248:
A heart attack can also cause brain ischemia due to the correlation that exists between heart attack and low blood pressure. Extremely low blood pressure usually represents the inadequate oxygenation of tissues. Untreated heart attacks may slow blood flow enough that blood may start to clot and
355:. Additionally, removal of metabolic wastes is slowed. The interruption of blood flow to the brain for ten seconds results in the immediate loss of consciousness. The interruption of blood flow for twenty seconds results in the stopping of electrical activity. An area called a
244:
Blockage of arteries due to plaque buildup may also result in ischemia. Even a small amount of plaque build up can result in the narrowing of passageways, causing that area to become more prone to blood clots. Large blood clots can also cause ischemia by blocking blood flow.
634:
has been attempted to improve results post brain ischemia . This procedure was suggested to be beneficial based on its effects post cardiac arrest. Evidence supporting the use of therapeutic hypothermia after brain ischemia, however, is limited.
194:, also known as vascular depression. This condition is most commonly seen in elderly depressed patients. Late onset depression is increasingly seen as a distinct sub-type of depression, and can be detected with an MRI.
115:
An interruption of blood flow to the brain for more than 10 seconds causes unconsciousness, and an interruption in flow for more than a few minutes generally results in irreversible brain damage. In 1974, Hossmann and
1616:
1604:
240:
that may cause the heart to completely shut down resulting in cessation of oxygen flow. Further, irregular heartbeats may result in formation of blood clots, thus leading to oxygen deprivation to all organs.
573:
The outcome of brain ischemia is influenced by the quality of subsequent supportive care. Systemic blood pressure (or slightly above) should be maintained so that cerebral blood flow is restored. Also,
570:(t-PA) is an effective medication for acute ischemic stroke. When given within 3 hours, treatment with tpa significantly improves the probability of a favourable outcome versus treatment with placebo.
160:. The symptoms of brain ischemia range from mild to severe. Further, symptoms can last from a few seconds to a few minutes or extended periods of time. If the brain becomes damaged irreversibly and
459:
are more susceptible than the thalamus, and the thalamus in turn is more sensitive than the brainstem. Partial cerebral cortex infarction from global brain ischemia typically manifests as
1571:
964:
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124:
for up to an hour can be at least partially recovered. Accordingly, this discovery raised the possibility of intervening after brain ischemia before the damage becomes irreversible.
226:
may cause brain ischemia associated with the irregularly shaped blood cells. Sickle shaped blood cells clot more easily than normal blood cells, impeding blood flow to the brain.
104:. Symptoms of brain ischemia can include unconsciousness, blindness, problems with coordination, and weakness in the body. Other effects that may result from brain ischemia are
436:
is restored within a short period of time, symptoms may be transient. However, if a significant amount of time passes before restoration, brain damage may be permanent. While
582:
should be avoided. Seizures can induce more damage; accordingly, anticonvulsants should be prescribed and should a seizure occur, aggressive treatment should be undertaken.
928:
Hossmann, Konstantin-Alexander; Zimmermann, Volker (1974). "Resuscitation of the monkey brain after 1 H complete ischemia. I. Physiological and morphological observations".
136:
may result in symptoms such as blindness in one eye, weakness in one arm or leg, or weakness in one entire side of the body. Ischemia within the arteries branching from the
85:
There are two types of ischemia: focal ischemia, which is confined to a specific region of the brain; and global ischemia, which encompasses wide areas of brain tissue.
1263:
1162:
762:
475:
is one method that has been evaluated to predict the risk of stroke, diagnose stroke and its causes, predict stroke severity and outcome, and guide prevention therapy.
259:
may also cause brain ischemia due to the lack of appropriate artery formation and connection. People with congenital heart defects may also be prone to blood clots.
359:
may result, wherein neurons do not receive enough blood to communicate, however do receive sufficient oxygenation to avoid cell death for a short period of time.
840:
Vespa, Paul; Bergsneider, Marvin; Hattori, Nayoa; Wu, Hsiao-Ming; Huang, Sung-Cheng; Martin, Neil A; Glenn, Thomas C; McArthur, David L; Hovda, David A (2005).
1294:"Spreading depression and focal brain ischemia induce cyclooxygenase-2 in cortical neurons through N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-receptors and phospholipase A2"
117:
2124:
1670:
1036:
132:
The symptoms of brain ischemia reflect the anatomical region undergoing blood and oxygen deprivation. Ischemia within the arteries branching from the
1191:
819:
842:"Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: a combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study"
975:
904:
1028:
323:(ATP) drop rapidly, approaching zero within 4 minutes. In the absence of biochemical energy, cells begin to lose the ability to maintain
1292:
Miettinen, S.; Fusco, F. R.; Yrjanheikki, J.; Keinanen, R.; Hirvonen, T.; Roivainen, R.; Narhi, M.; Hokfelt, T.; Koistinaho, J. (1997).
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791:
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may be performed if the patient has a significant amount of plaque in the carotid arteries associated with the local ischemic events.
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594:
When someone presents with an ischemic event, treatment of the underlying cause is critical for prevention of further episodes.
2117:
1663:
1271:
1170:
1092:
Baldwin, Robert C. (2005). "Is vascular depression a distinct sub-type of depressive disorder? A review of causal evidence".
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428:
Global brain ischemia occurs when blood flow to the brain is halted or drastically reduced. This is commonly caused by
229:
Compression of blood vessels may also lead to brain ischemia, by blocking the arteries that carry oxygen to the brain.
396:. Thrombotic and embolic are generally focal or multifocal in nature while hypoperfusion affects the brain globally.
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prevent the flow of blood to the brain or other major organs. Extremely low blood pressure can also result from drug
722:. Treatment strategies for brain hypoxia vary depending on the original cause of injury, primary and/or secondary.
2091:
444:. Reperfusion injury is classified as the damage that ensues after restoration of blood supply to ischemic tissue.
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is the condition in which there is a decrease in the oxygen supply to the brain even in the presence of adequate
503:
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191:
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Due to different susceptibility to ischemia of various brain regions, a global brain ischemia may cause focal
2068:
1874:
481:: Many proteins and RNA biomarkers identified are connected to ischemic stroke pathophysiology includes
1733:
1390:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1301.
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815:
2007:
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has also been identified as a potential cause for brain ischemia. Moyamoya disease is an extremely rare
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Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.
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and reactions to drugs. Therefore, brain ischemia can result from events other than heart attacks.
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412:. Focal brain ischemia reduces blood flow to a specific brain region, increasing the risk of
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Brain ischemia has been linked to a variety of diseases or abnormalities. Individuals with
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have a higher predisposition to brain ischemia in comparison to the average population.
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152:, or weakness on both sides of the body . Other symptoms include difficulty speaking,
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may be essential to protecting as much brain tissue as possible, it may also lead to
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765:. WSU Emergency Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Laboratory. Archived from
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and, because it does not have any long term energy stored, the levels of
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2017:
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are similar to ischemia and include inattentiveness, poor judgment,
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2145:
2055:
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655:
601:
456:
250:
149:
93:
1002:
Beers, Mark; Andrew
Fletcher; Thomas Jones; Robert Porter (2003).
1940:
1502:
1291:
790:. Cure Hunter Incorporated. 2003. pp. Relationship Network.
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691:
605:
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348:
332:
328:
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Chang, Steven; Doty, James; Skirboll, Stephen; Steinberg, Gary.
1683:
1608:
1270:. Emergency Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Lab. Archived from
1169:. Emergency Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Lab. Archived from
687:
525:
373:
308:
273:
230:
105:
59:
to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or
55:
is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the
1216:
Hakim AM (1998). "Ischemic penumbra: the therapeutic window".
1057:
Lipton, Peter (1999). "Ischemic cell death in brain neurons".
1700:
1678:
1006:. New York, New York: Merck & Co. Inc. pp. 458–461.
556:
491:
180:
56:
384:. Brain ischemia can be further subdivided, by cause, into
1783:
1519:. National Institutes of Health. 2008-05-07. Archived from
651:
88:
The main symptoms of brain ischemia involve impairments in
1361:"Neuropathology - Chapter 2: Cerebral ischemia and stroke"
839:
210:, plaque buildup in the arteries, blood clots, extremely
1167:
WSU Emergency
Medicine Cerebral Resuscitation Laboratory
1026:
376:" can be divided into three categories: brain ischemia,
140:
in the back of the brain may result in symptoms such as
1517:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1358:
698:. Other causes associated with brain hypoxia include
416:
to that particular area. It can be either caused by
1586:
171:, severe or prolonged brain ischemia will result in
1545:Gusev, Eugene I.; Skvortsova, Veronica I. (2003).
1388:Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
927:
962:
268:events that may result in brain ischemia include
2244:
303:During brain ischemia, the brain cannot perform
1549:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
1544:
1298:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
846:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
638:A closely related disease to brain ischemia is
236:Ventricular tachycardia represents a series of
63:and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or
650:. If hypoxia lasts for long periods of time,
586:should also be avoided during brain ischemia.
190:Multiple cerebral ischemic events may lead to
2118:
1664:
1462:"Prevention and treatment of brain ischaemia"
1410:
1257:
1255:
1094:International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
997:
995:
327:. Consequently, there is a massive influx of
2132:
233:are one cause of blood vessel compression.
2125:
2111:
1671:
1657:
1252:
1029:"Differential diagnosis of brain ischemia"
992:
1485:
1436:
1335:
1317:
1027:Caplan, Louis; Scott Kasner; John Dashe.
887:
885:
865:
96:. The causes of brain ischemia vary from
71:. It is a sub-type of stroke along with
423:
276:, and severe irreversible brain damage.
1091:
1004:The Merck Manual of Medical Information
965:"The pathophysiology of brain ischemia"
894:"The Pathophysiology of Brain Ischemia"
891:
816:"Clinical diagnosis of stroke subtypes"
399:
164:occurs, the symptoms may be permanent.
2245:
1578:. URL last accessed February 26, 2006.
1134:
1056:
882:
291:to the brain, consequently leading to
120:demonstrated that ischemia induced in
2106:
1652:
1459:
1413:"Blood Biomarkers of Ischemic stroke"
1411:Jickling, Glen; Sharp, Frank (2011).
1385:
1215:
810:
808:
559:, B-type neurotrophic growth factor.
315:. The brain is not able to switch to
127:
1923:Partial anterior circulation infarct
1261:
1160:
963:Raichle, Marcus; Ann Neurol (1983).
788:"Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)"
760:
1513:"Cerebral Hypoxia Information Page"
718:, and complications during general
404:Focal brain ischemia occurs when a
13:
1918:Total anterior circulation infarct
1719:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
1564:
1379:
805:
732:Anoxic depolarization in the brain
298:
14:
2274:
1709:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
1582:
367:
112:, and irreversible brain damage.
2092:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1870:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
1714:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
1538:
1453:
1404:
1367:from the original on 2022-02-17
1352:
1285:
1209:
1184:
1163:"Bad Things Happen in Ischemia"
1154:
1128:
1085:
1050:
1039:from the original on 2009-02-17
822:from the original on 2011-02-13
794:from the original on 2009-02-14
608:may be used if the patient has
504:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
496:Glial fibrillary acidic protein
192:subcortical ischemic depression
1071:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.4.1431
1020:
956:
921:
833:
780:
754:
351:activation, and the arrest of
1:
1875:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
747:
615:Operative procedures such as
589:
1359:Dimitri P. Agamanolis, M.D.
1230:10.1212/wnl.51.3_suppl_3.s44
1139:. eSSORTMENT. Archived from
942:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90478-8
562:
466:
362:
287:condition that limits blood
206:, compressed blood vessels,
7:
1137:"What is Moyamoya disease?"
725:
690:, and use of drugs such as
626:
10:
2279:
1844:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
1777:Lateral medullary syndrome
1192:"Ischemic and Hemorrhagic"
2182:
2144:
2079:
2069:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
2054:
2034:
2016:
1998:
1972:
1963:
1933:
1913:Transient ischemic attack
1890:
1880:Subclavian steal syndrome
1852:
1834:
1772:Medial medullary syndrome
1762:Brainstem stroke syndrome
1752:
1699:
1690:
1590:
1429:10.1007/s13311-011-0050-4
1264:"Two Flavors of Ischemia"
763:"What is Brain Ischemia?"
684:carbon monoxide poisoning
325:electrochemical gradients
197:
40:
26:
21:
1951:Transient global amnesia
1798:Lateral pontine syndrome
1734:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
1680:Cerebrovascular diseases
1478:10.1136/bmj.291.6498.758
892:Raichle, Marcus (1983).
858:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600073
662:may occur. Symptoms of
488:Tissue Injury Biomarkers
382:intracerebral hemorrhage
270:cardiorespiratory arrest
257:Congenital heart defects
220:congenital heart defects
110:cardiorespiratory arrest
102:congenital heart defects
77:intracerebral hemorrhage
35:Cerebrovascular ischemia
2042:Intracranial hemorrhage
1860:Carotid artery stenosis
1789:Medial pontine syndrome
1466:British Medical Journal
1319:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6500
1135:Sparks, Gareth (2002).
1033:Up to Date For Patients
674:. Potential causes of
632:Therapeutic hypothermia
510:Inflammatory Biomarkers
378:subarachnoid hemorrhage
335:, a massive release of
208:ventricular tachycardia
134:internal carotid artery
73:subarachnoid hemorrhage
1376:Updated: October, 2017
617:carotid endarterectomy
486:Central Nervous System
321:adenosine triphosphate
263:
2064:Intracranial aneurysm
1853:Extracranial arteries
1059:Physiological Reviews
901:Neurological Progress
737:Migrainous infarction
548:Von Willebrand factor
522:Tumor necrosis factor
424:Global brain ischemia
92:, body movement, and
2000:Cerebral/Intra-axial
1946:Binswanger's disease
1386:Porth, C.M. (2009).
1262:Sullivan, Jonathon.
1224:(3 Suppl 3): S44–6.
1161:Sullivan, Jonathon.
972:Neurological Process
761:Sullivan, Jonathon.
670:, and a decrease in
400:Focal brain ischemia
317:anaerobic metabolism
238:irregular heartbeats
158:loss of coordination
2087:Cerebral vasculitis
1965:Haemorrhagic stroke
1903:Cerebral infarction
1310:1997PNAS...94.6500M
610:atrial fibrillation
307:due to the loss of
183:, mediated by the
65:cerebral infarction
2026:Duret haemorrhages
1572:Cerebral ischemia
1268:Brain Ischemia 101
672:motor coordination
514:c-reactive protein
442:reperfusion injury
305:aerobic metabolism
293:oxygen deprivation
224:Sickle cell anemia
212:low blood pressure
204:sickle cell anemia
138:vertebral arteries
128:Symptoms and signs
98:sickle cell anemia
2253:Vascular diseases
2240:
2239:
2100:
2099:
2050:
2049:
1959:
1958:
1824:Claude's syndrome
1819:Benedikt syndrome
1646:
1645:
1460:Hinds CJ (1985).
1417:Neurotherapeutics
372:The broad term, "
353:protein synthesis
341:synaptic vesicles
50:
49:
31:Cerebral ischemia
16:Medical condition
2270:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2008:Intraventricular
1970:
1969:
1814:Weber's syndrome
1739:Watershed stroke
1729:Moyamoya disease
1697:
1696:
1692:Ischaemic stroke
1673:
1666:
1659:
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1649:
1588:
1587:
1576:cgi.stanford.edu
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1489:
1472:(6498): 758–60.
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1397:978-16054-7390-1
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1194:. Archived from
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974:. Archived from
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903:. Archived from
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742:Watershed stroke
621:carotid stenting
553:Other Biomarkers
479:Blood Biomarkers
461:watershed stroke
449:brain infarction
432:. If sufficient
281:Moyamoya disease
185:ischemic cascade
169:cerebral hypoxia
122:mammalian brains
61:cerebral hypoxia
46:Vascular surgeon
19:
18:
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2172:Small intestine
2167:Large intestine
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1724:Amaurosis fugax
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1565:Further reading
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1065:(4): 1431–568.
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453:cerebral cortex
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410:cerebral vessel
408:has occluded a
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301:
299:Pathophysiology
285:cerebrovascular
214:as a result of
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173:unconsciousness
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69:ischemic stroke
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1908:Classification
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1898:Brain ischemia
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1891:Classification
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1840:
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1832:
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1829:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:Millard-Gubler
1795:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1744:Lacunar stroke
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
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1612:: G45.9, I67.8
1600:
1595:
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1592:
1591:Classification
1584:
1583:External links
1581:
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1566:
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1562:
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1555:
1547:Brain ischemia
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1501:
1452:
1423:(3): 349–360.
1403:
1396:
1378:
1351:
1304:(12): 6500–5.
1284:
1251:
1208:
1183:
1153:
1127:
1084:
1049:
1019:
1012:
991:
955:
930:Brain Research
920:
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832:
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749:
746:
745:
744:
739:
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727:
724:
712:cardiac arrest
628:
625:
591:
588:
584:Hyperglycaemia
564:
561:
532:Coagulation /
468:
465:
430:cardiac arrest
425:
422:
401:
398:
369:
368:Classification
366:
364:
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300:
297:
199:
196:
154:slurred speech
129:
126:
53:Brain ischemia
48:
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44:
38:
37:
28:
24:
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22:Brain ischemia
15:
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1558:
1556:0-306-47694-0
1552:
1548:
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1523:on 2009-05-05
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1274:on 2009-01-06
1273:
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1258:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
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1212:
1198:on 2009-02-16
1197:
1193:
1187:
1173:on 2009-01-06
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:on 2009-03-27
1142:
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1123:
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1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:84-494-3359-2
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
981:on 2009-02-19
977:
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966:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
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924:
910:on 2009-02-19
906:
902:
895:
888:
886:
877:
873:
868:
863:
859:
855:
852:(6): 763–74.
851:
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817:
811:
809:
793:
789:
783:
769:on 2009-01-06
768:
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697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:brain hypoxia
673:
669:
665:
664:brain hypoxia
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Brain hypoxia
641:
640:brain hypoxia
636:
633:
624:
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613:
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541:
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529:
527:
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518:Interleukin 6
515:
511:
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493:
489:
487:
482:
480:
476:
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450:
445:
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439:
435:
431:
421:
420:or embolism.
419:
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411:
407:
397:
395:
394:hypoperfusion
391:
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195:
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182:
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159:
155:
151:
150:double vision
147:
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125:
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119:
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91:
86:
83:
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70:
66:
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58:
54:
45:
43:
39:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
2156:
1990:Subarachnoid
1897:
1630:
1615:
1603:
1575:
1546:
1539:Bibliography
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1516:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1354:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1267:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1166:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1130:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1035:. UpToDate.
1032:
1022:
1003:
983:. Retrieved
976:the original
971:
958:
936:(1): 59–74.
933:
929:
923:
912:. Retrieved
905:the original
900:
849:
845:
835:
824:. Retrieved
796:. Retrieved
782:
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
756:
696:amphetamines
637:
630:
614:
596:
593:
572:
566:
552:
551:
531:
530:
509:
508:
484:
483:
478:
477:
470:
446:
427:
403:
371:
302:
278:
265:pathological
261:
255:
247:
243:
235:
228:
216:heart attack
201:
189:
177:brain damage
166:
131:
114:
87:
84:
81:
52:
51:
34:
30:
2200:Hemorrhagic
1973:Extra-axial
1865:precerebral
1100:(1): 1–11.
716:head trauma
680:suffocation
668:memory loss
660:brain death
658:, and even
580:hypercapnia
438:reperfusion
434:circulation
289:circulation
167:Similar to
27:Other names
2247:Categories
2184:Infarction
2138:infarction
1836:Cerebellum
1754:Brain stem
1682:including
1527:2009-04-28
1371:2020-07-14
1278:2008-10-13
1202:2008-11-11
1177:2008-11-11
1147:2009-04-13
1043:2008-11-11
985:2009-04-22
914:2008-11-11
826:2022-06-28
798:2008-11-11
773:2008-11-11
748:References
720:anesthesia
704:strangling
694:and other
648:blood flow
590:Management
576:hypoxaemia
540:Fibrinogen
536:Biomarkers
534:Thrombosis
418:thrombosis
414:cell death
406:blood clot
386:thrombotic
279:Recently,
162:infarction
156:, and the
118:Zimmermann
2206:Location
2153:Location
2134:Ischaemia
2018:Brainstem
1793:Foville's
1626:435X,437X
1218:Neurology
686:, severe
568:Alteplase
563:Treatment
500:enolase 2
473:biomarker
467:Biomarker
363:Diagnosis
345:lipolysis
337:glutamate
331:into the
313:substrate
142:dizziness
42:Specialty
2263:Ischemia
2232:Gangrene
2146:Ischemia
2056:Aneurysm
1985:Subdural
1980:Epidural
1809:Midbrain
1447:21671123
1365:Archived
1246:44452236
1122:19083813
1114:15578670
1079:10508238
1037:Archived
876:15716852
820:Archived
792:Archived
726:See also
700:drowning
656:seizures
627:Research
602:warfarin
457:striatum
357:penumbra
251:overdose
94:speaking
2035:General
1941:CADASIL
1767:Medulla
1637:D002545
1496:3929929
1487:1417168
1438:3250275
1346:9177247
1306:Bibcode
1238:9744833
950:4434196
867:4347944
708:choking
692:cocaine
606:heparin
544:D-dimer
471:Use of
390:embolic
349:calpain
333:cytosol
329:calcium
146:vertigo
2258:Stroke
2220:Spleen
2195:Anemic
2191:Types
1684:stroke
1553:
1494:
1484:
1445:
1435:
1394:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1244:
1236:
1120:
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1010:
948:
874:
864:
688:anemia
526:VCAM-1
451:. The
392:, and
374:stroke
309:oxygen
274:stroke
262:Other
231:Tumors
218:, and
198:Causes
106:stroke
90:vision
2215:Brain
2210:Heart
2162:Heart
2157:Brain
2080:Other
1934:Other
1701:Brain
1337:21079
1328:42387
1324:JSTOR
1242:S2CID
1118:S2CID
979:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
897:(PDF)
600:with
557:PARK7
492:S100B
380:and
339:from
181:death
75:and
57:brain
2225:Limb
2136:and
1784:Pons
1632:MeSH
1621:9-CM
1551:ISBN
1492:PMID
1443:PMID
1392:ISBN
1342:PMID
1234:PMID
1110:PMID
1075:PMID
1008:ISBN
946:PMID
872:PMID
678:are
652:coma
619:and
578:and
455:and
311:and
1617:ICD
1605:ICD
1482:PMC
1474:doi
1470:291
1433:PMC
1425:doi
1332:PMC
1314:doi
1226:doi
1102:doi
1067:doi
938:doi
862:PMC
854:doi
642:.
604:or
179:or
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