3902:
3496:
11593:
737:
10313:
13523:
2846:. Subhash Kak disagrees with the proposed Semitic origins of the script, instead stating that the interaction between the Indic and the Semitic worlds before the rise of the Semitic scripts might imply a reverse process. However, the chronology thus presented and the notion of an unbroken tradition of literacy is opposed by a majority of academics who support an indigenous origin. Evidence for a continuity between Indus and Brahmi has also been seen in graphic similarities between Brahmi and the late Indus script, where the ten most common ligatures correspond with the form of one of the ten most common glyphs in Brahmi. There is also corresponding evidence of continuity in the use of numerals. Further support for this continuity comes from statistical analysis of the relationship carried out by Das.
3932:
3428:
3533:
873:
14233:, pp. 204–205. "Prinsep came to India in 1819 as assistant to the assay master of the Calcutta Mint and remained until 1838, when he returned to England for reasons of health. During this period Prinsep made a long series of discoveries in the fields of epigraphy and numismatics as well as in the natural sciences and technical fields. But he is best known for his breakthroughs in the decipherment of the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. ... Although Prinsep's final decipherment was ultimately to rely on paleographic and contextual rather than statistical methods, it is still no less a tribute to his genius that he should have thought to apply such modern techniques to his problem."
2754:
over time, which he takes to indicate that the script had been recently developed. Falk deviates from the mainstream of opinion in seeing Greek as also being a significant source for Brahmi. On this point particularly, Salomon disagrees with Falk, and after presenting evidence of very different methodology between Greek and Brahmi notation of vowel quantity, he states "it is doubtful whether Brahmi derived even the basic concept from a Greek prototype". Further, adds
Salomon, in a "limited sense Brahmi can be said to be derived from Kharosthi, but in terms of the actual forms of the characters, the differences between the two Indian scripts are much greater than the similarities".
11621:
3628:, started to analyse the inscriptions and made deductions on the general characteristics of the early Brahmi script essentially relying on statistical methods. This method, published in March 1834, allowed him to classify the characters found in inscriptions, and to clarify the structure of Brahmi as being composed of consonantal characters with vocalic "inflections". He was able to correctly guess four out of five vocalic inflections, but the value of consonants remained unknown. Although this statistical method was modern and innovative, the actual decipherment of the script would have to wait until after the discovery of bilingual inscriptions, a few years later.
1290:, a less prominent branch of the Semitic script family, has occasionally been proposed, but has not gained much acceptance. Finally, the Aramaic script being the prototype for Brahmi has been the more preferred hypothesis because of its geographic proximity to the Indian subcontinent, and its influence likely arising because Aramaic was the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid empire. However, this hypothesis does not explain the mystery of why two very different scripts, Kharoṣṭhī and Brahmi, developed from the same Aramaic. A possible explanation might be that Ashoka created an imperial script for his edicts, but there is no evidence to support this conjecture.
10407:
13882:. The meetings and publications of the Society provided an unusually fertile environment for innovative speculation, with scholars constantly exchanging notes on, for instance, how they had deciphered the Brahmi letters of various epigraphs from Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar inscription, to the Karle cave inscriptions. The Eureka moment came in 1837 when James Prinsep, a brilliant secretary of the Asiatic Society, building on earlier pools of epigraphic knowledge, very quickly uncovered the key to the extinct Mauryan Brahmi script. Prinsep unlocked Ashoka; his deciphering of the script made it possible to read the inscriptions.
11681:
3996:
5954:
9210:
2819:
10442:
11706:
60:
10329:
2709:
114:
8936:
3086:
17065:, pp. 204–208 Equally impressive was Prinsep's arrangement, presented in plate V of JASB 3, of the unknown alphabet, wherein he gave each of the consonantal characters, whose phonetic values were still entirely unknown, with its "five principal inflections", that is, the vowel diacritics. Not only is this table almost perfectly correct in its arrangement, but the phonetic value of the vowels is correctly identified in four out of five cases (plus anusvard); only the vowel sign for i was incorrectly interpreted as o.
10508:
9252:
947:
11574:
12834:
who say it is "based" in ʼPhags-pa are partly right; those who say it is "based" on abstract drawings of articulatory organs are partly right. ... Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was derived from the Mongol ʼPhags-pa script" ... ʼPhags-pa contributed none of the things that make this script perhaps the most remarkable in the world.
3984:
3972:
15369:"Falk goes too far. It is fair to expect that we believe that Vedic memorisation – though without parallel in any other human society – has been able to preserve very long texts for many centuries without losing a syllable. ... However, the oral composition of a work as complex as Pāṇini's grammar is not only without parallel in other human cultures, it is without parallel in India itself. ... It just will not do to state that our difficulty in conceiving any such thing is our problem."
2886:
486:
10492:
7629:
4012:
13935:, but knowledge of how to read the script had been lost. Since inscriptions form the annals of Indian history, this decipherment was a major advance that led to the gradual unfolding of the past from sources other than religious and literary texts. ... Until about a hundred years ago in India, Ashoka was merely one of the many kings mentioned in the Mauryan dynastic list included in the Puranas. Elsewhere in the Buddhist tradition he was referred to as a
2207:
2099:
1808:
1590:
12425:
12411:
11208:
11168:
7472:
7458:
13592:
13586:
12544:
12537:
12495:
12481:
12460:
12446:
12432:
12418:
12404:
12397:
12376:
12362:
12355:
12341:
11502:
11462:
11355:
11315:
11268:
11228:
11188:
11148:
11119:
11079:
11019:
10950:
10930:
10890:
10698:
10561:
7591:
7584:
7542:
7528:
7507:
7493:
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7465:
7451:
7444:
7423:
7409:
7402:
7388:
1918:
1772:
1707:
1515:
1365:
13943:. There were many inscriptions in which the King referred to himself as Devanampiya Piyadassi (the beloved of the gods, Piyadassi). The name did not tally with any mentioned in the dynastic lists, although it was mentioned in the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka. Slowly the clues were put together but the final confirmation came in 1915, with the discovery of yet another version of the edicts in which the King calls himself Devanampiya Ashoka.
13672:, p. 17. "Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as 'lath' or 'Lat', 'Southern Aśokan', 'Indian Pali', 'Mauryan', and so on. The application to it of the name Brahmi , which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists, was first suggested by T de Lacouperie, who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia
938:
3367:). Ancient inscriptions have also been discovered in many North and Central Indian sites, occasionally in South India as well, that are in hybrid Sanskrit-Prakrit language called "Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit". These are dated by modern techniques to between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. Surviving ancient records of the Brahmi script are found as engravings on pillars, temple walls, metal plates, terracotta, coins, crystals and manuscripts.
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6808:
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2388:
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2135:
1881:
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9689:
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1844:
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3847:
3483:. In this new typeface, the letter were "neat and well-formed". The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke. This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in
18310:
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17198:
pillars left by Ashoka and arranged them in a pattern like that used for teaching the
Ethiopian abugida (FIGURE 12). Apparently, there had never been a tradition of laying out the full set of aksharas thus—or anyone, Prinsep said, with a better knowledge of Sanskrit than he had had could have read the inscriptions straight away, instead of after discovering a very minor virtual bilingual a few years later. (p. 151)
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1135:
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2758:
The stronger argument for this position is that we have no specimen of the script before the time of Ashoka, nor any direct evidence of intermediate stages in its development; but of course this does not mean that such earlier forms did not exist, only that, if they did exist, they have not survived, presumably because they were not employed for monumental purposes before Ashoka".
1925:
1815:
2359:
2250:
2070:
1997:
1961:
2431:
2395:
2640:, but because the alphabetical ordering was lost, the correspondences among them are not clear. Bühler was able to suggest Brahmi derivatives corresponding to all of the 22 North Semitic characters, though clearly, as Bühler himself recognized, some are more confident than others. He tended to place much weight on phonetic congruence as a guideline, for example connecting
1779:
1714:
2033:
2467:
2178:
2142:
1888:
2287:
1851:
1743:
13989:
Bengal (Kolkata). It was his interest in coins and inscriptions that made him such an important figure in the history of South Asian archaeology, utilising inscribed Indo-Greek coins to decipher
Kharosthi and pursuing earlier scholarly work to decipher Brahmi. This work was key to understanding a large part of the Early Historical period in South Asia ...
3077:, noted, a few decades prior, the use of cotton fabric for writing in Northern India. Indologists have variously speculated that this might have been Kharoṣṭhī or the Aramaic alphabet. Salomon regards the evidence from Greek sources to be inconclusive. Strabo himself notes this inconsistency regarding reports on the use of writing in India (XV.i.67).
716:; it is not known if their underlying system of numeration has a connection to the Brahmi script. But in the second half of the 1st millennium CE, some inscriptions in India and Southeast Asia written in scripts derived from the Brahmi did include numerals that are decimal place value, and constitute the earliest existing material examples of the
3479:"), after their establishment in northern India introduced "revolutionary changes" in the way Brahmi was written. In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to the
1675:
Bühler's proposal, such as of six
Mauryan inscriptions in Aramaic, suggest Bühler's proposal about Phoenician as weak. It is more likely that Aramaic, which was virtually certainly the prototype for Kharoṣṭhī, also may have been the basis for Brahmi. However, it is unclear why the ancient Indians would have developed two very different scripts.
916:
theory of
Semitic origin is held by "nearly all" Western scholars, and Salomon agrees with Goyal that there has been "nationalist bias" and "imperialist bias" on the two respective sides of the debate. In spite of this, the view of indigenous development had been prevalent among British scholars writing prior to Bühler: a passage by
3138:(1987) had similarly suggested that ancient India likely had a "very old culture of writing" along with its oral tradition of composing and transmitting knowledge, because the Vedic literature is too vast, consistent and complex to have been entirely created, memorized, accurately preserved and spread without a written system.
13698:
exceptions of the Indus script in the protohistoric period, of
Kharosthi in the northwest in the ancient period, and of the Perso–Arabic and European scripts in the medieval and modern periods, respectively, the history of writing in India is virtually synonymous with the history of the Brahmi script and its derivatives."
3019:
adjacent areas in the third millennium B.C. The number of different signs suggest a syllabic script, but all attempts at decipherment have been unsuccessful so far. Attempts by some Indian scholars to connect this undeciphered script with the Indian scripts in vogue from the third century B.C. onward are total failures."
10328:
10406:
10312:
17197:
Brahmi: The Brahmi script of
Ashokan India (SECTION 30) is another that was deciphered largely on the basis of familiar language and familiar related script—but it was made possible largely because of the industry of young James Prinsep (1799-1840), who inventoried the characters found on the immense
3038:
almost entirely dismisses
Megasthenes as unreliable, questioning the wording used by Megasthenes' informant and Megasthenes' interpretation of them. Timmer considers it to reflect a misunderstanding that the Mauryans were illiterate "based upon the fact that Megasthenes rightly observed that the laws
2865:
of the South Indian megalithic culture, which may have some overlap with the Indus symbol inventory and persisted in use up at least through the appearance of the Brahmi and scripts up into the third century CE. These graffiti usually appear singly, though on occasion may be found in groups of two or
2814:
stated that there is a powerful argument against the idea that the Brahmi script has
Semitic borrowing because the whole structure and conception is quite different. He at one time suggested that the origin may have been purely indigenous with the Indus script as its predecessor. However, Allchin and
2660:
One of the key problems with a
Phoenician derivation is the lack of evidence for historical contact with Phoenicians in the relevant period. Bühler explained this by proposing that the initial borrowing of Brahmi characters dates back considerably earlier than the earliest known evidence, as far back
1285:
Many scholars link the origin of Brahmi to Semitic script models, particularly Aramaic. The explanation of how this might have happened, the particular Semitic script, and the chronology of the derivation have been the subject of much debate. Bühler followed Max Weber in connecting it particularly to
1006:
probably had a strong influence on this development. Some authors – both Western and Indian – suggest that Brahmi was borrowed or inspired by a Semitic script, invented in a short few years during the reign of Ashoka, and then used widely for Ashokan inscriptions. In contrast, some authors reject the
599:
period (4th century CE), and it is thought that as late as the 4th century CE, a literate person could still read and understand Mauryan inscriptions. Sometime thereafter, the ability to read the original Brahmi script was lost. The earliest (indisputably dated) and best-known Brahmi inscriptions are
4037:
is understood if no vowel is written. The initial vowel symbol for /au/ is also apparently lacking in the earliest attested phases, even though it has a diacritic. Ancient sources suggest that there were either 11 or 12 vowels enumerated at the beginning of the character list around the Ashokan era,
3052:
XV.i.53). For one, the observation may only apply in the context of the kingdom of "Sandrakottos" (Chandragupta). Elsewhere in Strabo (Strab. XV.i.39), Megasthenes is said to have noted that it was a regular custom in India for the "philosopher" caste (presumably Brahmins) to submit "anything useful
14129:
Ashoka's reign of more than three decades is the first fairly well-documented period of Indian history. Ashoka left us a series of great inscriptions (major rock edicts, minor rock edicts, pillar edicts) which are among the most important records of India's past. Ever since they were discovered and
13988:
and is best known for deciphering early Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. He was something of a polymath, undertaking research into chemistry, meteorology, Indian scriptures, numismatics, archaeology and mineral resources, while fulfilling the role of Assay Master of the East India Company mint in East
13697:
as a fully developed pan-Indian national script (sometimes used as a second script even within the proper territory of Kharosthi in the north-west) and continued to play this role throughout history, becoming the parent of all of the modern Indic scripts both within India and beyond. Thus, with the
13680:
are described as written from left to right and from right to left, respectively. He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left-to-right 'Indo-Pali' script of the Aśokan pillar inscriptions, and Kharosthi to the right-to-left 'Bactro-Pali' script of the rock inscriptions from
5988:
In the late period, the system of interpunctuation marks gets more complicated. For instance, there are four different forms of vertically slanted double dashes that resemble "//" to mark the completion of the composition. Despite all the decorative signs that were available during the late period,
3131:
would be unlikely to have emerged so quickly if Brahmi had a single origin in the chancelleries of the Mauryan Empire. He suggests a date of not later than the end of the 4th century for the development of Brahmi script in the form represented in the inscriptions, with earlier possible antecedents.
3018:
was used, before around 300 BCE because Indian tradition "at every occasion stresses the orality of the cultural and literary heritage", yet Scharfe in the same book admits that "a script has been discovered in the excavations of the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished in the Indus valley and
2757:
Falk also dated the origin of Kharoṣṭhī to no earlier than 325 BCE, based on a proposed connection to the Greek conquest. Salomon questions Falk's arguments as to the date of Kharoṣṭhī and writes that it is "speculative at best and hardly constitutes firm grounds for a late date for Kharoṣṭhī.
14275:
The work of the reconstruction of the early period of Indian history was inaugurated by European scholars in the 18th century. Later on, Indians also became interested in the subject. The credit for the decipherment of early Indian inscriptions, written in the Brahmi and Kharosthi alphabets, which
12833:
I have devoted much space and discussion to the role of the Mongol ʼPhags-pa alphabet in the origin of the Korean alphabet, but it should be clear to any reader that in the total picture, that role was quite limited. The origin of the Korean alphabet is, in fact, not a simple matter at all. Those
11592:
5977:
Punctuation can be perceived as more of an exception than as a general rule in Asokan Brahmi. For instance, distinct spaces in between the words appear frequently in the pillar edicts but not so much in others. ("Pillar edicts" refers to the texts that are inscribed on the stone pillars oftentimes
4032:
are derived from the letters for short vowels. There are also four "secondary" vowels that do not have the long-short contrast, /e:/, /ai/, /o:/, /au/. Note though that the grapheme for /ai/ is derivative from /e/ in a way which parallels the short-long contrast of the primary vowels (historically
3781:
is a variant of the Brahmi alphabet that was in use in South India by about the 3rd century BCE, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Inscriptions attest their use in parts of Sri Lanka in the same period. The language used in around 70 Southern Brahmi inscriptions discovered in the 20th century
3414:
of paddy grains and charcoal samples indicated that inscription contexts date to as far back as the 6th and perhaps 7th centuries BCE. As these were published very recently, they have as yet not been commented on extensively in the literature. Indologist Harry Falk has criticized Rajan's claims as
2857:
around 1500 BCE and the first widely accepted appearance of Brahmi in the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE. Iravathan Mahadevan makes the point that even if one takes the latest dates of 1500 BCE for the Indus script and earliest claimed dates of Brahmi around 500 BCE, a thousand years still separates the
2849:
Salomon considered simple graphic similarities between characters to be insufficient evidence for a connection without knowing the phonetic values of the Indus script, though he found apparent similarities in patterns of compounding and diacritical modification to be "intriguing". However, he felt
2753:
of Brahmi as being derived from the Kharoṣṭhī script, itself a derivative of Aramaic. At the time of his writing, the Ashoka edicts were the oldest confidently dateable examples of Brahmi, and he perceives in them "a clear development in language from a faulty linguistic style to a well honed one"
1018:
and India, while Kharoṣṭhī was used only in northwest South Asia (eastern parts of modern Afghanistan and neighboring regions of Pakistan) for a while before it died out in the third century. According to Salomon, evidence of the use of Kharoṣṭhī is found primarily in Buddhist records and those of
3883:
992:
Most scholars believe that Brahmi was likely derived from or influenced by a Semitic script model, with Aramaic being a leading candidate. However, the issue is not settled due to the lack of direct evidence and unexplained differences between Aramaic, Kharoṣṭhī, and Brahmi. Though Brahmi and the
13926:
The nineteenth century saw considerable advances in what came to be called Indology, the study of India by non-Indians using methods of investigation developed by European scholars in the nineteenth century. In India the use of modern techniques to 'rediscover' the past came into practice. Among
915:
The most disputed point about the origin of the Brahmi script has long been whether it was a purely indigenous development or was borrowed or derived from scripts that originated outside India. Goyal (1979) noted that most proponents of the indigenous view are fringe Indian scholars, whereas the
14584:
which describes the first visit of Prince Siddhartha, the future Buddha, to the writing school..." (page 6); "In the account of Prince Siddhartha's first visit to the writing school, extracted by Professor Terrien de la Couperie from the Chinese translation of the Lalitavistara of 308 CE, there
1001:
Virtually all authors accept that regardless of the origins, the differences between the Indian script and those proposed to have influenced it are significant. The degree of Indian development of the Brahmi script in both the graphic form and the structure has been extensive. It is also widely
1674:
According to the Semitic hypothesis as laid out by Bühler in 1898, the oldest Brahmi inscriptions were derived from a Phoenician prototype. Salomon states Bühler's arguments are "weak historical, geographical, and chronological justifications for a Phoenician prototype". Discoveries made since
14929:
Brāhmī, writing system ancestral to all Indian scripts except Kharoṣṭhī. Of Aramaic derivation or inspiration, it can be traced to the 8th or 7th century BCE, when it may have been introduced to Indian merchants by people of Semitic origin.… a coin of the 4th century BCE, discovered in Madhya
9238:
Brahmi" was in use from the 1st-3rd centuries CE. It is more rounded than its predecessor, and introduces some significant variations in shapes. Several characters (r̩ and l̩), classified as vowels, were added during the "Middle Brahmi" period between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE, in order to
3390:
in Sri Lanka was correlated with its first appearance in the area. Salomon in his 1998 review states that the Anuradhapura inscriptions support the theory that Brahmi existed in South Asia before the Mauryan times, with studies favoring the 4th century BCE, but some doubts remain whether the
2761:
Unlike Bühler, Falk does not provide details of which and how the presumptive prototypes may have been mapped to the individual characters of Brahmi. Further, states Salomon, Falk accepts there are anomalies in phonetic value and diacritics in Brahmi script that are not found in the presumed
3487:, in association with devotional works of art. This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century. The "new-pen-style" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.
2765:
Hartmut Scharfe, in his 2002 review of Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī scripts, concurs with Salomon's questioning of Falk's proposal, and states, "the pattern of the phonemic analysis of the Sanskrit language achieved by the Vedic scholars is much closer to the Brahmi script than the Greek alphabet".
14033:
In 1837, four years after Wilson's departure, James Prinsep, then Secretary of the Asiatic Society, unravelled the mystery of the Brahmi script and thus was able to read the edicts of the great Emperor Asoka. The rediscovery of Buddhist India was the last great achievement of the British
13507:
functioned as occasional vowel markers to indicate medial and final vowels in the otherwise consonant-only script. Aleph 𐤀 and particularly ʿayin 𐤏 only developed this function in later phases of Phoenician and related scripts, though 𐤀 also sometimes functioned to mark an initial
3747:, with earliest inscriptions dating from a few decades of Ashoka's reign, is believed to have evolved from a southern variant of the Brahmi alphabet. The language used in these inscriptions, nearly all of which have been found upon Buddhist relics, is exclusively Prakrit, though
3503:
in March 1834. The structure of Brahmi (consonantal characters with vocalic "inflections") was properly identified, but the individual values of characters remained undetermined, except for four of the vocalic inflections. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Volume 3 (March
912:(1895). Bühler's ideas have been particularly influential, though even by the 1895 date of his opus on the subject, he could identify no fewer than five competing theories of the origin, one positing an indigenous origin and the others deriving it from various Semitic models.
3730:
Pali scholar and linguist, Prinsep then completed the full decipherment of the Brahmi script. In a series of results that he published in March 1838 Prinsep was able to translate the inscriptions on a large number of rock edicts found around India, and provide, according to
2781:
script. Greek-style letter types were selected for their "broad, upright and symmetrical form", and writing from left to right was also adopted for its convenience. On the other hand, the Kharosthi treatment of vowels was retained, with its inherent vowel "a", derived from
8830:
was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).
3150:(2002) takes the intermediate position that the oral transmission of the Vedic hymns may well have been achieved orally, but that the development of Panini's grammar presupposes writing (consistent with a development of Indian writing in c. the 4th century BCE).
997:
script share some general features, the differences between the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts are "much greater than their similarities", and "the overall differences between the two render a direct linear development connection unlikely", states Richard Salomon.
2661:
as 800 BCE, contemporary with the Phoenician glyph forms that he mainly compared. Bühler cited a near-modern practice of writing Brahmic scripts informally without vowel diacritics as a possible continuation of this earlier abjad-like stage in development.
4057:
It has been noted that the basic system of vowel marking common to Brahmi and Kharosthī, in which every consonant is understood to be followed by a vowel, was well suited to Prakrit, but as Brahmi was adapted to other languages, a special notation called the
18209:"The three letters give us a complete name, which I read as Ṣastana (vide facsimile and cast). Dr. Vogel read it as Mastana but that is incorrect for Ma was always written with a circular or triangular knob below with two slanting lines joining the knob" in
3386:. The historical sequence of the specimens was interpreted to indicate an evolution in the level of stylistic refinement over several centuries, and they concluded that the Brahmi script may have arisen out of "mercantile involvement" and that the growth of
14219:(1832–39), oversaw one of the most productive periods of numismatic and epigraphic study in nineteenth-century India. Between 1833 and 1838, Prinsep published a series of papers based on Indo-Greek coins and his deciphering of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.
5984:
In the middle period, the system seems to be developing. The use of a dash and a curved horizontal line is found. A lotus (flower) mark seems to mark the end, and a circular mark appears to indicate the full stop. There seem to be varieties of full stop.
3931:
1013:
states that Brahmi likely emerged from the Aramaic script (with extensive local development), but there is no evidence of a direct common source. According to Trigger, Brahmi was in use before the Ashoka pillars, at least by the 4th or 5th century BCE in
11620:
3141:
Opinions on this point, the possibility that there may not have been any writing scripts including Brahmi during the Vedic age, given the quantity and quality of the Vedic literature, are divided. While Falk (1993) disagrees with Goody, while
2668:
view of the development of Brahmi and Kharoṣṭhī, in which the idea of alphabetic sound representation was learned from the Aramaic-speaking Persians, but much of the writing system was a novel development tailored to the phonology of Prakrit.
4064:
was introduced to indicate the omission of the final vowel. Kharoṣṭhī also differs in that the initial vowel representation has a single generic vowel symbol that is differentiated by diacritics, and long vowels are not distinguished.
3925:. In modern Devanagari the components of a conjunct are written left to right when possible (when the first consonant has a vertical stem that can be removed at the right), whereas in Brahmi characters are joined vertically downwards.
3277:
to his daughter Bambhi (बाम्भी); she emphasized बाम्भी as the main script as she taught others, and therefore the name Brahmi for the script comes after her name. There is no early epigraphic proof for the expression "Brahmi script".
17307:
4027:
Vowels following a consonant are inherent or written by diacritics, but initial vowels have dedicated letters. There are three "primary" vowels in Ashokan Brahmi, which each occur in length-contrasted forms: /a/, /i/, /u/;
3821:
is in Tamil Brahmi script. Its date is uncertain and has been proposed to bolongs to 1th century CE. According to Frederick Asher, Tamil Brahmi inscriptions on potsherds have been found in Quseir al-Qadim and in Berenike,
928:
of 1877 speculated that Brahmi characters were derived from, among other things, a pictographic principle based on the human body, but Bühler noted that, by 1891, Cunningham considered the origins of the script uncertain.
15783:
In recent years, I have been leaning towards the view that the Brahmi script had an independent Indian evolution, probably emerging from the breakdown of the old Harappan script in the first half of the second millennium
13939:, ..., a universal monarch but this tradition had become extinct in India after the decline of Buddhism. However, in 1837, James Prinsep deciphered an inscription written in the earliest Indian script since the Harappan,
694:. Dozens of modern scripts used across South and South East Asia have descended from Brahmi, making it one of the world's most influential writing traditions. One survey found 198 scripts that ultimately derive from it.
3842:
is inscribed with Brahmi running from right to left, as in Aramaic. Several other instances of variation in the writing direction are known, though directional instability is fairly common in ancient writing systems.
3792:
Unlike the edicts of Ashoka, however, the majority of the inscriptions from this early period in Sri Lanka are found above caves. The language of Sri Lanka Brahmi inscriptions has been mostly been Prakrit though some
15255:
15351:
8778:, Ashoka describes his visit in the 21st year of his reign, and designates Lumbini as the birthplace of the Buddha. He also, for the first time in historical records, uses the epithet "Sakyamuni" (Sage of the
3034:, noted "... and this among a people who have no written laws, who are ignorant even of writing, and regulate everything by memory." This has been variously and contentiously interpreted by many authors.
2495:
According to Bühler, Brahmi added symbols for certain sounds not found in Semitic languages, and either deleted or repurposed symbols for Aramaic sounds not found in Prakrit. For example, Aramaic lacks the
3901:
1030:, and in the process of borrowing into another language, these syllables are taken to be the sound values of the symbols. They also accepted the idea that Brahmi was based on a North Semitic model.
920:, one of the earliest indigenous origin proponents, suggests that, in his time, the indigenous origin was a preference of British scholars in opposition to the "unknown Western" origin preferred by
14667:
Under different teachers, such as the Brahmin Lipikara and Deva Vidyasinha, he mastered Indian philology and scripts. According to Lalitavistara, there were as many as sixty-four scripts in India.
11725:
Over the course of a millennium, Brahmi developed into numerous regional scripts. Over time, these regional scripts became associated with the local languages. A Northern Brahmi gave rise to the
18472:
17848:
5981:
In the early Brahmi period, the existence of punctuation marks is not very well shown. Each letter has been written independently with some occasional space between words and longer sections.
3826:
which suggest that merchant and trade activity was flourishing in ancient times between India and the Red Sea region. Additional Tamil Brahmi inscription has been found in Khor Rori region of
720:, now in use throughout the world. The underlying system of numeration, however, was older, as the earliest attested orally transmitted example dates to the middle of the 3rd century CE in a
2798:
is supported by some Western and Indian scholars and writers. The theory that there are similarities to the Indus script was suggested by early European scholars such as the archaeologist
3146:
and John Hartley (2012) concur, not so much based on the difficulty of orally preserving the Vedic hymns, but on the basis that it is highly unlikely that Panini's grammar was composed.
18182:
3549:
15583:
Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: being an official account of archaeological excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the government of India between the years 1922 and 1927
3391:
inscriptions might be intrusive into the potsherds from a later date. Indologist Harry Falk has argued that the Edicts of Ashoka represent an older stage of Brahmi, whereas certain
3370:
One of the most important recent developments regarding the origin of Brahmi has been the discovery of Brahmi characters inscribed on fragments of pottery from the trading town of
3351:, c. 250 BCE. Prakrit records predominate the epigraphic records discovered in the Indian subcontinent through about the 1st century CE. The earliest known Brahmi inscriptions in
3568:
in the northwest, which had both become extinct around the 4th century CE, and were yet undeciphered at the time the Edicts were discovered and investigated in the 19th century.
3495:
16249:
16197:
12829:). However, one of the authors, Gari Ledyard, on whose work much of this theorized connection rests, cautions against giving 'Phags-pa much credit in the development of Hangul:
18119:
13796:
Among the many descendants of Brāhmī are Devanāgarī (used for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages), the Bengali and Gujarati scripts and those of the Dravidian languages
3089:
Connections between Phoenician (4th column) and Brahmi (5th column). Note that 6th-to-4th-century BCE Aramaic (not shown) is in many cases intermediate in form between the two.
14796:, p. 19, fn. 42: "there is no doubt some truth in Goyal's comment that some of their views have been affected by 'nationalist bias' and 'imperialist bias,' respectively."
18515:
2810:(1934) proposed a derivation of the Brahmi alphabets from the Indus script, the match being considerably higher than that of Aramaic in his estimation. British archaeologist
15027:
14081:. The credit for decipherment of the Brahmi script goes to James Prinsep and thereafter Georg Buhler prepared complete and scientific tables of Brahmi and Khrosthi scripts.
3958:
2749:
is a study on writing in ancient India, and has a section on the origins of Brahmi. It features an extensive review of the literature up to that time. Falk sees the basic
18604:
14507:
or 'Greek horoscopy' of one Sphujidhvaja, which is a versified form of a translated Greek work on astrology. Some numbers in this text appear in concrete number format."
13474:(𑀢 and 𐡕) are nearly identical, as are several other pairs. Bühler also perceived a pattern of derivation in which certain characters were turned upside down, as with
15348:
1026:
through the recitation of its letter values. The idea is that learners of the source alphabet recite the sounds by combining the consonant with an unmarked vowel, e.g.
2850:
that it was premature to explain and evaluate them due to the large chronological gap between the scripts and the thus far indecipherable nature of the Indus script.
2786:, and stroke additions to represent other vowel signs. In addition, a new system of combining consonants vertically to represent complex sounds was also developed.
2762:
Kharoṣṭhī script source. Falk attempts to explain these anomalies by reviving the Greek influence hypothesis, a hypothesis that had previously fallen out of favor.
3708:
was then able to complete the decipherment of the Brahmi script. After acknowledging Lassen's first decipherment, Prinsep used a bilingual coin of Indo-Greek king
3654:(4th century CE) which had just been published, but this led to a mix of good (about 1/3) and bad guesses, which did not permit proper decipherment of the Brahmi.
3265:, which has been interpreted as "Bramhi". The Brahmi script is missing from the list of 18 scripts in the surviving versions of two later Jaina Sutras, namely the
2510:, and in Brahmi the symbols of the retroflex and non-retroflex consonants are graphically very similar, as if both had been derived from a single prototype. (See
19173:
4046:. Later versions of Brahmi add vowels for four syllabic liquids, short and long /ṛ/ and /ḷ/. Chinese sources indicate that these were later inventions by either
3415:"particularly ill-informed"; Falk argues that some of the earliest supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters at all, but merely misinterpreted non-linguistic
865:
script. These ideas however have lost credence, as they are "purely imaginative and speculative". Similar ideas have tried to connect the Brahmi script with the
19032:
18996:
14130:
deciphered by the British scholar James Prinsep in the 1830s, several generations of Indologists and historians have studied these inscriptions with great care.
11733:, sometimes also called "Late Brahmi" (used during the 5th century), which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the Middle Ages, including the
3995:
3294:
690:
of the 5th century is sometimes called "Late Brahmi". From the 6th century onward, the Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, grouped as the
16890:
15937:
Das, S.; Ahuja, A.; Natarajan, B.; Panigrahi, B. K. (2009). "Multi-objective optimization of Kullback-Leibler divergence between Indus and Brahmi writing".
666:
642:
The origin of the script is still much debated, with most scholars stating that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary
623:, the secretary of the Society, in a series of scholarly articles in the Society's journal in the 1830s. His breakthroughs built on the epigraphic work of
13568:
16088:
15206:
11573:
16243:
16191:
12884:
472:
20681:
20165:
19129:
16141:"The word dipi appears in the Old Persian inscription of Darius I at Behistan (Column IV. 39) having the meaning inscription or 'written document'."
16852:
Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M.; Lucy, D. (22 December 2008). "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script".
21111:
21101:
20676:
24016:
21091:
21081:
20671:
20666:
20661:
17578:
9201:
3732:
2877:, entirely independently from either Semitic models or the Indus script, though Salomon found these theories to be wholly speculative in nature.
850:, the genesis of the Brahmi script is less straightforward. Salomon reviewed existing theories in 1998, while Falk provided an overview in 1993.
2672:
Further evidence cited in favor of Persian influence has been the Hultzsch proposal in 1925 that the Prakrit/Sanskrit word for writing itself,
10441:
22807:
21096:
2987:, now generally simply translated as "writing" or "inscription". It is thought the word "lipi", which is also orthographed "dipi" in the two
1293:
The chart below shows the close resemblance that Brahmi has with the first four letters of Semitic script, the first column representing the
17378:
17334:
17235:
6015:
Brahmi is generally classified in three main types, which represent three main historical stages of its evolution over nearly a millennium:
5989:
the signs remained fairly simple in the inscriptions. One of the possible reasons may be that engraving is restricted while writing is not.
3879:
is understood. This "default short a" is a characteristic shared with Kharosthī, though the treatment of vowels differs in other respects.
3042:
Some proponents of the indigenous origin theories question the reliability and interpretation of comments made by Megasthenes (as quoted by
10420:("Great Satrap") in their Brahmi script inscriptions, as here in a dedicatory inscription by Prime Minister Ayama in the name of his ruler
3718:
16599:
14585:
occurs besides the mention of the sixty-four alphabets, known also from the printed Sanskrit text, the utterance of the Master Visvamitra"
10322:: RAJNO MAHAKSHATRAPASA GHSAMOTIKAPUTRASA CHASHTANASA "Of the Rajah, the Great Satrap, son of Ghsamotika, Chashtana". 1st–2nd century CE.
3598:
Early Brahmi, however, remained unreadable. Progress resumed in 1834 with the publication of proper facsimiles of the inscriptions on the
736:
20240:
20092:
18378:
18340:
18284:
18159:
18066:
17966:
17616:
17555:
17185:
16121:
15813:
15771:
15733:
15638:
15597:
15321:
14838:
14314:
14021:
13825:
17531:
17312:
14568:
14263:
14203:
14063:
11680:
18581:
16629:
14297:"Charles Masson: A footloose antiquarian in Afghanistan and the building up of numismatic collections in museums in India and England"
3548:, in March 1838. All the letters are correctly deciphered, except for two missing on the right: 𑀰(ś) and 𑀱(ṣ). Vowels and compounds
2858:
two. Furthermore, there is no accepted decipherment of the Indus script, which makes theories based on claimed decipherments tenuous.
22839:
19055:
18556:
18116:
3657:
The next major step towards deciphering the ancient Brahmi script of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE was made in 1836 by Norwegian scholar
3395:
features of even the earliest Anuradhapura inscriptions are likely to be later, and so these potsherds may date from after 250 BCE.
2866:
three, and are thought to have been family, clan, or religious symbols. In 1935, C. L. Fábri proposed that symbols found on Mauryan
2688:
elsewhere, and this geographic distribution has long been taken, at least back to Bühler's time, as an indication that the standard
18500:
14077:
13878:
Facsimiles of the objects and writings unearthed—from pillars in North India to rocks in Orissa and Gujarat—found their way to the
13630:
3378:). In 1996, Coningham et al. stated that the script on the Anuradhapura inscriptions is Brahmi, but stated that the language was a
14075:
In 1836, James Prinsep published a long series of facsimiles of ancient inscriptions, and this series continued in volumes of the
13629:
The archeological sites near the northern Indian city of Mathura has been one of the largest source of such ancient inscriptions.
13522:
3716:, and noted that most of them ended with the same two Brahmi characters: "𑀤𑀦𑀁". Prinsep guessed correctly that they stood for "
3673:
script to correctly and securely identify several Brahmi letters. The matching legends on the bilingual coins of Agathocles were:
3374:
in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to between the 6th and the early 4th century BCE, although these finds are controversial (see
19178:
14503:, p. 47. "A firm upper bound for the date of this invention is attested by a Sanskrit text of the mid-third century CE, the
3524:
to correctly achieve in 1836 the first secure decipherment of several letters of the Brahmi script, which was later completed by
3011:
4076:, the traditional Vedic theory of Sanskrit phonology. This begins the list of characters with the initial vowels (starting with
2853:
The main obstacle to this idea is the lack of evidence for writing during the millennium and a half between the collapse of the
591:
to associate vowels with consonant symbols. The writing system only went through relatively minor evolutionary changes from the
17291:
17256:
17102:
15979:
15904:
14276:
paved the way for epigraphical and historical studies in India, is due to scholars like Prinsep, Lassen, Norris and Cunningham.
3726:
word for "gift" or "donation", which permitted to further increase the number of known letters. With the help of Ratna Pâla, a
3631:
The same year, in 1834, some attempts by Rev. J. Stevenson were made to identify intermediate early Brahmi characters from the
822:(3rd century BCE). These Jain script lists include Brahmi at number 1 and Kharoṣṭhi at number 4, but also Javanaliya (probably
22029:
18601:
18406:
9218:
1022:
Justeson and Stephens proposed that this inherent vowel system in Brahmi and Kharoṣṭhī developed by transmission of a Semitic
23909:
20158:
19122:
19044:
18967:
18943:
18868:
18844:
18823:
18804:
18770:
18732:
18701:
18666:
18634:
18060:
18022:
17653:
17610:
17466:
17179:
16921:
16658:
16567:
16529:
16479:
16441:
16379:
15946:
15765:
15727:
15591:
14832:
14636:
14308:
14257:
14197:
14156:
14111:
14057:
14015:
13966:
13908:
13860:
13819:
11686:
3053:
which they have committed to writing" to kings, but this detail does not appear in parallel extracts of Megasthenes found in
2769:
As of 2018, Harry Falk refined his view by affirming that Brahmi was developed from scratch in a rational way at the time of
22478:
18217:
18028:
17828:
17762:
17659:
17493:
17472:
17026:
16721:
16573:
16535:
16485:
16447:
16385:
16347:
16150:
14162:
14117:
13972:
13914:
13866:
2598:, which involved adding a curve or upward hook to the right side of the character (which has been speculated to derive from
24021:
18422:
8826:
When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the
3751:
and Telugu proper names have been identified in some inscriptions. Twenty-three letters have been identified. The letters
3432:
Calligraphical evolution: 3rd century BCE calligraphy (top), and a sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the
3062:
21915:
20227:
18115:
Sukthankar, Vishnu Sitaram, V. S. Sukthankar Memorial Edition, Vol. II: Analecta, Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House 1945
16715:
16286:
3375:
3121:
2114:
1896:
485:
20451:
20097:
13431:
646:. Some non-specialists favour the idea of an indigenous origin or connection to the much older and as yet undeciphered
15876:
13727:
11826:, until the latter was merged into the former. The resulting script is widely adopted across India to write Sanskrit,
3712:
to decipher a few more letters. James Prinsep then analysed a large number of donatory inscriptions on the reliefs in
24026:
23677:
23663:
23633:
22772:
20102:
19706:
19008:
18893:
18457:
18372:
18334:
17960:
17822:
17572:
17525:
17020:
16333:
16115:
15807:
15632:
15545:
14917:
14174:
James Prinsep, an amateur epigraphist who worked in the British mint in Calcutta, first deciphered the Brāhmi script.
13784:
536:
17796:
Stefan Baums (2006). "Towards a computer encoding for Brahmi". In Gail, A.J.; Mevissen, G.J.R.; Saloman, R. (eds.).
4088:
attributes much of the popularity of the Brahmic script family to this "splendidly reasoned" system of arrangement.
2830:
Today the indigenous origin hypothesis is more commonly promoted by non-specialists, such as the computer scientist
661:. It was known by a variety of other names, including "lath", "Laṭ", "Southern Aśokan", "Indian Pali" or "Mauryan" (
23895:
22612:
22009:
20151:
19599:
19115:
15795:
15666:
15620:
12857:
3282:
himself when he created the first known inscriptions in the new script in the 3rd century BCE, used the expression
2439:
20456:
16887:
15850:
3427:
3250:
22335:
21596:
18087:
7620:
Early "Ashokan" Brahmi (3rd–1st century BCE) is regular and geometric, and organized in a very rational fashion:
3838:
Brahmi is usually written from left to right, as in the case of its descendants. However, an early coin found in
3532:
3360:
717:
454:
13466:
Aramaic is written from right to left, as are several early examples of Brahmi. For example, Brahmi and Aramaic
5978:
with the intention of making them public.) The idea of writing each word separately was not consistently used.
2815:
Erdosy later in 1995 expressed the opinion that there was as yet insufficient evidence to resolve the question.
872:
869:, but they remain unproven, and particularly suffer from the fact that the Indus script is as yet undeciphered.
23902:
22468:
22107:
18935:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
18879:
18439:
17994:
15559:
14999:
Trigger, Bruce G. (2004). "Writing Systems: a case study in cultural evolution". In Houston, Stephen D. (ed.).
14888:
1969:
13605:
8745:
The Brahmi script was the medium for some of the most famous inscriptions of ancient India, starting with the
22577:
22102:
21160:
19724:
17040:
3069:") can be read as a generic "composition" or "arrangement", rather than a written composition in particular.
2799:
2680:, suggesting a probable borrowing. A few of the Ashoka edicts from the region nearest the Persian empire use
1003:
607:
The decipherment of Brahmi became the focus of European scholarly attention in the early 19th-century during
21439:
3410:
and "Prakrit-Brahmi" inscriptions and fragments have been found. Their stratigraphic analysis combined with
3108:, inscribed with small numbers of characters which seem to be Brāhmī. These sherds have been dated, by both
3100:
Support for this idea of pre-Ashokan development has been given very recently by the discovery of sherds at
492:
23888:
23867:
21155:
20930:
20446:
20222:
19678:
19668:
19183:
2692:
form is a later alteration that appeared as it diffused away from the Persian sphere of influence. Persian
2222:
16922:"New evidences on scientific dates for Brāhmī Script as revealed from Porunthal and Kodumanal Excavations"
11554:
11534:
11514:
11494:
11474:
11454:
11427:
11407:
11387:
11367:
11347:
11327:
11307:
11280:
11260:
11240:
11220:
11200:
11180:
11160:
11131:
11111:
11091:
11071:
11051:
11031:
11011:
10984:
10962:
10942:
10922:
10902:
10882:
10777:
10761:
10743:
10727:
10709:
10691:
10676:
10658:
10638:
10625:
10605:
10592:
10572:
10554:
10293:
10273:
10253:
10233:
10213:
10193:
10166:
10146:
10126:
10106:
10086:
10066:
10046:
10019:
9999:
9979:
9959:
9939:
9919:
9899:
9870:
9850:
9830:
9810:
9790:
9770:
9750:
9723:
9701:
9681:
9661:
9641:
9621:
9516:
9500:
9482:
9466:
9448:
9430:
9415:
9397:
9377:
9364:
9344:
9331:
9311:
9293:
8711:
8693:
8675:
8657:
8639:
8621:
8596:
8578:
8560:
8542:
8524:
8506:
8488:
8463:
8445:
8427:
8409:
8391:
8373:
8355:
8328:
8310:
8292:
8274:
8256:
8238:
8220:
8195:
8175:
8157:
8139:
8121:
8103:
8000:
7984:
7968:
7952:
7934:
7918:
7902:
7886:
7868:
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7836:
7820:
7802:
7786:
7770:
7754:
7736:
7720:
7704:
7688:
4034:
3922:
3918:
3876:
3196:
and creation". Later Chinese Buddhist account of the 6th century CE also supports its creation to the god
2559:
1027:
468:
464:
23768:
23747:
22427:
22422:
22117:
22019:
20541:
20232:
19084:
18834:
17933:
8969:
3416:
2862:
2542:), and it appears that these unneeded emphatic letters filled in for some of Brahmi's aspirates: Aramaic
2258:
1859:
242:
17374:
Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1
17330:
Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1
17231:
Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1
23835:
22432:
21999:
21412:
20473:
20066:
19224:
18402:
Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer 2013
14034:
orientalists. The later discoveries would be made by Continental Orientalists or by Indians themselves.
11753:
8765:
3437:
2475:
2295:
2041:
21165:
20483:
18438:
Smith, Janet S. (Shibamoto) (1996). "Japanese Writing". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).
3560:
Besides a few inscriptions in Greek and Aramaic (which were only discovered in the 20th century), the
3010:
Scharfe adds that the best evidence is that no script was used or ever known in India, aside from the
900:(usually Aramaic). This is accepted by the vast majority of script scholars since the publications by
22085:
21807:
21360:
20947:
20117:
20082:
18780:
Norman, Kenneth R. (1992). "The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon".
18194:
14216:
13985:
13879:
3545:
3158:
Several divergent accounts of the origin of the name "Brahmi" (ब्राह्मी) appear in history. The term
3113:
2854:
2473:
2437:
2401:
2365:
2329:
2293:
2256:
2220:
2184:
2148:
2112:
2076:
2039:
2003:
1967:
1933:
1931:
1894:
1857:
1821:
1785:
1749:
1617:
1542:
1467:
1392:
612:
18748:
The Korean Language Reform of 1446: The Origin, Background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet
18540:
The Korean language reform of 1446: the origin, background, and early history of the Korean alphabet
24031:
23585:
23571:
22876:
21459:
21262:
20478:
20112:
19153:
3162:(बाम्भी in original) appears in Indian texts in different contexts. According to the rules of the
2665:
2367:
113:
23190:
20606:
18258:
18100:
14810:. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 54.
9093:
4072:
order of Brahmi is believed to have been the same as most of its descendant scripts, one based on
3743:
Ashokan inscriptions are found all over India and a few regional variants have been observed. The
657:
Brahmi was at one time referred to in English as the "pin-man" script, likening the characters to
23874:
22902:
21859:
21536:
21515:
21395:
21375:
21207:
20878:
20782:
20259:
20217:
20174:
19729:
19607:
19158:
19139:
18885:
18445:
17372:
17328:
17229:
14542:
13931:
script, largely by James Prinsep. Many inscriptions pertaining to the early past were written in
13509:
11718:
11599:
9052:
5992:
Baums identifies seven different punctuation marks needed for computer representation of Brahmi:
3785:
In English, the most widely available set of reproductions of Brahmi texts found in Sri Lanka is
3576:
3061:. The implication of writing per se is also not totally clear in the original Greek as the term "
2803:
2078:
1823:
1751:
1619:
1469:
963:
31:
18878:
Salomon, Richard (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).
16993:
15796:
Senarat Paranavitana; Leelananda Prematilleka; Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978).
15621:
Senarat Paranavitana; Leelananda Prematilleka; Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978).
3208:
and others thought it was more likely to have been given the name because it was moulded by the
256:
22592:
21531:
21521:
21454:
20964:
20397:
19739:
19205:
18476:
17852:
17414:
17118:
16594:
13421:
12903:
12844:
10837:
9576:
8740:
8060:
3201:
3166:
language, it is a feminine word which literally means "of Brahma" or "the female energy of the
837:
450:
17:
18362:
18324:
18277:
18150:
18050:
17950:
17600:
17427:
17210:
17167:
16705:
16105:
15797:
15755:
15717:
15622:
15581:
15301:
14822:
14296:
14007:
British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773–1835
14005:
13809:
5953:
3221:
3096:(2005) suggests that Brahmi was devised over a longer period of time predating Ashoka's rule:
3030:, a Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court in Northeastern India only a quarter century before
2861:
A promising possible link between the Indus script and later writing traditions may be in the
2511:
777:
675:
23976:
23881:
23670:
23619:
23079:
23001:
22765:
22704:
22689:
22258:
22137:
21879:
21839:
21571:
21247:
20431:
20419:
20392:
20377:
19368:
19200:
17812:
17515:
17356:
17050:
16408:
Norman, Kenneth R. "The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon".
14562:
14247:
14187:
14101:
14047:
13956:
13898:
13850:
12860:. As of June 2022 there are two non-commercially available fonts that support Brahmi, namely
10805:
9544:
8028:
3685:
3666:
3521:
2713:
2403:
2186:
2150:
1287:
725:
643:
608:
348:
172:
22684:
21889:
18577:
17552:
16910:
Rajan prefers the term "Prakrit-Brahmi" to distinguish Prakrit-language Brahmi inscriptions.
16617:
11738:
9209:
4080:), then lists a subset of the consonants in five phonetically related groups of five called
4033:
they were /ai/ and /a:i/). However, there are only nine distinct vowel diacritics, as short
3867:, meaning that each letter represents a consonant, while vowels are written with obligatory
2870:
were remnants of the Indus script that had survived the collapse of the Indus civilization.
2818:
23740:
23491:
23168:
22664:
22319:
22283:
21688:
21611:
21444:
21192:
21182:
21021:
21004:
20320:
20107:
19655:
19465:
19335:
17758:
Mālwa in Post-Maurya Period: A Critical Study with Special Emphasis on Numismatic Evidences
15884:
14977:
3983:
3971:
3744:
3583:
king Anantavarman. Wilkins seems to have relied essentially on the similarities with later
3004:
2823:
1787:
1544:
1328:
917:
889:
885:
862:
713:
708:) written in the Brahmi script a few numerals were found, which have come to be called the
636:
632:
167:
19019:
18696:, vol. 1, pp. 118–130, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 976 pages,
18552:
18449:
17602:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
15609:
Langdon also suggested that the Brahmi script was derived from the Indus writing, ...
3789:; in volume 1 (1976), many of the inscriptions are dated to the 3rd–2nd century BCE.
994:
8:
22567:
22463:
22185:
21708:
20414:
20122:
19388:
19303:
19298:
19247:
19163:
18014:
India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200
17952:
India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200
15344:
13637:(Maharashtra) are other important sources of Brahmi inscriptions from the 1st century CE.
12814:
11749:
11141:
10810:
9880:
9549:
8839:
8338:
8033:
3383:
3147:
2515:
2497:
1684:
1294:
897:
176:
141:
20730:
17273:
3875:
s in Sanskrit, except when the vowels begin a word. When no vowel is written, the vowel
2822:
A proposed connection between the Brahmi and Indus scripts, made in the 19th century by
1286:
Phoenician, and proposed an early 8th century BCE date for the borrowing. A link to the
673:, associated it with the Brahmi script, the first in a list of scripts mentioned in the
23726:
23703:
23337:
23226:
23216:
23108:
23051:
23037:
22994:
22699:
22582:
22417:
22309:
22268:
22222:
22217:
22112:
22094:
21762:
21693:
21658:
21606:
21419:
21407:
20818:
20740:
20641:
20196:
19995:
19917:
19802:
19435:
19373:
19323:
19290:
19195:
19168:
18920:
18645:
16869:
16413:
16045:
16037:
15551:
15451:
15410:
15275:
14880:
14688:
14628:
14406:
14367:
14097:
13747:
11800:
11734:
11705:
10379:
3910:
3896:
3625:
3467:
The calligraphy of the Brahmi script remained virtually unchanged from the time of the
3109:
2867:
2708:
2633:
The attached table lists the correspondences between Brahmi and North Semitic scripts.
2531:
921:
772:
338:
59:
22959:
22617:
18818:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 685 pages, pp 385–514, pp. 385–514,
16272:
Historiography and Self-Definition: Josephos, Luke–Acts, and Apologetic Historiography
6003:
dot (𑁉), double dot (𑁊), and horizontal line (𑁋) – delimiting shorter textual units
3273:. Jain legend recounts that 18 writing scripts were taught by their first Tirthankara
670:
23849:
23842:
23578:
23564:
23476:
23365:
23275:
23254:
23233:
23161:
23093:
22952:
22910:
22862:
22597:
22587:
22232:
22227:
22132:
22127:
22034:
21989:
21812:
21792:
21782:
21772:
21767:
21703:
21698:
21626:
21561:
21546:
21496:
21491:
21434:
21370:
21328:
21170:
21056:
20979:
20495:
20490:
20367:
20054:
19807:
19716:
19579:
19505:
19470:
19440:
19415:
19383:
19353:
19348:
19318:
19232:
19040:
19004:
18963:
18939:
18889:
18864:
18840:
18819:
18800:
18766:
18728:
18697:
18662:
18630:
18453:
18368:
18330:
18239:
18056:
18018:
17956:
17818:
17814:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
17649:
17606:
17521:
17462:
17175:
17016:
16873:
16711:
16707:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
16654:
16563:
16525:
16475:
16437:
16375:
16339:
16329:
16111:
16049:
16020:
Fábri, C. L. (1935). "The Punch-Marked Coins: A Survival of the Indus Civilization".
15942:
15803:
15761:
15723:
15628:
15587:
15555:
15541:
15279:
14884:
14828:
14632:
14410:
14304:
14253:
14193:
14152:
14107:
14053:
14011:
13962:
13904:
13856:
13815:
10992:
10817:
9731:
9556:
9229:
9213:
Heliodorus pillar rubbing (inverted colors). The text is in the Brahmi script of the
8957:
8827:
8203:
8040:
3914:
3571:
Inscriptions of the 6th century CE in late Brahmi were already deciphered in 1785 by
3565:
3398:
More recently in 2013, Rajan and Yatheeskumar published excavations at Porunthal and
2331:
2005:
955:
818:
698:
220:
65:
14544:
Sugh Terracotta with Brahmi Barakhadi: appears in the Bulletin National Museum No. 2
3419:, which were used in South India for several centuries during the pre-literate era.
3085:
23983:
23921:
23814:
23775:
23761:
23719:
23594:
23540:
23521:
23455:
23447:
23433:
23426:
23351:
23147:
23122:
23058:
23030:
22945:
22931:
22848:
22821:
22758:
22669:
22572:
22394:
22237:
21864:
21844:
21834:
21829:
21713:
21469:
21402:
21390:
21355:
21350:
21333:
21272:
21237:
21197:
20999:
20994:
20942:
20893:
20777:
20711:
20651:
20601:
20546:
20463:
20441:
20426:
20372:
20362:
20296:
20127:
19955:
19940:
19835:
19827:
19817:
19812:
19777:
19683:
19640:
19635:
19566:
19556:
19538:
19513:
19495:
19490:
19480:
19460:
19445:
19425:
19420:
19358:
19313:
18953:
18912:
18400:
17910:
17863:
17288:
17163:
16861:
16176:
16029:
16002:
15971:
15901:
15533:
15443:
15313:
15271:
15267:
15240:
14872:
14620:
14398:
14359:
13739:
12826:
12822:
11835:
11827:
11796:
11745:
11435:
11288:
10863:
10498:
10174:
10027:
9602:
8746:
8604:
8471:
8086:
7615:
4085:
3798:
3727:
3658:
3651:
3607:
3599:
3561:
3513:
3476:
3411:
3348:
3302:
3058:
2904:
2839:
2697:
2501:
2206:
2098:
1807:
1689:
1589:
1338:
847:
756:
624:
601:
510:
374:
322:
290:
266:
261:
181:
23821:
23016:
22642:
22293:
21663:
19701:
18782:
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies
18326:
The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana
16932:
16653:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint of Oxford Clarendon). p. xxvi with footnotes.
14608:
14504:
11709:
1800 years separate these two inscriptions: Brahmi script of the 3rd century BCE (
23807:
23499:
23440:
23386:
23379:
23358:
23344:
23328:
23306:
23261:
23154:
23129:
23101:
23086:
23009:
22987:
22980:
22938:
22898:
22869:
22557:
22527:
22350:
22273:
22039:
21969:
21874:
21822:
21802:
21738:
21728:
21718:
21683:
21648:
21643:
21638:
21551:
21506:
21501:
21385:
21380:
21227:
21217:
21071:
21036:
21031:
21011:
20905:
20863:
20803:
20686:
20656:
20566:
20526:
20468:
20402:
20382:
20330:
20313:
20301:
19945:
19927:
19902:
19787:
19772:
19693:
19673:
19617:
19551:
19485:
19450:
19430:
19363:
19275:
19255:
19237:
18978:
18957:
18933:
18858:
18794:
18760:
18746:
18722:
18694:
Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences
18656:
18608:
18426:
18211:
18123:
18012:
17998:
17756:
17643:
17559:
17551:
Epigraphia Zeylanica: 1904–1912, Volume 1. Government of Sri Lanka, 1976.
17487:
17456:
17295:
17010:
16894:
16603:
16557:
16519:
16469:
16431:
16369:
16323:
16144:
15908:
15880:
15355:
14146:
14142:
13846:
13499:
13446:
11765:
11710:
11700:
10800:
10507:
10459:
10413:
10339:
9539:
9251:
8935:
8023:
3584:
3572:
3553:
3128:
2811:
1917:
1771:
1706:
1514:
1364:
1348:
1343:
812:
807:
709:
691:
569:
271:
230:
145:
38:
22004:
21187:
19107:
17461:. Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. pp. 91–94.
15703:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
14824:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
14402:
12908:
3233:
as some of the sixty-four scripts the Buddha knew as a child. Several sutras of
3205:
3039:
were unwritten and that oral tradition played such an important part in India."
2315:
946:
905:
680:
440:
23944:
23828:
23712:
23692:
23601:
23469:
23400:
23299:
23247:
23240:
23072:
23065:
23044:
23023:
22924:
22917:
22724:
22679:
22607:
22602:
22453:
22437:
22412:
22355:
22345:
22340:
22180:
22054:
22014:
21984:
21930:
21925:
21920:
21894:
21869:
21817:
21757:
21723:
21673:
21621:
21586:
21541:
21511:
21464:
21424:
21323:
21277:
21232:
21150:
21086:
21041:
21026:
20989:
20969:
20937:
20925:
20873:
20868:
20858:
20848:
20843:
20760:
20745:
20735:
20701:
20691:
20636:
20621:
20586:
20436:
20340:
20288:
20178:
20042:
19975:
19970:
19960:
19873:
19840:
19782:
19752:
19630:
19574:
19528:
19378:
19308:
19270:
18419:
17875:
17432:. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press 1838. pp. 219–285.
17215:. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press 1834. pp. 495–499.
15349:
Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence
14387:"The hybrid origin of Brahmi script from Aramaic, Phoenician and Greek letters"
13694:
11781:
11773:
10795:
9534:
8018:
3768:
3748:
3472:
3433:
2750:
2351:
2242:
2062:
2025:
1989:
1953:
1735:
1439:
1353:
1333:
959:
901:
796:
592:
577:
565:
557:
369:
353:
343:
317:
302:
285:
280:
251:
210:
22154:
18692:
Hayashi, Takao (2003), "Indian Mathematics", in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.),
16865:
16499:
16033:
15537:
15434:
Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts".
14876:
14624:
3422:
755:
The Brahmi script is mentioned in the ancient Indian texts of the three major
24010:
23951:
23800:
23733:
23656:
23626:
23484:
23462:
23393:
23289:
23268:
23115:
22973:
22891:
22884:
22855:
22814:
22729:
22719:
22714:
22501:
22195:
21854:
21797:
21449:
21222:
21106:
21061:
21016:
20984:
20833:
20750:
20723:
20696:
20626:
20611:
20596:
20308:
20132:
19985:
19894:
19792:
19767:
19757:
19645:
19584:
19455:
19280:
19190:
17894:
17645:
The Indian Ocean Trade in Antiquity: Political, Cultural and Economic Impacts
17358:
To cherish and conserve the early years of the archaeological survey of India
16813:
14093:
13894:
13556:
13531:
13482:, which he attributed to a stylistic preference against top-heavy characters.
13426:
12818:
11811:
11804:
11607:
11583:
10425:
10335:
8985:
6893:
3772:
3705:
3621:
3541:
3525:
3500:
3468:
3285:
3274:
3143:
2950:
2940:
2835:
2459:
2423:
2387:
2170:
2134:
1880:
1502:
1010:
787:
620:
561:
434:
358:
225:
215:
137:
20770:
18816:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
17492:. State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. pp. 1–12.
16343:
16093:. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xlii.
15317:
15147:
Andersen, F. I.; Freedman, D. N. (1992). "Aleph as a vowel in Old Aramaic".
14386:
13958:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE
10346:, with inscription "Shastana" in Middle Brahmi script of the Kushan period (
8992:. Historically, it is one of the earliest known inscriptions related to the
2945:
2885:
23407:
23372:
23313:
22800:
22562:
22458:
22371:
22263:
22164:
21974:
21787:
21752:
21733:
21668:
21556:
21318:
21242:
21051:
21046:
20957:
20952:
20888:
20828:
20808:
20765:
20755:
20706:
20591:
20571:
20561:
20409:
20387:
20345:
20143:
20003:
19980:
19878:
19663:
19589:
18756:
18742:
18627:
Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism
18260:
Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ...
17914:
17906:
17878:
15873:
15662:
The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts
15211:. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xlii
14243:
13580:
13562:
13542:
13441:
12327:
11792:
11730:
11726:
11635:
11579:
10471:
10465:
9214:
9197:
8850:
7373:
6030:
4029:
3954:
3802:
3794:
3778:
3647:
3643:
3615:
3611:
3480:
3407:
3371:
3101:
3093:
2808:
The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts
2795:
2774:
2562:), etc. And just where Aramaic did not have a corresponding emphatic stop,
2279:
1843:
1497:
1492:
1461:
1394:
877:
866:
854:
687:
658:
647:
628:
596:
312:
307:
297:
237:
205:
21616:
19090:
17728:
Daniels, Peter T. (2008), "Writing systems of major and minor languages",
15371:
Bronkhorst, Johannes (2002). "Literacy and Rationality in Ancient India".
14909:
13776:
11547:
11527:
11507:
11487:
11467:
11447:
11420:
11400:
11380:
11360:
11340:
11320:
11300:
11273:
11253:
11233:
11213:
11193:
11173:
11153:
11124:
11104:
11084:
11064:
11044:
11024:
11004:
10977:
10955:
10935:
10915:
10895:
10875:
10771:
10755:
10737:
10721:
10703:
10685:
10670:
10652:
10632:
10619:
10599:
10586:
10566:
10548:
10491:
10286:
10266:
10246:
10226:
10206:
10186:
10159:
10139:
10119:
10099:
10079:
10059:
10039:
10012:
9992:
9972:
9952:
9932:
9912:
9892:
9863:
9843:
9823:
9803:
9783:
9763:
9743:
9716:
9694:
9674:
9654:
9634:
9614:
9510:
9494:
9476:
9460:
9442:
9424:
9409:
9391:
9371:
9358:
9338:
9325:
9305:
9287:
8726:
8704:
8686:
8668:
8650:
8632:
8614:
8589:
8571:
8553:
8535:
8517:
8499:
8481:
8456:
8438:
8420:
8402:
8384:
8366:
8348:
8321:
8303:
8285:
8267:
8249:
8231:
8213:
8188:
8168:
8150:
8132:
8114:
8096:
7994:
7978:
7962:
7946:
7928:
7912:
7896:
7880:
7862:
7846:
7830:
7814:
7796:
7780:
7764:
7748:
7730:
7714:
7698:
7682:
7628:
4011:
3801:. The earliest widely accepted examples of writing in Brahmi are found in
2664:
The weakest forms of the Semitic hypothesis are similar to Gnanadesikan's
2574:
are graphically very similar, as if taken from the same source in Aramaic
2525:
2519:
2505:
740:
A northern example of Brahmi epigraphy: ancient terracotta sculpture from
23990:
23754:
23685:
22966:
22657:
22517:
22278:
22122:
21979:
21884:
21653:
21581:
21566:
21474:
21267:
21177:
21076:
21066:
20920:
20883:
20838:
20823:
20798:
20718:
20646:
20631:
20335:
20087:
19965:
19797:
19747:
19625:
18854:
15799:
Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume
15624:
Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume
13541:
For example, according to Hultzsch, the first line of the First Edict at
13436:
11819:
11761:
11627:
10447:
9074:
9068:
8993:
8989:
8977:
8928:
3632:
3588:
3392:
3387:
3364:
3332:
3176:
3074:
3048:
3035:
3027:
2992:
2971:
2932:
2873:
Another form of the indigenous origin theory is that Brahmi was invented
2831:
2578:. Bühler saw a systematic derivational principle for the other aspirates
2566:, Brahmi seems to have doubled up for the corresponding aspirate: Brahmi
971:
967:
823:
17992:
Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries
16417:
16041:
15715:
14930:
Pradesh, is inscribed with Brāhmī characters running from right to left.
14692:
13676:
the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the
13616:
More numerous inscribed Sanskrit records in Brahmi have been found near
9046:
8889:𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀕𑀥𑀪𑀺𑀘𑀸𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀣𑀪𑁂𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂
2213:
979:
22647:
22622:
22190:
21633:
21123:
21118:
20974:
20915:
20556:
19935:
19546:
16001:
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2006), "Inscribed pots, emerging identities", in
15665:, Studies in the history of culture, London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner,
14965:
14371:
14001:
13755:
13591:
13585:
13576:
12877:
12565:
11815:
11714:
11631:
8973:
3662:
3592:
3537:
3517:
3403:
3135:
3116:, to pre-Ashokan times, perhaps as much as two centuries before Ashoka.
2843:
2322:
2105:
881:
858:
573:
331:
18924:
18903:
Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts".
18814:
Plofker, K. (2007), "Mathematics of India", in Katz, Victor J. (ed.),
18788:(Proceedings of the VIIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vienna): 239–249.
15835:
15455:
13751:
12424:
12410:
11841:
The arrangement of Brahmi was adopted as the modern order of Japanese
11207:
11167:
8960:
is a stone column that was erected around 113 BCE in central India in
8734:
7471:
7457:
1924:
23958:
23937:
23930:
22709:
22546:
22242:
22209:
22044:
21935:
21484:
21212:
21128:
20853:
19884:
19265:
18718:
16022:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
14865:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
14613:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
13535:
12543:
12536:
12494:
12480:
12459:
12445:
12431:
12417:
12403:
12396:
12375:
12361:
12354:
12340:
11769:
11661:
11651:
11501:
11461:
11354:
11314:
11267:
11227:
11187:
11147:
11118:
11078:
11018:
10949:
10929:
10889:
10697:
10560:
9176:𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀦𑀺 𑀅𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁋𑀧𑀸𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀺 (𑀇𑀫𑁂) (𑀲𑀼)𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀣𑀺𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀺
8876:
8854:
8835:
7590:
7583:
7541:
7527:
7506:
7492:
7478:
7464:
7450:
7443:
7422:
7408:
7401:
7387:
6019:
Early Brahmi represented in the Ashokan script. (3rd-1st century BCE)
4069:
4047:
3868:
3806:
3709:
3399:
3336:
3313:
3181:
3105:
2988:
2778:
1015:
974:. The pillar's Brahmi-script inscription states that Heliodorus is a
843:
651:
588:
549:
400:
388:
22652:
17991:
15719:
The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India
15525:
14860:
14609:"The So-Called "Mahapadana" Suttanta and the Date of the Pali Canon"
14363:
14049:
Women and Society in Early Medieval India: Re-interpreting Epigraphs
13984:
Like William Jones, Prinsep was also an important figure within the
13811:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
12856:
The Unicode block for Brahmi is U+11000–U+1107F. It lies within the
12557:
12550:
12529:
12522:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12487:
12473:
12466:
12452:
12438:
12382:
12368:
12347:
12333:
12080:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12045:
12038:
12031:
12024:
12017:
12010:
12003:
11996:
11989:
11982:
11975:
11968:
11961:
11954:
11947:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11919:
11912:
11905:
11898:
11891:
11884:
11877:
11870:
11863:
11856:
11666:
11656:
11646:
11640:
11541:
11521:
11481:
11441:
11414:
11394:
11374:
11334:
11294:
11247:
11098:
11038:
10998:
10971:
10909:
10869:
10664:
10646:
10613:
10580:
10542:
7604:
7597:
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7534:
7520:
7513:
7499:
7485:
7429:
7415:
7394:
7380:
7231:
7217:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
4060:
3882:
3508:
2794:
The possibility of an indigenous origin such as a connection to the
2358:
2249:
2069:
1996:
1960:
1635:
1630:
1555:
1480:
1405:
937:
751:, showing the first letters of the Brahmi alphabet, 2nd century BCE.
22674:
22637:
22632:
22512:
22473:
22314:
22073:
21958:
21849:
21591:
21479:
21429:
21300:
20813:
20616:
20576:
20357:
20350:
20201:
20047:
19950:
19912:
19762:
19475:
19403:
18916:
18420:
Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
16328:. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. pp. 241–245.
15939:
World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing 2009
15447:
15015:
14189:
Inscriptions of Nature: Geology and the Naturalization of Antiquity
13743:
13546:
12873:
11823:
11777:
11757:
11603:
10451:
10421:
10374:
10354:
10343:
10319:
10200:
9946:
9906:
9240:
9080:
8965:
8900:
7350:
7343:
7301:
7287:
7266:
7252:
7238:
7224:
7210:
7203:
7182:
7168:
7161:
7147:
7047:
6991:
6977:
6807:
6751:
6737:
3818:
3723:
3679:
3580:
3352:
3254:
3216:
3163:
3070:
3000:
2955:
2637:
2430:
2394:
2032:
1019:
Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Parthian, and Kushana dynasty era.
768:
760:
721:
712:. The numerals are additive and multiplicative and, therefore, not
460:
125:
22694:
17784:
Brāhmī Script: Development in North-Western India and Central Asia
16965:
Buddhist art of Mathurā, Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26
15660:
13575:
This appears in the reading of Hultzsch's original rubbing of the
13354:
13351:
12389:
11058:
10348:
10240:
10093:
10053:
10006:
9966:
9926:
9886:
9857:
9817:
9797:
9757:
9688:
9668:
9628:
9436:
9299:
7436:
7364:
7357:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7294:
7280:
7273:
7259:
7245:
7196:
7189:
7175:
7154:
7140:
7110:
7103:
7061:
7026:
7012:
6998:
6984:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6942:
6928:
6921:
6907:
6821:
6786:
6772:
6758:
6744:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6702:
6688:
6681:
6667:
4023:
The Brahmi symbol for /ka/, modified to represent different vowels
3347:, dated to be from the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE, particularly the
3253:
include a list of 18 writing scripts known to teachers before the
2636:
Bühler states that both Phoenician and Brahmi had three voiceless
2466:
2177:
2141:
1887:
799:(~500 BCE), mastered philology, Brahmi and other scripts from the
22781:
22288:
22159:
22049:
22024:
21910:
21747:
21601:
21576:
21345:
21252:
20900:
20514:
20325:
19260:
19074:
18309:
15152:
13617:
12850:
10396:
10387:
10360:
10280:
10260:
10220:
10180:
10153:
10133:
10113:
10073:
10033:
9986:
9837:
9777:
9737:
9710:
9648:
9608:
9403:
9385:
9352:
9319:
9281:
9235:
9030:
8961:
8940:
8904:
8816:
8779:
8771:
7133:
7124:
7117:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7054:
7040:
7033:
7019:
7005:
6949:
6935:
6914:
6900:
6884:
6877:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6814:
6800:
6793:
6779:
6765:
6709:
6695:
6674:
6660:
6023:
5970:
4073:
3962:
3950:
3864:
3484:
3441:
3379:
3376:
Tamil Brahmi § Conflicting theories about origin since 1990s
3356:
3344:
3318:
3290:
3262:
3234:
3209:
3167:
3122:
Tamil Brahmi § Conflicting theories about origin since 1990s
3015:
2783:
2286:
1850:
1309:
800:
764:
741:
616:
584:
496:
416:
133:
89:
69:
18661:. Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka.
14679:
Tsung-i, Jao (1964). "Chinese Sources on Brāhmī and Kharoṣṭhī".
14659:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
13497:(cha) from qoph. "M.L." indicates that the letter was used as a
4051:
3846:
2983:
2954:, the Indian word for writing scripts in his definitive work on
2891:
2514:
for a similar later development.) Aramaic did not have Brahmi's
982:. A couplet in it closely paraphrases a Sanskrit verse from the
23782:
21526:
21338:
21257:
21202:
20910:
20581:
20019:
19523:
19410:
19343:
18263:(in German). K. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1880. p. 126.
17882:
17265:
13552:
13527:
13161:
12865:
12810:
12089:
9058:
9042:
8981:
8872:
6653:
6281:
5958:
3735:, a "virtually perfect" rendering of the full Brahmi alphabet.
3713:
3690:
3603:
3552:. All scripts derived from Brahmi are gathered under the term "
3459:
3328:
3323:
3298:
3279:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3066:
3054:
3043:
3031:
2900:
2770:
2727:
1257:
unaspirated glyph back formed as if aspirated glyph with curve
746:
18678:
Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen
17308:
Extract of Prinsep's communication about Lassen's decipherment
13348:
13345:
13223:
12809:
Some authors have theorized that some of the basic letters of
6006:
crescent (𑁌) and lotus (𑁍) – delimiting larger textual units
4084:, and ends with four liquids, three sibilants, and a spirant.
3536:
Consonants of the Brahmi script, and evolution down to modern
3331:) in the Brahmi script, as inscribed by Ashoka in his Edicts.
2773:, by consciously combining the advantages of the pre-existing
1103:
Semitic emphatic (heth) (hook addition in Bhattiprolu script)
22149:
22144:
21994:
21777:
21678:
21365:
20276:
19393:
18959:
Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras
18793:
Patel, Purushottam G.; Pandey, Pramod; Rajgor, Dilip (2007).
17123:. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press 1838.
15101:
14778:
Goyal, S. R. (1979). S. P. Gupta; K. S. Ramachandran (eds.).
14657:
Nado, Lopon (1982). "The Development of Language in Bhutan".
13728:"On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article"
13634:
13620:
and elsewhere, but these are from the 1st century CE onwards.
11831:
11803:(also called slanting Brahmi), and the one used to write the
11785:
11611:
8775:
5997:
3823:
3171:
2719:
2650:
1652:
1647:
1611:
1572:
1567:
1536:
1422:
1417:
1386:
1273:
1251:
1023:
522:
19101:
18796:
The Indic Scripts: Palaeographic and Linguistic Perspectives
16830:
16828:
16740:
16738:
16691:Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and literature
13493:
13217:
4001:
Hmī (Ha+Ma+i+i), as in the word "Brāhmī" (𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻).
3355:
are from the 1st century BCE, such as the few discovered in
2447:
2375:
2230:
2013:
1977:
1831:
1266:
1244:
1229:
1207:
1185:
1163:
1141:
1119:
1097:
1075:
22627:
22522:
20059:
19907:
19518:
19398:
18480:
17736:
17127:
14940:
14938:
14472:
14470:
14468:
14301:
Buddhism and Gandhara: An Archaeology of Museum Collections
13342:
13190:
13179:
13155:
13149:
12853:
Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0.
11842:
9105:𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀲 𑀯𑀸(𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂)𑀯𑀲 𑀕𑀭𑀼𑀟𑀥𑁆𑀯𑀚𑁄 𑀅𑀬𑀁
9064:
8858:
5967:𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺𑀲𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺 𑀤𑀁𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 𑀭𑀼𑀧𑀓𑀁𑀫𑀁 𑀓𑀢𑀁
4019:
3945:
3939:
3839:
3827:
3670:
3423:
Calligraphical evolution (3rd century BCE - 1st century CE)
3193:
2654:
2645:
2604:
2483:
2411:
2339:
2303:
2267:
2194:
2158:
2122:
2086:
2050:
1941:
1905:
1868:
1795:
1759:
1723:
1222:
1200:
1178:
1156:
1134:
1112:
1090:
1068:
528:
129:
18995:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, David S. Jr., eds. (2017).
18712:
Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien
18624:
16803:
16801:
16505:
16371:
Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism
16325:
Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien
15924:
Kak, S. (1990). "Indus and Brahmi – further connections".
15416:
15400:
15398:
15046:
15044:
15001:
The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process
14983:
14522:
14215:
Prinsep, the Orientalist scholar, as the secretary of the
13706:
13704:
13693:, p. 17. "... the Brahmi script appeared in the
13357:
13187:
13176:
13152:
8722:
The final letter does not fit into the table above; it is
3575:, who published an essentially correct translation of the
1657:
1577:
1427:
18501:"On Writing Syllables: Three Episodes of Script Transfer"
17685:
17673:
17553:
http://www.royalasiaticsociety.lk/inscriptions/?q=node/12
17271:
16825:
16786:
16762:
16750:
16735:
14746:
14744:
13394:
13304:
3471:
to the end of the 1st century BCE. Around this time, the
3180:, it appears in the sense of a goddess, particularly for
2999:
also meaning "inscription", which is used for example by
1814:
791:(scripts), with the Brahmi script starting the list. The
679:. Thence the name was adopted in the influential work of
149:
18688:, in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 (in French)
18553:"Google Noto Fonts – Download Noto Sans Brahmi zip file"
18086:
Archaeological Survey of India, Annual report 1908–1909
16851:
15951:
15498:
15130:
15128:
15075:
15073:
15071:
15056:
14935:
14465:
13903:. University of California Press. pp. 11, 178–179.
13301:
9230:
Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)
1778:
1713:
18475:, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
17851:, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
17599:
P Shanmugam (2009). Hermann Kulke; et al. (eds.).
17436:
17392:
16798:
16007:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
15690:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–302 (note 4)
15395:
15171:
15159:
15041:
14704:
14702:
14453:
14417:
13701:
13651:
13226:
13017:
13011:
9125:𑀯𑀢𑁂𑀦 𑀤𑀺𑀬𑀲 𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀡 𑀢𑀔𑁆𑀔𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀓𑁂𑀦
8770:
In a particularly famous Edict, the Rummindei Edict in
3564:
were written in the Brahmi script and sometimes in the
3184:
as the goddess of speech and elsewhere as "personified
1742:
18658:
The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective
16899:
Zeitchriftfür Archäeologie Aussereuropäischer Kulturen
16774:
16648:
16303:
16223:
16068:
14761:
14759:
14741:
14714:
14510:
13220:
13014:
13008:
12985:
12980:
12971:
12890:) in the Brahmi script should be rendered as follows:
9155:𑀓𑀸𑀲𑀻𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀲 𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀪𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀲 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑀸𑀭𑀲
8759:
7616:
Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)
3343:
The earliest known full inscriptions of Brahmi are in
2617:
2536:
17709:
17697:
17605:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 208.
17574:
Early settlements in Jaffna, an archaeological survey
16474:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–47, 65–81.
16242:
Strabo (1903). Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. (eds.).
16190:
Strabo (1903). Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. (eds.).
16175:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, Netherlands:
16056:
15716:
Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (2005).
15526:"The Creation and Spread of Scripts in Ancient India"
15474:
15462:
15239:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, Netherlands:
15125:
15068:
14494:
14482:
14328:
13214:
11756:
during the early centuries CE, also gave rise to the
9090:
Three immortal precepts (footsteps)... when practiced
3624:, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the
3301:") but this is not to describe the script of his own
2734:
537:
18055:. University of California Press. pp. 216–217.
17800:. New Delhi: Shri Jainendra Press. pp. 111–143.
16521:
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
16288:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian
15365:
15363:
15302:"On the so-called earliest representation of Ganesa"
14699:
14681:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
13579:
inscription of the first line of the First Edict at
13292:
12804:
10460:
Late Brahmi or "Gupta Brahmi" (4th–6th centuries CE)
9186:𑀦𑁂𑀬𑀁𑀢𑀺 𑀲𑁆𑀯(𑀕𑀁) 𑀤𑀫 𑀘𑀸𑀕 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀸𑀤
8866:
Devānaṃpiyena Piyadasina lājina vīsati-vasābhisitena
3905:
Some major conjunct consonants in the Brahmi script.
896:
The mainstream view is that Brahmi has an origin in
846:
script is widely accepted to be a derivation of the
519:
516:
459:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
17485:
17454:
17314:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol V 1836
17258:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol V 1836
17104:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol V 1836
16211:
15963:
15486:
15113:
14756:
14429:
14086:
13378:
13298:
13295:
13275:
13272:
13202:
13196:
13173:
13167:
13158:
12974:
9165:𑀯𑀲𑁂𑀦 (𑀘𑀢𑀼)𑀤𑀲𑁂𑀁𑀦 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑁂𑀦 𑀯𑀥𑀫𑀸𑀦𑀲
8894:
silā vigaḍabhī cā kālāpita silā-thabhe ca usapāpite
8735:
Some famous inscriptions in the Early Brahmi script
2981:. To describe his own Edicts, Ashoka used the word
806:A list of eighteen ancient scripts is found in the
525:
513:
18542:, University of California, pp. 367–368, 370, 376.
17174:, Oxford University Press, pp. 141–159, 151,
17156:
16847:
16845:
16843:
16367:
15802:. Brill Academic. pp. 119–20 with footnotes.
15256:"The Case of Elamite Tep-/Tip- and Akkadian Tuppu"
14441:
14135:
13948:
13289:
13281:
13278:
13263:
13260:
13248:
13211:
13199:
13193:
13170:
13164:
12977:
11849:Evolution from Brahmi to Gupta, and to Devanagari
11791:Also in the Brahmic family of scripts are several
2684:as the Prakrit word for writing, which appears as
861:origin for the Brahmi script, on the model of the
667:Albert Étienne Jean Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie
19137:
19104:, a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi
17927:
17925:
17923:
17642:Frederick Asher (2018). Matthew Adam Cobb (ed.).
17361:. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 30–31.
16919:
16693:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 223–24.
16618:"The Kharostra Country and the Kharostri Writing"
16559:Sanskrit English Dictionary (Practical Hand Book)
16321:
16248:. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 15.1.39.
16196:. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 15.1.53.
15760:. Cambridge University Press. p. 301 fn. 4.
15429:
15427:
15425:
15360:
15192:The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet
14192:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 48ff.
13331:
13328:
13316:
13266:
13254:
13251:
13081:
13070:
8884:atana āgāca mahīyite hida Budhe jāte Sakyamuni ti
6010:
2703:
884:origin of the Brahmi script, on the model of the
564:that appeared as a fully developed script in the
102:At least by the 3rd century BCE to 5th century CE
24008:
18213:Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society
17377:. Government central Press. 1871. p. XIII.
15383:
15146:
15013:
14902:
14384:
14378:
14350:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). "Kharosti and Brahmi".
13334:
13322:
13319:
13307:
13269:
13257:
13245:
13242:
13146:
13137:
13134:
13111:
13105:
13096:
13090:
13084:
13073:
13067:
13064:
13061:
13055:
13049:
13046:
13040:
9145:𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮𑀺𑀓𑀺𑀢𑀲 𑀉𑀧𑀁𑀢𑀸 𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀸𑀲𑀁𑀭𑀜𑁄
8951:
1598:
1523:
1448:
1373:
473:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
18602:Script and Font Support in Windows – Windows 10
18405:. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34.
17641:
17289:More details about Buddhist monuments at Sanchi
17234:. Government central Press. 1871. p. XII.
16840:
16436:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–24.
15789:
15340:
15338:
15230:
15228:
15226:
14827:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–10.
14556:
14554:
14179:
14092:
13684:
13663:
13325:
13313:
13310:
13143:
13140:
13126:
13123:
13120:
13117:
13114:
13108:
13102:
13099:
13093:
13087:
13058:
13052:
13043:
13037:
13034:
13028:
13005:
12999:
12993:
11845:, though the letters themselves are unrelated.
9115:𑀓𑀭𑀺𑀢𑁄 𑀇(𑀅) 𑀳𑁂𑀮𑀺𑀉𑁄𑀤𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀡 𑀪𑀸𑀕
8912:hida Bhagavaṃ jāte ti Luṃmini-gāme ubalike kaṭe
3797:inscriptions have also been found, such as the
2789:
2530:, etc.), whereas Brahmi did not have Aramaic's
1679:Comparison of North Semitic and Brahmi scripts
966:, who was an ambassador of the Indo-Greek king
604:in north-central India, dating to 250–232 BCE.
17920:
17513:
17333:. Government central Press. 1871. p. XI.
16888:Owner's graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama
16682:
16433:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
15757:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
15688:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
15422:
14861:"Besnagar Pillar Inscription B Re-Interpreted"
14010:. Univ of California Press. pp. 265–266.
13961:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72.
13954:
13721:
13719:
13031:
13020:
13002:
12996:
12990:
5768:
5589:
5410:
5231:
5052:
4873:
4694:
4515:
4336:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
3127:He also notes that the variations seen in the
2657:𐤊, as preferred by many of his predecessors.
2616:(not to be confused with the Semitic emphatic
970:from Taxila, and was sent to the Indian ruler
962:. Installed about 113 BCE and now named after
826:) and others not found in the Buddhist lists.
22766:
20159:
19123:
18839:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
18048:
17798:Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy
17721:
17170:, in Peter T. Daniels, William Bright (ed.),
15700:
15579:
15016:"The evolution of syllabaries from alphabets"
15003:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61.
14820:
14606:
14345:
14343:
14252:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 11ff.
13855:. Harvard University Press. pp. 14, 15.
10318:Early/Middle Brahmi legend on the coinage of
3812:
650:, although this is not generally accepted by
30:"Brahmi" redirects here. For other uses, see
20173:
19037:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics
18994:
18654:
18199:. Seaby Publications Ltd. 1980. p. 219.
18010:
17938:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 164–165.
17795:
17637:
17635:
17633:
16315:
15701:Allchin, F. Raymond; Erdosy, George (1995),
15335:
15299:
15223:
15194:, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., pp. 173–174
15189:
14994:
14992:
14560:
14551:
13503:in some phase of Phoenician or Aramaic. The
13406:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
13205:
12868:which covers almost all the characters, and
3817:The Khuan Luk Pat inscription discovered in
3782:have been identified as a Prakrit language.
3661:, who used a bilingual Greek-Brahmi coin of
3120:However, these finds are controversial, see
3022:
2744:
20093:Meitei associate official language movement
18647:On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
17754:
17648:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 158.
17598:
17507:
17411:Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor
17282:
16562:. Asian Educational Services. p. 200.
16009:, Oxford University Press, pp. 121–122
15652:
15586:. Asian Educational Services. p. 423.
14567:. K.J. Trübner. pp. 6, 14–15, 23, 29.
14564:On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
14391:Indialogs: Spanish Journal of India Studies
14224:
14185:
13814:. Princeton University Press. p. 242.
13716:
13208:
11586:, one of the earliest descendants of Brahmi
3516:used the bilingual Greek-Brahmi coinage of
2991:-version of the rock edicts, comes from an
910:On the origin of the Indian Brahma alphabet
595:period (3rd century BCE) down to the early
37:For later scripts derived from Brahmi, see
22773:
22759:
20166:
20152:
19130:
19116:
18196:Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin: July 1980
17570:
17448:
16587:
16517:
16429:
16410:Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Südasiens
16291:. London: Trübner and Co. pp. 40, 209
15902:"A frequency analysis of the Indus script"
15370:
14871:(4). Cambridge University Press: 1031–37.
14805:
14340:
14236:
5996:single (𑁇) and double (𑁈) vertical bar (
3937:Kya (vertical assembly of consonants "Ka"
803:Lipikāra and Deva Vidyāsiṃha at a school.
112:
18977:Timmer, Barbara Catharina Jacoba (1930).
18952:
18313:) is an early variant of the Gupta script
18133:
18131:
17742:
17732:, Cambridge University Press, p. 287
17630:
17224:
17222:
17146:
17144:
17142:
17085:
17083:
17081:
17079:
17077:
17075:
17073:
17071:
16555:
16284:
16080:
15836:"The evolution of early writing in India"
15705:, Cambridge University Press, p. 336
15253:
15149:Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography
15014:Justeson, J. S.; Stephens, L. D. (1993).
14989:
14672:
14459:
14039:
13887:
13839:
13573:(in Sanskrit) (New ed.). p. 51.
9181:Trini amuta𑁋pādāni (i me) (su)anuthitāni
8786:Rummindei pillar, inscription of Ashoka (
5963:"Vedisakehi daṃtakārehi rupakaṃmaṃ kataṃ"
2716:with Indian deities, in Greek and Brahmi.
795:states that young Siddhartha, the future
19030:
18905:Journal of the American Oriental Society
18714:, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (in German)
18686:Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde
18052:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
17931:
17429:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
17417:, Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2012
17275:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
17212:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
17120:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
16710:. Pearson Education India. p. 351.
16688:
16374:. Routledge. pp. 67, 56–57, 65–73.
16269:
16142:
16110:. Oxford University Press. p. 163.
16086:
15722:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 136–37.
15436:Journal of the American Oriental Society
15204:
14588:
14352:Journal of the American Oriental Society
14303:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 181ff.
14078:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
13994:
13900:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
13807:
13732:Journal of the American Oriental Society
13566:
13561:("This Dharma-Edict was written by King
13521:
13402:
12883:The Sanskrit word for Brahmi, ब्राह्मी (
11810:The Brahmi script also evolved into the
11704:
9250:
9208:
9207:
9135:𑀬𑁄𑀦𑀤𑀢𑁂𑀦 𑀅𑀕𑀢𑁂𑀦 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀲
8934:
8933:
7627:
5952:
4018:
4010:
3900:
3881:
3845:
3677:Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ (
3531:
3507:
3494:
3426:
3312:
3084:
2884:
2817:
2707:
871:
735:
27:Ancient script of Central and South Asia
19039:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
19024:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4
18980:Megasthenes en de Indische maatschappij
18931:
18902:
18877:
18832:
18813:
18741:
18691:
18498:
18486:
18329:(in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264.
18253:
18251:
18237:
18137:
17817:. Pearson Education India. p. 43.
17727:
17691:
17679:
17442:
17398:
17298:, Archaeological Survey of India, 1989.
17162:
17150:
17133:
17089:
17062:
17046:
16987:
16985:
16983:
16981:
16979:
16977:
16975:
16973:
16971:
16834:
16819:
16807:
16792:
16780:
16768:
16756:
16744:
16676:
16672:
16670:
16404:
16402:
16309:
16170:
16062:
15957:
15519:
15517:
15515:
15513:
15504:
15480:
15468:
15433:
15234:
15134:
15119:
15092:
15079:
15062:
14998:
14971:
14959:
14944:
14858:
14821:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995).
14793:
14750:
14735:
14731:
14729:
14708:
14678:
14594:
14540:
14528:
14516:
14500:
14488:
14476:
14349:
14334:
14230:
14151:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
14141:
13725:
13710:
13690:
13669:
13657:
13491:Bühler notes that other authors derive
11754:contact of Hinduism with Southeast Asia
11713:), and its derivative, 16th century CE
11674:("Let there be victory to Mihirakula").
10476:
9246:
3830:on an archaeological site storage jar.
3642:) based on their similarities with the
3499:Classification of Brahmi characters by
3080:
1059:origin of aspirate according to Bühler
775:. For example, the 10th chapter of the
683:, albeit in the variant form "Brahma".
662:
14:
24017:3rd-century BC establishments in India
24009:
19060:Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online
18976:
18853:
18792:
18779:
18755:
18643:
18398:
18360:
18272:
18270:
18241:Archaeological Survey Of Western India
18128:
18098:
17987:
17985:
17983:
17715:
17703:
17219:
17139:
17068:
17008:
16956:Falk, H. (2014), p.46, with footnote 2
16920:Rajan, K.; Yatheeskumar, V.P. (2013).
16518:Ong, Walter J.; Hartley, John (2012).
16506:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
16241:
16229:
16217:
16189:
16103:
16074:
15658:
15417:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
15177:
15165:
15107:
15097:. London: Reaction Books. p. 126.
15050:
14984:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
14765:
14650:
14447:
14290:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14242:
13955:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015).
13893:
13845:
12909:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
12849:Early Ashokan Brahmi was added to the
5957:A 1st century BCE/CE inscription from
3890:
3007:, suggesting borrowing and diffusion.
2880:
2622:) were derived by back formation from
1669:
23910:American Printing House for the Blind
23686:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
23338:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
22754:
22544:
22499:
22392:
22071:
21956:
21298:
20512:
20274:
20257:
20147:
19111:
19017:
18860:Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra
18836:Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE
18625:Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011).
18437:
18322:
17948:
17810:
16991:
16822:, pp. 122–123, 129–131, 262–307.
16703:
16467:
16146:Proceedings – Indian History Congress
16019:
15753:
15685:
14955:
14953:
14777:
14045:
11687:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II
11606:language and using the Gupta script.
11136:
9875:
9130:vatena Diyasa putreṇa Takhkhasilākena
9085:in the fourteenth year of his reign.
8333:
7623:
3759:are similar to Mauryan Brahmi, while
3695:𑀭𑀚𑀦𑁂 / 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑁂𑀬𑁂𑀲
3544:, as published in the Journal of the
3153:
1033:
499:characters in this article correctly.
22393:
19053:
19001:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
18717:
18675:
18367:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376.
18248:
18203:
18109:
17354:
17056:
17002:
16968:
16667:
16615:
16399:
15843:Indian Journal of History of Science
15523:
15510:
15492:
15404:
15389:
15373:Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques
14726:
14720:
14656:
14435:
14423:
14294:
14106:. London: Routledge. pp. 39ff.
14052:. London: Routledge. pp. 27ff.
14000:
13801:
11634:. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in
10400:, vertically combined. Circa 100 CE.
9079:the Savior son of the princess from
8871:𑀅𑀢𑀦𑀆𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 𑀳𑀺𑀤
924:scholars. Cunningham in the seminal
665:, p. 17), until the 1880s when
463:. For the distinction between ,
22780:
18267:
17980:
16606:, Oxford University Press, page 742
16000:
15982:from the original on 4 October 2021
15874:"Akhenaten, Surya, and the Rigveda"
15833:
14281:
13470:(𑀕 and 𐡂) and Brahmi and Aramaic
9196:— Adapted from transliterations by
9191:neyamti sva(gam) dama cāga apramāda
9110:Devadevasa Vāvasa Garuḍadhvaje ayaṃ
8760:Birthplace of the historical Buddha
4050:or Śarvavarman, a minister of King
2676:is similar to the Old Persian word
1299:
1191:hook addition with some alteration
1147:hook addition with some alteration
572:, continue to be used today across
24:
22500:
20098:Meitei classical language movement
18988:
18962:. University of California Press.
18611:, MSDN Go Global Developer Center.
18508:Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
17272:Asiatic Society of Bengal (1837).
16556:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (2004).
14950:
13927:these was the decipherment of the
13432:Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan
8927:— Adapted from transliteration by
3833:
3738:
3455:Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya
2962:. According to Scharfe, the words
2948:(6th to 4th century BCE) mentions
25:
24043:
20103:Meitei linguistic purism movement
19067:
18499:Daniels, Peter T. (Spring 2000).
16995:The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script
16143:Congress, Indian History (2007).
15530:Literacy in Ancient Everyday Life
14580:, Quote: "(...) a passage of the
13808:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017).
13583:(here attached, which reads "Di"
12805:Possible tangential relationships
11744:Southern Brahmi gave rise to the
9239:accommodate the transcription of
9170:vasena daseṃna rājena vadhamānasa
6000:) – delimiting clauses and verses
2739:"King Agathocles". Circa 180 BCE.
1002:accepted that theories about the
18680:(in German). Gunter Narr Verlag.
18595:
18570:
18545:
18532:
18492:
18466:
18431:
18392:
18354:
18316:
18308:
18301:
18231:
18187:
18176:
18143:
18092:
18080:
18042:
18004:
17942:
17900:
17888:
17868:
17856:
17842:
17804:
17789:
17776:
17748:
17592:
17571:Raghupathy, Ponnambalam (1987).
17564:
17545:
17420:
17404:
17365:
17348:
17321:
17301:
17249:
17203:
17111:
17095:
16959:
16950:
16931:. 21–22: 280–295. Archived from
16913:
16904:
16880:
16854:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
16697:
16642:
16609:
16549:
16511:
16461:
16423:
16361:
16278:
16263:
16235:
16183:
16164:
16135:
16097:
15972:"Mahadevan Interview: Full Text"
15969:
15190:Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2009),
14986:, p. 194 with footnote 421.
14974:, pp. 19–21 with footnotes.
14385:Damodaram Pillai, Karan (2023).
14299:. In Himanshu Prabha Ray (ed.).
13623:
13610:
13598:
13590:
13584:
13515:
13492:
12872:which only covers Tamil Brahmi.
12858:Supplementary Multilingual Plane
12813:may have been influenced by the
12556:
12549:
12542:
12535:
12528:
12521:
12514:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12402:
12395:
12388:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12360:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12332:
11679:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11639:
11619:
11591:
11572:
11540:
11520:
11500:
11480:
11460:
11440:
11413:
11393:
11373:
11353:
11333:
11313:
11293:
11266:
11246:
11226:
11206:
11186:
11166:
11146:
11117:
11097:
11077:
11057:
11037:
11017:
10997:
10970:
10948:
10928:
10908:
10888:
10868:
10696:
10663:
10645:
10612:
10579:
10559:
10541:
10506:
10490:
10440:
10405:
10395:
10386:
10373:
10359:
10353:
10347:
10327:
10311:
10279:
10259:
10239:
10219:
10199:
10179:
10152:
10132:
10112:
10092:
10072:
10052:
10032:
10005:
9985:
9965:
9945:
9925:
9905:
9885:
9856:
9836:
9816:
9796:
9776:
9756:
9736:
9709:
9687:
9667:
9647:
9627:
9607:
9435:
9402:
9384:
9351:
9318:
9298:
9280:
9160:Kāsīputasa āgabhadrasa trātārasa
9150:Aṃtalikitasa upatā samkāsam-raño
9051:was erected here by the devotee
8861:𑀦𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6883:
6876:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3944:
3938:
3930:
3225:(possibly 4th century CE), list
2977:, in turn derived from Sumerian
2842:, and the social anthropologist
2644:
2603:
2482:
2465:
2458:
2446:
2429:
2422:
2410:
2393:
2386:
2374:
2357:
2350:
2338:
2321:
2314:
2302:
2285:
2278:
2266:
2248:
2241:
2229:
2212:
2205:
2193:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2140:
2133:
2121:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2068:
2061:
2049:
2031:
2024:
2012:
1995:
1988:
1976:
1959:
1952:
1940:
1923:
1916:
1904:
1886:
1879:
1867:
1849:
1842:
1830:
1813:
1806:
1794:
1777:
1770:
1758:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1712:
1705:
1634:
1629:
1588:
1554:
1513:
1479:
1438:
1404:
1363:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1243:
1228:
1221:
1206:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1133:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1067:
945:
936:
609:East India Company rule in India
509:
484:
58:
22545:
19091:"Brahmi Texts | Virtual Vinodh"
18618:
18584:from the original on 2021-10-16
18559:from the original on 2017-01-08
18521:from the original on 2021-10-08
18409:from the original on 2019-08-09
18381:from the original on 2020-07-27
18343:from the original on 2020-07-27
18290:from the original on 2021-12-03
18220:from the original on 2020-02-27
18165:from the original on 2021-12-03
18069:from the original on 2020-07-27
18031:from the original on 2019-12-29
18017:. Routledge. pp. 165–167.
17969:from the original on 2020-05-22
17831:from the original on 2021-10-28
17765:from the original on 2021-07-08
17662:from the original on 2021-10-14
17619:from the original on 2021-12-02
17581:from the original on 2012-06-11
17534:from the original on 2021-11-04
17496:from the original on 2021-11-04
17475:from the original on 2019-12-11
17381:from the original on 2021-06-02
17337:from the original on 2021-08-15
17238:from the original on 2021-02-26
17188:from the original on 2021-12-09
17029:from the original on 2022-01-26
17009:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1984).
16724:from the original on 2021-10-28
16689:Nagrajji, Acharya Shri (2003).
16649:Monier Monier-Williams (1970).
16632:from the original on 2016-12-30
16593:Monier Monier Willians (1899),
16576:from the original on 2020-07-27
16538:from the original on 2016-12-24
16488:from the original on 2016-12-24
16450:from the original on 2017-02-25
16388:from the original on 2020-07-27
16350:from the original on 2020-07-27
16252:from the original on 2021-03-08
16200:from the original on 2021-03-12
16153:from the original on 2019-12-27
16124:from the original on 2021-07-13
16013:
15994:
15931:
15918:
15894:
15866:
15856:from the original on 2021-02-24
15827:
15816:from the original on 2016-12-24
15774:from the original on 2016-12-24
15747:
15736:from the original on 2020-07-27
15709:
15694:
15679:
15669:from the original on 2021-02-24
15641:from the original on 2016-12-24
15627:. Brill Academic. p. 119.
15614:
15600:from the original on 2020-07-27
15573:
15562:from the original on 2021-12-10
15324:from the original on 2022-07-27
15293:
15247:
15198:
15183:
15140:
15085:
15030:from the original on 2021-03-08
15007:
14920:from the original on 2020-07-19
14891:from the original on 2022-08-27
14852:
14841:from the original on 2017-03-25
14814:
14799:
14787:
14771:
14639:from the original on 2010-12-06
14600:
14571:from the original on 2020-07-27
14534:
14317:from the original on 2020-01-02
14266:from the original on 2021-10-14
14206:from the original on 2021-10-14
14165:from the original on 2016-05-01
14120:from the original on 2021-05-15
14066:from the original on 2021-10-14
14024:from the original on 2021-10-14
13975:from the original on 2021-11-10
13917:from the original on 2021-07-22
13869:from the original on 2021-10-18
13828:from the original on 2021-10-14
13787:from the original on 2020-07-19
13512:vowel from a very early period.
13485:
13460:
12880:, also features Brahmi glyphs.
10785:
10497:Gupta script vowel diacritics (
9524:
9000:Heliodorus pillar inscription (
8008:
6040:Evolution of the Brahmi script
6029:Late Brahmi represented in the
3610:as well as inscriptions by the
3490:
3065:" (source of the English word "
2732:𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑀬𑁂𑀲
876:A later (mistaken) theory of a
783:Lipisala samdarshana parivarta,
455:International Phonetic Alphabet
20239:Languages by writing system /
19003:. Princeton University Press.
18765:. Cambridge University Press.
18001:Shane Wallace, 2016, p.222-223
17897:inscriptions circa 150-250 CE.
17761:. Punthi Pustak. p. 100.
17520:. Brill Academic. p. 44.
16412:, vol. 36, 1992, pp. 239–249.
16090:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
15272:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864718
15208:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
15155:: Eisenbrauns. pp. 79–90.
14808:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
14806:Cunningham, Alexander (1877).
14597:, pp. 8–10 with footnotes
13769:
13376:
13374:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13360:
13240:
13238:
13231:
13229:
11752:(8th century), and due to the
11694:
9255:Middle Brahmi vowel diacritics
8939:The Rummindei pillar edict in
7632:Early Brahmi vowel diacritics.
6026:Brahmi" (1st-3rd centuries CE)
6011:Evolution of the Brahmi script
5948:
3458:"Of the Lord and Great Satrap
3257:was born, the first one being
3192:, the god of Hindu scriptures
2704:Greek-Semitic model hypothesis
1235:unaspirated glyph back formed
1041:Bühler's aspirate derivations
926:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
13:
1:
23678:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
23634:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
22072:
21957:
21299:
18323:Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018).
18183:James Prinsep table of vowels
16992:Verma, Thakur Prasad (1971).
16524:. Routledge. pp. 64–69.
16270:Sterling, Gregory E. (1992).
15300:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1993).
14547:. New Delhi: National Museum.
13644:
12821:, itself a derivative of the
11847:
11565:
10429:
9140:Yonadatena agatena mahārājasa
9001:
8952:Heliodorus Pillar inscription
8787:
8750:
6036:
6022:Middle Brahmi also known as "
3858:
3636:
3445:
1004:grammar of the Vedic language
702:
669:, based on an observation by
73:
23889:National Braille Association
23868:Braille Institute of America
23586:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
20513:
18655:Deraniyagala, Siran (2004).
18578:"Adinatha font announcement"
17755:Chakrabarti, Manika (1981).
17517:Handbook of Oriental Studies
17486:Iravatham Mahadevan (1970).
17455:Iravatham Mahadevan (2003).
15419:, p. 194, footnote 421.
14186:Chakrabarti, Pratik (2020).
13559:Devanapriyasa Raño likhapitu
10484:Late Brahmi vowel diacritics
3587:, such as the script of the
2790:Indigenous origin hypothesis
2718:Obverse: With Greek legend:
2618:
2537:
2456:
2420:
2384:
2348:
2312:
2276:
2239:
2203:
2167:
2131:
2095:
2059:
2022:
1986:
1950:
1914:
1877:
1840:
1804:
1768:
1732:
1703:
1682:
781:(c. 200–300 CE), titled the
448: This article contains
7:
24022:Linguistic history of India
23769:Refreshable braille display
23748:Optical braille recognition
23345:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
22877:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
22020:New Epoch Notation Painting
19085:Indian Institute of Science
18938:. Oxford University Press.
18881:The World's Writing Systems
18538:Gari Keith Ledyard (1966).
18441:The World's Writing Systems
17172:The World's Writing Systems
16651:Sanskrit-English Dictionary
16368:Kenneth Roy Norman (2005).
15093:Fischer, Steven R. (2001).
14780:The Origin of Brahmi Script
13414:
11814:which in turn evolved into
11548:
11528:
11508:
11488:
11468:
11448:
11421:
11401:
11381:
11361:
11341:
11321:
11301:
11274:
11254:
11234:
11214:
11194:
11174:
11154:
11125:
11105:
11085:
11065:
11045:
11025:
11005:
10978:
10956:
10936:
10916:
10896:
10876:
10772:
10756:
10738:
10722:
10704:
10686:
10671:
10653:
10633:
10620:
10600:
10587:
10567:
10549:
10304:
10287:
10267:
10247:
10227:
10207:
10187:
10160:
10140:
10120:
10100:
10080:
10060:
10040:
10013:
9993:
9973:
9953:
9933:
9913:
9893:
9864:
9844:
9824:
9804:
9784:
9764:
9744:
9717:
9695:
9675:
9655:
9635:
9615:
9511:
9495:
9477:
9461:
9443:
9425:
9410:
9392:
9372:
9359:
9339:
9326:
9306:
9288:
9120:karito i Heliodoreṇa bhāga-
8907:𑀕𑀸𑀫𑁂 𑀉𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀓𑀝𑁂
8782:), to describe the Buddha.
8727:
8705:
8687:
8669:
8651:
8633:
8615:
8590:
8572:
8554:
8536:
8518:
8500:
8482:
8457:
8439:
8421:
8403:
8385:
8367:
8349:
8322:
8304:
8286:
8268:
8250:
8232:
8214:
8189:
8169:
8151:
8133:
8115:
8097:
7995:
7979:
7963:
7947:
7929:
7913:
7897:
7881:
7863:
7847:
7831:
7815:
7797:
7781:
7765:
7749:
7731:
7715:
7699:
7683:
3417:Megalithic graffiti symbols
3012:Persian-dominated Northwest
2863:megalithic graffiti symbols
2806:. G. R. Hunter in his book
2696:itself is thought to be an
2526:
2520:
2506:
2500:that appears among Prakrit
1007:idea of foreign influence.
724:prose adaptation of a lost
718:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
619:. Brahmi was deciphered by
10:
24048:
23836:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
20275:
19174:list by number of speakers
19062:(in German). Brill Online.
19018:Hitch, Douglas A. (1989).
18650:. Strassburg K.J. Trübner.
17955:. Routledge. p. 167.
16322:Oskar von Hinüber (1989).
16173:Education in Ancient India
15237:Education in Ancient India
13398:As of Unicode version 16.0
13387:
12901:
12842:
12838:
11822:. Both were used to write
11698:
10469:
10463:
9100:
9057:the son of Dion, a man of
8845:
8766:Lumbini pillar inscription
8763:
8738:
6039:
3894:
3813:Red Sea and Southeast Asia
3669:and similarities with the
3438:Mirzapur stele inscription
3308:
3114:Thermo-luminescence dating
2938:
2931:ii). The word would be of
2720:
2498:phonetic retroflex feature
1599:
1524:
1449:
1374:
1316:
853:Early theories proposed a
835:
829:
816:(2nd century BCE) and the
36:
29:
23968:
23919:
23859:
23792:
23702:
23648:
23611:
23572:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
23551:
23532:
23513:
23418:
23324:
23285:
23212:
23139:
22838:
22831:
22792:
22750:
22553:
22540:
22508:
22495:
22446:
22405:
22401:
22388:
22364:
22328:
22302:
22251:
22208:
22173:
22093:
22086:Chinese family of scripts
22084:
22080:
22067:
21965:
21952:
21903:
21311:
21307:
21294:
21156:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
21143:
20791:
20534:
20525:
20521:
20508:
20283:
20270:
20266:
20258:
20253:
20241:by first written accounts
20210:
20189:
20185:
20075:
20032:
20012:
19994:
19926:
19893:
19860:
19853:
19826:
19738:
19715:
19692:
19654:
19616:
19598:
19565:
19537:
19504:
19334:
19289:
19246:
19223:
19214:
19146:
18932:Salomon, Richard (1998).
17489:Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions
17317:. 1836. pp. 723–724.
17168:"Methods of Decipherment"
16866:10.1017/S0959774300001608
16471:Myth, Ritual and the Oral
16285:McCrindle, J. W. (1877).
16171:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002),
16034:10.1017/S0035869X00086482
15538:10.1515/9783110594065-004
15235:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002),
14877:10.1017/S0035869X00047523
14625:10.1017/S0035869X00047055
14403:10.5565/rev/indialogs.213
14217:Asiatic Society of Bengal
13880:Asiatic Society of Bengal
13726:Salomon, Richard (1995).
13510:prosthetic (or prothetic)
11717:script (1524 CE), on the
11559:
10967:
10857:
10854:
10851:
10848:
10845:
10842:
10831:
10828:
10825:
10822:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10298:
9706:
9596:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9584:
9581:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9561:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9096:, charity, consciousness
9038:
8824:
8716:
8180:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
4006:
3767:resemble those of modern
3546:Asiatic Society of Bengal
3436:(bottom, fragment of the
3261:(बाम्भी) in the original
3023:Megasthenes' observations
2855:Indus Valley civilisation
2834:, the spiritual teachers
1641:
1600:
1561:
1525:
1486:
1450:
1411:
1375:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1302:
692:Brahmic family of scripts
613:Asiatic Society of Bengal
446:
432:
422:
415:
399:
394:
382:
197:
160:
155:
121:
106:
96:
84:
57:
46:
24027:Obsolete writing systems
23559:Chinese semi-syllabaries
22822:Unicode braille patterns
22808:International uniformity
21263:Thomas Natural Shorthand
19031:Matthews, P. H. (2014).
18762:The Indo-Aryan Languages
18751:. University Microfilms.
15532:: 43–66 (online 57–58).
14541:Chhabra, B. Ch. (1970).
13453:
11602:of Anantavarman, in the
9022:(original Brahmi script)
8808:(original Brahmi script)
5973:have done the carving").
4015:Brahmi diacritic vowels.
2666:trans-cultural diffusion
1317:Corresponding letter in
1213:Semitic emphatic (teth)
1081:Semitic emphatic (qoph)
731:
495:to display the uncommon
23896:Blindness organizations
23875:Braille Without Borders
23664:Canadian currency marks
23286:Egyptian lineage family
22469:Southwest Paleohispanic
19608:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
19140:languages of South Asia
18886:Oxford University Press
18446:Oxford University Press
18399:Tandon, Pankaj (2013).
18364:Studies in Indian Coins
17811:Singh, Upinder (2008).
17514:Bertold Spuler (1975).
17012:Buddhist art of Mathurā
16704:Singh, Upinder (2008).
16420:. Accessed 11 May 2020.
15941:. NaBIC 2009. 1282–86.
15318:10.3406/topoi.1993.1479
15254:Tavernier, Jan (2007).
14914:Encyclopedia Britannica
14859:Waddell, L. A. (1914).
13852:Ashoka in Ancient India
13781:Encyclopedia Britannica
12825:, a Brahmi script (see
12081:
12074:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12018:
12011:
12004:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11976:
11969:
11962:
11955:
11948:
11941:
11934:
11927:
11920:
11913:
11906:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11878:
11871:
11864:
11857:
11600:Gopika Cave Inscription
8972:, an ambassador of the
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
4038:probably adding either
3577:Gopika Cave Inscription
3297:, "Inscriptions of the
3239:Vyakhya Pragyapti Sutra
2746:Schrift im Alten Indien
958:in the Indian state of
842:While the contemporary
726:Greek work on astrology
611:, in particular in the
587:which uses a system of
568:. Its descendants, the
451:phonetic transcriptions
243:Bengali–Assamese script
32:Brahmi (disambiguation)
23213:Russian lineage family
22613:Great Lakes Algonquian
21522:Greco-Iberian alphabet
21455:Gabelsberger shorthand
20398:Inscriptional Parthian
19079:brahmi.sourceforge.net
18644:Bühler, Georg (1898).
18361:Sircar, D. C. (2008).
18099:Rapson, E. J. (1914).
18049:Romila Thapar (2004).
17949:Avari, Burjor (2016).
17730:Language in South Asia
17577:. Madras: Raghupathy.
16616:Levi, Silvain (1906),
16104:Sharma, R. S. (2006).
15659:Hunter, G. R. (1934),
15580:John Marshall (1931).
15379:(4): 803–804, 797–831.
15306:Topoi. Orient-Occident
15110:, p. 59,68,71,75.
14784:, apud Salomon (1998).
14607:L. A. Waddell (1914).
14148:A New History of India
14046:Verma, Anjali (2018).
13539:
13422:Early Indian epigraphy
12845:Brahmi (Unicode block)
12836:
11834:and its dialects, and
11722:
10450:inscription No.10. of
9256:
9222:
8944:
8741:Early Indian epigraphy
7633:
6033:(4th-6th centuries CE)
5974:
5969:, "Ivory workers from
5769:
5590:
5411:
5232:
5053:
4874:
4695:
4516:
4337:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4024:
4016:
3906:
3887:
3855:
3703:
3557:
3529:
3505:
3464:
3406:, where numerous both
3361:Ghosundi and Hathibada
3340:
3293:in the Brahmi script:
3202:Monier Monier-Williams
3118:
3090:
2970:are borrowed from the
2936:
2827:
2802:and the Assyriologist
2745:
2740:
893:
838:Early Indian epigraphy
752:
706: 3rd century BCE
699:inscriptions of Ashoka
23977:Accessible publishing
23903:Schools for the blind
23882:Japan Braille Library
23671:Computer Braille Code
23325:Indian lineage family
22705:Old Persian cuneiform
21572:Carolingian minuscule
20378:Ancient North Arabian
19095:www.virtualvinodh.com
18833:Plofker, Kim (2009),
18629:. Walter de Gruyter.
18238:Burgess, Jas (1883).
18216:. The Society. 1920.
18011:Burjor Avari (2016).
17935:Inscriptions of Asoka
17932:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
17458:Early Tamil Epigraphy
16087:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
15834:Kak, Subhash (1994),
15205:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
14561:Georg Bühler (1898).
14295:Garg, Sanjay (2017).
13570:Inscriptions of Asoka
13567:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
13525:
12987: 𑀄
12982: 𑀃
12831:
11708:
11614:, or 6th century CE.
9254:
9212:
9204:, and Shane Wallace.
9033:in the Brahmi script)
8938:
8819:in the Brahmi script)
7631:
5956:
4022:
4014:
3904:
3885:
3854:in modern Brahmi font
3849:
3701:, "King Agathocles").
3675:
3640: 1st century CE
3606:, notably containing
3535:
3511:
3498:
3440:, in the vicinity of
3430:
3316:
3098:
3088:
2907:". Brahmi script (Li=
2888:
2821:
2711:
1288:South Semitic scripts
886:Egyptian hieroglyphic
875:
863:Egyptian hieroglyphic
739:
411:, Brahmi
349:Telugu-Kannada script
173:Proto-Sinaitic script
23741:Mountbatten Brailler
23096:(largely reassigned)
22879:(largely reassigned)
22428:Southeastern Iberian
22423:Northeastern Iberian
20321:Egyptian hieroglyphs
18676:Falk, Harry (1993).
17862:Inscriptions of the
17278:. Oxford University.
17015:. Agam. p. 26.
16622:The Indian Antiquary
16468:Goody, Jack (2010).
16274:. Brill. p. 95.
16107:India's Ancient Past
15885:Govind Chandra Pande
15754:Goody, Jack (1987).
15686:Goody, Jack (1987),
15524:Falk, Harry (2018).
15095:A History of Writing
14962:, pp. 23, 46–54
8984:to the court of the
8851:𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂
3787:Epigraphia Zeylanica
3745:Bhattiprolu alphabet
3699:Rajane Agathukleyesa
3215:Alternatively, some
3081:Debate on time depth
3073:, a contemporary of
3005:Behistun inscription
2824:Alexander Cunningham
2736:Rājane Agathukleyesa
2721:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ
2516:aspirated consonants
918:Alexander Cunningham
890:Alexander Cunningham
773:Chinese translations
637:Alexander Cunningham
168:Egyptian hieroglyphs
23693:Nemeth braille code
23479:(reassigned vowels)
23004:(extended to 8-dot)
22578:Canadian Aboriginal
22464:Khitan small script
22186:Khitan large script
21376:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
20123:Pure Tamil movement
19679:Southern Nicobarese
19026:. pp. 432–433.
18799:. D.K. Printworld.
18710:Oscar von Hinüber,
17909:inscription of the
17355:Keay, John (2011).
17136:, pp. 204–206.
16508:, pp. 182–183.
16430:Jack Goody (1987).
15407:, pp. 109–167.
15345:Osmund Bopearachchi
14531:, pp. 396–397.
14143:Wolpert, Stanley A.
14098:Rothermund, Dietmar
11850:
11750:Vatteluttu alphabet
11748:(6th century), the
11672:(Ja)yatu Mihirakula
9008:
8840:Minor Pillar Edicts
8794:
3911:conjunct consonants
3891:Conjunct consonants
3650:inscription of the
3591:and early forms of
3222:Lalitavistara Sūtra
3219:sutras such as the
3148:Johannes Bronkhorst
2881:Foreign origination
2532:emphatic consonants
1680:
1670:Bühler's hypothesis
1295:Phoenician alphabet
1042:
793:Lalitavistara Sūtra
778:Lalitavistara Sūtra
771:, as well as their
676:Lalitavistara Sūtra
177:Phoenician alphabet
110:Left-to-right
23727:Braille translator
23704:Braille technology
23680:(science; GS8/GS6)
23649:Symbols in braille
23579:Taiwanese Mandarin
23094:Taiwanese Mandarin
22700:Nwagu Aneke script
22252:Other logosyllabic
22174:Chinese-influenced
22113:Oracle bone script
22095:Chinese characters
22030:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
21420:Eclectic shorthand
21408:Duployan shorthand
21361:Caucasian Albanian
21161:Canadian syllabics
20197:History of writing
20033:Prestige language-
19669:Central Nicobarese
18607:2016-08-13 at the
18489:, p. 336–349.
18473:Evolutionary chart
18425:2019-08-09 at the
18140:, pp. 265–267
18122:2020-10-24 at the
17997:2021-08-15 at the
17849:Evolutionary chart
17558:2016-08-26 at the
17294:2011-07-21 at the
17153:, pp. 206–207
17092:, pp. 204–208
16938:on 13 October 2015
16893:2021-11-10 at the
16886:Falk, H. (2014). "
16602:2021-02-25 at the
15907:2021-02-24 at the
15879:2007-02-04 at the
15354:2017-11-23 at the
14723:, pp. 109–67.
14426:, p. 129–131.
14103:A History of India
13606:Column IV, Line 89
13540:
11848:
11737:(6th century) and
11723:
11719:Delhi-Topra pillar
10477:Independent vowels
10412:The rulers of the
10380:conjunct consonant
9257:
9247:Independent vowels
9234:Middle Brahmi or "
9223:
9073:to King Kasiputra
9063:sent by the Great
8999:
8945:
8917:𑀅𑀞𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀘
8838:Edict, one of the
8785:
7634:
7624:Independent vowels
5975:
4025:
4017:
3915:consonant clusters
3913:are used to write
3907:
3897:Conjunct consonant
3888:
3886:Brahmi consonants.
3856:
3626:East India Company
3558:
3530:
3512:Norwegian scholar
3506:
3465:
3384:Dravidian language
3341:
3339:(3rd century BCE).
3267:Vishesha Avashyaka
3174:texts such as the
3154:Origin of the name
3091:
2937:
2868:punch-marked coins
2828:
2741:
1678:
1040:
1034:Semitic hypothesis
894:
753:
24004:
24003:
24000:
23999:
23922:tactile alphabets
23850:William Bell Wait
23843:Sabriye Tenberken
23644:
23643:
23509:
23508:
23494:(Japanese vowels)
23292:-mediated scripts
23219:-mediated scripts
22746:
22745:
22742:
22741:
22738:
22737:
22598:Ditema tsa Dinoko
22536:
22535:
22491:
22490:
22487:
22486:
22384:
22383:
22380:
22379:
22204:
22203:
22063:
22062:
21948:
21947:
21944:
21943:
21290:
21289:
21286:
21285:
21139:
21138:
20504:
20503:
20491:Teeline Shorthand
20249:
20248:
20141:
20140:
20055:Perso-Arabization
20028:
20027:
19849:
19848:
19046:978-0-19-967512-8
18969:978-0-520-24455-9
18954:Trautmann, Thomas
18945:978-0-19-535666-3
18870:978-1-78308-315-2
18846:978-0-691-12067-6
18825:978-0-691-11485-9
18806:978-81-246-0406-9
18772:978-0-521-29944-2
18734:978-0-8021-3797-5
18703:978-0-8018-7396-6
18668:978-955-9159-00-1
18636:978-3-11-024003-0
18062:978-0-520-24225-8
18024:978-1-317-23673-3
17694:, pp. 373–4.
17682:, pp. 27–28.
17655:978-1-138-73826-3
17612:978-981-230-937-2
17468:978-0-674-01227-1
17181:978-0-19-507993-7
17164:Daniels, Peter T.
16998:. pp. 82–85.
16837:, pp. 12–13.
16795:, pp. 81–84.
16771:, pp. 87–89.
16759:, pp. 86–87.
16747:, pp. 72–81.
16660:978-5-458-25035-1
16569:978-81-206-1779-7
16531:978-0-415-53837-4
16481:978-1-139-49303-1
16443:978-0-521-33794-6
16381:978-1-135-75154-8
15960:, pp. 20–21.
15947:978-1-4244-5053-4
15767:978-0-521-33794-6
15729:978-81-208-2037-1
15593:978-81-206-1179-5
15507:, pp. 19–24.
15065:, pp. 23–24.
14947:, pp. 18–24.
14834:978-0-521-37695-2
14479:, pp. 44–45.
14310:978-1-351-25274-4
14259:978-81-208-4103-1
14199:978-1-4214-3874-0
14158:978-0-19-533756-3
14113:978-1-317-24212-3
14059:978-0-429-82642-9
14017:978-0-520-36163-8
13968:978-0-521-84697-4
13910:978-0-520-24225-8
13862:978-0-674-05777-7
13821:978-0-691-17632-1
13713:, pp. 19–30.
13695:third century BCE
13660:, pp. 11–13.
13589:rather than "Li"
13412:
13411:
12874:Segoe UI Historic
12802:
12801:
11563:
11562:
10783:
10782:
10302:
10301:
9522:
9521:
9227:
9226:
9219:recent photograph
9192:
9182:
9171:
9161:
9151:
9141:
9131:
9121:
9111:
9049:, the God of Gods
9034:
9023:
9016:
8958:Heliodorus pillar
8949:
8948:
8923:
8913:
8895:
8885:
8867:
8828:Buddha Shakyamuni
8820:
8809:
8802:
8720:
8719:
8006:
8005:
7611:
7610:
7376:
7136:
6896:
6656:
6284:
5946:
5945:
3566:Kharoshthi script
3412:radiocarbon dates
2903:to describe his "
2743:Falk's 1993 book
2493:
2492:
1667:
1666:
1283:
1282:
956:Heliodorus pillar
819:Samavāyāṅga Sūtra
808:early Jaina texts
757:Dharmic religions
589:diacritical marks
578:Southeastern Asia
493:rendering support
480:
479:
221:Devanagari script
64:Brahmi script on
16:(Redirected from
24039:
23993:
23986:
23984:Braille literacy
23979:
23961:
23954:
23947:
23940:
23933:
23912:
23905:
23898:
23891:
23884:
23877:
23870:
23852:
23845:
23838:
23831:
23824:
23817:
23810:
23803:
23785:
23778:
23776:Slate and stylus
23771:
23764:
23762:Perkins Brailler
23757:
23750:
23743:
23736:
23729:
23722:
23720:Braille embosser
23715:
23695:
23688:
23681:
23673:
23666:
23659:
23637:
23629:
23622:
23604:
23597:
23588:
23581:
23574:
23567:
23560:
23544:
23541:American Braille
23525:
23522:Algerian Braille
23502:
23495:
23487:
23480:
23472:
23465:
23458:
23451:
23443:
23436:
23429:
23411:
23403:
23396:
23389:
23382:
23375:
23368:
23361:
23354:
23347:
23340:
23317:
23309:
23302:
23278:
23271:
23264:
23257:
23250:
23243:
23236:
23229:
23203:
23198:
23193:
23186:
23181:
23176:
23171:
23164:
23157:
23150:
23137:
23136:
23132:
23125:
23118:
23111:
23104:
23097:
23089:
23082:
23075:
23068:
23061:
23054:
23047:
23040:
23033:
23026:
23019:
23012:
23005:
22997:
22990:
22983:
22976:
22969:
22962:
22955:
22948:
22941:
22934:
22927:
22920:
22913:
22906:
22894:
22887:
22880:
22872:
22865:
22858:
22851:
22836:
22835:
22824:
22817:
22810:
22803:
22786:
22775:
22768:
22761:
22752:
22751:
22542:
22541:
22497:
22496:
22403:
22402:
22395:Semi-syllabaries
22390:
22389:
22091:
22090:
22082:
22081:
22069:
22068:
21954:
21953:
21309:
21308:
21296:
21295:
21198:Japanese Braille
20783:Zanabazar square
20652:Nepalese scripts
20542:Bengali–Assamese
20532:
20531:
20523:
20522:
20510:
20509:
20427:Pitman shorthand
20272:
20271:
20268:
20267:
20255:
20254:
20187:
20186:
20168:
20161:
20154:
20145:
20144:
20128:Sanskrit revival
20118:Punjabi Movement
20083:Bengali movement
19858:
19857:
19225:Great Andamanese
19221:
19220:
19132:
19125:
19118:
19109:
19108:
19098:
19082:
19063:
19056:"Brahmi-Schrift"
19050:
19027:
19014:
18984:
18973:
18949:
18928:
18899:
18874:
18863:. Anthem Press.
18849:
18828:
18810:
18789:
18776:
18752:
18738:
18724:India: A History
18706:
18684:Gérard Fussman,
18681:
18672:
18651:
18640:
18612:
18599:
18593:
18592:
18590:
18589:
18574:
18568:
18567:
18565:
18564:
18549:
18543:
18536:
18530:
18529:
18527:
18526:
18520:
18505:
18496:
18490:
18484:
18478:
18470:
18464:
18463:
18435:
18429:
18417:
18415:
18414:
18396:
18390:
18389:
18387:
18386:
18358:
18352:
18351:
18349:
18348:
18320:
18314:
18312:
18305:
18299:
18298:
18296:
18295:
18289:
18282:
18274:
18265:
18264:
18255:
18246:
18245:
18235:
18229:
18228:
18226:
18225:
18207:
18201:
18200:
18191:
18185:
18180:
18174:
18173:
18171:
18170:
18164:
18158:. pp. 4–6.
18157:
18147:
18141:
18135:
18126:
18113:
18107:
18106:
18096:
18090:
18084:
18078:
18077:
18075:
18074:
18046:
18040:
18039:
18037:
18036:
18008:
18002:
17989:
17978:
17977:
17975:
17974:
17946:
17940:
17939:
17929:
17918:
17911:Allahabad Pillar
17904:
17898:
17892:
17886:
17874:Inscriptions of
17872:
17866:
17864:Edicts of Ashoka
17860:
17854:
17846:
17840:
17839:
17837:
17836:
17808:
17802:
17801:
17793:
17787:
17780:
17774:
17773:
17771:
17770:
17752:
17746:
17745:, p. 62–64.
17740:
17734:
17733:
17725:
17719:
17713:
17707:
17701:
17695:
17689:
17683:
17677:
17671:
17670:
17668:
17667:
17639:
17628:
17627:
17625:
17624:
17596:
17590:
17589:
17587:
17586:
17568:
17562:
17549:
17543:
17542:
17540:
17539:
17511:
17505:
17504:
17502:
17501:
17483:
17481:
17480:
17452:
17446:
17440:
17434:
17433:
17424:
17418:
17408:
17402:
17396:
17390:
17389:
17387:
17386:
17369:
17363:
17362:
17352:
17346:
17345:
17343:
17342:
17325:
17319:
17318:
17305:
17299:
17286:
17280:
17279:
17269:
17263:
17262:
17253:
17247:
17246:
17244:
17243:
17226:
17217:
17216:
17207:
17201:
17200:
17194:
17193:
17160:
17154:
17148:
17137:
17131:
17125:
17124:
17115:
17109:
17108:
17099:
17093:
17087:
17066:
17060:
17054:
17044:
17038:
17037:
17035:
17034:
17006:
17000:
16999:
16989:
16966:
16963:
16957:
16954:
16948:
16947:
16945:
16943:
16937:
16926:
16917:
16911:
16908:
16902:
16884:
16878:
16877:
16849:
16838:
16832:
16823:
16817:
16811:
16805:
16796:
16790:
16784:
16778:
16772:
16766:
16760:
16754:
16748:
16742:
16733:
16732:
16730:
16729:
16701:
16695:
16694:
16686:
16680:
16674:
16665:
16664:
16646:
16640:
16639:
16638:
16637:
16613:
16607:
16591:
16585:
16584:
16582:
16581:
16553:
16547:
16546:
16544:
16543:
16515:
16509:
16503:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16493:
16465:
16459:
16458:
16456:
16455:
16427:
16421:
16406:
16397:
16396:
16394:
16393:
16365:
16359:
16358:
16356:
16355:
16319:
16313:
16307:
16301:
16300:
16298:
16296:
16282:
16276:
16275:
16267:
16261:
16260:
16258:
16257:
16239:
16233:
16227:
16221:
16215:
16209:
16208:
16206:
16205:
16187:
16181:
16180:
16177:Brill Publishers
16168:
16162:
16161:
16159:
16158:
16139:
16133:
16132:
16130:
16129:
16101:
16095:
16094:
16084:
16078:
16072:
16066:
16060:
16054:
16053:
16017:
16011:
16010:
16003:Patrick Olivelle
15998:
15992:
15991:
15989:
15987:
15967:
15961:
15955:
15949:
15935:
15929:
15922:
15916:
15900:Kak, S. (1988).
15898:
15892:
15889:The Golden Chain
15872:Kak, S. (2005).
15870:
15864:
15863:
15862:
15861:
15855:
15840:
15831:
15825:
15824:
15822:
15821:
15793:
15787:
15786:
15780:
15779:
15751:
15745:
15744:
15742:
15741:
15713:
15707:
15706:
15698:
15692:
15691:
15683:
15677:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15656:
15650:
15649:
15647:
15646:
15618:
15612:
15611:
15606:
15605:
15577:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15567:
15521:
15508:
15502:
15496:
15490:
15484:
15478:
15472:
15466:
15460:
15459:
15431:
15420:
15414:
15408:
15402:
15393:
15387:
15381:
15380:
15367:
15358:
15342:
15333:
15332:
15330:
15329:
15297:
15291:
15290:
15288:
15286:
15251:
15245:
15244:
15243:, pp. 10–12
15241:Brill Publishers
15232:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15216:
15202:
15196:
15195:
15187:
15181:
15180:, p. 82–83.
15175:
15169:
15168:, p. 76–77.
15163:
15157:
15156:
15144:
15138:
15132:
15123:
15117:
15111:
15105:
15099:
15098:
15089:
15083:
15077:
15066:
15060:
15054:
15053:, p. 84–91.
15048:
15039:
15038:
15036:
15035:
15011:
15005:
15004:
14996:
14987:
14981:
14975:
14969:
14963:
14957:
14948:
14942:
14933:
14932:
14926:
14925:
14906:
14900:
14899:
14897:
14896:
14856:
14850:
14849:
14847:
14846:
14818:
14812:
14811:
14803:
14797:
14791:
14785:
14783:
14775:
14769:
14763:
14754:
14748:
14739:
14738:, pp. 19–20
14733:
14724:
14718:
14712:
14706:
14697:
14696:
14676:
14670:
14669:
14654:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14644:
14604:
14598:
14592:
14586:
14579:
14577:
14576:
14558:
14549:
14548:
14538:
14532:
14526:
14520:
14514:
14508:
14498:
14492:
14486:
14480:
14474:
14463:
14457:
14451:
14445:
14439:
14433:
14427:
14421:
14415:
14414:
14382:
14376:
14375:
14347:
14338:
14332:
14326:
14325:
14323:
14322:
14292:
14279:
14278:
14272:
14271:
14249:Indian Epigraphy
14240:
14234:
14228:
14222:
14221:
14212:
14211:
14183:
14177:
14176:
14171:
14170:
14139:
14133:
14132:
14126:
14125:
14090:
14084:
14083:
14072:
14071:
14043:
14037:
14036:
14030:
14029:
13998:
13992:
13991:
13981:
13980:
13952:
13946:
13945:
13923:
13922:
13891:
13885:
13884:
13875:
13874:
13847:Lahiri, Nayanjot
13843:
13837:
13836:
13834:
13833:
13805:
13799:
13798:
13793:
13792:
13773:
13767:
13766:
13764:
13763:
13754:. Archived from
13723:
13714:
13708:
13699:
13688:
13682:
13674:Fa yiian chu lin
13667:
13661:
13655:
13638:
13627:
13621:
13614:
13608:
13602:
13596:
13594:
13588:
13574:
13519:
13513:
13505:matres lectionis
13496:
13489:
13483:
13464:
13405:
13397:
13383:
13382:
12988:
12983:
12899:
12898:
12894:
12893:𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻
12864:commissioned by
12862:Noto Sans Brahmi
12827:Origin of Hangul
12823:Tibetan alphabet
12815:'Phags-pa script
12797:
12790:
12783:
12776:
12769:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12671:
12664:
12657:
12650:
12643:
12636:
12629:
12622:
12615:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12560:
12553:
12546:
12539:
12532:
12525:
12518:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12490:
12483:
12476:
12469:
12462:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12434:
12427:
12420:
12413:
12406:
12399:
12392:
12385:
12378:
12371:
12364:
12357:
12350:
12343:
12336:
12321:
12314:
12307:
12300:
12293:
12286:
12279:
12272:
12265:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12237:
12230:
12223:
12216:
12209:
12202:
12195:
12188:
12181:
12174:
12167:
12160:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12104:
12097:
12084:
12077:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12035:
12028:
12021:
12014:
12007:
12000:
11993:
11986:
11979:
11972:
11965:
11958:
11951:
11944:
11937:
11930:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11851:
11795:scripts such as
11746:Grantha alphabet
11683:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11643:
11623:
11595:
11576:
11557:
11556:
11551:
11544:
11537:
11536:
11531:
11524:
11517:
11516:
11511:
11504:
11497:
11496:
11491:
11484:
11477:
11476:
11471:
11464:
11457:
11456:
11451:
11444:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11417:
11410:
11409:
11404:
11397:
11390:
11389:
11384:
11377:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11357:
11350:
11349:
11344:
11337:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11317:
11310:
11309:
11304:
11297:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11270:
11263:
11262:
11257:
11250:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11230:
11223:
11222:
11217:
11210:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11190:
11183:
11182:
11177:
11170:
11163:
11162:
11157:
11150:
11134:
11133:
11128:
11121:
11114:
11113:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11093:
11088:
11081:
11074:
11073:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11053:
11048:
11041:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11021:
11014:
11013:
11008:
11001:
10987:
10986:
10981:
10974:
10965:
10964:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10944:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10924:
10919:
10912:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10892:
10885:
10884:
10879:
10872:
10790:
10789:
10779:
10775:
10768:
10763:
10759:
10752:
10745:
10741:
10734:
10729:
10725:
10718:
10711:
10707:
10700:
10693:
10689:
10678:
10674:
10667:
10660:
10656:
10649:
10640:
10636:
10627:
10623:
10616:
10607:
10603:
10594:
10590:
10583:
10574:
10570:
10563:
10556:
10552:
10545:
10520:
10519:
10510:
10494:
10444:
10434:
10431:
10409:
10399:
10390:
10377:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10331:
10315:
10296:
10295:
10290:
10283:
10276:
10275:
10270:
10263:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10243:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10223:
10216:
10215:
10210:
10203:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10183:
10169:
10168:
10163:
10156:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10136:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10116:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10096:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10068:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10048:
10043:
10036:
10022:
10021:
10016:
10009:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9981:
9976:
9969:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9941:
9936:
9929:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9889:
9873:
9872:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9832:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9800:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9780:
9773:
9772:
9767:
9760:
9753:
9752:
9747:
9740:
9726:
9725:
9720:
9713:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9691:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9663:
9658:
9651:
9644:
9643:
9638:
9631:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9611:
9529:
9528:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9502:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9468:
9464:
9457:
9450:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9428:
9417:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9395:
9388:
9379:
9375:
9366:
9362:
9355:
9346:
9342:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9313:
9309:
9302:
9295:
9291:
9284:
9259:
9258:
9190:
9187:
9180:
9177:
9169:
9166:
9159:
9156:
9149:
9146:
9139:
9136:
9129:
9126:
9119:
9116:
9109:
9106:
9092:lead to heaven:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9009:
9006:
9003:
8998:
8921:
8918:
8911:
8908:
8893:
8890:
8883:
8880:
8877:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺
8865:
8862:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8784:
8755:
8752:
8747:Edicts of Ashoka
8730:
8725:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8665:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8647:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8629:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8611:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8586:
8581:
8580:
8575:
8568:
8563:
8562:
8557:
8550:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8521:
8514:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8478:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8453:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8417:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8381:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8363:
8358:
8357:
8352:
8345:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8318:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8300:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8282:
8277:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8228:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8210:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8165:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8129:
8124:
8123:
8118:
8111:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8093:
8013:
8012:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7734:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7690:
7686:
7679:
7636:
7635:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7432:
7425:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7339:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7132:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6872:
6865:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6652:
6644:
6633:
6622:
6611:
6600:
6589:
6578:
6567:
6556:
6545:
6534:
6523:
6512:
6501:
6490:
6479:
6468:
6457:
6446:
6435:
6424:
6413:
6402:
6391:
6380:
6369:
6358:
6347:
6336:
6325:
6314:
6303:
6292:
6280:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6037:
5968:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
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5469:
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5459:
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5429:
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5405:
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5380:
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5280:
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5017:
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5007:
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4997:
4992:
4987:
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4907:
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4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
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4728:
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4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
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4689:
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4659:
4654:
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4609:
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4455:
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4405:
4400:
4395:
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4375:
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4365:
4360:
4355:
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4340:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
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4261:
4254:
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4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4086:Thomas Trautmann
4036:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3959:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
3948:
3942:
3934:
3924:
3920:
3878:
3799:Annaicoddai seal
3659:Christian Lassen
3652:Allahabad pillar
3641:
3638:
3608:Edicts of Ashoka
3600:Allahabad pillar
3562:Edicts of Ashoka
3514:Christian Lassen
3477:Northern Satraps
3450:
3447:
3349:Edicts of Ashoka
3243:Samvayanga Sutra
3059:Diodorus Siculus
2935:origin ("Dipi").
2930:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2898:
2840:Georg Feuerstein
2748:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2648:
2621:
2607:
2561:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2512:Tibetan alphabet
2509:
2486:
2479:
2469:
2462:
2450:
2443:
2433:
2426:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2335:
2325:
2318:
2306:
2299:
2289:
2282:
2270:
2262:
2252:
2245:
2233:
2226:
2216:
2209:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2173:
2161:
2154:
2144:
2137:
2125:
2118:
2108:
2101:
2089:
2082:
2072:
2065:
2053:
2045:
2035:
2028:
2016:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1956:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1900:
1890:
1883:
1871:
1863:
1853:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1810:
1798:
1791:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1755:
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1738:
1726:
1716:
1709:
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1677:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1608:
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1604:
1602:
1592:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1300:
1276:
1269:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1225:
1210:
1203:
1188:
1181:
1166:
1159:
1144:
1137:
1122:
1115:
1100:
1093:
1078:
1071:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1029:
949:
940:
848:Aramaic alphabet
745:"Child learning
707:
704:
639:, among others.
625:Christian Lassen
602:edicts of Ashoka
547:
546:𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻
540:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
488:
476:
470:
466:
410:
407:
323:Malayalam script
267:Khudabadi script
262:Gurumukhi script
182:Aramaic alphabet
117:
116:
78:
75:
62:
44:
43:
21:
24047:
24046:
24042:
24041:
24040:
24038:
24037:
24036:
24032:Brahmic scripts
24007:
24006:
24005:
23996:
23989:
23982:
23975:
23964:
23957:
23950:
23943:
23936:
23929:
23915:
23908:
23901:
23894:
23887:
23880:
23873:
23866:
23855:
23848:
23841:
23834:
23827:
23820:
23813:
23808:Charles Barbier
23806:
23799:
23788:
23781:
23774:
23767:
23760:
23753:
23746:
23739:
23732:
23725:
23718:
23711:
23698:
23691:
23684:
23676:
23669:
23662:
23655:
23640:
23632:
23625:
23618:
23607:
23600:
23593:
23584:
23577:
23570:
23563:
23558:
23547:
23539:
23533:Frequency-based
23528:
23520:
23505:
23498:
23490:
23483:
23475:
23468:
23461:
23454:
23446:
23439:
23432:
23425:
23414:
23406:
23399:
23392:
23385:
23378:
23371:
23364:
23357:
23350:
23343:
23336:
23329:Bharati Braille
23326:
23320:
23312:
23305:
23298:
23287:
23281:
23274:
23267:
23260:
23253:
23246:
23239:
23232:
23225:
23214:
23208:
23201:
23196:
23189:
23184:
23179:
23174:
23167:
23160:
23153:
23146:
23135:
23128:
23121:
23114:
23107:
23100:
23092:
23085:
23078:
23071:
23064:
23057:
23050:
23043:
23036:
23029:
23022:
23015:
23008:
23000:
22993:
22986:
22979:
22972:
22965:
22958:
22951:
22944:
22937:
22930:
22923:
22916:
22909:
22903:Unified English
22897:
22890:
22883:
22875:
22868:
22861:
22854:
22847:
22832:Braille scripts
22827:
22820:
22813:
22806:
22799:
22788:
22784:
22779:
22734:
22549:
22532:
22528:Stokoe notation
22504:
22483:
22442:
22397:
22376:
22360:
22324:
22303:Logoconsonantal
22298:
22247:
22200:
22169:
22076:
22059:
22040:Siglas poveiras
21961:
21940:
21899:
21803:Younger Futhark
21507:Gregg shorthand
21303:
21282:
21135:
20787:
20517:
20500:
20279:
20262:
20245:
20218:Writing systems
20206:
20181:
20179:writing systems
20172:
20142:
20137:
20113:Nepali movement
20071:
20067:Sanskritisation
20035:
20034:
20024:
20008:
19990:
19922:
19903:Arabi Malayalam
19889:
19845:
19822:
19734:
19711:
19688:
19650:
19612:
19594:
19561:
19533:
19500:
19330:
19285:
19242:
19216:
19210:
19142:
19136:
19089:
19073:
19070:
19047:
19011:
18991:
18989:Further reading
18970:
18946:
18896:
18871:
18847:
18826:
18807:
18773:
18735:
18727:. Grove Press.
18704:
18669:
18637:
18621:
18616:
18615:
18609:Wayback Machine
18600:
18596:
18587:
18585:
18576:
18575:
18571:
18562:
18560:
18551:
18550:
18546:
18537:
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18524:
18522:
18518:
18503:
18497:
18493:
18485:
18481:
18471:
18467:
18460:
18436:
18432:
18427:Wayback Machine
18412:
18410:
18397:
18393:
18384:
18382:
18375:
18359:
18355:
18346:
18344:
18337:
18321:
18317:
18306:
18302:
18293:
18291:
18287:
18280:
18278:"Gupta Unicode"
18276:
18275:
18268:
18257:
18256:
18249:
18236:
18232:
18223:
18221:
18210:
18208:
18204:
18193:
18192:
18188:
18181:
18177:
18168:
18166:
18162:
18155:
18149:
18148:
18144:
18136:
18129:
18124:Wayback Machine
18114:
18110:
18097:
18093:
18085:
18081:
18072:
18070:
18063:
18047:
18043:
18034:
18032:
18025:
18009:
18005:
17999:Wayback Machine
17990:
17981:
17972:
17970:
17963:
17947:
17943:
17930:
17921:
17905:
17901:
17893:
17889:
17881:on the rock at
17873:
17869:
17861:
17857:
17847:
17843:
17834:
17832:
17825:
17809:
17805:
17794:
17790:
17781:
17777:
17768:
17766:
17753:
17749:
17741:
17737:
17726:
17722:
17714:
17710:
17702:
17698:
17690:
17686:
17678:
17674:
17665:
17663:
17656:
17640:
17631:
17622:
17620:
17613:
17597:
17593:
17584:
17582:
17569:
17565:
17560:Wayback Machine
17550:
17546:
17537:
17535:
17528:
17512:
17508:
17499:
17497:
17478:
17476:
17469:
17453:
17449:
17441:
17437:
17426:
17425:
17421:
17409:
17405:
17397:
17393:
17384:
17382:
17371:
17370:
17366:
17353:
17349:
17340:
17338:
17327:
17326:
17322:
17311:
17306:
17302:
17296:Wayback Machine
17287:
17283:
17270:
17266:
17255:
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17250:
17241:
17239:
17228:
17227:
17220:
17209:
17208:
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17191:
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17182:
17161:
17157:
17149:
17140:
17132:
17128:
17117:
17116:
17112:
17101:
17100:
17096:
17088:
17069:
17061:
17057:
17045:
17041:
17032:
17030:
17023:
17007:
17003:
16990:
16969:
16964:
16960:
16955:
16951:
16941:
16939:
16935:
16924:
16918:
16914:
16909:
16905:
16895:Wayback Machine
16885:
16881:
16850:
16841:
16833:
16826:
16818:
16814:
16806:
16799:
16791:
16787:
16779:
16775:
16767:
16763:
16755:
16751:
16743:
16736:
16727:
16725:
16718:
16717:978-813171120-0
16702:
16698:
16687:
16683:
16675:
16668:
16661:
16647:
16643:
16635:
16633:
16614:
16610:
16604:Wayback Machine
16592:
16588:
16579:
16577:
16570:
16554:
16550:
16541:
16539:
16532:
16516:
16512:
16504:
16500:
16491:
16489:
16482:
16466:
16462:
16453:
16451:
16444:
16428:
16424:
16407:
16400:
16391:
16389:
16382:
16366:
16362:
16353:
16351:
16336:
16320:
16316:
16308:
16304:
16294:
16292:
16283:
16279:
16268:
16264:
16255:
16253:
16240:
16236:
16228:
16224:
16216:
16212:
16203:
16201:
16188:
16184:
16169:
16165:
16156:
16154:
16140:
16136:
16127:
16125:
16118:
16102:
16098:
16085:
16081:
16073:
16069:
16061:
16057:
16018:
16014:
15999:
15995:
15985:
15983:
15968:
15964:
15956:
15952:
15936:
15932:
15923:
15919:
15909:Wayback Machine
15899:
15895:
15881:Wayback Machine
15871:
15867:
15859:
15857:
15853:
15838:
15832:
15828:
15819:
15817:
15810:
15794:
15790:
15777:
15775:
15768:
15752:
15748:
15739:
15737:
15730:
15714:
15710:
15699:
15695:
15684:
15680:
15672:
15670:
15657:
15653:
15644:
15642:
15635:
15619:
15615:
15603:
15601:
15594:
15578:
15574:
15565:
15563:
15548:
15522:
15511:
15503:
15499:
15495:, pp. 104.
15491:
15487:
15479:
15475:
15467:
15463:
15432:
15423:
15415:
15411:
15403:
15396:
15388:
15384:
15368:
15361:
15356:Wayback Machine
15343:
15336:
15327:
15325:
15298:
15294:
15284:
15282:
15252:
15248:
15233:
15224:
15214:
15212:
15203:
15199:
15188:
15184:
15176:
15172:
15164:
15160:
15151:. Winona Lake,
15145:
15141:
15133:
15126:
15118:
15114:
15106:
15102:
15090:
15086:
15078:
15069:
15061:
15057:
15049:
15042:
15033:
15031:
15012:
15008:
14997:
14990:
14982:
14978:
14970:
14966:
14958:
14951:
14943:
14936:
14923:
14921:
14908:
14907:
14903:
14894:
14892:
14857:
14853:
14844:
14842:
14835:
14819:
14815:
14804:
14800:
14792:
14788:
14776:
14772:
14764:
14757:
14749:
14742:
14734:
14727:
14719:
14715:
14707:
14700:
14677:
14673:
14655:
14651:
14642:
14640:
14605:
14601:
14593:
14589:
14574:
14572:
14559:
14552:
14539:
14535:
14527:
14523:
14515:
14511:
14499:
14495:
14487:
14483:
14475:
14466:
14458:
14454:
14446:
14442:
14434:
14430:
14422:
14418:
14383:
14379:
14364:10.2307/3087634
14348:
14341:
14333:
14329:
14320:
14318:
14311:
14293:
14282:
14269:
14267:
14260:
14241:
14237:
14229:
14225:
14209:
14207:
14200:
14184:
14180:
14168:
14166:
14159:
14140:
14136:
14123:
14121:
14114:
14091:
14087:
14069:
14067:
14060:
14044:
14040:
14027:
14025:
14018:
13999:
13995:
13986:Asiatic Society
13978:
13976:
13969:
13953:
13949:
13920:
13918:
13911:
13892:
13888:
13872:
13870:
13863:
13844:
13840:
13831:
13829:
13822:
13806:
13802:
13790:
13788:
13775:
13774:
13770:
13761:
13759:
13724:
13717:
13709:
13702:
13689:
13685:
13681:the northwest."
13668:
13664:
13656:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13641:
13628:
13624:
13615:
13611:
13603:
13599:
13520:
13516:
13500:mater lectionis
13490:
13486:
13465:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13447:Anaikoddai seal
13417:
13381: BNJ
13380:
13379:
12986:
12981:
12907:
12895:
12892:
12876:, tied in with
12847:
12841:
12807:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12753:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12585:
12578:
12571:
12319:
12312:
12305:
12298:
12291:
12284:
12277:
12270:
12263:
12256:
12249:
12242:
12235:
12228:
12221:
12214:
12207:
12200:
12193:
12186:
12179:
12172:
12165:
12158:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12130:
12123:
12116:
12109:
12102:
12095:
11766:Javanese script
11741:(9th century).
11711:Edict of Ashoka
11703:
11701:Brahmic scripts
11697:
11690:
11684:
11675:
11624:
11615:
11596:
11587:
11577:
11568:
11553:
11533:
11513:
11493:
11473:
11453:
11426:
11406:
11386:
11366:
11346:
11326:
11306:
11279:
11259:
11239:
11219:
11199:
11179:
11159:
11130:
11110:
11090:
11070:
11050:
11030:
11010:
10983:
10961:
10941:
10921:
10901:
10881:
10788:
10766:
10750:
10732:
10716:
10535:
10527:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10515:
10514:
10513:Usage examples.
10511:
10503:
10502:
10495:
10486:
10485:
10479:
10474:
10468:
10462:
10455:
10445:
10436:
10432:
10414:Western Satraps
10410:
10401:
10368:
10358:
10340:Western Satraps
10332:
10323:
10316:
10307:
10292:
10272:
10252:
10232:
10212:
10192:
10165:
10145:
10125:
10105:
10085:
10065:
10045:
10018:
9998:
9978:
9958:
9938:
9918:
9898:
9869:
9849:
9829:
9809:
9789:
9769:
9749:
9722:
9700:
9680:
9660:
9640:
9620:
9527:
9505:
9489:
9471:
9455:
9274:
9266:
9249:
9232:
9202:Richard Salomon
9194:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9098:
9091:
9087:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9071:, as ambassador
9062:
9056:
9050:
9027:
9020:
9019:Transliteration
9013:
9004:
8954:
8925:
8922:aṭha-bhāgiye ca
8920:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8898:
8896:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8870:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8849:
8813:
8806:
8805:Transliteration
8799:
8790:
8768:
8762:
8753:
8743:
8737:
8723:
8710:
8699:
8692:
8681:
8674:
8663:
8656:
8645:
8638:
8627:
8620:
8609:
8595:
8584:
8577:
8566:
8559:
8548:
8541:
8530:
8523:
8512:
8505:
8494:
8487:
8476:
8462:
8451:
8444:
8433:
8426:
8415:
8408:
8397:
8390:
8379:
8372:
8361:
8354:
8343:
8327:
8316:
8309:
8298:
8291:
8280:
8273:
8262:
8255:
8244:
8237:
8226:
8219:
8208:
8194:
8183:
8174:
8163:
8156:
8145:
8138:
8127:
8120:
8109:
8102:
8091:
8011:
7989:
7973:
7957:
7941:
7923:
7907:
7891:
7875:
7857:
7841:
7825:
7809:
7791:
7775:
7759:
7743:
7725:
7709:
7693:
7677:
7671:
7661:
7653:
7643:
7626:
7618:
6870:
6863:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6013:
5966:
5951:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3990:
3987:
3978:
3975:
3966:
3961:, "Sage of the
3935:
3899:
3893:
3861:
3836:
3834:Characteristics
3815:
3741:
3739:Southern Brahmi
3733:Richard Salomon
3696:
3689:
3639:
3585:Brahmic scripts
3579:written by the
3573:Charles Wilkins
3554:Brahmic scripts
3540:, according to
3493:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3425:
3335:pillar, now in
3311:
3247:Pragyapna Sutra
3156:
3083:
3025:
2943:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2883:
2812:Raymond Allchin
2804:Stephen Langdon
2792:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2706:
2653:𐤑 rather than
2554:(Θ) for Brahmi
2504:stops, such as
1672:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1279:curve addition
1169:curve addition
1125:curve addition
1054:
1049:
1036:
1028:/kə/,/kʰə/,/gə/
990:
989:
988:
987:
952:
951:
950:
942:
941:
898:Semitic scripts
840:
832:
813:Paṇṇavaṇā Sūtra
734:
710:Brahmi numerals
705:
671:Gabriel Devéria
644:Semitic scripts
570:Brahmic scripts
566:3rd century BCE
545:
538:
512:
508:
502:
501:
500:
489:
447:
441:U+11000–U+1107F
437:
425:
408:
405:
385:
272:Mahajani script
231:Gujarati script
200:
193:
163:
156:Related scripts
111:
99:
92:
80:
76:
53:
48:
42:
39:Brahmic scripts
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
24045:
24035:
24034:
24029:
24024:
24019:
24002:
24001:
23998:
23997:
23995:
23994:
23987:
23980:
23972:
23970:
23969:Related topics
23966:
23965:
23963:
23962:
23955:
23948:
23945:New York Point
23941:
23934:
23926:
23924:
23917:
23916:
23914:
23913:
23906:
23899:
23892:
23885:
23878:
23871:
23863:
23861:
23857:
23856:
23854:
23853:
23846:
23839:
23832:
23829:Harris Mowbray
23825:
23818:
23811:
23804:
23796:
23794:
23790:
23789:
23787:
23786:
23779:
23772:
23765:
23758:
23751:
23744:
23737:
23730:
23723:
23716:
23713:Braille e-book
23708:
23706:
23700:
23699:
23697:
23696:
23689:
23682:
23674:
23667:
23660:
23652:
23650:
23646:
23645:
23642:
23641:
23639:
23638:
23630:
23623:
23615:
23613:
23609:
23608:
23606:
23605:
23598:
23591:
23590:
23589:
23582:
23575:
23568:
23555:
23553:
23549:
23548:
23546:
23545:
23536:
23534:
23530:
23529:
23527:
23526:
23517:
23515:
23511:
23510:
23507:
23506:
23504:
23503:
23496:
23488:
23481:
23473:
23466:
23459:
23452:
23444:
23437:
23430:
23422:
23420:
23416:
23415:
23413:
23412:
23404:
23397:
23390:
23383:
23376:
23369:
23362:
23355:
23348:
23341:
23333:
23331:
23322:
23321:
23319:
23318:
23310:
23303:
23295:
23293:
23283:
23282:
23280:
23279:
23272:
23265:
23258:
23251:
23244:
23237:
23230:
23222:
23220:
23210:
23209:
23207:
23206:
23205:
23204:
23199:
23194:
23187:
23182:
23177:
23165:
23158:
23151:
23143:
23141:
23134:
23133:
23126:
23119:
23112:
23105:
23098:
23090:
23083:
23076:
23069:
23062:
23055:
23048:
23041:
23034:
23027:
23020:
23013:
23006:
22998:
22991:
22984:
22977:
22970:
22963:
22956:
22949:
22942:
22935:
22928:
22921:
22914:
22907:
22895:
22888:
22881:
22873:
22866:
22859:
22852:
22844:
22842:
22840:French-ordered
22833:
22829:
22828:
22826:
22825:
22818:
22811:
22804:
22796:
22794:
22790:
22789:
22778:
22777:
22770:
22763:
22755:
22748:
22747:
22744:
22743:
22740:
22739:
22736:
22735:
22733:
22732:
22727:
22722:
22717:
22712:
22707:
22702:
22697:
22692:
22687:
22682:
22680:Linear Elamite
22677:
22672:
22667:
22662:
22661:
22660:
22655:
22650:
22645:
22640:
22635:
22625:
22620:
22615:
22610:
22605:
22600:
22595:
22590:
22585:
22580:
22575:
22570:
22565:
22560:
22554:
22551:
22550:
22538:
22537:
22534:
22533:
22531:
22530:
22525:
22520:
22515:
22509:
22506:
22505:
22502:Sign languages
22493:
22492:
22489:
22488:
22485:
22484:
22482:
22481:
22479:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
22476:
22471:
22466:
22461:
22456:
22454:Espanca script
22450:
22448:
22444:
22443:
22441:
22440:
22435:
22430:
22425:
22420:
22415:
22413:Linear Elamite
22409:
22407:
22399:
22398:
22386:
22385:
22382:
22381:
22378:
22377:
22375:
22374:
22368:
22366:
22362:
22361:
22359:
22358:
22353:
22348:
22343:
22338:
22332:
22330:
22326:
22325:
22323:
22322:
22317:
22312:
22306:
22304:
22300:
22299:
22297:
22296:
22294:Yi (Classical)
22291:
22286:
22281:
22276:
22271:
22266:
22261:
22255:
22253:
22249:
22248:
22246:
22245:
22240:
22235:
22230:
22225:
22220:
22214:
22212:
22206:
22205:
22202:
22201:
22199:
22198:
22193:
22188:
22183:
22177:
22175:
22171:
22170:
22168:
22167:
22162:
22157:
22152:
22147:
22142:
22141:
22140:
22135:
22130:
22120:
22118:Bronze scripts
22115:
22110:
22105:
22099:
22097:
22088:
22078:
22077:
22065:
22064:
22061:
22060:
22058:
22057:
22052:
22047:
22042:
22037:
22032:
22027:
22022:
22017:
22012:
22007:
22002:
21997:
21992:
21987:
21982:
21977:
21972:
21966:
21963:
21962:
21950:
21949:
21946:
21945:
21942:
21941:
21939:
21938:
21933:
21931:Flag semaphore
21928:
21926:New York Point
21923:
21921:Telegraph code
21918:
21916:Maritime flags
21913:
21907:
21905:
21901:
21900:
21898:
21897:
21892:
21887:
21882:
21877:
21872:
21870:Visible Speech
21867:
21862:
21857:
21852:
21847:
21842:
21840:Sorang Sompeng
21837:
21832:
21827:
21826:
21825:
21820:
21815:
21810:
21805:
21800:
21795:
21790:
21785:
21775:
21770:
21765:
21760:
21755:
21750:
21745:
21744:
21743:
21742:
21741:
21736:
21731:
21726:
21724:Galik alphabet
21721:
21706:
21701:
21696:
21691:
21686:
21681:
21676:
21671:
21666:
21661:
21656:
21651:
21646:
21641:
21636:
21631:
21630:
21629:
21624:
21622:Tironian notes
21619:
21614:
21609:
21604:
21599:
21594:
21589:
21584:
21579:
21574:
21569:
21564:
21554:
21549:
21544:
21539:
21534:
21529:
21524:
21519:
21509:
21504:
21499:
21494:
21489:
21488:
21487:
21482:
21477:
21467:
21465:Garay alphabet
21462:
21457:
21452:
21447:
21442:
21437:
21432:
21427:
21422:
21417:
21416:
21415:
21405:
21400:
21399:
21398:
21393:
21383:
21378:
21373:
21368:
21363:
21358:
21353:
21348:
21343:
21342:
21341:
21331:
21326:
21321:
21315:
21313:
21305:
21304:
21292:
21291:
21288:
21287:
21284:
21283:
21281:
21280:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21250:
21248:Sorang Sompeng
21245:
21240:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21174:
21173:
21171:Déné syllabics
21168:
21158:
21153:
21147:
21145:
21141:
21140:
21137:
21136:
21134:
21133:
21132:
21131:
21126:
21116:
21115:
21114:
21109:
21104:
21099:
21094:
21089:
21084:
21074:
21069:
21064:
21059:
21054:
21049:
21044:
21039:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21008:
21007:
20997:
20992:
20987:
20982:
20977:
20972:
20967:
20962:
20961:
20960:
20955:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20934:
20933:
20923:
20918:
20913:
20908:
20903:
20898:
20897:
20896:
20886:
20881:
20876:
20871:
20866:
20861:
20856:
20851:
20846:
20841:
20836:
20831:
20826:
20821:
20816:
20811:
20806:
20801:
20795:
20793:
20789:
20788:
20786:
20785:
20780:
20775:
20774:
20773:
20768:
20758:
20753:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20733:
20728:
20727:
20726:
20716:
20715:
20714:
20709:
20704:
20699:
20694:
20689:
20684:
20679:
20674:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20649:
20644:
20639:
20634:
20629:
20624:
20619:
20614:
20609:
20604:
20599:
20594:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20574:
20569:
20564:
20559:
20554:
20549:
20544:
20538:
20536:
20529:
20519:
20518:
20506:
20505:
20502:
20501:
20499:
20498:
20493:
20488:
20487:
20486:
20481:
20476:
20466:
20461:
20460:
20459:
20454:
20444:
20439:
20434:
20432:Proto-Sinaitic
20429:
20424:
20423:
20422:
20412:
20407:
20406:
20405:
20400:
20395:
20390:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20354:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20338:
20328:
20323:
20318:
20317:
20316:
20306:
20305:
20304:
20293:
20292:
20284:
20281:
20280:
20264:
20263:
20251:
20250:
20247:
20246:
20244:
20243:
20237:
20236:
20235:
20230:
20225:
20214:
20212:
20208:
20207:
20205:
20204:
20199:
20193:
20191:
20183:
20182:
20171:
20170:
20163:
20156:
20148:
20139:
20138:
20136:
20135:
20130:
20125:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20108:Newar movement
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20079:
20077:
20073:
20072:
20070:
20069:
20064:
20063:
20062:
20052:
20051:
20050:
20043:Englishisation
20039:
20037:
20030:
20029:
20026:
20025:
20023:
20022:
20016:
20014:
20010:
20009:
20007:
20006:
20000:
19998:
19992:
19991:
19989:
19988:
19983:
19978:
19973:
19968:
19963:
19958:
19953:
19948:
19943:
19938:
19932:
19930:
19924:
19923:
19921:
19920:
19915:
19910:
19905:
19899:
19897:
19891:
19890:
19888:
19887:
19882:
19881:(Undeciphered)
19876:
19871:
19864:
19862:
19855:
19851:
19850:
19847:
19846:
19844:
19843:
19838:
19832:
19830:
19824:
19823:
19821:
19820:
19815:
19810:
19805:
19800:
19795:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19744:
19742:
19736:
19735:
19733:
19732:
19727:
19721:
19719:
19713:
19712:
19710:
19709:
19704:
19698:
19696:
19690:
19689:
19687:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19660:
19658:
19652:
19651:
19649:
19648:
19643:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19622:
19620:
19614:
19613:
19611:
19610:
19604:
19602:
19596:
19595:
19593:
19592:
19587:
19582:
19577:
19571:
19569:
19563:
19562:
19560:
19559:
19554:
19549:
19543:
19541:
19535:
19534:
19532:
19531:
19526:
19521:
19516:
19510:
19508:
19502:
19501:
19499:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19483:
19478:
19473:
19468:
19463:
19458:
19453:
19448:
19443:
19438:
19433:
19428:
19423:
19418:
19413:
19408:
19407:
19406:
19401:
19396:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19340:
19338:
19332:
19331:
19329:
19328:
19327:
19326:
19321:
19316:
19311:
19306:
19295:
19293:
19287:
19286:
19284:
19283:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19263:
19258:
19252:
19250:
19244:
19243:
19241:
19240:
19235:
19229:
19227:
19218:
19212:
19211:
19209:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19187:
19186:
19181:
19176:
19166:
19161:
19156:
19150:
19148:
19144:
19143:
19135:
19134:
19127:
19120:
19112:
19106:
19105:
19102:Indoskript 2.0
19099:
19087:
19069:
19068:External links
19066:
19065:
19064:
19051:
19045:
19028:
19015:
19009:
18990:
18987:
18986:
18985:
18974:
18968:
18950:
18944:
18929:
18917:10.2307/604670
18911:(2): 271–279.
18900:
18894:
18875:
18869:
18851:
18845:
18830:
18824:
18811:
18805:
18790:
18777:
18771:
18753:
18739:
18733:
18715:
18708:
18702:
18689:
18682:
18673:
18667:
18652:
18641:
18635:
18620:
18617:
18614:
18613:
18594:
18569:
18544:
18531:
18491:
18479:
18465:
18458:
18430:
18391:
18373:
18353:
18335:
18315:
18300:
18266:
18247:
18244:. p. 103.
18230:
18202:
18186:
18175:
18152:Brahmi Unicode
18142:
18127:
18108:
18105:. p. 157.
18091:
18079:
18061:
18041:
18023:
18003:
17979:
17961:
17941:
17919:
17899:
17887:
17876:Western Satrap
17867:
17855:
17841:
17823:
17803:
17788:
17775:
17747:
17743:Trautmann 2006
17735:
17720:
17708:
17696:
17684:
17672:
17654:
17629:
17611:
17591:
17563:
17544:
17526:
17506:
17467:
17447:
17445:, p. 208.
17435:
17419:
17403:
17401:, p. 207.
17391:
17364:
17347:
17320:
17300:
17281:
17264:
17261:. p. 723.
17248:
17218:
17202:
17180:
17155:
17138:
17126:
17110:
17107:. p. 723.
17094:
17067:
17055:
17039:
17021:
17001:
16967:
16958:
16949:
16912:
16903:
16901:. 6. pp.45–47.
16879:
16839:
16824:
16812:
16810:, p. 377.
16797:
16785:
16773:
16761:
16749:
16734:
16716:
16696:
16681:
16679:, pp. 8–9
16666:
16659:
16641:
16608:
16586:
16568:
16548:
16530:
16510:
16498:
16480:
16460:
16442:
16422:
16398:
16380:
16360:
16334:
16314:
16302:
16277:
16262:
16234:
16232:, p. 245.
16222:
16210:
16182:
16163:
16149:. p. 90.
16134:
16116:
16096:
16079:
16077:, p. 135.
16067:
16055:
16028:(2): 307–318.
16012:
15993:
15962:
15950:
15930:
15917:
15893:
15865:
15826:
15808:
15788:
15766:
15746:
15728:
15708:
15693:
15678:
15651:
15633:
15613:
15592:
15572:
15546:
15509:
15497:
15485:
15483:, pp. 23.
15473:
15461:
15448:10.2307/604670
15442:(2): 271–278.
15421:
15409:
15394:
15382:
15359:
15334:
15292:
15246:
15222:
15197:
15182:
15170:
15158:
15139:
15124:
15112:
15100:
15084:
15067:
15055:
15040:
15006:
14988:
14976:
14964:
14949:
14934:
14901:
14851:
14833:
14813:
14798:
14786:
14770:
14755:
14753:, p. 378.
14740:
14725:
14713:
14698:
14687:(1/4): 39–47.
14671:
14649:
14619:(3): 661–680.
14599:
14587:
14550:
14533:
14521:
14519:, p. 119.
14509:
14493:
14481:
14464:
14460:Trautmann 2006
14452:
14440:
14438:, p. 106.
14428:
14416:
14377:
14358:(2): 391–393.
14339:
14327:
14309:
14280:
14258:
14235:
14223:
14198:
14178:
14157:
14134:
14112:
14094:Kulke, Hermann
14085:
14058:
14038:
14016:
13993:
13967:
13947:
13909:
13895:Thapar, Romila
13886:
13861:
13838:
13820:
13800:
13768:
13744:10.2307/604670
13738:(2): 271–279.
13715:
13700:
13683:
13662:
13649:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13640:
13639:
13633:(Gujarat) and
13622:
13609:
13597:
13514:
13484:
13458:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13410:
13409:
13408:
13407:
13399:
13385:
13384:
13377:
13375:
13373:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13353:
13350:
13347:
13344:
13341:
13337:
13336:
13333:
13330:
13327:
13324:
13321:
13318:
13315:
13312:
13309:
13306:
13303:
13300:
13297:
13294:
13291:
13288:
13284:
13283:
13280:
13277:
13274:
13271:
13268:
13265:
13262:
13259:
13256:
13253:
13250:
13247:
13244:
13241:
13239:
13237:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13222:
13219:
13216:
13213:
13210:
13207:
13204:
13201:
13198:
13195:
13192:
13189:
13186:
13182:
13181:
13178:
13175:
13172:
13169:
13166:
13163:
13160:
13157:
13154:
13151:
13148:
13145:
13142:
13139:
13136:
13133:
13129:
13128:
13125:
13122:
13119:
13116:
13113:
13110:
13107:
13104:
13101:
13098:
13095:
13092:
13089:
13086:
13083:
13080:
13076:
13075:
13072:
13069:
13066:
13063:
13060:
13057:
13054:
13051:
13048:
13045:
13042:
13039:
13036:
13033:
13030:
13027:
13023:
13022:
13019:
13016:
13013:
13010:
13007:
13004:
13001:
12998:
12995:
12992:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12976:
12973:
12970:
12966:
12965:
12962:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12941:
12938:
12935:
12932:
12929:
12926:
12923:
12920:
12917:
12913:
12912:
12891:
12843:Main article:
12840:
12837:
12806:
12803:
12800:
12799:
12792:
12785:
12778:
12771:
12764:
12757:
12750:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12680:
12673:
12666:
12659:
12652:
12645:
12638:
12631:
12624:
12617:
12610:
12603:
12596:
12589:
12582:
12575:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12554:
12547:
12540:
12533:
12526:
12519:
12512:
12505:
12498:
12491:
12484:
12477:
12470:
12463:
12456:
12449:
12442:
12435:
12428:
12421:
12414:
12407:
12400:
12393:
12386:
12379:
12372:
12365:
12358:
12351:
12344:
12337:
12330:
12324:
12323:
12316:
12309:
12302:
12295:
12288:
12281:
12274:
12267:
12260:
12253:
12246:
12239:
12232:
12225:
12218:
12211:
12204:
12197:
12190:
12183:
12176:
12169:
12162:
12155:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12086:
12085:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12057:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12029:
12022:
12015:
12008:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11980:
11973:
11966:
11959:
11952:
11945:
11938:
11931:
11924:
11917:
11910:
11903:
11896:
11889:
11882:
11875:
11868:
11861:
11854:
11782:Old Mon script
11774:Khmer alphabet
11735:Siddhaṃ script
11699:Main article:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11691:
11685:
11678:
11676:
11625:
11618:
11616:
11597:
11590:
11588:
11578:
11571:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11545:
11538:
11525:
11518:
11505:
11498:
11485:
11478:
11465:
11458:
11445:
11438:
11432:
11431:
11418:
11411:
11398:
11391:
11378:
11371:
11358:
11351:
11338:
11331:
11318:
11311:
11298:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11271:
11264:
11251:
11244:
11231:
11224:
11211:
11204:
11191:
11184:
11171:
11164:
11151:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11122:
11115:
11102:
11095:
11082:
11075:
11062:
11055:
11042:
11035:
11022:
11015:
11002:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10975:
10968:
10966:
10953:
10946:
10933:
10926:
10913:
10906:
10893:
10886:
10873:
10866:
10860:
10859:
10856:
10853:
10850:
10847:
10844:
10841:
10834:
10833:
10830:
10827:
10824:
10821:
10814:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10769:
10764:
10753:
10747:
10746:
10735:
10730:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10701:
10694:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10668:
10661:
10650:
10642:
10641:
10630:
10628:
10617:
10609:
10608:
10597:
10595:
10584:
10576:
10575:
10564:
10557:
10546:
10538:
10537:
10532:
10529:
10524:
10512:
10505:
10504:
10496:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10464:Main article:
10461:
10458:
10457:
10456:
10446:
10439:
10437:
10411:
10404:
10402:
10352:
10333:
10326:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10284:
10277:
10264:
10257:
10244:
10237:
10224:
10217:
10204:
10197:
10184:
10177:
10171:
10170:
10157:
10150:
10137:
10130:
10117:
10110:
10097:
10090:
10077:
10070:
10057:
10050:
10037:
10030:
10024:
10023:
10010:
10003:
9990:
9983:
9970:
9963:
9950:
9943:
9930:
9923:
9910:
9903:
9890:
9883:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9861:
9854:
9841:
9834:
9821:
9814:
9801:
9794:
9781:
9774:
9761:
9754:
9741:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9714:
9707:
9705:
9692:
9685:
9672:
9665:
9652:
9645:
9632:
9625:
9612:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9573:
9572:
9569:
9566:
9563:
9560:
9553:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9526:
9523:
9520:
9519:
9508:
9503:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9474:
9469:
9458:
9452:
9451:
9440:
9433:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9407:
9400:
9389:
9381:
9380:
9369:
9367:
9356:
9348:
9347:
9336:
9334:
9323:
9315:
9314:
9303:
9296:
9285:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9268:
9263:
9248:
9245:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9224:
9206:
9200:, Sukthankar,
9184:
9174:
9163:
9153:
9143:
9133:
9123:
9113:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9094:self-restraint
9088:
9039:
9036:
9035:
9024:
9017:
9005: 113 BCE
8953:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8932:
8915:
8905:𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀫𑀺𑀦𑀺
8897:
8887:
8869:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8822:
8821:
8810:
8803:
8791: 248 BCE
8764:Main article:
8761:
8758:
8754: 250 BCE
8736:
8733:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8702:
8697:
8684:
8679:
8666:
8661:
8648:
8643:
8630:
8625:
8612:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8587:
8582:
8569:
8564:
8551:
8546:
8533:
8528:
8515:
8510:
8497:
8492:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8454:
8449:
8436:
8431:
8418:
8413:
8400:
8395:
8382:
8377:
8364:
8359:
8346:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8319:
8314:
8301:
8296:
8283:
8278:
8265:
8260:
8247:
8242:
8229:
8224:
8211:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8186:
8181:
8179:
8166:
8161:
8148:
8143:
8130:
8125:
8112:
8107:
8094:
8089:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8003:
7992:
7987:
7976:
7971:
7960:
7955:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7926:
7921:
7910:
7905:
7894:
7889:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7860:
7855:
7844:
7839:
7828:
7823:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7794:
7789:
7778:
7773:
7762:
7757:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7728:
7723:
7712:
7707:
7696:
7691:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7625:
7622:
7617:
7614:
7609:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7559:
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7545:
7538:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7369:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7129:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6889:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6649:
6648:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6442:
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6439:
6431:
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6428:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
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6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
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6171:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
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6045:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
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5729:
5724:
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5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
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5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
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5599:
5594:
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5570:
5565:
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5407:
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5401:
5396:
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5371:
5366:
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5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
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4590:
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4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
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4525:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3936:
3929:
3892:
3889:
3860:
3857:
3835:
3832:
3814:
3811:
3740:
3737:
3694:
3492:
3489:
3473:Indo-Scythians
3434:Indo-Scythians
3431:
3424:
3421:
3388:trade networks
3382:rather than a
3310:
3307:
3295:𑀥𑀁𑀫𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺
3170:". In popular
3155:
3152:
3094:Kenneth Norman
3082:
3079:
3024:
3021:
2939:Main article:
2882:
2879:
2791:
2788:
2751:writing system
2726:Reverse: With
2705:
2702:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2480:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2444:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2408:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2372:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2264:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2047:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1627:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Proto-Sinaitic
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1035:
1032:
960:Madhya Pradesh
954:
953:
944:
943:
935:
934:
933:
932:
931:
902:Albrecht Weber
836:Main article:
831:
828:
810:, such as the
797:Gautama Buddha
733:
730:
558:writing system
490:
483:
482:
481:
478:
477:
471:⟩, see
444:
443:
438:
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
403:
397:
396:
392:
391:
386:
384:Sister systems
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
367:
366:
365:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
354:Kannada script
336:
335:
334:
329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
315:
310:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
235:
234:
233:
228:
223:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
166:
164:
162:Parent systems
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:
77: 250 BCE
63:
55:
54:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24044:
24033:
24030:
24028:
24025:
24023:
24020:
24018:
24015:
24014:
24012:
23992:
23988:
23985:
23981:
23978:
23974:
23973:
23971:
23967:
23960:
23956:
23953:
23952:Night writing
23949:
23946:
23942:
23939:
23935:
23932:
23928:
23927:
23925:
23923:
23918:
23911:
23907:
23904:
23900:
23897:
23893:
23890:
23886:
23883:
23879:
23876:
23872:
23869:
23865:
23864:
23862:
23860:Organisations
23858:
23851:
23847:
23844:
23840:
23837:
23833:
23830:
23826:
23823:
23822:Valentin Haüy
23819:
23816:
23812:
23809:
23805:
23802:
23801:Louis Braille
23798:
23797:
23795:
23791:
23784:
23780:
23777:
23773:
23770:
23766:
23763:
23759:
23756:
23752:
23749:
23745:
23742:
23738:
23735:
23734:Braille watch
23731:
23728:
23724:
23721:
23717:
23714:
23710:
23709:
23707:
23705:
23701:
23694:
23690:
23687:
23683:
23679:
23675:
23672:
23668:
23665:
23661:
23658:
23657:Braille music
23654:
23653:
23651:
23647:
23635:
23631:
23628:
23624:
23621:
23620:Luxembourgish
23617:
23616:
23614:
23610:
23603:
23599:
23596:
23592:
23587:
23583:
23580:
23576:
23573:
23569:
23566:
23562:
23561:
23557:
23556:
23554:
23550:
23542:
23538:
23537:
23535:
23531:
23523:
23519:
23518:
23516:
23512:
23501:
23497:
23493:
23489:
23486:
23482:
23478:
23474:
23471:
23467:
23464:
23460:
23457:
23453:
23449:
23445:
23442:
23438:
23435:
23431:
23428:
23424:
23423:
23421:
23419:Other scripts
23417:
23409:
23405:
23402:
23398:
23395:
23391:
23388:
23384:
23381:
23377:
23374:
23370:
23367:
23363:
23360:
23356:
23353:
23349:
23346:
23342:
23339:
23335:
23334:
23332:
23330:
23323:
23315:
23311:
23308:
23304:
23301:
23297:
23296:
23294:
23291:
23284:
23277:
23273:
23270:
23266:
23263:
23259:
23256:
23252:
23249:
23245:
23242:
23238:
23235:
23231:
23228:
23224:
23223:
23221:
23218:
23211:
23200:
23195:
23192:
23191:Northern Sámi
23188:
23183:
23178:
23173:
23172:
23170:
23166:
23163:
23159:
23156:
23152:
23149:
23145:
23144:
23142:
23140:Nordic family
23138:
23131:
23127:
23124:
23120:
23117:
23113:
23110:
23106:
23103:
23099:
23095:
23091:
23088:
23084:
23081:
23080:South African
23077:
23074:
23070:
23067:
23063:
23060:
23056:
23053:
23049:
23046:
23042:
23039:
23035:
23032:
23028:
23025:
23021:
23018:
23014:
23011:
23007:
23003:
23002:Luxembourgish
22999:
22996:
22992:
22989:
22985:
22982:
22978:
22975:
22971:
22968:
22964:
22961:
22957:
22954:
22950:
22947:
22943:
22940:
22936:
22933:
22929:
22926:
22922:
22919:
22915:
22912:
22908:
22904:
22900:
22896:
22893:
22889:
22886:
22882:
22878:
22874:
22871:
22867:
22864:
22860:
22857:
22853:
22850:
22846:
22845:
22843:
22841:
22837:
22834:
22830:
22823:
22819:
22816:
22815:ASCII braille
22812:
22809:
22805:
22802:
22798:
22797:
22795:
22791:
22783:
22776:
22771:
22769:
22764:
22762:
22757:
22756:
22753:
22749:
22731:
22728:
22726:
22723:
22721:
22718:
22716:
22713:
22711:
22708:
22706:
22703:
22701:
22698:
22696:
22693:
22691:
22688:
22686:
22683:
22681:
22678:
22676:
22673:
22671:
22668:
22666:
22663:
22659:
22656:
22654:
22651:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22634:
22631:
22630:
22629:
22626:
22624:
22621:
22619:
22616:
22614:
22611:
22609:
22606:
22604:
22601:
22599:
22596:
22594:
22591:
22589:
22586:
22584:
22581:
22579:
22576:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22561:
22559:
22556:
22555:
22552:
22548:
22543:
22539:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22519:
22516:
22514:
22511:
22510:
22507:
22503:
22498:
22494:
22480:
22477:
22475:
22472:
22470:
22467:
22465:
22462:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22451:
22449:
22445:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22431:
22429:
22426:
22424:
22421:
22419:
22416:
22414:
22411:
22410:
22408:
22404:
22400:
22396:
22391:
22387:
22373:
22370:
22369:
22367:
22363:
22357:
22354:
22352:
22349:
22347:
22346:Attic (Greek)
22344:
22342:
22339:
22337:
22334:
22333:
22331:
22327:
22321:
22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22307:
22305:
22301:
22295:
22292:
22290:
22287:
22285:
22284:Proto-Elamite
22282:
22280:
22277:
22275:
22272:
22270:
22267:
22265:
22262:
22260:
22257:
22256:
22254:
22250:
22244:
22241:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22215:
22213:
22211:
22207:
22197:
22194:
22192:
22189:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22179:
22178:
22176:
22172:
22166:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22156:
22153:
22151:
22148:
22146:
22143:
22139:
22136:
22134:
22131:
22129:
22126:
22125:
22124:
22121:
22119:
22116:
22114:
22111:
22109:
22106:
22104:
22101:
22100:
22098:
22096:
22092:
22089:
22087:
22083:
22079:
22075:
22070:
22066:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22046:
22043:
22041:
22038:
22036:
22033:
22031:
22028:
22026:
22023:
22021:
22018:
22016:
22013:
22011:
22008:
22006:
22003:
22001:
21998:
21996:
21993:
21991:
21988:
21986:
21983:
21981:
21978:
21976:
21973:
21971:
21968:
21967:
21964:
21960:
21955:
21951:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21924:
21922:
21919:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21908:
21906:
21902:
21896:
21893:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21883:
21881:
21878:
21876:
21873:
21871:
21868:
21866:
21863:
21861:
21858:
21856:
21853:
21851:
21848:
21846:
21843:
21841:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21824:
21821:
21819:
21816:
21814:
21811:
21809:
21806:
21804:
21801:
21799:
21798:Elder Futhark
21796:
21794:
21791:
21789:
21786:
21784:
21781:
21780:
21779:
21776:
21774:
21771:
21769:
21766:
21764:
21761:
21759:
21756:
21754:
21751:
21749:
21746:
21740:
21737:
21735:
21732:
21730:
21727:
21725:
21722:
21720:
21717:
21716:
21715:
21712:
21711:
21710:
21707:
21705:
21702:
21700:
21697:
21695:
21692:
21690:
21689:Old Hungarian
21687:
21685:
21682:
21680:
21677:
21675:
21672:
21670:
21667:
21665:
21662:
21660:
21657:
21655:
21652:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21642:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21628:
21625:
21623:
21620:
21618:
21615:
21613:
21610:
21608:
21605:
21603:
21600:
21598:
21595:
21593:
21590:
21588:
21585:
21583:
21580:
21578:
21575:
21573:
21570:
21568:
21565:
21563:
21560:
21559:
21558:
21555:
21553:
21550:
21548:
21545:
21543:
21540:
21538:
21535:
21533:
21530:
21528:
21525:
21523:
21520:
21517:
21513:
21510:
21508:
21505:
21503:
21500:
21498:
21495:
21493:
21490:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21476:
21473:
21472:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21448:
21446:
21443:
21441:
21438:
21436:
21433:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21421:
21418:
21414:
21411:
21410:
21409:
21406:
21404:
21401:
21397:
21394:
21392:
21389:
21388:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21362:
21359:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21349:
21347:
21344:
21340:
21337:
21336:
21335:
21332:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21316:
21314:
21310:
21306:
21302:
21297:
21293:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21236:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21223:Masaram Gondi
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21194:
21193:Gunjala Gondi
21191:
21189:
21186:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21176:
21172:
21169:
21167:
21164:
21163:
21162:
21159:
21157:
21154:
21152:
21149:
21148:
21146:
21142:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21122:
21121:
21120:
21117:
21113:
21110:
21108:
21105:
21103:
21100:
21098:
21095:
21093:
21090:
21088:
21085:
21083:
21080:
21079:
21078:
21075:
21073:
21070:
21068:
21065:
21063:
21060:
21058:
21055:
21053:
21050:
21048:
21045:
21043:
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21006:
21005:Old Sundanese
21003:
21002:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20991:
20988:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20976:
20973:
20971:
20968:
20966:
20963:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20950:
20949:
20948:Old Maldivian
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20932:
20931:Bilang-bilang
20929:
20928:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20919:
20917:
20914:
20912:
20909:
20907:
20904:
20902:
20899:
20895:
20892:
20891:
20890:
20887:
20885:
20882:
20880:
20877:
20875:
20872:
20870:
20867:
20865:
20862:
20860:
20857:
20855:
20852:
20850:
20847:
20845:
20842:
20840:
20837:
20835:
20832:
20830:
20827:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20800:
20797:
20796:
20794:
20790:
20784:
20781:
20779:
20776:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20763:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20751:Sylheti Nagri
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20725:
20722:
20721:
20720:
20717:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20703:
20700:
20698:
20695:
20693:
20690:
20688:
20685:
20683:
20680:
20678:
20675:
20673:
20670:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20660:
20658:
20655:
20654:
20653:
20650:
20648:
20645:
20643:
20640:
20638:
20635:
20633:
20630:
20628:
20625:
20623:
20620:
20618:
20615:
20613:
20610:
20608:
20605:
20603:
20600:
20598:
20595:
20593:
20590:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20553:
20552:Brahmi script
20550:
20548:
20545:
20543:
20540:
20539:
20537:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20524:
20520:
20516:
20511:
20507:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20485:
20482:
20480:
20477:
20475:
20472:
20471:
20470:
20467:
20465:
20462:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20450:
20449:
20448:
20447:South Arabian
20445:
20443:
20440:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20421:
20418:
20417:
20416:
20413:
20411:
20408:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20393:Inscriptional
20391:
20389:
20386:
20385:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20352:
20349:
20347:
20344:
20342:
20339:
20337:
20334:
20333:
20332:
20329:
20327:
20324:
20322:
20319:
20315:
20312:
20311:
20310:
20307:
20303:
20300:
20299:
20298:
20295:
20294:
20291:
20290:
20286:
20285:
20282:
20278:
20273:
20269:
20265:
20261:
20256:
20252:
20242:
20238:
20234:
20231:
20229:
20226:
20224:
20221:
20220:
20219:
20216:
20215:
20213:
20209:
20203:
20200:
20198:
20195:
20194:
20192:
20188:
20184:
20180:
20176:
20169:
20164:
20162:
20157:
20155:
20150:
20149:
20146:
20134:
20133:Urdu movement
20131:
20129:
20126:
20124:
20121:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20080:
20078:
20074:
20068:
20065:
20061:
20058:
20057:
20056:
20053:
20049:
20046:
20045:
20044:
20041:
20040:
20038:
20031:
20021:
20018:
20017:
20015:
20011:
20005:
20002:
20001:
19999:
19997:
19993:
19987:
19984:
19982:
19979:
19977:
19974:
19972:
19969:
19967:
19964:
19962:
19959:
19957:
19954:
19952:
19949:
19947:
19944:
19942:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19933:
19931:
19929:
19925:
19919:
19916:
19914:
19911:
19909:
19906:
19904:
19901:
19900:
19898:
19896:
19892:
19886:
19883:
19880:
19877:
19875:
19872:
19869:
19866:
19865:
19863:
19859:
19856:
19852:
19842:
19839:
19837:
19834:
19833:
19831:
19829:
19825:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19745:
19743:
19741:
19737:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19723:
19722:
19720:
19718:
19714:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19699:
19697:
19695:
19691:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19661:
19659:
19657:
19653:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19627:
19624:
19623:
19621:
19619:
19615:
19609:
19606:
19605:
19603:
19601:
19600:Malay creoles
19597:
19591:
19588:
19586:
19583:
19581:
19578:
19576:
19573:
19572:
19570:
19568:
19564:
19558:
19555:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19544:
19542:
19540:
19536:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19511:
19509:
19507:
19503:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19484:
19482:
19479:
19477:
19474:
19472:
19469:
19467:
19464:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19442:
19439:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19405:
19402:
19400:
19397:
19395:
19392:
19391:
19390:
19387:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19341:
19339:
19337:
19333:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19307:
19305:
19302:
19301:
19300:
19297:
19296:
19294:
19292:
19288:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19253:
19251:
19249:
19245:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19230:
19228:
19226:
19222:
19219:
19213:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19185:
19182:
19180:
19177:
19175:
19172:
19171:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19151:
19149:
19145:
19141:
19133:
19128:
19126:
19121:
19119:
19114:
19113:
19110:
19103:
19100:
19096:
19092:
19088:
19086:
19080:
19076:
19075:"Brahmi Home"
19072:
19071:
19061:
19057:
19054:Red. (2017).
19052:
19048:
19042:
19038:
19034:
19029:
19025:
19021:
19016:
19012:
19010:9780691157863
19006:
19002:
18998:
18993:
18992:
18983:. H.J. Paris.
18982:
18981:
18975:
18971:
18965:
18961:
18960:
18955:
18951:
18947:
18941:
18937:
18936:
18930:
18926:
18922:
18918:
18914:
18910:
18906:
18901:
18897:
18895:0-19-507993-0
18891:
18887:
18883:
18882:
18876:
18872:
18866:
18862:
18861:
18856:
18852:
18848:
18842:
18838:
18837:
18831:
18827:
18821:
18817:
18812:
18808:
18802:
18798:
18797:
18791:
18787:
18783:
18778:
18774:
18768:
18764:
18763:
18758:
18757:Masica, Colin
18754:
18750:
18749:
18744:
18743:Ledyard, Gari
18740:
18736:
18730:
18726:
18725:
18720:
18716:
18713:
18709:
18705:
18699:
18695:
18690:
18687:
18683:
18679:
18674:
18670:
18664:
18660:
18659:
18653:
18649:
18648:
18642:
18638:
18632:
18628:
18623:
18622:
18610:
18606:
18603:
18598:
18583:
18579:
18573:
18558:
18554:
18548:
18541:
18535:
18517:
18513:
18509:
18502:
18495:
18488:
18483:
18477:
18474:
18469:
18461:
18459:0-19-507993-0
18455:
18451:
18447:
18443:
18442:
18434:
18428:
18424:
18421:
18408:
18404:
18403:
18395:
18380:
18376:
18374:9788120829732
18370:
18366:
18365:
18357:
18342:
18338:
18336:9781643248813
18332:
18328:
18327:
18319:
18311:
18304:
18286:
18279:
18273:
18271:
18262:
18261:
18254:
18252:
18243:
18242:
18234:
18219:
18215:
18214:
18206:
18198:
18197:
18190:
18184:
18179:
18161:
18154:
18153:
18146:
18139:
18134:
18132:
18125:
18121:
18118:
18112:
18104:
18103:
18102:Ancient India
18095:
18089:
18083:
18068:
18064:
18058:
18054:
18053:
18045:
18030:
18026:
18020:
18016:
18015:
18007:
18000:
17996:
17993:
17988:
17986:
17984:
17968:
17964:
17962:9781317236733
17958:
17954:
17953:
17945:
17937:
17936:
17928:
17926:
17924:
17917:circa 350 CE.
17916:
17912:
17908:
17903:
17896:
17895:Kushan Empire
17891:
17884:
17880:
17877:
17871:
17865:
17859:
17853:
17850:
17845:
17830:
17826:
17824:9788131711200
17820:
17816:
17815:
17807:
17799:
17792:
17785:
17779:
17764:
17760:
17759:
17751:
17744:
17739:
17731:
17724:
17718:, p. 33.
17717:
17712:
17706:, p. 32.
17705:
17700:
17693:
17688:
17681:
17676:
17661:
17657:
17651:
17647:
17646:
17638:
17636:
17634:
17618:
17614:
17608:
17604:
17603:
17595:
17580:
17576:
17575:
17567:
17561:
17557:
17554:
17548:
17533:
17529:
17527:90-04-04190-7
17523:
17519:
17518:
17510:
17495:
17491:
17490:
17474:
17470:
17464:
17460:
17459:
17451:
17444:
17439:
17431:
17430:
17423:
17416:
17415:Charles Allen
17412:
17407:
17400:
17395:
17380:
17376:
17375:
17368:
17360:
17359:
17351:
17336:
17332:
17331:
17324:
17316:
17315:
17309:
17304:
17297:
17293:
17290:
17285:
17277:
17276:
17268:
17260:
17259:
17252:
17237:
17233:
17232:
17225:
17223:
17214:
17213:
17206:
17199:
17187:
17183:
17177:
17173:
17169:
17165:
17159:
17152:
17147:
17145:
17143:
17135:
17130:
17122:
17121:
17114:
17106:
17105:
17098:
17091:
17086:
17084:
17082:
17080:
17078:
17076:
17074:
17072:
17064:
17059:
17052:
17048:
17043:
17028:
17024:
17022:9780391031401
17018:
17014:
17013:
17005:
16997:
16996:
16988:
16986:
16984:
16982:
16980:
16978:
16976:
16974:
16972:
16962:
16953:
16934:
16930:
16923:
16916:
16907:
16900:
16896:
16892:
16889:
16883:
16875:
16871:
16867:
16863:
16859:
16855:
16848:
16846:
16844:
16836:
16831:
16829:
16821:
16816:
16809:
16804:
16802:
16794:
16789:
16783:, p. 82.
16782:
16777:
16770:
16765:
16758:
16753:
16746:
16741:
16739:
16723:
16719:
16713:
16709:
16708:
16700:
16692:
16685:
16678:
16673:
16671:
16662:
16656:
16652:
16645:
16631:
16627:
16623:
16619:
16612:
16605:
16601:
16598:
16597:
16590:
16575:
16571:
16565:
16561:
16560:
16552:
16537:
16533:
16527:
16523:
16522:
16514:
16507:
16502:
16487:
16483:
16477:
16473:
16472:
16464:
16449:
16445:
16439:
16435:
16434:
16426:
16419:
16415:
16411:
16405:
16403:
16387:
16383:
16377:
16373:
16372:
16364:
16349:
16345:
16341:
16337:
16335:9783515056274
16331:
16327:
16326:
16318:
16312:, p. 11.
16311:
16306:
16290:
16289:
16281:
16273:
16266:
16251:
16247:
16246:
16238:
16231:
16226:
16219:
16214:
16199:
16195:
16194:
16186:
16178:
16174:
16167:
16152:
16148:
16147:
16138:
16123:
16119:
16117:9780199087860
16113:
16109:
16108:
16100:
16092:
16091:
16083:
16076:
16071:
16065:, p. 21.
16064:
16059:
16051:
16047:
16043:
16039:
16035:
16031:
16027:
16023:
16016:
16008:
16004:
15997:
15981:
15977:
15973:
15966:
15959:
15954:
15948:
15944:
15940:
15934:
15927:
15921:
15914:
15910:
15906:
15903:
15897:
15890:
15886:
15882:
15878:
15875:
15869:
15852:
15848:
15844:
15837:
15830:
15815:
15811:
15809:90-04-05455-3
15805:
15801:
15800:
15792:
15785:
15773:
15769:
15763:
15759:
15758:
15750:
15735:
15731:
15725:
15721:
15720:
15712:
15704:
15697:
15689:
15682:
15668:
15664:
15663:
15655:
15640:
15636:
15634:90-04-05455-3
15630:
15626:
15625:
15617:
15610:
15599:
15595:
15589:
15585:
15584:
15576:
15561:
15557:
15553:
15549:
15547:9783110594065
15543:
15539:
15535:
15531:
15527:
15520:
15518:
15516:
15514:
15506:
15501:
15494:
15489:
15482:
15477:
15471:, p. 22.
15470:
15465:
15457:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15441:
15437:
15430:
15428:
15426:
15418:
15413:
15406:
15401:
15399:
15391:
15386:
15378:
15374:
15366:
15364:
15357:
15353:
15350:
15346:
15341:
15339:
15323:
15319:
15315:
15311:
15307:
15303:
15296:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15257:
15250:
15242:
15238:
15231:
15229:
15227:
15210:
15209:
15201:
15193:
15186:
15179:
15174:
15167:
15162:
15154:
15150:
15143:
15137:, p. 25.
15136:
15131:
15129:
15121:
15116:
15109:
15104:
15096:
15088:
15082:, p. 28.
15081:
15076:
15074:
15072:
15064:
15059:
15052:
15047:
15045:
15029:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15010:
15002:
14995:
14993:
14985:
14980:
14973:
14968:
14961:
14956:
14954:
14946:
14941:
14939:
14931:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14905:
14890:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14855:
14840:
14836:
14830:
14826:
14825:
14817:
14809:
14802:
14795:
14790:
14781:
14774:
14767:
14762:
14760:
14752:
14747:
14745:
14737:
14732:
14730:
14722:
14717:
14710:
14705:
14703:
14694:
14690:
14686:
14682:
14675:
14668:
14664:
14660:
14653:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14610:
14603:
14596:
14591:
14583:
14582:Lalitavistara
14570:
14566:
14565:
14557:
14555:
14546:
14545:
14537:
14530:
14525:
14518:
14513:
14506:
14505:Yavana-jātaka
14502:
14497:
14491:, p. 45.
14490:
14485:
14478:
14473:
14471:
14469:
14462:, p. 64.
14461:
14456:
14449:
14444:
14437:
14432:
14425:
14420:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14392:
14388:
14381:
14373:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14346:
14344:
14337:, p. 20.
14336:
14331:
14316:
14312:
14306:
14302:
14298:
14291:
14289:
14287:
14285:
14277:
14265:
14261:
14255:
14251:
14250:
14245:
14244:Sircar, D. C.
14239:
14232:
14227:
14220:
14218:
14205:
14201:
14195:
14191:
14190:
14182:
14175:
14164:
14160:
14154:
14150:
14149:
14144:
14138:
14131:
14119:
14115:
14109:
14105:
14104:
14099:
14095:
14089:
14082:
14080:
14079:
14065:
14061:
14055:
14051:
14050:
14042:
14035:
14023:
14019:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14003:
13997:
13990:
13987:
13974:
13970:
13964:
13960:
13959:
13951:
13944:
13942:
13938:
13934:
13930:
13916:
13912:
13906:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13890:
13883:
13881:
13868:
13864:
13858:
13854:
13853:
13848:
13842:
13827:
13823:
13817:
13813:
13812:
13804:
13797:
13786:
13782:
13778:
13772:
13758:on 2019-05-22
13757:
13753:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13722:
13720:
13712:
13707:
13705:
13696:
13692:
13687:
13679:
13678:Lalitavistara
13675:
13671:
13666:
13659:
13654:
13650:
13636:
13632:
13626:
13619:
13613:
13607:
13601:
13593:
13587:
13582:
13578:
13572:
13571:
13564:
13560:
13558:
13554:
13548:
13544:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13524:
13518:
13511:
13506:
13502:
13501:
13495:
13488:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13463:
13459:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13419:
13404:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13391:
13390:
13386:
13339:
13338:
13286:
13285:
13235:
13234:
13184:
13183:
13131:
13130:
13078:
13077:
13025:
13024:
12968:
12967:
12963:
12960:
12957:
12954:
12951:
12948:
12945:
12942:
12939:
12936:
12933:
12930:
12927:
12924:
12921:
12918:
12915:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12905:
12900:
12897:
12889:
12886:
12881:
12879:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12854:
12852:
12846:
12835:
12830:
12828:
12824:
12820:
12819:Mongol Empire
12816:
12812:
12798:
12793:
12791:
12786:
12784:
12779:
12777:
12772:
12770:
12765:
12763:
12758:
12756:
12751:
12749:
12744:
12742:
12737:
12735:
12730:
12728:
12723:
12721:
12716:
12714:
12709:
12707:
12702:
12700:
12695:
12693:
12688:
12686:
12681:
12679:
12674:
12672:
12667:
12665:
12660:
12658:
12653:
12651:
12646:
12644:
12639:
12637:
12632:
12630:
12625:
12623:
12618:
12616:
12611:
12609:
12604:
12602:
12597:
12595:
12590:
12588:
12583:
12581:
12576:
12574:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12563:
12559:
12555:
12552:
12548:
12545:
12541:
12538:
12534:
12531:
12527:
12524:
12520:
12517:
12513:
12510:
12506:
12503:
12499:
12496:
12492:
12489:
12485:
12482:
12478:
12475:
12471:
12468:
12464:
12461:
12457:
12454:
12450:
12447:
12443:
12440:
12436:
12433:
12429:
12426:
12422:
12419:
12415:
12412:
12408:
12405:
12401:
12398:
12394:
12391:
12387:
12384:
12380:
12377:
12373:
12370:
12366:
12363:
12359:
12356:
12352:
12349:
12345:
12342:
12338:
12335:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12325:
12322:
12317:
12315:
12310:
12308:
12303:
12301:
12296:
12294:
12289:
12287:
12282:
12280:
12275:
12273:
12268:
12266:
12261:
12259:
12254:
12252:
12247:
12245:
12240:
12238:
12233:
12231:
12226:
12224:
12219:
12217:
12212:
12210:
12205:
12203:
12198:
12196:
12191:
12189:
12184:
12182:
12177:
12175:
12170:
12168:
12163:
12161:
12156:
12154:
12149:
12147:
12142:
12140:
12135:
12133:
12128:
12126:
12121:
12119:
12114:
12112:
12107:
12105:
12100:
12098:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12083:
12079:
12076:
12072:
12069:
12065:
12062:
12058:
12055:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12037:
12034:
12030:
12027:
12023:
12020:
12016:
12013:
12009:
12006:
12002:
11999:
11995:
11992:
11988:
11985:
11981:
11978:
11974:
11971:
11967:
11964:
11960:
11957:
11953:
11950:
11946:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11929:
11925:
11922:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11908:
11904:
11901:
11897:
11894:
11890:
11887:
11883:
11880:
11876:
11873:
11869:
11866:
11862:
11859:
11855:
11853:
11852:
11846:
11844:
11839:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11812:Nagari script
11808:
11806:
11805:Saka language
11802:
11798:
11794:
11793:Central Asian
11789:
11787:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11742:
11740:
11739:Śāradā script
11736:
11732:
11728:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11688:
11682:
11677:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11642:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11622:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11608:Barabar Caves
11605:
11601:
11594:
11589:
11585:
11584:Kanheri Caves
11581:
11575:
11570:
11569:
11550:
11546:
11543:
11539:
11530:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11510:
11506:
11503:
11499:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11479:
11470:
11466:
11463:
11459:
11450:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11423:
11419:
11416:
11412:
11403:
11399:
11396:
11392:
11383:
11379:
11376:
11372:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11343:
11339:
11336:
11332:
11323:
11319:
11316:
11312:
11303:
11299:
11296:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11276:
11272:
11269:
11265:
11256:
11252:
11249:
11245:
11236:
11232:
11229:
11225:
11216:
11212:
11209:
11205:
11196:
11192:
11189:
11185:
11176:
11172:
11169:
11165:
11156:
11152:
11149:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11127:
11123:
11120:
11116:
11107:
11103:
11100:
11096:
11087:
11083:
11080:
11076:
11067:
11063:
11060:
11056:
11047:
11043:
11040:
11036:
11027:
11023:
11020:
11016:
11007:
11003:
11000:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10990:
10980:
10976:
10973:
10969:
10958:
10954:
10951:
10947:
10938:
10934:
10931:
10927:
10918:
10914:
10911:
10907:
10898:
10894:
10891:
10887:
10878:
10874:
10871:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10791:
10774:
10770:
10765:
10758:
10754:
10749:
10748:
10740:
10736:
10731:
10724:
10720:
10715:
10714:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10684:
10682:
10681:
10673:
10669:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10651:
10648:
10644:
10643:
10635:
10631:
10629:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10611:
10610:
10602:
10598:
10596:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10578:
10577:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10558:
10551:
10547:
10544:
10540:
10539:
10536:Sanskrit IPA
10533:
10530:
10528:Sanskrit IPA
10525:
10522:
10521:
10509:
10500:
10493:
10473:
10467:
10454:, Cave No.10.
10453:
10449:
10443:
10438:
10433: 100 CE
10427:
10426:Manmodi Caves
10423:
10419:
10415:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10394:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10376:
10372:
10366:
10362:
10356:
10350:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10330:
10325:
10321:
10314:
10309:
10308:
10289:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10269:
10265:
10262:
10258:
10249:
10245:
10242:
10238:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10218:
10209:
10205:
10202:
10198:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10172:
10162:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10142:
10138:
10135:
10131:
10122:
10118:
10115:
10111:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10091:
10082:
10078:
10075:
10071:
10062:
10058:
10055:
10051:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10015:
10011:
10008:
10004:
9995:
9991:
9988:
9984:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9964:
9955:
9951:
9948:
9944:
9935:
9931:
9928:
9924:
9915:
9911:
9908:
9904:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9855:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9835:
9826:
9822:
9819:
9815:
9806:
9802:
9799:
9795:
9786:
9782:
9779:
9775:
9766:
9762:
9759:
9755:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9719:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9697:
9693:
9690:
9686:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9666:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9617:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9578:
9575:
9574:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9530:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9497:
9493:
9488:
9487:
9479:
9475:
9470:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9445:
9441:
9438:
9434:
9427:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9412:
9408:
9405:
9401:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9383:
9382:
9374:
9370:
9368:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9349:
9341:
9337:
9335:
9328:
9324:
9321:
9317:
9316:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9297:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9275:Sanskrit IPA
9272:
9269:
9267:Sanskrit IPA
9264:
9261:
9260:
9253:
9244:
9242:
9237:
9220:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9193:
9097:
9095:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9054:
9048:
9045:-standard of
9044:
9037:
9032:
9025:
9018:
9011:
9010:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8942:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8924:
8906:
8902:
8878:
8874:
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7681:
7676:
7675:
7672:Sanskrit IPA
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:Sanskrit IPA
7659:
7656:
7654:Sanskrit IPA
7651:
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7644:Sanskrit IPA
7641:
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4267:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
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4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4021:
4013:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3898:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:Brahmi is an
3853:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:Telugu script
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:James Prinsep
3702:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:James Prinsep
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:James Prinsep
3539:
3534:
3527:
3526:James Prinsep
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3501:James Prinsep
3497:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:Maurya Empire
3461:
3456:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3275:Rishabhanatha
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:Asokan edicts
3125:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:grammar, the
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:Lipi (script)
2934:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:David Frawley
2833:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:John Marshall
2797:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2777:and northern
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2729:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2699:
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2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
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2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2488:
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2477:
2471:
2468:
2464:
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2457:
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2297:
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2277:
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2265:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
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2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
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1187:
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1077:
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1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1011:Bruce Trigger
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
985:
981:
978:(devotee) of
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
948:
939:
930:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
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903:
899:
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879:
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870:
868:
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851:
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845:
839:
834:
827:
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821:
820:
815:
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809:
804:
802:
798:
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790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
743:
738:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:stick figures
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:James Prinsep
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
600:the rock-cut
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:Brahmi is an
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:ancient India
559:
555:
551:
543:
542:
533:
506:
498:
494:
491:You may need
487:
474:
462:
458:
456:
452:
445:
442:
439:
436:
435:Unicode range
431:
427:
424:Unicode alias
421:
418:
414:
404:
402:
398:
393:
390:
387:
381:
376:
373:
371:
368:
360:
359:Telugu script
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
333:
330:
324:
321:
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292:
289:
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260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
232:
229:
227:
226:Kaithi script
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:Nagari script
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:Child systems
196:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
169:
165:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
115:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
87:
83:
71:
67:
66:Ashoka Pillar
61:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
19:
23492:Thai and Lao
23169:Scandinavian
22801:1829 braille
22793:Braille cell
22593:Cypro-Minoan
22459:Pahawh Hmong
22372:Sitelen Pona
22336:Hindu-Arabic
21669:Mundari Bani
21243:Pahawh Hmong
21052:Tamil-Brahmi
20958:Eveyla Akuru
20953:Dhives Akuru
20551:
20420:Paleo-Hebrew
20287:
20223:undeciphered
19867:
19740:Sino-Tibetan
19369:Chittagonian
19215:Contemporary
19147:Languages of
19094:
19078:
19059:
19036:
19023:
19000:
18979:
18958:
18934:
18908:
18904:
18880:
18859:
18855:Rocher, Ludo
18835:
18815:
18795:
18785:
18781:
18761:
18747:
18723:
18711:
18693:
18685:
18677:
18657:
18646:
18626:
18619:Bibliography
18597:
18586:. Retrieved
18572:
18561:. Retrieved
18547:
18539:
18534:
18523:. Retrieved
18514:(1): 73–86.
18511:
18507:
18494:
18487:Ledyard 1994
18482:
18468:
18440:
18433:
18411:. Retrieved
18401:
18394:
18383:. Retrieved
18363:
18356:
18345:. Retrieved
18325:
18318:
18303:
18292:. Retrieved
18259:
18240:
18233:
18222:. Retrieved
18212:
18205:
18195:
18189:
18178:
18167:. Retrieved
18151:
18145:
18138:Salomon 1998
18111:
18101:
18094:
18082:
18071:. Retrieved
18051:
18044:
18033:. Retrieved
18013:
18006:
17971:. Retrieved
17951:
17944:
17934:
17915:Samudragupta
17907:Gupta Empire
17902:
17890:
17885:circa 150 CE
17879:Rudradaman I
17870:
17858:
17844:
17833:. Retrieved
17813:
17806:
17797:
17791:
17783:
17782:Ram Sharma,
17778:
17767:. Retrieved
17757:
17750:
17738:
17729:
17723:
17711:
17699:
17692:Salomon 1996
17687:
17680:Salomon 1998
17675:
17664:. Retrieved
17644:
17621:. Retrieved
17601:
17594:
17583:. Retrieved
17573:
17566:
17547:
17536:. Retrieved
17516:
17509:
17498:. Retrieved
17488:
17477:. Retrieved
17457:
17450:
17443:Salomon 1998
17438:
17428:
17422:
17410:
17406:
17399:Salomon 1998
17394:
17383:. Retrieved
17373:
17367:
17357:
17350:
17339:. Retrieved
17329:
17323:
17313:
17303:
17284:
17274:
17267:
17257:
17251:
17240:. Retrieved
17230:
17211:
17205:
17196:
17190:, retrieved
17171:
17158:
17151:Salomon 1998
17134:Salomon 1998
17129:
17119:
17113:
17103:
17097:
17090:Salomon 1998
17063:Salomon 1998
17058:
17047:Salomon 1998
17042:
17031:. Retrieved
17011:
17004:
16994:
16961:
16952:
16940:. Retrieved
16933:the original
16928:
16915:
16906:
16898:
16882:
16857:
16853:
16835:Salomon 1998
16820:Salomon 1998
16815:
16808:Salomon 1996
16793:Salomon 1998
16788:
16781:Salomon 1998
16776:
16769:Salomon 1998
16764:
16757:Salomon 1998
16752:
16745:Salomon 1998
16726:. Retrieved
16706:
16699:
16690:
16684:
16677:Salomon 1998
16650:
16644:
16634:, retrieved
16625:
16621:
16611:
16595:
16589:
16578:. Retrieved
16558:
16551:
16540:. Retrieved
16520:
16513:
16501:
16490:. Retrieved
16470:
16463:
16452:. Retrieved
16432:
16425:
16409:
16390:. Retrieved
16370:
16363:
16352:. Retrieved
16324:
16317:
16310:Salomon 1998
16305:
16293:. Retrieved
16287:
16280:
16271:
16265:
16254:. Retrieved
16244:
16237:
16225:
16213:
16202:. Retrieved
16192:
16185:
16172:
16166:
16155:. Retrieved
16145:
16137:
16126:. Retrieved
16106:
16099:
16089:
16082:
16070:
16063:Salomon 1998
16058:
16025:
16021:
16015:
16006:
15996:
15984:. Retrieved
15975:
15970:Khan, Omar.
15965:
15958:Salomon 1998
15953:
15938:
15933:
15925:
15920:
15915:12: 129–143.
15912:
15896:
15891:, CRC, 2005.
15888:
15868:
15858:, retrieved
15846:
15842:
15829:
15818:. Retrieved
15798:
15791:
15782:
15776:. Retrieved
15756:
15749:
15738:. Retrieved
15718:
15711:
15702:
15696:
15687:
15681:
15671:, retrieved
15661:
15654:
15643:. Retrieved
15623:
15616:
15608:
15602:. Retrieved
15582:
15575:
15564:. Retrieved
15529:
15505:Salomon 1998
15500:
15488:
15481:Salomon 1998
15476:
15469:Salomon 1998
15464:
15439:
15435:
15412:
15385:
15376:
15372:
15326:. Retrieved
15309:
15305:
15295:
15283:. Retrieved
15263:
15259:
15249:
15236:
15213:. Retrieved
15207:
15200:
15191:
15185:
15173:
15161:
15148:
15142:
15135:Salomon 1998
15120:Salomon 1996
15115:
15103:
15094:
15087:
15080:Salomon 1998
15063:Salomon 1998
15058:
15032:. Retrieved
15023:
15019:
15009:
15000:
14979:
14972:Salomon 1998
14967:
14960:Salomon 1998
14945:Salomon 1998
14928:
14922:. Retrieved
14913:
14904:
14893:. Retrieved
14868:
14864:
14854:
14843:. Retrieved
14823:
14816:
14807:
14801:
14794:Salomon 1998
14789:
14779:
14773:
14768:, p. 2.
14751:Salomon 1996
14736:Salomon 1998
14716:
14711:, p. 9.
14709:Salomon 1998
14684:
14680:
14674:
14666:
14662:
14658:
14652:
14641:. Retrieved
14616:
14612:
14602:
14595:Salomon 1998
14590:
14581:
14573:. Retrieved
14563:
14543:
14536:
14529:Plofker 2007
14524:
14517:Hayashi 2003
14512:
14501:Plofker 2009
14496:
14489:Plofker 2009
14484:
14477:Plofker 2009
14455:
14443:
14431:
14419:
14394:
14390:
14380:
14355:
14351:
14335:Salomon 1998
14330:
14319:. Retrieved
14300:
14274:
14268:. Retrieved
14248:
14238:
14231:Salomon 1998
14226:
14214:
14208:. Retrieved
14188:
14181:
14173:
14167:. Retrieved
14147:
14137:
14128:
14122:. Retrieved
14102:
14088:
14076:
14074:
14068:. Retrieved
14048:
14041:
14032:
14026:. Retrieved
14006:
13996:
13983:
13977:. Retrieved
13957:
13950:
13940:
13937:chakravartin
13936:
13932:
13928:
13925:
13919:. Retrieved
13899:
13889:
13877:
13871:. Retrieved
13851:
13841:
13830:. Retrieved
13810:
13803:
13795:
13789:. Retrieved
13780:
13771:
13760:. Retrieved
13756:the original
13735:
13731:
13711:Salomon 1998
13691:Salomon 1998
13686:
13677:
13673:
13670:Salomon 1998
13665:
13658:Salomon 1998
13653:
13625:
13612:
13604:For example
13600:
13581:Shahbazgarhi
13569:
13563:Devanampriya
13550:
13543:Shahbazgarhi
13517:
13504:
13498:
13487:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13462:
13442:Tamil-Brahmi
13403:
13395:
13388:
12902:
12887:
12882:
12869:
12861:
12855:
12848:
12832:
12808:
12794:
12787:
12780:
12773:
12766:
12759:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12731:
12724:
12717:
12710:
12703:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12675:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12640:
12633:
12626:
12619:
12612:
12605:
12598:
12591:
12584:
12577:
12570:
12318:
12311:
12304:
12297:
12290:
12283:
12276:
12269:
12262:
12255:
12248:
12241:
12234:
12227:
12220:
12213:
12206:
12199:
12192:
12185:
12178:
12171:
12164:
12157:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12129:
12122:
12115:
12108:
12101:
12094:
11840:
11809:
11790:
11743:
11731:Gupta Empire
11727:Gupta script
11724:
11671:
11636:Gupta script
11580:Gupta script
10472:Gupta Empire
10466:Gupta script
10417:
10416:were called
10392:
10383:
10370:
10364:
9233:
9215:Sunga period
9198:E. J. Rapson
9195:
9102:
9089:
9040:
8964:near modern
8955:
8926:
8855:𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺
8847:
8833:
8825:
8769:
8744:
8721:
7665:
7647:
7619:
7612:
6869:
6862:
6641:
6630:
6619:
6608:
6597:
6586:
6575:
6564:
6553:
6542:
6531:
6520:
6509:
6498:
6487:
6476:
6465:
6454:
6443:
6432:
6421:
6410:
6399:
6388:
6377:
6366:
6355:
6344:
6333:
6322:
6311:
6300:
6289:
6031:Gupta script
6014:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5962:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4059:
4056:
4043:
4039:
4026:
3908:
3872:
3862:
3851:
3837:
3816:
3803:Anuradhapura
3795:Tamil-Brahmi
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:Tamil-Brahmi
3777:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3717:
3704:
3698:
3682:Agathokleous
3678:
3676:
3656:
3648:Samudragupta
3644:Gupta script
3630:
3620:
3616:Samudragupta
3612:Gupta Empire
3597:
3570:
3559:
3491:Decipherment
3481:Greek script
3466:
3454:
3453:The text is
3449: 15 CE
3408:Tamil-Brahmi
3397:
3393:paleographic
3372:Anuradhapura
3369:
3342:
3322:
3283:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:such as the
3230:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3206:Sylvain Lévi
3188:(energy) of
3175:
3159:
3157:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3102:Anuradhapura
3099:
3092:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3009:
2996:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2890:
2874:
2872:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2829:
2807:
2796:Indus script
2793:
2775:Greek script
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2742:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2494:
1673:
1292:
1284:
1037:
1021:
1009:
1000:
991:
983:
975:
925:
914:
909:
906:Georg Bühler
895:
878:pictographic
867:Indus script
855:pictographic
852:
841:
833:
817:
811:
805:
792:
786:
782:
776:
754:
744:
696:
688:Gupta script
685:
681:Georg Bühler
674:
663:Salomon 1998
656:
652:epigraphists
648:Indus script
641:
633:H. H. Wilson
629:Edwin Norris
606:
582:
553:
504:
503:
467:and ⟨
449:
313:Tamil script
308:Khmer script
298:Tamil-Brahmi
257:Laṇḍā script
238:Gaudi script
50:
23991:RoboBraille
23815:Róża Czacka
23755:Perforation
23552:Independent
23450:(Bhutanese)
23185:Greenlandic
22856:Azerbaijani
22658:Jindai moji
22547:Syllabaries
22518:SignWriting
22418:Celtiberian
22320:Hieroglyphs
22123:Seal script
22108:Traditional
21980:Blissymbols
21885:Warang Citi
21860:Tolong Siki
21813:Marcomannic
21793:Dalecarlian
21783:Anglo-Saxon
21763:Pau Cin Hau
21654:Medefaidrin
21607:Merovingian
21567:Blackletter
21475:Asomtavruli
21268:Warang Citi
21077:Ulu scripts
21022:New Tai Lue
20965:Mon–Burmese
20819:Bhattiprolu
20647:Nandinagari
20474:ʾEsṭrangēlā
20233:constructed
20088:Hela Havula
19798:Nepal Bhasa
19304:Bangladeshi
19154:Afghanistan
18448:. pp.
17716:Bühler 1898
17704:Bühler 1898
16230:Timmer 1930
16218:Rocher 2014
16179:, p. 9
16075:Masica 1993
15926:Cryptologia
15913:Cryptologia
15178:Bühler 1898
15166:Bühler 1898
15108:Bühler 1898
15051:Bühler 1898
15020:Die Sprache
14766:Bühler 1898
14448:Rajgor 2007
14002:Kopf, David
13437:Shankhalipi
11820:Nandinagari
11762:Philippines
11729:during the
11695:Descendants
11628:Alchon Huns
10806:Approximant
10418:Mahākhatapa
9545:Approximant
9075:Bhagabhadra
9069:Antialkidas
9026:Inscription
9012:Translation
8994:Vaishnavism
8990:Bhagabhadra
8978:Antialcidas
8929:E. Hultzsch
8903:𑀚𑀸𑀢𑀢𑀺
8842:of Ashoka.
8812:Inscription
8798:Translation
8029:Approximant
5949:Punctuation
4030:long vowels
3989:Sya (Sa+Ya)
3977:Sva (Sa+Va)
3684:, "of King
3633:Karla Caves
3589:Pala period
3365:Chittorgarh
3363:(both near
3333:Topra Kalan
3271:Kalpa Sutra
3251:Jain Agamas
3177:Mahabharata
3075:Megasthenes
3049:Geographica
3036:Ludo Rocher
3028:Megasthenes
2993:Old Persian
2972:Old Persian
2960:Ashtadhyayi
2933:Old Persian
2832:Subhash Kak
2546:for Brahmi
1329:Hieroglyphs
984:Mahabharata
972:Bhagabhadra
968:Antialcidas
922:continental
904:(1856) and
888:script, by
714:place value
339:Bhattiprolu
98:Time period
85:Script type
24011:Categories
23543:(obsolete)
23524:(obsolete)
23316:(Pakistan)
23227:Belarusian
23109:Vietnamese
23052:Portuguese
23038:Philippine
22995:Lithuanian
22648:Hentaigana
22643:Man'yōgana
22103:Simplified
21990:Ersu Shaba
21904:Non-linear
21709:Old Uyghur
21699:Old Permic
21694:Old Italic
21627:Visigothic
21562:Beneventan
21497:Glagolitic
21460:Gadabuursi
21124:Kolezhuthu
21119:Vatteluttu
21057:Tanchangya
20980:Saurashtra
20557:Devanagari
20415:Phoenician
20368:Manichaean
19996:Old Italic
19936:Devanagari
19861:Historical
19730:Portuguese
19547:Burushaski
19466:Rajasthani
19389:Hindustani
19336:Indo-Aryan
19324:Sri Lankan
19159:Bangladesh
18719:Keay, John
18588:2013-05-07
18563:2014-08-22
18525:2014-06-11
18413:2019-08-20
18385:2019-08-20
18347:2019-08-20
18294:2019-08-18
18224:2019-08-20
18169:2019-08-18
18073:2018-10-09
18035:2018-10-09
17973:2018-10-09
17835:2019-08-19
17769:2018-10-01
17666:2018-10-27
17623:2018-10-27
17585:2015-07-19
17538:2018-10-27
17500:2018-10-27
17479:2018-10-27
17385:2019-05-25
17341:2019-05-25
17242:2019-05-25
17192:2021-03-20
17049:, p.
17033:2022-01-26
16942:12 January
16728:2021-03-19
16636:2016-06-13
16580:2016-10-24
16542:2016-10-24
16492:2016-10-24
16454:2016-10-24
16392:2016-10-24
16354:2016-10-24
16256:2021-02-20
16204:2021-02-20
16157:2018-09-19
16128:2018-09-19
15928:14: 169–83
15860:2013-06-19
15849:: 375–88,
15820:2016-10-24
15778:2016-10-24
15740:2016-10-24
15673:2013-06-20
15645:2016-10-24
15604:2016-10-24
15566:2020-01-04
15328:2022-07-27
15312:(2): 436.
15034:2017-12-02
14924:2017-03-21
14895:2022-07-13
14845:2017-03-24
14643:2022-02-12
14575:2016-10-18
14397:: 93–122.
14321:2018-09-05
14270:2021-03-20
14210:2021-03-20
14169:2021-03-26
14124:2021-03-20
14070:2021-03-20
14028:2021-03-26
13979:2021-03-20
13921:2021-03-20
13873:2021-03-20
13832:2020-01-01
13791:2017-03-21
13762:2013-06-18
13645:References
13577:Kharoshthi
13478:𐡐 and 𑀧
13358:𑁵
13355:𑁴
13352:𑁳
13349:𑁲
13346:𑁱
13343:𑁰
13335:𑁯
13332:𑁮
13329:𑁭
13326:𑁬
13323:𑁫
13320:𑁪
13317:𑁩
13314:𑁨
13311:𑁧
13308:𑁦
13305:𑁥
13302:𑁤
13299:𑁣
13296:𑁢
13293:𑁡
13290:𑁠
13282:𑁟
13279:𑁞
13276:𑁝
13273:𑁜
13270:𑁛
13267:𑁚
13264:𑁙
13261:𑁘
13258:𑁗
13255:𑁖
13252:𑁕
13249:𑁔
13246:𑁓
13243:𑁒
13227:𑁍
13224:𑁌
13221:𑁋
13218:𑁊
13215:𑁉
13212:𑁈
13209:𑁇
13206:𑁆
13203:𑁅
13200:𑁄
13197:𑁃
13194:𑁂
13191:𑁁
13188:𑁀
13180:𑀿
13177:𑀾
13174:𑀽
13171:𑀼
13168:𑀻
13165:𑀺
13162:𑀹
13159:𑀸
13156:𑀷
13153:𑀶
13150:𑀵
13147:𑀴
13144:𑀳
13141:𑀲
13138:𑀱
13135:𑀰
13127:𑀯
13124:𑀮
13121:𑀭
13118:𑀬
13115:𑀫
13112:𑀪
13109:𑀩
13106:𑀨
13103:𑀧
13100:𑀦
13097:𑀥
13094:𑀤
13091:𑀣
13088:𑀢
13085:𑀡
13082:𑀠
13074:𑀟
13071:𑀞
13068:𑀝
13065:𑀜
13062:𑀛
13059:𑀚
13056:𑀙
13053:𑀘
13050:𑀗
13047:𑀖
13044:𑀕
13041:𑀔
13038:𑀓
13035:𑀒
13032:𑀑
13029:𑀐
13021:𑀏
13018:𑀎
13015:𑀍
13012:𑀌
13009:𑀋
13006:𑀊
13003:𑀉
13000:𑀈
12997:𑀇
12994:𑀆
12991:𑀅
12978:𑀂
12975:𑀁
12972:𑀀
12878:Windows 10
12566:Devanagari
11816:Devanagari
11780:, and the
11715:Devanagari
11632:Mihirakula
10838:Aspiration
10829:Voiceless
10823:Voiceless
10786:Consonants
10501:standard).
10470:See also:
10448:Nasik Cave
10338:statue of
10334:Inscribed
9577:Aspiration
9568:Voiceless
9562:Voiceless
9525:Consonants
9053:Heliodoros
8996:in India.
8974:Indo-Greek
8970:Heliodorus
8739:See also:
8061:Aspiration
8052:Voiceless
8046:Voiceless
8009:Consonants
3949:), as in "
3895:See also:
3869:diacritics
3859:Consonants
3728:Singhalese
3686:Agathocles
3667:Agathocles
3663:Indo-Greek
3593:Devanagari
3538:Devanagari
3522:Agathocles
3518:Indo-Greek
3404:Tamil Nadu
3144:Walter Ong
3136:Jack Goody
2995:prototype
2899:) used by
2844:Jack Goody
2714:Agathocles
2700:loanword.
1685:Phoenician
976:Bhagvatena
964:Heliodorus
882:acrophonic
859:acrophonic
697:Among the
332:Vatteluttu
23959:Vibratese
23938:Moon type
23931:Decapoint
23612:Eight-dot
23565:Cantonese
23514:Reordered
23477:Inuktitut
23366:Malayalam
23276:Ukrainian
23255:Mongolian
23234:Bulgarian
23197:Norwegian
23162:Icelandic
22953:Hungarian
22911:Esperanto
22863:Cantonese
22447:Redundant
22259:Anatolian
22210:Cuneiform
22138:bird-worm
22074:Logograms
22045:Testerian
21959:Ideograms
21936:Moon type
21823:Staveless
21714:Mongolian
21659:Molodtsov
21617:Sütterlin
21485:Mkhedruli
21351:Bassa Vah
21301:Alphabets
21273:Mwangwego
21238:Mwangwego
21213:Kharosthi
21166:Blackfoot
21129:Malayanma
21000:Sundanese
20995:Sukhothai
20943:Malayalam
20894:Khom Thai
20854:Goykanadi
20778:Tocharian
20731:ʼPhags-pa
20602:Khudabadi
20547:Bhaiksuki
20442:Samaritan
20373:Nabataean
20228:inventors
20036:influence
19956:Malayalam
19918:Shahmukhi
19885:Kharosthi
19870:(Abugida)
19803:Sikkimese
19656:Nicobaric
19319:Pakistani
19266:Malayalam
19248:Dravidian
19217:languages
19206:Sri Lanka
19184:classical
19179:scheduled
18307:The "h" (
16929:Prāgdhārā
16874:161465267
16860:(1): 73.
16245:Geography
16193:Geography
16050:162603638
15556:134470331
15493:Falk 1993
15405:Falk 1993
15390:Falk 1993
15280:191052711
15266:: 57–69.
14885:163470608
14721:Falk 1993
14665:(2): 95.
14633:162074807
14436:Falk 1993
14424:Keay 2000
14411:258147647
14246:(2017) .
13549:) reads:
13536:Kharosthi
11801:Tocharian
11770:Indonesia
11582:on stone
11142:Retroflex
10811:Fricative
10499:Allahabad
10365:Ṣa-sta-na
9881:Retroflex
9550:Fricative
9015:(English)
8836:Rummindei
8801:(English)
8339:Retroflex
8034:Fricative
4070:collation
4048:Nagarjuna
3943:and "Ya"
3850:The word
3807:Sri Lanka
3710:Pantaleon
3400:Kodumanal
3337:New Delhi
3200:, though
3182:Saraswati
3110:Carbon 14
3106:Sri Lanka
2989:Kharosthi
2928:𑀻
2922:𑀧
2916:𑀺
2910:𑀮
2889:The word
2875:ex nihilo
2779:Kharosthi
2638:sibilants
2608:), while
1055:+aspirate
1050:-aspirate
1016:Sri Lanka
995:Kharoṣṭhī
844:Kharoṣṭhī
785:lists 64
401:ISO 15924
395:ISO 15924
389:Kharosthi
375:Tocharian
291:Bhaiksuki
142:Tocharian
122:Languages
107:Direction
23595:Japanese
23456:Georgian
23448:Dzongkha
23434:Armenian
23352:Gujarati
23217:Cyrillic
23148:Estonian
23123:Yugoslav
23059:Romanian
23031:Nigerian
22946:Hawaiian
22932:Ghanaian
22849:Albanian
22710:Sumerian
22675:Linear B
22638:Katakana
22633:Hiragana
22583:Cherokee
22513:ASLwrite
22474:Bopomofo
22329:Numerals
22315:Hieratic
22274:Isthmian
22243:Sumerian
22223:Assyrian
22218:Akkadian
21875:Vithkuqi
21850:Tifinagh
21818:Medieval
21773:Pisidian
21768:Phrygian
21739:Vagindra
21684:Ol Chiki
21592:Interlac
21547:Kayah Li
21537:Jenticha
21492:Veso Bey
21480:Nuskhuri
21470:Georgian
21440:Formosan
21435:Etruscan
21430:Enochian
21386:Cyrillic
21371:Coelbren
21329:Armenian
21228:Meroitic
21218:Mandombe
21208:Jenticha
21072:Tigalari
21037:Tai Viet
21032:Tai Tham
21012:Tagbanwa
20864:Javanese
20814:Baybayin
20804:Balinese
20792:Southern
20687:Pracalit
20682:Pachumol
20657:Bhujimol
20617:Mahajani
20577:Gurmukhi
20567:Gujarati
20535:Northern
20515:Abugidas
20496:Ugaritic
20484:Maḏnḥāyā
20358:Tifinagh
20351:Solitreo
20289:Numerals
20202:Grapheme
20190:Overview
20076:Activism
20048:Hinglish
19951:Gurmukhi
19946:Gujarati
19913:Nastaliq
19808:Tenyidie
19763:Dzongkha
19580:Lyngngam
19539:Isolates
19476:Sanskrit
19471:Rangpuri
19441:Maithili
19416:Kashmiri
19404:Hinglish
19384:Gujarati
19354:Bhojpuri
19349:Assamese
19314:Nepalese
19291:Germanic
19233:Aka-Jeru
19201:Pakistan
19191:Maldives
19033:"Brahmi"
19020:"BRĀHMĪ"
18997:"Brāhmī"
18956:(2006).
18857:(2014).
18759:(1993).
18745:(1994).
18721:(2000).
18605:Archived
18582:Archived
18557:Archived
18516:Archived
18423:Archived
18407:Archived
18379:Archived
18341:Archived
18285:Archived
18218:Archived
18160:Archived
18120:Archived
18067:Archived
18029:Archived
17995:Archived
17967:Archived
17829:Archived
17763:Archived
17660:Archived
17617:Archived
17579:Archived
17556:Archived
17532:Archived
17494:Archived
17473:Archived
17379:Archived
17335:Archived
17292:Archived
17236:Archived
17186:archived
17166:(1996),
17027:Archived
16891:Archived
16722:Archived
16630:archived
16600:Archived
16574:Archived
16536:Archived
16486:Archived
16448:Archived
16418:24010823
16386:Archived
16348:Archived
16344:22195130
16295:14 April
16250:Archived
16198:Archived
16151:Archived
16122:Archived
16042:25201111
15980:Archived
15905:Archived
15877:Archived
15851:archived
15814:Archived
15772:Archived
15734:Archived
15667:archived
15639:Archived
15598:Archived
15560:Archived
15352:Archived
15347:, 2016,
15322:Archived
15028:Archived
15026:: 2–46.
14918:Archived
14916:. 1999.
14910:"Brahmi"
14889:Archived
14839:Archived
14693:41682442
14637:Archived
14569:Archived
14315:Archived
14264:Archived
14204:Archived
14163:Archived
14145:(2009).
14118:Archived
14100:(2016).
14064:Archived
14022:Archived
14004:(2021).
13973:Archived
13915:Archived
13897:(2004).
13867:Archived
13849:(2015).
13826:Archived
13785:Archived
13783:. 1999.
13777:"Brahmi"
13547:Mansehra
13415:See also
13340:U+1107x
13287:U+1106x
13236:U+1105x
13185:U+1104x
13132:U+1103x
13079:U+1102x
13026:U+1101x
12969:U+1100x
12870:Adinatha
11824:Sanskrit
11778:Cambodia
11758:Baybayin
11626:Coin of
11604:Sanskrit
11566:Examples
10534:IAST and
10526:IAST and
10452:Nahapana
10422:Nahapana
10344:Chastana
10320:Chastana
10305:Examples
9273:IAST and
9265:IAST and
9241:Sanskrit
9217:. For a
9081:Varanasi
9047:Vāsudeva
8966:Besnagar
8901:𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀁
8873:𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂
8859:𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺
7670:IAST and
7660:IAST and
7652:IAST and
7642:IAST and
3917:such as
3909:Special
3819:Thailand
3724:Sanskrit
3680:Basileōs
3581:Maukhari
3353:Sanskrit
3324:Dha-ṃ-ma
3269:and the
3255:Mahavira
3245:and the
3231:Kharoṣṭī
3217:Buddhist
3210:Brahmins
3164:Sanskrit
3071:Nearchus
3001:Darius I
2956:Sanskrit
2897:𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀻
2712:Coin of
2550:Aramaic
1644:
1564:
1489:
1414:
980:Vāsudeva
892:in 1877.
769:Buddhism
761:Hinduism
722:Sanskrit
617:Calcutta
465:/ /
461:Help:IPA
126:Sanskrit
23500:Tibetan
23441:Burmese
23427:Amharic
23410:(India)
23387:Sinhala
23380:Punjabi
23359:Kannada
23307:Persian
23262:Russian
23202:Swedish
23180:Finnish
23155:Faroese
23130:Zambian
23102:Turkish
23087:Spanish
23010:Maltese
22988:Latvian
22981:Italian
22960:Iñupiaq
22939:Guarani
22899:English
22870:Catalan
22787:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
22782:Braille
22665:Kikakui
22603:Eskayan
22588:Cypriot
22438:Dunging
22310:Demotic
22289:Tenevil
22233:Hittite
22228:Elamite
22181:Jurchen
22160:Sawndip
22155:Chữ Nôm
22055:Zapotec
22050:Yerkish
22025:Nsibidi
22010:Miꞌkmaw
22000:Isotype
21970:Adinkra
21911:Braille
21895:Zaghawa
21865:Vellara
21845:Sunuwar
21835:Sidetic
21830:Shavian
21758:Osmanya
21748:Ol Onal
21602:Kurrent
21587:Insular
21577:Fraktur
21552:Klingon
21542:Kaddare
21516:Archaic
21425:Elbasan
21413:Chinook
21403:Deseret
21391:Bosnian
21346:Avoiuli
21334:Avestan
21324:Ariyaka
21253:Tengwar
21151:Bharati
21112:Serawai
21102:Pasemah
21087:Lampung
21042:Lai Tay
21027:Tai Noi
20990:Sinhala
20970:Pallava
20938:Makasar
20926:Lontara
20901:Kulitan
20874:Kannada
20869:Kadamba
20859:Hanunoo
20849:Grantha
20844:Fakkham
20761:Tibetan
20746:Soyombo
20741:Siddhaṃ
20736:Sharada
20712:Litumol
20702:Tirhuta
20692:Ranjana
20677:Kvemmol
20637:Multani
20622:Marchen
20587:Kalinga
20527:Brahmic
20464:Sogdian
20403:Psalter
20383:Pahlavi
20363:Mandaic
20341:Cursive
20326:Elymaic
20297:Aramaic
19976:Sinhala
19971:Ranjana
19961:Kannada
19941:Bengali
19928:Brahmic
19854:Scripts
19836:Turkmen
19818:Tripuri
19813:Tibetan
19778:Ladakhi
19717:Romance
19684:Teressa
19641:Santali
19636:Mundari
19557:Kusunda
19514:Balochi
19506:Iranian
19496:Sylheti
19491:Sinhala
19481:Saraiki
19461:Punjabi
19446:Marathi
19426:Kumaoni
19421:Konkani
19374:Dhivehi
19359:Bengali
19299:English
19261:Kannada
19083:of the
16005:(ed.),
15976:Harappa
15887:(ed.),
15285:8 April
15215:8 April
14372:3087634
13618:Mathura
13551:(Ayam)
13545:(or at
13538:script.
12851:Unicode
12839:Unicode
12817:of the
11836:Konkani
11828:Marathi
11797:Tibetan
11760:in the
10993:Palatal
10832:Voiced
10826:Voiced
10818:Voicing
10531:Letter
10523:Letter
10378:is the
9732:Palatal
9571:Voiced
9565:Voiced
9557:Voicing
9270:Letter
9262:Letter
9236:Kushana
9031:Prakrit
8962:Vidisha
8941:Lumbini
8875:𑀚𑀸𑀢
8817:Prakrit
8780:Shakyas
8772:Lumbini
8204:Palatal
8055:Voiced
8049:Voiced
8041:Voicing
7657:Letter
7639:Letter
7134:Gujarat
6024:Kushana
5971:Vidisha
4074:Shiksha
3963:Shakyas
3871:called
3865:abugida
3852:Brā-hmī
3769:Kannada
3749:Kannada
3722:", the
3693:legend:
3646:of the
3485:Mathura
3442:Mathura
3380:Prakrit
3357:Ayodhya
3345:Prakrit
3319:Prakrit
3309:History
3291:Prakrit
3284:dhaṃma
3263:Prakrit
3249:of the
3235:Jainism
3168:Brahman
3063:συντάξῃ
3046:in the
3016:Aramaic
3003:in his
2784:Aramaic
2730:legend:
2698:Elamite
2538:q, ṭ, ṣ
2263:, M.L.
1690:Aramaic
1603:
1528:
1453:
1378:
1358:Brahmi
1339:Aramaic
1314:Origin
1310:Phoneme
1303:Letter
830:Origins
801:Brahmin
765:Jainism
593:Mauryan
585:abugida
556:) is a
497:Unicode
453:in the
417:Unicode
370:Sinhala
344:Kadamba
318:Grantha
303:Pallava
286:Kalinga
281:Tibetan
252:Sharada
211:Siddham
134:Prakrit
90:Abugida
70:Sarnath
23920:Other
23793:People
23783:Braigo
23602:Korean
23470:Hebrew
23401:Telugu
23300:Arabic
23290:Arabic
23248:Kyrgyz
23241:Kazakh
23175:Danish
23073:Slovak
23066:Samoan
23045:Polish
23024:Navajo
22925:German
22918:French
22785:
22730:Yugtun
22720:Woleai
22670:Kpelle
22653:Sōgana
22573:Byblos
22351:Muisca
22269:Cretan
22238:Luwian
22196:Tangut
22015:Mixtec
21985:Dongba
21890:Yezidi
21880:Wancho
21855:Todhri
21808:Gothic
21788:Cipher
21729:Manchu
21719:Evenki
21704:Orkhon
21649:Manchu
21644:Lydian
21639:Lycian
21582:Gaelic
21532:Hanifi
21527:Hangul
21502:Gothic
21450:Fraser
21445:Fox II
21381:Coptic
21356:Carian
21339:Pazend
21312:Linear
21258:Thaana
21203:Sarati
21144:Others
21107:Rejang
21092:Lembak
21082:Incung
21062:Telugu
21017:Tai Le
20911:Langdi
20834:Chakma
20724:Karani
20697:Tamyig
20672:Kummol
20667:Himmol
20662:Golmol
20642:Nagari
20627:Meitei
20612:Lepcha
20597:Khojki
20582:Kaithi
20469:Syriac
20457:Musnad
20336:Ashuri
20331:Hebrew
20314:Elifba
20309:Arabic
20302:Hatran
20277:Abjads
20020:Thaana
19986:Telugu
19895:Arabic
19868:Brahmi
19828:Turkic
19788:Meitei
19773:Hajong
19725:French
19707:Jarawa
19674:Chaura
19567:Khasic
19552:Nihali
19524:Pashto
19486:Sindhi
19451:Nepali
19431:Magahi
19411:Hindko
19364:Chakma
19344:Angika
19309:Indian
19276:Telugu
19256:Brahui
19238:Aka-Bo
19164:Bhutan
19138:Major
19043:
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16897:", in
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13929:brahmi
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13750:
13631:Andhau
13553:Dhrama
13528:Dhrama
12916:
12911:(PDF)
12904:Brahmi
12888:Brāhmī
12866:Google
12811:hangul
12090:Brahmi
11772:, the
11764:, the
11630:ruler
11552:
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11436:Labial
11425:
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9043:Garuda
8986:Shunga
8982:Taxila
8899:𑀳𑀺𑀤
8834:— The
8709:
8691:
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6894:Kushan
6654:Girnar
6282:Ashoka
5959:Sanchi
4082:vargas
4061:virāma
4007:Vowels
3951:Sa-kya
3714:Sanchi
3691:Brahmi
3614:ruler
3604:Ashoka
3504:1834).
3460:Śudāsa
3329:Dharma
3321:word "
3303:Edicts
3299:Dharma
3280:Ashoka
3259:Bambhi
3241:, the
3227:Brāhmī
3198:Brahma
3190:Brahma
3186:Shakti
3160:Brahmi
3067:syntax
3055:Arrian
3044:Strabo
3032:Ashoka
3014:where
2946:Pāṇini
2919:i; pī=
2905:Edicts
2901:Ashoka
2771:Ashoka
2728:Brahmi
2594:, and
2502:dental
2046:, M.L.
1901:, M.L.
1864:, M.L.
1700:Value
1697:Brahmi
1349:Syriac
1344:Hebrew
1322:Image
767:, and
747:Brahmi
554:Brāhmī
505:Brahmi
469:
428:Brahmi
186:Brahmi
146:Telugu
51:Brāhmī
47:Brahmi
18:Brahmi
23636:(GS8)
23627:Kanji
23485:Khmer
23463:Greek
23394:Tamil
23327:i.e.
23288:i.e.
23269:Tatar
23215:i.e.
23116:Welsh
23017:Māori
22974:Irish
22892:Dutch
22885:Czech
22695:Nüshu
22563:Bamum
22558:Afaka
22365:Other
22356:Roman
22341:Abjad
22264:Bagam
22165:Bowen
22150:Kanji
22145:Hanja
22133:small
22128:large
22035:Olmec
22005:Kaidā
21995:Emoji
21975:Aztec
21778:Runic
21753:Osage
21734:Oirat
21679:Ogham
21612:Sigla
21557:Latin
21512:Greek
21396:Early
21366:Cirth
21319:Adlam
21188:Geʽez
21183:Fox I
21047:Tamil
20906:Lanna
20889:Khmer
20879:Karen
20829:Buhid
20809:Batak
20766:Uchen
20756:Takri
20707:Limbu
20607:Laṇḍā
20592:Khema
20572:Gupta
20562:Dogri
20479:Serṭā
20452:Zabur
20437:Punic
20410:Pegon
20346:Rashi
20260:Types
20211:Lists
20175:Types
20013:Other
20004:Latin
19981:Tamil
19879:Indus
19874:Greek
19841:Uzbek
19783:Limbu
19753:Balti
19694:Ongan
19631:Korku
19618:Munda
19575:Khasi
19529:Wakhi
19436:Mahal
19394:Hindi
19379:Dogri
19271:Tamil
19196:Nepal
19169:India
18921:JSTOR
18519:(PDF)
18504:(PDF)
18418:also
18288:(PDF)
18281:(PDF)
18163:(PDF)
18156:(PDF)
18117:p.266
18088:p.129
16936:(PDF)
16925:(PDF)
16870:S2CID
16628:: 9,
16414:JSTOR
16046:S2CID
16038:JSTOR
15883:. In
15854:(PDF)
15839:(PDF)
15552:S2CID
15452:JSTOR
15276:S2CID
14881:S2CID
14689:JSTOR
14629:S2CID
14407:S2CID
14368:JSTOR
13748:JSTOR
13635:Nasik
13534:" in
13454:Notes
13389:Notes
12328:Gupta
11832:Hindi
11786:Burma
11612:Bihar
11555:/w,ʋ/
11368:/d̪ʱ/
11328:/t̪ʰ/
10864:Velar
10801:Nasal
10778:/l̩ː/
10744:/r̩ː/
10342:King
10294:/w,ʋ/
10107:/d̪ʱ/
10067:/t̪ʰ/
9603:Velar
9540:Nasal
9517:/l̩ː/
9483:/r̩ː/
9067:King
9041:This
8988:king
8976:king
8968:, by
8776:Nepal
8712:/w,ʋ/
8543:/d̪ʱ/
8507:/t̪ʰ/
8087:Velar
8024:Nasal
8001:/kɐu/
7969:/koː/
7935:/kɐi/
7903:/keː/
7869:/kuː/
7803:/kiː/
7737:/kaː/
7666:Mātrā
7648:Mātrā
7374:Gupta
5998:danda
3955:mu-nī
3873:mātrā
3824:Egypt
3719:danam
3665:king
3520:king
3172:Hindu
2651:tsade
2478:]
2474:[
2442:]
2438:[
2406:]
2402:[
2370:]
2366:[
2334:]
2330:[
2298:]
2294:[
2261:]
2257:[
2225:]
2221:[
2189:]
2185:[
2153:]
2149:[
2117:]
2113:[
2081:]
2077:[
2044:]
2040:[
2008:]
2004:[
1972:]
1968:[
1936:]
1932:[
1899:]
1895:[
1862:]
1858:[
1826:]
1822:[
1790:]
1786:[
1754:]
1750:[
1694:Value
1622:]
1618:[
1612:dālet
1547:]
1543:[
1472:]
1468:[
1397:]
1393:[
1387:ʾālep
1354:Greek
1325:Text
1306:Name
1024:abjad
824:Greek
732:Texts
597:Gupta
574:South
560:from
457:(IPA)
409:(300)
206:Gupta
23408:Urdu
23373:Odia
23314:Urdu
22690:Loma
22685:Lisu
22628:Kana
22618:Iban
22608:Geba
22568:Bété
22523:si5s
22433:Khom
22406:Full
22279:Maya
21674:N'Ko
21233:Miao
21178:Dham
21097:Ogan
21067:Thai
20985:Shan
20921:Leke
20884:Kawi
20839:Cham
20824:Buda
20799:Ahom
20719:Odia
20632:Modi
20388:Book
20060:Urdu
19966:Odia
19908:Arwi
19793:Mizo
19768:Garo
19758:Bodo
19702:Önge
19646:Sora
19585:Pnar
19519:Dari
19456:Odia
19399:Urdu
19281:Tulu
19041:ISBN
19005:ISBN
18964:ISBN
18940:ISBN
18890:ISBN
18865:ISBN
18841:ISBN
18820:ISBN
18801:ISBN
18767:ISBN
18729:ISBN
18698:ISBN
18663:ISBN
18631:ISBN
18454:ISBN
18369:ISBN
18331:ISBN
18057:ISBN
18019:ISBN
17957:ISBN
17819:ISBN
17650:ISBN
17607:ISBN
17522:ISBN
17463:ISBN
17176:ISBN
17017:ISBN
16944:2016
16712:ISBN
16655:ISBN
16626:XXXV
16564:ISBN
16526:ISBN
16476:ISBN
16438:ISBN
16376:ISBN
16340:OCLC
16330:ISBN
16297:2015
16112:ISBN
15988:2015
15943:ISBN
15804:ISBN
15762:ISBN
15724:ISBN
15629:ISBN
15588:ISBN
15542:ISBN
15287:2015
15260:Iran
15217:2015
14829:ISBN
14305:ISBN
14254:ISBN
14194:ISBN
14153:ISBN
14108:ISBN
14054:ISBN
14012:ISBN
13963:ISBN
13905:ISBN
13857:ISBN
13816:ISBN
13557:dipi
13532:Dipi
13427:Lipi
12885:IAST
11843:kana
11818:and
11598:The
11515:/bʱ/
11475:/pʰ/
11348:/d̪/
11308:/t̪/
11221:/ɖʱ/
11181:/ʈʰ/
11072:/ɟʱ/
11032:/cʰ/
10943:/ɡʱ/
10903:/kʰ/
10858:Yes
10852:Yes
10846:Yes
10796:Stop
10762:/l̩/
10728:/r̩/
10710:/əu/
10692:/əi/
10677:/oː/
10659:/eː/
10639:/uː/
10606:/iː/
10573:/aː/
10391:and
10254:/bʱ/
10214:/pʰ/
10087:/d̪/
10047:/t̪/
9960:/ɖʱ/
9920:/ʈʰ/
9811:/ɟʱ/
9771:/cʰ/
9682:/ɡʱ/
9642:/kʰ/
9597:Yes
9591:Yes
9585:Yes
9535:Stop
9501:/l̩/
9467:/r̩/
9449:/əu/
9431:/əi/
9416:/oː/
9398:/eː/
9378:/uː/
9345:/iː/
9312:/aː/
9065:Yona
8956:The
8879:𑀢𑀺
8676:/bʱ/
8640:/pʰ/
8525:/d̪/
8489:/t̪/
8410:/ɖʱ/
8374:/ʈʰ/
8275:/ɟʱ/
8239:/cʰ/
8158:/ɡʱ/
8122:/kʰ/
8081:Yes
8075:Yes
8069:Yes
8019:Stop
7990:𑀓𑁅
7985:/ɐu/
7958:𑀓𑁄
7953:/oː/
7924:𑀓𑁃
7919:/ɐi/
7892:𑀓𑁂
7887:/eː/
7858:𑀓𑀽
7853:/uː/
7837:/ku/
7826:𑀓𑀼
7792:𑀓𑀻
7787:/iː/
7771:/ki/
7760:𑀓𑀺
7726:𑀓𑀸
7721:/aː/
7705:/kɐ/
5941:𑀴𑁆
5936:𑀳𑁆
5931:𑀲𑁆
5926:𑀱𑁆
5921:𑀰𑁆
5916:𑀯𑁆
5911:𑀮𑁆
5906:𑀭𑁆
5901:𑀬𑁆
5896:𑀫𑁆
5891:𑀪𑁆
5886:𑀩𑁆
5881:𑀨𑁆
5876:𑀧𑁆
5871:𑀦𑁆
5866:𑀥𑁆
5861:𑀤𑁆
5856:𑀣𑁆
5851:𑀢𑁆
5846:𑀡𑁆
5841:𑀠𑁆
5836:𑀟𑁆
5831:𑀞𑁆
5826:𑀝𑁆
5821:𑀜𑁆
5816:𑀛𑁆
5811:𑀚𑁆
5806:𑀙𑁆
5801:𑀘𑁆
5796:𑀗𑁆
5791:𑀖𑁆
5786:𑀕𑁆
5781:𑀔𑁆
5776:𑀓𑁆
5762:𑀴𑁄
5757:𑀳𑁄
5752:𑀲𑁄
5747:𑀱𑁄
5742:𑀰𑁄
5737:𑀯𑁄
5732:𑀮𑁄
5727:𑀭𑁄
5722:𑀬𑁄
5717:𑀫𑁄
5712:𑀪𑁄
5707:𑀩𑁄
5702:𑀨𑁄
5697:𑀧𑁄
5692:𑀦𑁄
5687:𑀥𑁄
5682:𑀤𑁄
5677:𑀣𑁄
5672:𑀢𑁄
5662:𑀠𑁄
5657:𑀟𑁄
5652:𑀞𑁄
5647:𑀝𑁄
5642:𑀜𑁄
5637:𑀛𑁄
5632:𑀚𑁄
5627:𑀙𑁄
5622:𑀘𑁄
5617:𑀗𑁄
5612:𑀖𑁄
5607:𑀕𑁄
5602:𑀔𑁄
5597:𑀓𑁄
5583:𑀴𑁂
5578:𑀳𑁂
5573:𑀲𑁂
5568:𑀱𑁂
5563:𑀰𑁂
5558:𑀯𑁂
5553:𑀮𑁂
5548:𑀭𑁂
5543:𑀬𑁂
5538:𑀫𑁂
5533:𑀪𑁂
5528:𑀩𑁂
5523:𑀨𑁂
5518:𑀧𑁂
5513:𑀦𑁂
5508:𑀥𑁂
5503:𑀤𑁂
5498:𑀣𑁂
5493:𑀢𑁂
5483:𑀠𑁂
5478:𑀟𑁂
5473:𑀞𑁂
5468:𑀝𑁂
5463:𑀜𑁂
5458:𑀛𑁂
5453:𑀚𑁂
5448:𑀙𑁂
5443:𑀘𑁂
5438:𑀗𑁂
5433:𑀖𑁂
5428:𑀕𑁂
5423:𑀔𑁂
5418:𑀓𑁂
5404:𑀴𑀽
5399:𑀳𑀽
5394:𑀲𑀽
5389:𑀱𑀽
5384:𑀰𑀽
5379:𑀯𑀽
5374:𑀮𑀽
5369:𑀭𑀽
5364:𑀬𑀽
5359:𑀫𑀽
5354:𑀪𑀽
5349:𑀩𑀽
5344:𑀨𑀽
5339:𑀧𑀽
5334:𑀦𑀽
5329:𑀥𑀽
5324:𑀤𑀽
5319:𑀣𑀽
5314:𑀢𑀽
5304:𑀠𑀽
5299:𑀟𑀽
5294:𑀞𑀽
5289:𑀝𑀽
5284:𑀜𑀽
5279:𑀛𑀽
5274:𑀚𑀽
5269:𑀙𑀽
5264:𑀘𑀽
5259:𑀗𑀽
5254:𑀖𑀽
5249:𑀕𑀽
5244:𑀔𑀽
5239:𑀓𑀽
5225:𑀴𑀼
5220:𑀳𑀼
5215:𑀲𑀼
5210:𑀱𑀼
5205:𑀰𑀼
5200:𑀯𑀼
5195:𑀮𑀼
5190:𑀭𑀼
5185:𑀬𑀼
5180:𑀫𑀼
5175:𑀪𑀼
5170:𑀩𑀼
5165:𑀨𑀼
5160:𑀧𑀼
5155:𑀦𑀼
5150:𑀥𑀼
5145:𑀤𑀼
5140:𑀣𑀼
5135:𑀢𑀼
5130:𑀡𑀼
5125:𑀠𑀼
5120:𑀟𑀼
5115:𑀞𑀼
5110:𑀝𑀼
5105:𑀜𑀼
5100:𑀛𑀼
5095:𑀚𑀼
5090:𑀙𑀼
5085:𑀘𑀼
5080:𑀗𑀼
5075:𑀖𑀼
5070:𑀕𑀼
5065:𑀔𑀼
5060:𑀓𑀼
5046:𑀴𑀻
5041:𑀳𑀻
5036:𑀲𑀻
5031:𑀱𑀻
5026:𑀰𑀻
5021:𑀯𑀻
5016:𑀮𑀻
5011:𑀭𑀻
5006:𑀬𑀻
5001:𑀫𑀻
4996:𑀪𑀻
4991:𑀩𑀻
4986:𑀨𑀻
4981:𑀧𑀻
4976:𑀦𑀻
4971:𑀥𑀻
4966:𑀤𑀻
4961:𑀣𑀻
4956:𑀢𑀻
4951:𑀡𑀻
4946:𑀠𑀻
4941:𑀟𑀻
4936:𑀞𑀻
4931:𑀝𑀻
4926:𑀜𑀻
4921:𑀛𑀻
4916:𑀚𑀻
4911:𑀙𑀻
4906:𑀘𑀻
4901:𑀗𑀻
4896:𑀖𑀻
4891:𑀕𑀻
4886:𑀔𑀻
4881:𑀓𑀻
4867:𑀴𑀺
4862:𑀳𑀺
4857:𑀲𑀺
4852:𑀱𑀺
4847:𑀰𑀺
4842:𑀯𑀺
4837:𑀮𑀺
4832:𑀭𑀺
4827:𑀬𑀺
4822:𑀫𑀺
4817:𑀪𑀺
4812:𑀩𑀺
4807:𑀨𑀺
4802:𑀧𑀺
4797:𑀦𑀺
4792:𑀥𑀺
4787:𑀤𑀺
4782:𑀣𑀺
4777:𑀢𑀺
4772:𑀡𑀺
4767:𑀠𑀺
4762:𑀟𑀺
4757:𑀞𑀺
4752:𑀝𑀺
4747:𑀜𑀺
4742:𑀛𑀺
4737:𑀚𑀺
4732:𑀙𑀺
4727:𑀘𑀺
4722:𑀗𑀺
4717:𑀖𑀺
4712:𑀕𑀺
4707:𑀔𑀺
4702:𑀓𑀺
4688:𑀴𑀸
4683:𑀳𑀸
4678:𑀲𑀸
4673:𑀱𑀸
4668:𑀰𑀸
4663:𑀯𑀸
4658:𑀮𑀸
4653:𑀭𑀸
4648:𑀬𑀸
4643:𑀫𑀸
4638:𑀪𑀸
4633:𑀩𑀸
4628:𑀨𑀸
4623:𑀧𑀸
4618:𑀦𑀸
4613:𑀥𑀸
4608:𑀤𑀸
4603:𑀣𑀸
4598:𑀢𑀸
4593:𑀡𑀸
4588:𑀠𑀸
4583:𑀟𑀸
4578:𑀞𑀸
4573:𑀝𑀸
4568:𑀜𑀸
4563:𑀛𑀸
4558:𑀚𑀸
4553:𑀙𑀸
4548:𑀘𑀸
4543:𑀗𑀸
4538:𑀖𑀸
4533:𑀕𑀸
4528:𑀔𑀸
4523:𑀓𑀸
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1860:h
1824:d
1788:ɡ
1752:b
1719:*
1658:Δ
1653:ܕ
1648:ד
1620:d
1578:Γ
1573:ܓ
1568:ג
1545:ɡ
1503:Β
1498:ܒ
1493:ב
1470:b
1428:Α
1423:ܐ
1418:א
1395:ʔ
986:.
880:-
857:-
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701:(
532:/
529:i
526:m
520:r
517:b
514:ˈ
511:/
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475:.
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41:.
34:.
20:)
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