092: 9008: 9002: 8991:Madagascar Plan 8984:Kindertransport 8933: 8932: 8902: 8844: 8816: 8801:Ordnungspolizei 8757: 8744: 8723: 8666: 8618: 8571: 8542:Maly Trostenets 8513:Mass executions 8508: 8478: 8416: 8375: 8350: 8320: 8279: 8217: 8179: 8138: 8127: 8105: 8087: 8068: 8050: 8038: 7995: 7869: 7848: 7768: 7759:Hidden children 7737: 7595:Czechoslovakia 7560: 7555: 7506: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7461: 7442: 7422:. Bloomington: 7403: 7381: 7350: 7310: 7267: 7235: 7185: 7162: 7144:Kranzler, David 7136: 7122:Kárný, Miroslav 7112: 7110: 7091:Forum Historiae 7078: 7059: 7012: 6984: 6958: 6840:Conway, John S. 6806: 6679: 6610: 6591: 6561: 6542: 6520: 6497: 6479:Laqueur, Walter 6472: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6006:, pp. 8–9. 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5860: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5798: 5794: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5583: 5575: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5249:, p. xvii. 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5155: 5147: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4787: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4371: 4363: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4069: 4061: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3470: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3397: 3389: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3276: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3188: 3180: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2815: 2807: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2731: 2723: 2706: 2698: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2509: 2501: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2190: 2182: 2169: 2161: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2087: 2060:Conway, John S. 2054: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1976: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1891: 1878: 1871: 1854: 1850: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1788: 1784: 1752: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1699: 1693: 1662: 1644:Paul R. Bartrop 1637:Peter Longerich 1621: 1609:James Mace Ward 1570: 1565: 1557:return unwanted 1531: 1502: 1490:SS-Heimatschutz 1482:Einsatzgruppe H 1451: 1441: 1436: 1399: 1397:Blood for goods 1393: 1385:claim ignorance 1364:George Mantello 1327: 1321: 1309:Michael Fleming 1227: 1221: 1191: 1186: 1153: 1150: 1102: 1017: 986:Lublin district 978: 973: 940: 929:airfields near 898: 890:Jaromír Kopecký 870:Friedrich Fiala 842: 782:Opole Lubelskie 748: 678: 673: 661:Lublin district 614: 585:Giuseppe Burzio 557: 551: 549:Initial efforts 520:Jakob Edelstein 436: 382:, representing 377: 371: 359:yellow armbands 334: 298: 292: 279:Orthodox Jewish 142: 132: 120: 103: 55: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10605: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10498: 10493: 10486: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10336: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10297: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10277: 10269: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10234: 10225: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10205: 10197: 10189: 10181: 10173: 10165: 10157: 10149: 10141: 10133: 10124: 10122: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10039: 10027: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9989: 9981: 9973: 9964: 9962: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9925:Prime Minister 9917: 9916: 9915: 9904: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9879:Prime minister 9863: 9862: 9861: 9850: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9801: 9799: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9752:Prime Minister 9744: 9743: 9742: 9731: 9729: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9708:Czechoslovakia 9704: 9703: 9696: 9689: 9681: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9550:Karol Hochberg 9542: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9519: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9443: 9441:Alexander Mach 9438: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9404: 9403: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9100: 9098: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9086:trivialization 9078: 9077: 9076: 9066: 9064:Eichmann trial 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8959:Nuremberg Laws 8956: 8951: 8945: 8943: 8942:Early elements 8935: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8923:Early elements 8920: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8858:Arajs Kommando 8854: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8829:Einsatzgruppen 8824: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8779: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8756: 8755: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8742:Responsibility 8733: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8581: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8521:Einsatzgruppen 8516: 8514: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8485:Final Solution 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8387: 8377: 8376: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8346:Ústredňa Židov 8343: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8311:Theresienstadt 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8230: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8150:Einsatzgruppen 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8005: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7956:Mittelbau-Dora 7953: 7944: 7939: 7937:Kraków-Płaszów 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7871: 7870: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7827:Rescue of Jews 7824: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7650: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7514: 7497: 7496:External links 7494: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7465: 7459: 7446: 7440: 7407: 7401: 7385: 7379: 7354: 7348: 7333: 7329:10.7939/R33H33 7314: 7308: 7288: 7260: 7246:(PhD thesis). 7239: 7233: 7213: 7189: 7183: 7166: 7160: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7082: 7076: 7063: 7057: 7041: 7031:(3): 152–158. 7016: 7010: 6992:Friling, Tuvia 6988: 6982: 6962: 6956: 6939: 6926: 6908:(2): 272–276. 6897: 6868: 6850:(2): 269–271. 6836: 6833:online version 6810: 6804: 6787: 6784:online version 6759: 6741:(3): 299–325. 6730: 6712:(2): 151–166. 6696: 6683: 6677: 6657: 6629:(4): 701–710. 6614: 6608: 6595: 6589: 6565: 6559: 6546: 6540: 6524: 6518: 6501: 6495: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6453: 6451:, p. 276. 6441: 6429: 6417: 6415:, p. 304. 6405: 6403:, p. 230. 6393: 6381: 6379:, p. 274. 6369: 6367:, p. 270. 6357: 6345: 6330: 6328:, p. 198. 6318: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6256:, p. 115. 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6196:, p. 201. 6186: 6184:, p. 167. 6171: 6169:, p. 111. 6159: 6157:, p. 175. 6147: 6135: 6133:, p. 237. 6123: 6111: 6099: 6097:, p. 643. 6087: 6075: 6073:, p. 236. 6056: 6044: 6032: 6030:, p. 203. 6020: 6008: 5996: 5994:, p. 126. 5984: 5982:, p. 639. 5972: 5970:, p. 200. 5960: 5958:, p. 599. 5948: 5946:, p. 412. 5944:Longerich 2010 5933: 5921: 5919:, p. 642. 5906: 5887: 5875: 5873:, p. 177. 5858: 5856:, p. 166. 5843: 5831: 5829:, p. 153. 5819: 5792: 5776: 5764: 5762:, p. 184. 5749: 5747:, p. 161. 5737: 5725: 5723:, p. 405. 5721:Longerich 2010 5710: 5698: 5686: 5684:, p. 126. 5674: 5662: 5660:, p. 250. 5650: 5648:, p. 119. 5638: 5626: 5624:, p. 105. 5614: 5602: 5600:, p. 192. 5581: 5579:, p. 111. 5566: 5564:, p. 107. 5554: 5552:, p. 200. 5542: 5530: 5528:, p. 190. 5511: 5509:, p. 134. 5499: 5497:, p. 191. 5480: 5468: 5466:, p. 849. 5453: 5451:, p. 183. 5430: 5428:, p. 119. 5418: 5416:, p. 331. 5406: 5404:, p. 189. 5391: 5379: 5377:, p. 641. 5362: 5360:, p. 516. 5350: 5348:, p. 139. 5338: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5285:, p. 155. 5275: 5263: 5261:, p. 154. 5251: 5239: 5237:, p. 125. 5227: 5215: 5213:, p. 152. 5203: 5201:, p. 239. 5184: 5182:, p. 101. 5172: 5170:, p. 182. 5153: 5151:, p. 238. 5134: 5122: 5120:, p. 232. 5110: 5098: 5096:, p. 233. 5086: 5084:, p. 302. 5074: 5072:, p. 186. 5062: 5060:, p. 218. 5050: 5048:, p. 228. 5038: 5036:, p. 215. 5026: 5024:, p. 227. 5014: 5002: 5000:, p. 230. 4990: 4988:, p. 226. 4975: 4973:, p. 234. 4958: 4946: 4944:, p. 231. 4934: 4932:, p. 237. 4922: 4910: 4898: 4896:, p. 229. 4883: 4881:, p. 230. 4871: 4869:, p. 160. 4859: 4847: 4845:, p. 156. 4830: 4818: 4816:, p. 311. 4806: 4804:, p. 188. 4785: 4783:, p. 182. 4770: 4768:, p. 189. 4758: 4756:, p. 235. 4746: 4734: 4732:, p. 176. 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4655:, p. 234. 4642: 4627: 4625:, p. 180. 4612: 4600: 4588: 4586:, p. 231. 4573: 4561: 4559:, p. 221. 4546: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4503:, p. 215. 4493: 4491:, p. 219. 4478: 4466: 4454: 4452:, p. 210. 4439: 4422: 4410: 4408:, p. 158. 4398: 4386: 4384:, p. 159. 4369: 4367:, p. 181. 4350: 4338: 4336:, p. 291. 4326: 4311: 4309:, p. 101. 4299: 4297:, p. 173. 4284: 4272: 4270:, p. 108. 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4198:, p. 165. 4188: 4176: 4174:, p. 195. 4161: 4159:, p. 179. 4146: 4134: 4132:, p. 107. 4122: 4120:, p. 125. 4110: 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 157. 4067: 4050: 4048:, p. 155. 4035: 4023: 4008: 4006:, p. 108. 3993: 3991:, p. 308. 3981: 3979:, p. 109. 3966: 3954: 3939: 3937:, p. 129. 3927: 3925:, p. 107. 3908: 3896: 3894:, p. 170. 3873: 3858: 3846: 3844:, p. 159. 3834: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3796:, p. 162. 3786: 3774: 3772:, p. 179. 3762: 3760:, p. 229. 3743: 3741:, p. 282. 3731: 3719: 3717:, p. 172. 3707: 3695: 3678: 3666: 3664:, p. 171. 3645: 3633: 3618: 3606: 3604:, p. 180. 3589: 3577: 3565: 3548: 3546:, p. 313. 3536: 3524: 3522:, p. 161. 3509: 3507:, p. 160. 3497: 3485: 3468: 3466:, p. 110. 3453: 3451:, p. 133. 3441: 3426: 3414: 3412:, p. 182. 3395: 3393:, p. 152. 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3340:, p. 302. 3330: 3328:, p. 181. 3315: 3313:, p. 183. 3303: 3291: 3289:, p. 184. 3274: 3272:, p. 640. 3259: 3247: 3245:, p. 178. 3232: 3217: 3215:, p. 153. 3205: 3203:, p. 177. 3186: 3167: 3165:, p. 151. 3155: 3153:, p. 130. 3138: 3136:, p. 153. 3126: 3124:, p. 151. 3111: 3099: 3087: 3070: 3068:, p. 120. 3058: 3043: 3041:, p. 148. 3031: 3019: 3017:, p. 847. 3000: 2988: 2986:, p. 117. 2971: 2969:, p. 131. 2959: 2957:, p. 555. 2947: 2945:, p. 121. 2943:Nižňanský 2011 2935: 2923: 2911: 2909:, p. 147. 2899: 2887: 2885:, p. 477. 2875: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2834:, p. 214. 2813: 2811:, p. 848. 2788: 2776: 2774:, p. 265. 2761: 2759:, p. 177. 2746: 2744:, p. 155. 2729: 2727:, p. 168. 2704: 2685: 2683:, p. 599. 2670: 2668:, p. 225. 2658: 2656:, p. 167. 2635: 2623: 2621:, p. 169. 2611: 2599: 2597:, p. 178. 2578: 2576:, p. 638. 2566: 2564:, p. 192. 2554: 2552:, p. 710. 2539: 2537:, p. 187. 2524: 2522:, p. 213. 2507: 2488: 2476: 2474:, p. 172. 2464: 2452: 2450:, p. 166. 2431: 2419: 2417:, p. 176. 2407: 2405:, p. 845. 2392: 2390:, p. 114. 2377: 2375:, p. 165. 2362: 2360:, p. 144. 2350: 2348:, p. 846. 2338: 2336:, p. 597. 2321: 2309: 2297: 2282: 2270: 2268:, p. 844. 2258: 2256:, p. 843. 2246: 2244:, p. 326. 2242:Longerich 2010 2231: 2229:, p. 513. 2219: 2217:, p. 230. 2207: 2205:, p. 146. 2188: 2186:, p. 103. 2167: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2098:(2): 179–212. 2080: 2070:(2): 260–284. 2055: 2048: 2038: 2021: 2011: 1998: 1989: 1970: 1957: 1947: 1934: 1924: 1920:Shlomo Aronson 1911: 1902: 1889: 1869: 1848: 1844:David Kranzler 1824: 1815: 1803:Andrej Steiner 1782: 1770:Vedlejši Vlada 1762:Nebenregierung 1740: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1716:John S. Conway 1692: 1689: 1680:separate peace 1661: 1658: 1629:Shlomo Aronson 1620: 1617: 1599:Eichmann trial 1595:Gideon Hausner 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1530: 1527: 1514:Otto Koslowski 1501: 1498: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1392: 1389: 1320: 1317: 1269:Rudolf Kastner 1247:Alfred Wetzler 1220: 1217: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1149: 1146: 1122:Eliezer Kaplan 1101: 1098: 1016: 1013: 1002:Alexander Mach 977: 974: 972: 969: 938:Nathan Schwalb 897: 894: 841: 838: 747: 744: 677: 674: 672: 669: 619:Final Solution 613: 612: 609: 606: 602: 550: 547: 499:Andrej Steiner 478:(WJC) and the 435: 432: 428:Karol Hochberg 413:Ústredňa Židov 388:Adolf Eichmann 375:Ústredňa Židov 373:Main article: 370: 367: 355:Nuremberg Laws 314:Czechoslovakia 294:Main article: 291: 288: 161: 160: 158:Andrej Steiner 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 121: 118: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 102: 101: 94: 92: 88: 87: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10604: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10532: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10475: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10281: 10278: 10273: 10270: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10243: 10238: 10235: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10209: 10206: 10201: 10198: 10193: 10190: 10185: 10182: 10177: 10174: 10169: 10166: 10161: 10158: 10153: 10150: 10145: 10142: 10137: 10134: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10102: 10101:Working Group 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:Obrana národa 10057: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9985: 9982: 9977: 9974: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9817:Wilhelm Frick 9814: 9810: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9695: 9690: 9688: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9533:Oskar Neumann 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9523:Working Group 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9515:Jewish Center 9512: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9481:Josef Witiska 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9436:Otomar Kubala 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9426:Alois Brunner 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9381:Department 14 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9239:The Holocaust 9237: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8954:Nazi eugenics 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8883:Topf and Sons 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8850:Collaborators 8847: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8788:Referat IV B4 8786: 8785: 8784: (RSHA) 8783: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8775:Schutzstaffel 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8764: 8762:Organizations 8760: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8704:Romani people 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657:Working Group 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8642:Kastner train 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8481: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8429:Kristallnacht 8426: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8365: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8212:Sanitätswesen 8209: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8175:Death marches 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8001:Extermination 7998: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7976:Sachsenhausen 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917:Herzogenbusch 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7892:Bergen-Belsen 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7879:Concentration 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:United States 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655:and colonies 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558:The Holocaust 7552: 7547: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7504:documentary: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7419: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7109:on 2018-10-06 7108: 7104: 7100: 7097:(2): 96–112. 7096: 7093:(in Slovak). 7092: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7045:Kamenec, Ivan 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7027:(in Slovak). 7026: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6972:. Cambridge: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6817:(in Hebrew). 6816: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6768:(in Hebrew). 6767: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6694:(2): 173–203. 6693: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6625:(in German). 6624: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6579:. New Haven: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6569:Bauer, Yehuda 6566: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6508:. Cambridge: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6485:. New Haven: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439:, p. 73. 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6292:, p. 92. 6291: 6286: 6279: 6274: 6268:, p. 11. 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6232:, p. 19. 6231: 6226: 6220:, p. 10. 6219: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6178: 6176: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6139: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6085:, p. 17. 6084: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6054:, p. 83. 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5956:Bartrop 2017b 5952: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5904:, p. 98. 5903: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5885:, p. 86. 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5358:Kubátová 2014 5354: 5347: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5303: 5297:, p. 19. 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5247:Kranzler 2000 5243: 5236: 5235:Kranzler 2000 5231: 5224: 5223:Kranzler 2000 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5108:, p. 81. 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 88. 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4640:, p. 89. 4639: 4634: 4632: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4604: 4598:, p. 87. 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4527:, p. 85. 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4450:Bartrop 2017a 4446: 4444: 4437:, p. 81. 4436: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4348:, p. 79. 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4324:, p. 80. 4323: 4318: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4096:, p. 75. 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4065:, p. 96. 4064: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3676:, p. 92. 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3642: 3637: 3631:, p. 95. 3630: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3495:, p. 71. 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3445: 3439:, p. 98. 3438: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3085:, p. 69. 3084: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3056:, p. 72. 3055: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3029:, p. 68. 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2996:Kubátová 2014 2992: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2772:Kranzler 2000 2768: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2702:, p. 97. 2701: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2505:, p. 70. 2504: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2411: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2227:Kubátová 2014 2223: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2165:, p. 74. 2164: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094:(in German). 2093: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066:(in German). 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2015: 2008: 2002: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1967: 1964:According to 1961: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1881:Kamenec (2002 1876: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1807:Oskar Neumann 1804: 1800: 1799:Armin Frieder 1796: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:Jewish Center 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1676:Carl Langbehn 1671: 1668: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625:Tuvia Friling 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1574: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1540: 1535: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516:(head of the 1515: 1510: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Alois Brunner 1476: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1415:Kastner train 1411: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353:Miklós Horthy 1349: 1345: 1340: 1331: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1313:Pope Pius XII 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1198:camp and the 1197: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:Bergen-Belsen 1145: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1015:Slovakia Plan 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 987: 982: 968: 966: 962: 958: 957:Slovak koruna 954: 948: 944: 939: 934: 932: 928: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 893: 891: 887: 883: 877: 875: 871: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778:Dionýz Lénard 773: 770: 766: 757: 752: 743: 741: 737: 731: 729: 724: 723:Warsaw Ghetto 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 693: 690: 689: 684: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 648: 646: 642: 638: 637: 630: 628: 624: 620: 610: 607: 604: 603: 601: 597: 595: 591: 586: 583: 582: 577: 573: 565: 561: 556: 546: 543: 537: 535: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 516:Imrich Karvaš 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Armin Frieder 492: 488: 487:Oskar Neumann 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 440: 431: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 405:Jewish Center 402: 401: 395: 394: 389: 385: 381: 376: 369:Jewish Center 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 346: 342: 338: 333: 329: 325: 324: 319: 315: 311: 302: 297: 287: 285: 280: 274: 271: 267: 266:Miklós Horthy 263: 259: 255: 250: 249:in Budapest. 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 219: 218:Jewish Center 215: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 167:Working Group 159: 155: 154:Armin Frieder 151: 147: 146:Oskar Neumann 144: 141:Other members 138: 135:Wilhelm Fürst 134: 128: 125: 122: 116: 113: 110: 106: 100: 96: 95: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 36: 33:Working Group 30: 19: 10489: 10438:Hlinka Guard 10430: 10306:Protectorate 10237:Heydrichiáda 10100: 10064:Out Distance 9936: 9924: 9920:Vojtech Tuka 9912: 9878: 9858: 9835: 9821: 9813:Kurt Daluege 9788:Protectorate 9775: 9763: 9751: 9739: 9735:Edvard Beneš 9712:World War II 9522: 9471:Vojtech Tuka 9396:Hlinka Guard 9254:In Slovakia 9166:Yizkor books 8827: 8774: 8656: 8519: 8467:in Lithuania 8427: 8325: 8210: 8203: 8192: 8126: 8104: 8085: 8066: 8049: 7832:by Catholics 7701:Soviet Union 7569:By territory 7472: 7450: 7417: 7392: 7362: 7338: 7319: 7295: 7275: 7271: 7243: 7220: 7200: 7196: 7193:Kulka, Erich 7170: 7150:. Syracuse: 7147: 7125: 7111:. Retrieved 7107:the original 7094: 7090: 7067: 7048: 7028: 7024: 6996: 6969: 6943: 6934: 6905: 6901: 6876: 6872: 6847: 6843: 6818: 6814: 6791: 6769: 6763: 6738: 6734: 6709: 6703: 6691: 6687: 6664: 6626: 6622: 6599: 6574: 6550: 6531: 6505: 6482: 6470:Bibliography 6456: 6444: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6254:Paldiel 2017 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6182:Aronson 2001 6162: 6150: 6138: 6131:Friling 2005 6126: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6078: 6071:Friling 2005 6047: 6040:Kamenec 2002 6035: 6028:Kamenec 2007 6023: 6016:Kamenec 2002 6011: 5999: 5992:Kamenec 2002 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5924: 5878: 5871:Aronson 2004 5854:Aronson 2001 5834: 5827:Hradská 2004 5822: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5784:Campion 1987 5779: 5767: 5740: 5728: 5706:Paldiel 2017 5701: 5689: 5682:Paldiel 2017 5677: 5670:Paldiel 2017 5665: 5653: 5646:Paldiel 2017 5641: 5629: 5622:Paldiel 2017 5617: 5605: 5577:Kamenec 2011 5557: 5545: 5533: 5507:Paldiel 2017 5502: 5471: 5421: 5414:Kamenec 2007 5409: 5382: 5353: 5341: 5319:Friling 2005 5314: 5307:Friling 2005 5302: 5295:Friling 2005 5290: 5278: 5271:Friling 2005 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5175: 5125: 5113: 5106:Friling 2005 5101: 5094:Fleming 2014 5089: 5077: 5065: 5058:Milland 1998 5053: 5041: 5034:Fleming 2014 5029: 5017: 5010:Fleming 2014 5005: 4993: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4906:Fleming 2014 4901: 4879:Fleming 2014 4874: 4862: 4850: 4843:Hradská 2004 4821: 4814:Kamenec 2007 4809: 4761: 4754:Friling 2005 4749: 4737: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4653:Friling 2005 4608:Friling 2005 4603: 4591: 4584:Friling 2005 4569:Friling 2005 4564: 4557:Friling 2005 4520: 4513:Friling 2005 4508: 4501:Friling 2005 4496: 4489:Friling 2005 4474:Friling 2005 4469: 4462:Friling 2005 4457: 4420:, p. 3. 4413: 4401: 4389: 4341: 4334:Kamenec 2007 4329: 4302: 4275: 4268:Paldiel 2017 4263: 4251: 4239: 4232:Kamenec 2011 4227: 4220:Kamenec 2002 4215: 4203: 4196:Aronson 2001 4191: 4186:, p. 8. 4179: 4137: 4130:Paldiel 2017 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4033:, p. 6. 4026: 4004:Kamenec 2011 3989:Kamenec 2007 3984: 3977:Kamenec 2011 3957: 3935:Kamenec 2002 3930: 3923:Kamenec 2011 3899: 3849: 3842:Büchler 1991 3837: 3825: 3820:, p. 8. 3818:Büchler 2002 3813: 3801: 3794:Büchler 1991 3789: 3782:Büchler 1991 3777: 3765: 3739:Kamenec 2007 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3669: 3641:Hradská 2004 3636: 3609: 3580: 3568: 3544:Kamenec 2007 3539: 3527: 3520:Büchler 1991 3505:Büchler 1991 3500: 3488: 3483:, p. 7. 3481:Büchler 2002 3464:Kamenec 2011 3449:Kamenec 2002 3444: 3422:Kamenec 2002 3417: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3338:Büchler 1996 3333: 3306: 3294: 3250: 3230:, p. 6. 3228:Büchler 2002 3213:Büchler 1991 3208: 3184:, p. 5. 3182:Büchler 2002 3163:Büchler 1991 3158: 3151:Kamenec 2002 3129: 3107:Kamenec 2002 3102: 3090: 3066:Kamenec 2002 3061: 3034: 3022: 2991: 2984:Kamenec 2002 2967:Kamenec 2002 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2883:Paldiel 2017 2878: 2851: 2839: 2832:Friling 2005 2779: 2742:Hradská 2004 2666:Friling 2005 2661: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2569: 2562:Kamenec 2007 2557: 2520:Friling 2005 2479: 2467: 2455: 2422: 2410: 2388:Kamenec 2002 2353: 2341: 2317:Kamenec 2002 2312: 2300: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2222: 2215:Kamenec 2007 2210: 2184:Paldiel 2017 2129: 2123: 2095: 2091: 2067: 2063: 2051: 2041: 2024: 2014: 2001: 1992: 1982: 1973: 1966:Ivan Kamenec 1960: 1950: 1937: 1927: 1914: 1905: 1898:steam ironed 1892: 1861:Ivan Kamenec 1851: 1832:Yehuda Bauer 1827: 1818: 1785: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1753: 1719: 1709: 1700: 1684: 1672: 1667:Transnistria 1663: 1649: 1641: 1622: 1613: 1602: 1586: 1583: 1571: 1553: 1544: 1523: 1511: 1503: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1412: 1400: 1380: 1361: 1336: 1298: 1294:Danuta Czech 1277: 1254: 1236: 1211: 1204: 1192: 1170: 1151: 1142: 1119: 1107: 1103: 1078: 1066: 1063: 1042: 1018: 1006: 995: 991: 961:Swiss francs 935: 919: 905:(ICRC), the 899: 882:Jerzy Tabeau 878: 866: 843: 810: 774: 765:Hlinka Guard 761: 732: 716: 702: 694: 686: 679: 649: 634: 631: 615: 598: 579: 576:Vojtech Tuka 572:forced labor 569: 542:anti-Zionist 538: 528: 484: 453: 445: 417: 398: 393:Judenberater 391: 378: 363:forced labor 321: 310:Slovak State 307: 284:Yehuda Bauer 275: 251: 211: 187:World War II 183:Slovak State 166: 164: 97:Bratislava, 29: 10501:Sudetenland 10460:Slovak Army 10301:Sudetenland 10240: [ 10229:17 November 10208:Operation B 10084: [ 10045: [ 10000:Czech Radio 9866:Alois Eliáš 9759:Jan Masaryk 9484: [ 9476:Anton Vašek 9449: [ 9431:Izidor Koso 9418:Individuals 9172:Never again 9003:(Action T4) 8929:Remembrance 8714:Homosexuals 8684:Soviet POWs 8612:Częstochowa 8160:Gas chamber 7971:Ravensbrück 7912:Gross-Rosen 7907:Flossenbürg 7790:Philippines 7722:Yugoslavia 7681:Netherlands 7609:Sudetenland 7430:. pp. 7298:. Lincoln: 6821:: 321–376. 6772:: 125–152. 6667:. Detroit: 6449:Fatran 1995 6389:Fatran 1995 6377:Fatran 1995 6365:Conway 1995 6341:Fatran 1994 6326:Fatran 1994 6302:Caplan 2001 6278:Caplan 2001 6266:Caplan 2001 6194:Braham 2004 6155:Fatran 1994 6119:Fatran 1994 5968:Braham 2004 5929:Braham 2004 5745:Fatran 2002 5694:Fatran 1994 5634:Fatran 1996 5610:Fatran 1996 5598:Fatran 1994 5562:Fatran 1996 5550:Fatran 1994 5538:Fatran 1996 5526:Fatran 1994 5495:Fatran 1994 5476:Fatran 1994 5426:Fatran 1996 5402:Fatran 1994 5387:Fatran 1996 5334:Fatran 1994 5211:Braham 2000 5180:Braham 2000 5070:Fatran 1994 4867:Fatran 2002 4826:Fatran 1994 4802:Fatran 1994 4766:Braham 2004 4730:Fatran 1994 4689:Fatran 1994 4623:Fatran 1994 4406:Fatran 2002 4382:Fatran 2002 4295:Fatran 1994 4256:Fatran 1994 4172:Fatran 1994 4082:Fatran 2002 4046:Fatran 2002 4019:Fatran 1994 3950:Fatran 1994 3892:Fatran 1994 3854:Fatran 1994 3830:Fatran 1994 3806:Fatran 1994 3770:Fatran 1994 3727:Fatran 2002 3715:Fatran 1994 3691:Fatran 1994 3662:Fatran 1994 3561:Fatran 1994 3532:Fatran 1994 3437:Fatran 1996 3410:Fatran 1994 3391:Fatran 2002 3374:Fatran 1994 3362:Fatran 2002 3326:Fatran 1994 3311:Fatran 1994 3299:Fatran 1994 3287:Fatran 1994 3255:Fatran 1994 3243:Fatran 1994 3201:Fatran 1994 3134:Fatran 2002 3122:Fatran 2002 3095:Fatran 2002 3039:Fatran 2002 2907:Fatran 2002 2786:, abstract. 2784:Fatran 1994 2725:Fatran 1994 2654:Fatran 1994 2619:Fatran 1994 2535:Fatran 1994 2484:Fatran 2002 2448:Fatran 1994 2427:Fatran 2002 2373:Fatran 1994 2358:Fatran 2002 2278:Fatran 2002 2203:Fatran 2002 2034:Bauer (1994 1984:casus belli 1865:Bauer (1994 1795:Tibor Kováč 1724:Erich Kulka 1642:Fatran and 1434:Dissolution 1424:Max Grueson 1420:Kurt Becher 1404:Edith Weiss 1273:Hansi Brand 1243:Rudolf Vrba 1174:Koso affair 1100:Europa Plan 1094:Hanns Ludin 1009:Isidor Koso 998:Anton Vašek 941: [ 888:ambassador 623:Soviet Jews 590:Reichsmarks 564:Freight car 512:Jozef Sivák 491:Tibor Kováč 458:(a leading 403:called the 351:Jewish Code 335: [ 258:Europa Plan 239:Polish Jews 150:Tibor Kováč 81:Slovak Jews 63:Summer 1941 10546:Categories 10221:War crimes 10168:Dukla Pass 9968:Anthropoid 9953:Resistance 9908:Jozef Tiso 9854:Emil Hácha 9747:Jan Šrámek 9719:Government 9466:Jozef Tiso 9338:Bratislava 9286:Elsewhere 9161:Yad Vashem 9141:Uniqueness 8996:Nisko Plan 8769:Nazi Party 8577:Resistance 8547:Ninth Fort 8412:Vel' d'Hiv 8184:Nazi units 8122:Westerbork 8112:Amersfoort 7966:Neuengamme 7947:Mauthausen 7927:Kaiserwald 7897:Buchenwald 7676:Luxembourg 7502:Yad Vashem 7475:. London: 7469:Segev, Tom 7256:2381/29108 7223:. Oxford: 7113:2018-10-06 6794:. Lanham: 6461:Bauer 2006 6437:Bauer 1994 6425:Bauer 1994 6413:Kulka 1985 6401:Bauer 2002 6353:Bauer 1994 6314:Bauer 1994 6290:Segev 2000 6242:Bauer 1994 6206:Bauer 1994 6167:Bauer 1994 6052:Bauer 1994 5902:Bauer 1994 5883:Bauer 1994 5839:Bauer 1994 5786:, p. 5760:Bauer 2002 5658:Bauer 1994 5449:Bauer 2002 5346:Bauer 2002 5283:Bauer 1994 5259:Bauer 1994 5199:Bauer 2002 5168:Bauer 1994 5149:Bauer 2002 5130:Kárný 2002 5118:Kárný 2002 5082:Kulka 1985 5046:Kárný 2002 5022:Kárný 2002 4998:Kárný 2002 4986:Kárný 2002 4971:Bauer 2002 4954:Bauer 2002 4942:Bauer 2002 4930:Bauer 2002 4918:Bauer 2002 4894:Bauer 2002 4855:Bauer 2002 4781:Bauer 2002 4742:Bauer 1994 4713:Bauer 1994 4701:Bauer 1994 4665:Bauer 1994 4638:Bauer 1994 4596:Bauer 1994 4542:Bauer 1994 4525:Bauer 1994 4435:Bauer 1994 4394:Bauer 1994 4365:Bauer 2002 4346:Bauer 1994 4322:Bauer 1994 4307:Bauer 1994 4280:Bauer 1994 4244:Bauer 1994 4208:Bauer 1994 4157:Bauer 2002 4142:Bauer 1994 4118:Bauer 2002 4094:Bauer 1994 4063:Bauer 1994 3962:Bauer 1994 3904:Bauer 1994 3869:Bauer 1994 3758:Kárný 2002 3703:Bauer 1994 3674:Bauer 1994 3629:Bauer 1994 3602:Bauer 2002 3573:Bauer 1994 3493:Bauer 1994 3350:Bauer 2002 3083:Bauer 1994 3054:Bauer 1994 3027:Bauer 1994 2931:Bauer 1994 2919:Bauer 1994 2895:Bauer 2002 2871:Bauer 2002 2856:Bauer 2002 2844:Bauer 1994 2757:Bauer 2002 2700:Bauer 1994 2631:Bauer 2002 2607:Bauer 2002 2595:Bauer 2002 2550:Bauer 2006 2503:Bauer 1994 2472:Bauer 2002 2460:Bauer 1994 2415:Bauer 2002 2163:Bauer 1994 1731:References 1710:Repeating 1563:Assessment 1537:Jews from 1488:, and the 1408:Joel Brand 1086:Gyula Link 1082:Yom Kippur 1059:US dollars 858:Franz Golz 625:after the 318:Jozef Tiso 290:Background 193:and Rabbi 53:Bratislava 10490:Fall Grün 10362:Squadrons 10293:Holocaust 10275:(1944–45) 9913:President 9859:President 9740:President 9595:Aftermath 9290:Auschwitz 9119:Education 9014:Aftermath 8926:Aftermath 8888:Trawnikis 8812:Wehrmacht 8807:Waffen-SS 8607:Białystok 8435:Bucharest 8407:Marseille 8284:Elsewhere 8245:Białystok 8057:Breendonk 8034:Treblinka 7887:Auschwitz 7671:Lithuania 7477:Macmillan 7471:(2000) . 7284:0018-2575 7103:1337-6861 7037:1335-3608 6922:8756-6583 6893:8756-6583 6864:8756-6583 6831:(From an 6827:0084-3296 6782:(From an 6778:0084-3296 6755:8756-6583 6726:8756-6583 6653:143806992 2142:Citations 1471:partisans 1381:Judenrein 1164:from the 1068:Judenrein 927:Luftwaffe 802:Treblinka 653:Auschwitz 641:interdict 434:Formation 199:Holocaust 189:. Led by 181:-aligned 131:Treasurer 85:Holocaust 68:Dissolved 10531:Category 10311:Slovakia 10280:Ploština 10264:Životice 10252:Kobylisy 10200:Racibórz 10114:Military 9608:Violence 9585:Oľšavica 9562:Rescuers 9305:Majdanek 9268:Patrónka 9104:Academia 8557:Piaśnica 8527:Babi Yar 8455:Jedwabne 8394:Roundups 8327:Judenrat 8291:Budapest 8062:Mechelen 8024:Majdanek 7981:Stutthof 7942:Majdanek 7837:by Poles 7795:Portugal 7773:Response 7764:Timeline 7742:Overview 7604:Slovakia 7591:Bulgaria 7294:(2017). 7219:(2010). 7146:(2000). 6994:(2005). 6968:(2014). 6663:(2000). 6645:20754059 6571:(1994). 2112:11636199 2104:30195267 2076:30197260 1587:Judenrat 1256:Judenrat 1212:en masse 953:HeHalutz 850:Budapest 822:Kežmarok 705:Majdanek 617:planned 400:Judenrat 99:Slovakia 91:Location 10342:Western 10192:Slivice 10128:Sudeten 10121:Battles 9961:Actions 9310:Sobibor 9234:Part of 9131:Lessons 8567:Rumbula 8440:Dorohoi 8421:Pogroms 8373:Victims 8223:Ghettos 8155:Gas van 8143:Methods 8117:Schoorl 8095:Bolzano 8043:Transit 8029:Sobibor 8019:Chełmno 7986:Vaivara 7922:Hinzert 7867:ghettos 7820:Vatican 7726:Croatia 7716:Ukraine 7706:Belarus 7696:Romania 7648:Hungary 7631:Germany 7621:Estonia 7616:Denmark 7586:Belgium 7581:Austria 7576:Albania 7523:website 7519:at the 7512:YouTube 7209:4467305 1776:name, 1593:quotes 1568:Overall 988:in 1940 806:Sobibor 758:in 1942 736:Bochnia 663:of the 659:in the 534:yeshiva 464:Zionism 185:during 76:Purpose 60:Founded 10477:Topics 10403:Soviet 10283:(1945) 10267:(1944) 10257:Lidice 10247:(1942) 10232:(1939) 10211:(1945) 10203:(1945) 10195:(1945) 10187:(1945) 10179:(1945) 10171:(1944) 10163:(1939) 10155:(1939) 10147:(1939) 10139:(1938) 10136:Liptaň 10131:(1938) 10011:Groups 9995:(1945) 9987:(1944) 9979:(1944) 9971:(1942) 9625:Aliyah 9364:Groups 9348:Zvolen 9300:Lublin 9295:Bełżec 9273:Poprad 9263:Nováky 9037:Bricha 8803:(Orpo) 8676:Others 8662:Żegota 8624:Rescue 8602:Warsaw 8562:Ponary 8472:Kaunas 8275:Warsaw 8260:Lublin 8250:Kraków 8237:Poland 8081:Drancy 8014:Belzec 7991:Warsaw 7902:Dachau 7810:Turkey 7805:Sweden 7731:Serbia 7711:Russia 7691:Poland 7686:Norway 7666:Latvia 7636:Greece 7626:France 7483: 7457: 7438: 7434:–646. 7399: 7377: 7346: 7306: 7282: 7231: 7207: 7181: 7158: 7132: 7101: 7074: 7055: 7035: 7008: 6980: 6954: 6920: 6891: 6862: 6825: 6802: 6776: 6753: 6724: 6675: 6651: 6643: 6606: 6587: 6557: 6538: 6516: 6493: 2110: 2102: 2074: 1774:Hebrew 1768:, and 1758:Slovak 1704:Haredi 1484:, the 1346:, the 1261:Ungvar 1196:Nováky 1126:Yishuv 1052:, and 1050:Nováky 1022:Allies 931:Dęblin 911:Kraków 896:Relief 854:Abwehr 828:, and 826:Žilina 813:Prešov 788:, and 756:Bełżec 507:Neolog 409:Slovak 207:German 171:Slovak 119:Deputy 108:Leader 10335:Units 10244:] 10096:] 10049:] 9847:Czech 9496:] 9461:] 9278:Vyhne 9258:Sereď 9151:Humor 9124:Films 8821:Units 8552:Odesa 8402:Izieu 8316:Vilna 8301:Minsk 8296:Kovno 8270:Radom 8134:Sereď 7951:Gusen 7932:Kauen 7863:Camps 7800:Spain 7785:Japan 7659:Libya 7653:Italy 7268:(PDF) 7205:JSTOR 6649:S2CID 6641:JSTOR 2100:JSTOR 2088:(PDF) 2072:JSTOR 2019:head. 1736:Notes 1507:Nitra 1200:Ilava 1054:Vyhne 1046:Sereď 949:] 786:Łuków 347:] 10424:Axis 10081:ÚVOD 9797:Nazi 9042:List 8797:(SD) 8777:(SS) 8460:Lviv 8445:Iași 8385:Jews 8306:Riga 8265:Lwów 8255:Łódź 8227:list 8076:Gurs 7949:and 7865:and 7481:ISBN 7455:ISBN 7436:ISBN 7397:ISBN 7375:ISBN 7344:ISBN 7304:ISBN 7280:ISSN 7229:ISBN 7179:ISBN 7156:ISBN 7130:ISBN 7099:ISSN 7072:ISBN 7053:ISBN 7033:ISSN 7006:ISBN 6978:ISBN 6952:ISBN 6918:ISSN 6889:ISSN 6860:ISSN 6823:ISSN 6800:ISBN 6774:ISSN 6751:ISSN 6722:ISSN 6673:ISBN 6604:ISBN 6585:ISBN 6555:ISBN 6536:ISBN 6514:ISBN 6491:ISBN 2108:PMID 1447:and 1245:and 798:Łódź 738:and 179:Axis 165:The 10382:313 10377:312 10372:311 10367:310 10359:RAF 9710:in 9603:SRP 8191:SS- 7510:on 7432:629 7325:doi 7252:hdl 6910:doi 6881:doi 6852:doi 6743:doi 6714:doi 6631:doi 5810:doi 5806:128 2028:In 1756:is 1263:in 1259:of 909:in 848:in 711:" ( 709:Bug 10548:: 10242:cs 10094:pl 10092:; 10090:de 10088:; 10086:cs 10047:cs 10035:cs 10023:cs 9872:, 9868:, 9815:, 9811:, 9807:, 9494:sv 9492:; 9490:fr 9488:; 9486:de 9459:sk 9457:; 9455:de 9453:; 9451:cs 8128:sk 8106:nl 8088:it 8069:fr 8051:be 7479:. 7426:, 7373:. 7365:. 7302:. 7276:59 7274:. 7270:. 7250:. 7227:. 7201:47 7199:. 7154:. 7004:. 6976:. 6916:. 6904:. 6887:. 6875:. 6858:. 6846:. 6819:29 6798:. 6770:30 6749:. 6739:10 6737:. 6720:. 6708:. 6692:34 6690:. 6671:. 6647:. 6639:. 6627:54 6583:. 6512:. 6333:^ 6174:^ 6059:^ 5936:^ 5909:^ 5890:^ 5861:^ 5846:^ 5804:. 5788:xi 5752:^ 5713:^ 5584:^ 5569:^ 5514:^ 5483:^ 5456:^ 5433:^ 5394:^ 5365:^ 5326:^ 5187:^ 5156:^ 5137:^ 4978:^ 4961:^ 4886:^ 4833:^ 4788:^ 4773:^ 4720:^ 4645:^ 4630:^ 4615:^ 4576:^ 4549:^ 4532:^ 4481:^ 4442:^ 4425:^ 4372:^ 4353:^ 4314:^ 4287:^ 4164:^ 4149:^ 4070:^ 4053:^ 4038:^ 4011:^ 3996:^ 3969:^ 3942:^ 3911:^ 3876:^ 3861:^ 3746:^ 3681:^ 3648:^ 3621:^ 3592:^ 3551:^ 3512:^ 3471:^ 3456:^ 3429:^ 3398:^ 3381:^ 3318:^ 3277:^ 3262:^ 3235:^ 3220:^ 3189:^ 3170:^ 3141:^ 3114:^ 3073:^ 3046:^ 3003:^ 2974:^ 2863:^ 2816:^ 2791:^ 2764:^ 2749:^ 2732:^ 2707:^ 2688:^ 2673:^ 2638:^ 2581:^ 2542:^ 2527:^ 2510:^ 2491:^ 2434:^ 2395:^ 2380:^ 2365:^ 2324:^ 2285:^ 2234:^ 2191:^ 2170:^ 2149:^ 2106:. 2096:32 2090:. 2068:27 1872:^ 1842:, 1838:, 1834:, 1805:, 1801:, 1797:, 1793:, 1744:^ 1627:, 1607:, 1518:SD 1180:. 1140:. 1132:, 1048:, 951:, 947:he 945:; 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Working Group (resistance organization)

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