1313:
129:
1435:
1399:
109:
2701:
Glimmerveen, J.; Golovanova, L. V.; Groves, C.; Guerreschi, A.; Haak, W.; Higham, T.; Hofman-Kamińska, E.; Immel, A.; Julien, M.-A.; Krause, J.; Krotova, O.; Langbein, F.; Larson, G.; Rohrlach, A.; Scheu, A.; Schnabel, R. D.; Taylor, J. F.; Tokarska, M.; Tosello, G.; van der Plicht, J.; van Loenen, A.; Vigne, J.-D.; Wooley, O.; Orlando, L.; Kowalczyk, R.; Shapiro, B.; Cooper, A. (18 October 2016).
1220:
2700:
Soubrier, J.; Gower, G.; Chen, K.; Richards, S. M.; Llamas, B.; Mitchell, K. J.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Kosintsev, P.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Baryshnikov, G.; Bollongino, R.; Bover, P.; Burger, J.; Chivall, D.; Crégut-Bonnoure, E.; Decker, J. E.; Doronichev, V. B.; Douka, K.; Fordham, D. A.; Fontana, F.; Fritz, C.;
742:
has the highest diversity of wild cattle on planet, as well as the fact the southeast Asian saola is the basal most of the living species. At some point after the divergence of the three subtribes around 13.7 million years ago, bovins migrated into Africa from Asia where they have diversified into
1409:
Wild cattle are very social animals, which they accumulate into large herds, with some individual sizes that can go into the hundreds. Usually these herds consisted of females and their young, although in some species there are occasionally bachelor males among them. Generally the larger and more
1299:
in bovins, though it is emphasis on the body size and the size of the horns. Males are significantly larger than the females, which most of their features are exaggerated with massive humps, large necks, and in some species the presence of a dewlap. Males and females exhibit sexual monochromatism
1425:
occurs once the female has been inseminated from the male successfully. In most species it lasts approximately nine to ten months. They only give birth to a single calf. Once the young are born, they will not wean until they are around six to 10 months depending on the species. Females of most
1358:(often tall grass) in their diet and much water to drink. In addition they are less efficient eaters than smaller herbivores, as they cannot selectively forage on relatively short grass due their stiff, immobile upperlips. They commonly wallow in mud and water in swamps, especially with
2583:
Gallagher, D. S.; Davis, S. K.; De Donato, M.; Burzlaff, J.D.; Womack, J. E.; Taylor, J. F.; Kumamoto, A. T. (1999). "A Molecular
Cytogenetic Analysis of the Tribe Bovini (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovinae) with an Emphasis on Sex Shromosome Morphology and NOR Distribution".
1098:
The number of taxa and their evolutionary relationships with each other has been debated, mainly as there is several evidence of ancient hybridization events that occurred among the various species of wild cattle, obstructing any evidence of their relationships.
702:. The relationship between the tribes varies in research concerning their phylogeny. Most molecular research supports a Bovini and Tragelaphini subclade of Bovinae. There are also some morphological support for this, most notably both groups have
1737:
Hassanin, A.; An, J.; Ropiquet, A.; Nguyen, T. T.; Couloux, A. (2013). "Combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of
Laurasiatherian mammals: Application to the tribe Bovini (Cetartiodactyla, Bovidae)".
1567:(a cross between cattle and American bison). Most of these hybrids are deliberate from humans wanting to improve the quality of various cattle breeds (in particular for beef production). All bovinan hybrids produce
1283:(a fact that caused some confusion among bovid biologists). What all bovins or wild cattle do have in common is both sexes have the presence of smooth horns, instead of annulated horns seen in most other bovids. In
2223:
1102:
Below is the taxonomy of extant genera that are classified as members of the tribe Bovini (more information regarding the species taxonomy is explained more in-depth in their respective subtribe articles):
1304:, where males are a dark chestnut while females are just chestnut), though the male coloration hues are darker than the females. Coloration can be uniform or with some white markings, from black to brown.
1583:
purposes, bovin hybridization was used in the past to save several species such as the
American bison in the past. This has caused problems for wild cattle conservation as hybrids pollute the
1255:
and these species can attain a shoulder height more than 1.9 meters. The gaur can weigh up to 1,500 kilograms and attain a shoulder height up to 2.2 meters. There are some breeds of domestic
2200:
1091:). According to the fossil record and the molecular work, Bubalina and Bovina have diverged from one and another from a common ancestor around 13.7 million years ago in the
1587:
of genetically-pure animals. Bovin hybridization was also a major factor behind the evolution of Bovini, as some species have evidence of ancient hybridization in their
2241:
Tanaka, K.; Solis, C. D.; Masangkay, J. S.; Maeda, K. L.; Kawamoto, Y.; Namikawa, T. (1996). "Phylogenetic relationship among all living species of the genus
1454:, but evolved into several distinct characteristics. The subtribe Bubalina have the acquisition of X-specific repetitive DNA sequence on their Y chromosomes;
762:
Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far listed in alphabetical order that currently do not fit in any of the existing subtribes:
1410:
experienced males tend to be solitary, though in the breeding season mixed-herds occur. There is a strict hierarchy among males based on size dominance.
1446:
The chromosome number varies by species, and sometimes even by subspecies, which warrants further research for taxonomic purposes. The ancestral
747:
epoch some bovines left Africa and entered Europe, where they have evolved into hardy, cold-adapted species. During the Ice Age ancestors of the
2026:
Marcot, J. D. (2007). "Molecular
Phylogeny of Terrestrial Aritiodactyls: Conflicts and Resolutions". In Prothero, D. R.; Foss, S. E. (eds.).
878:
853:
316:
305:
1279:, that weigh between 200 and 300 kilograms. Furthermore, not all species of bovin look like cattle, such as the saola which looks more like
799:
272:
484:
1631:
Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the
Kouprey,
1263:, bulls of which can weigh from 1,200 to 1,500 kilograms and reach a similar height to the gaur. There are, however, several species of
2627:
Nguyen, T. T.; Aniskin, V. M.; Gerbault-Seureau, M.; Planton, J. P.; Renard, B. X.; Nguyen, A.; Hassanin, A.; Volobouev, V. T. (2008).
835:
294:
1840:
2678:
774:
261:
2147:
Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro, Juan
Antonio Pérez-Claros, Maria Rita Palombo, Lorenzo Rook, and Paul Palmqvist: "The Olduvai buffalo
817:
283:
7298:
2776:
2629:"Phylogenetic position of the saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) inferred from cytogenetic analysis of eleven species of Bovidae"
2185:
2002:
1370:
forests. With their large body-size, wild cattle have few natural predators aside from humans. Still they are often prey to
1421:
males engage in ramming against each other in order to obtain the breeding rights for females as well as territory. The
439:
have had a long and complex relationship. Five of seven species have been successfully domesticated, with one species (
2562:
1789:
1984:
2349:"Phylogenetic reconstruction and the identification of ancient polymorphism in the Bovini tribe (Bovidae, Bovinae)"
1198:
242:
3128:
1867:
759:
in two waves, the first being 135,000 to 195,000 years ago and the second being 21,000 to 45,000 years ago.
3917:
1418:
3197:
2769:
725:
2160:
447:, there are at least 1.4 billion cattle in the world. Domestic bovines have been selectively bred for
6174:
3119:
3110:
1677:"Phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily Bovinae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) based on ribosomal DNA"
5961:
2218:
1235:
that are stout-bodied with thick, short legs. Some species can reach impressive body-sizes such as
128:
2133:
Hassanin, A. (2014). "Systematic and evolution of Bovini". In
Melletti, D. R.; Burton, J. (eds.).
1957:
463:
to make room for cattle farming as well as unregulated hunting. Some are already extinct like the
6610:
6003:
3899:
3040:
1980:
7265:
6123:
3559:
7303:
7203:
3661:
3367:
3286:
1568:
2173:
909:
7260:
6811:
5841:
4066:
3295:
3179:
2762:
1055:
has recovered three distinctive subtribes of Bovini: Pseudorygina (represented solely by the
1992:
1777:
1338:, though domesticated species or variants have a global cosmopolitan range with the help of
7118:
6884:
6875:
6820:
6445:
6409:
6382:
5790:
5781:
5226:
5217:
3583:
3442:
3385:
3331:
2714:
2205:
2071:
1970:
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is critically endangered.
1414:
691:
568:
1805:
Bollongino, R.; Burger, J.; Powell, A.; Mashkour, M.; Vigne, J.-D.; Thomas, M. G. (2012).
8:
7064:
6766:
6757:
6505:
6373:
6346:
6282:
5943:
5823:
5772:
3451:
3358:
2949:
444:
2718:
2075:
7151:
7142:
6514:
6454:
6436:
6418:
6364:
6337:
6328:
5952:
5934:
5868:
5561:
5287:
4764:
4755:
4474:
3908:
3376:
3188:
3170:
3049:
2735:
2702:
2656:
2609:
2541:
2375:
2348:
2321:
2292:
2270:
2101:
1703:
1676:
1335:
1236:
1160:
756:
123:
2491:
The
Behaviour Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
6784:
6775:
6463:
6391:
6319:
6150:
6132:
5985:
4935:
4330:
4321:
4173:
4075:
3854:
3821:
3764:
3634:
3161:
3022:
2740:
2648:
2601:
2558:
2399:
2380:
2326:
2262:
2181:
2008:
1998:
1828:
1785:
1755:
1708:
1652:
1584:
1576:
1560:
1351:
1312:
1296:
1284:
1168:
1076:
1052:
980:
719:
350:
2660:
2628:
2613:
2274:
1934:
1390:. It is often the young and the weak that are commonly selected by these predators.
443:) being the most successful member of their lineage. Domesticated shortly after the
7293:
7241:
7178:
6932:
6923:
6802:
6643:
6634:
6427:
6099:
6090:
6038:
6029:
5877:
5850:
5763:
5543:
5151:
4577:
4568:
4558:
4531:
4252:
4121:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3086:
3077:
3013:
2940:
2931:
2730:
2722:
2640:
2593:
2555:
Atlante delle razze autoctone: Bovini, equini, ovicaprini, suini allevati in Italia
2370:
2360:
2316:
2308:
2254:
2219:
Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North
America
2079:
1952:
1818:
1747:
1698:
1688:
1644:
1459:
1422:
488:
355:
215:
2544:(in Italian). Atlante delle razze bovine – Razze da carne. Accessed November 2017.
7288:
6908:
6899:
6847:
6838:
6619:
5476:
5467:
4944:
4540:
3592:
3502:
3340:
3152:
3031:
3004:
2995:
2083:
1144:
1065:
368:
2062:
Bibi, F. (2007). "Origin, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography of early Bovini".
1751:
1648:
7108:
7046:
6676:
6667:
6192:
6141:
6062:
6053:
5994:
5832:
5534:
5356:
5347:
4902:
4869:
4851:
4339:
4149:
4024:
3863:
2851:
2823:
2224:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2201:
An Alaska volcano and DNA reveal the timing of bison's arrival in North America
2044:
Solounias, N. (2007). "Family Bovidae". In Prothero, D.R.; Foss, S. E. (eds.).
1463:
1343:
1316:
1248:
1244:
703:
468:
456:
28:
2754:
2597:
2135:
Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation
7282:
7226:
6733:
6715:
6601:
6538:
6529:
5588:
5323:
5296:
5067:
4977:
4968:
4953:
4818:
4782:
4737:
4674:
4665:
4182:
4140:
4033:
3999:
3989:
3890:
3872:
3535:
3484:
3394:
2958:
2365:
1988:
1943:
1693:
1466:
1402:
1379:
1359:
1355:
1327:
1320:
1194:
1044:
452:
387:
238:
66:
2012:
1823:
1807:"Modern taurine cattle descended from small number of Near-Eastern founders"
1806:
903:
7127:
7096:
6986:
6658:
6472:
6400:
6273:
6216:
6207:
5925:
5859:
5621:
5579:
5494:
5305:
5025:
5016:
4878:
4809:
4698:
4689:
4431:
4200:
3881:
3836:
3803:
3574:
3466:
3433:
3349:
2744:
2652:
2605:
2384:
2330:
2312:
2178:
Ardipithecus Kadabba: Late Miocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia
1832:
1759:
1712:
1656:
1580:
1447:
1405:
ramming against each other using the weight of their heads and their horns.
1292:
1092:
735:
687:
595:
460:
459:. However, many species of wild cattle are threatened by extinction due to
7252:
2266:
7235:
6748:
6496:
5658:
5612:
5603:
5552:
5504:
5365:
5207:
4800:
4791:
4619:
4413:
4404:
4394:
4288:
4131:
3941:
3932:
3845:
3688:
3610:
3493:
3418:
3409:
2786:
1451:
1426:
species sexually mature by four years while for males it is seven years.
1048:
738:. This is not only supported by the fossil record but also the fact that
699:
564:
180:
41:
2726:
1434:
1350:, all species of wild cattle inhabit wooded or forested areas with some
6355:
6255:
6080:
5672:
5094:
5076:
4827:
4522:
4507:
4498:
4465:
4242:
4048:
3965:
3956:
3731:
3722:
3601:
3526:
3067:
2888:
2258:
1037:
Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Bovini (Hassanin et al., 2013)
739:
512:
499:, and Bovini respectively. The word "Bovini" is the combination of the
257:
224:
86:
51:
2644:
1398:
1259:
that can be even larger than both wild species, one of them being the
7055:
6976:
6829:
6700:
6691:
6165:
5739:
5730:
5715:
5706:
5570:
5142:
4926:
4860:
4746:
4261:
4057:
3746:
3670:
3550:
3101:
2986:
2976:
2870:
2861:
1387:
1371:
1363:
1268:
1252:
731:
332:
140:
91:
35:
7197:
7022:
2703:"Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison"
2626:
7220:
6964:
6592:
6264:
5976:
5814:
5754:
5419:
5118:
4650:
4595:
4483:
4312:
3788:
3779:
3755:
3643:
3517:
3267:
3143:
2839:
2817:
2805:
2172:
Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Vrba, Elizabeth S.; Bibi, Faysal (2009).
1367:
1347:
1288:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1240:
1139:
1131:
1060:
964:
744:
619:
403:
395:
341:
160:
108:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
1997:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722.
7169:
7004:
6865:
6724:
6114:
5901:
5892:
5805:
5691:
5682:
5654:
5410:
5314:
5278:
5193:
5189:
5160:
5085:
4773:
4646:
4607:
4191:
4108:
4014:
3277:
3227:
2922:
2419:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1994:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1932:
1572:
1564:
1439:
1375:
1331:
1301:
1272:
1151:
1071:
752:
730:
The earliest known wild cattle originated from Asia south of the
683:
673:
551:
496:
492:
472:
464:
421:
417:
383:
379:
200:
190:
96:
71:
7013:
6582:
6487:
6310:
6300:
5916:
5428:
5250:
5241:
5127:
5049:
5001:
4992:
4450:
4441:
4376:
4367:
4357:
4279:
3812:
3625:
3475:
2811:
2799:
2582:
1588:
1256:
707:
695:
627:
572:
440:
391:
170:
150:
116:
2165:
1804:
7037:
6995:
6570:
6240:
6231:
5525:
5452:
5443:
5374:
5103:
5058:
4917:
4842:
4722:
4713:
4224:
4215:
3707:
3698:
2907:
2898:
1841:"DNA reveals that cows were almost impossible to domesticate"
1784:(Second ed.). Oxfordshire, Boston: Cabi. pp. 1–18.
1383:
1339:
1232:
1176:
1123:
1118:
1081:
1056:
985:
941:
748:
623:
615:
500:
436:
407:
399:
1219:
6183:
5513:
5401:
5383:
5040:
4893:
4297:
4164:
3980:
3254:
3215:
2529:
Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals
2176:. In Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; WoldeGabriel, Giday (eds.).
1462:
Y chromosomes, and share the presence of shared derivative
1276:
1224:
1156:
448:
425:
5651:
686:, which also includes spiral-horned antelope of the tribe
6793:
5392:
5338:
4270:
3652:
2699:
2522:
2520:
2240:
1845:
1626:
1624:
1189:
1087:
991:
416:. Not only are they the largest members of the subfamily
412:
232:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2209:, Yereth Rosen, March 27, 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
1771:
1769:
1736:
4643:
2346:
2301:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2297:) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae"
2048:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 278–291.
5186:
2171:
1621:
2497:
2391:
1766:
1113:
Subtribe Pseudorygina (Hassanin & Douzery, 1999)
2578:
2576:
2574:
2030:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–18.
2286:
2284:
2159:Volume 68, Issue 2, September 2007, Pages 220–226.
1559:Bovin hybridization is most common in the subtribe
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2410:
2245:based on DNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene".
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
2571:
2342:
2340:
2293:"Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (
2064:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1342:. With the exception of the open-plains dwelling
1180:(Hamilton-Smith, 1827) – Bison (might be part of
432:), weighing up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb).
7280:
2347:Maceachern, S.; McEwan, J.; Goddard, M. (2009).
2281:
2039:
2037:
1630:
2784:
2425:
2290:
2180:. University of California Press. p. 295.
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1719:
1354:. The reason is that most species require much
420:, they are the largest species of their family
2397:
2337:
2234:
1933:Timmins, R.J.; Burton, J.; Hedges, S. (2016).
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
2770:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2231:, December 20, 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
2034:
1958:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2890A46363360.en
1608:
1606:
1604:
1429:
1319:, a species that lives on the open plains of
2693:
2620:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2416:
2137:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–20.
2119:
2102:"The fossil record and evolution of Bovidae"
1775:
1473:. Below is a listing of the diploid number 2
1393:
882:(Burchak-Abramovich & Gabashvili, 1969)
690:and two aberrant species of Asian antelope,
2438:
2417:Wilson, W. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
2095:
2093:
2057:
2055:
1886:
1307:
1043:The majority of phylogenetic work based on
889:(Burchak-Abramovich & Gabashvili, 1969)
531:
321:(Burchak-Abramovich & Gabashvili, 1969)
2859:
2777:
2763:
2493:. Johannesburg: Russell Friedman Books CC.
2019:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1615:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
1601:
726:Bovina (subtribe) § The Fossil Record
491:described the family, subfamily and tribe
107:
7094:
4566:
2734:
2447:
2374:
2364:
2320:
2194:
2043:
1956:
1822:
1702:
1692:
6975:
4365:
2526:
2291:Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (1999).
2132:
2090:
2052:
1917:
1798:
1433:
1397:
1326:The wild species of bovins are found in
1311:
1251:, which can weigh between 700 and 1,200
1227:is the largest species of their lineage.
1218:
682:The wild cattle belong to the subfamily
3266:
2837:
2672:
2670:
2535:
2398:Lenstra, J. A.; Bradley, D. G. (1999).
1838:
1780:. In Garrick, D.; Ruvinsky, A. (eds.).
1663:
1612:
7281:
2984:
2025:
1563:, the most well known of these is the
1214:
7202:
7201:
7093:
6962:
6961:
6567:
5650:
5185:
4642:
4104:
3250:
2836:
2758:
2676:
2488:
2443:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
2421:. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
2400:"Systematics and phylogeny of cattle"
1979:
1778:"Systematics and Phylogeny of Cattle"
1740:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1637:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4402:
2667:
2553:Daniele Bigi, Alessio Zanon (2008).
2547:
2099:
2061:
1973:
1674:
1267:that live on the various islands in
523:refers to their ranking as a tribe.
3251:
1944:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1926:
1839:Wilkins, Alasdair (28 March 2012).
13:
6568:
4105:
1209:
672:Phylogenetic relationships of the
14:
7315:
2557:(in Italian). Milan: Edagricole.
2531:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1079:(represented today by the genera
1063:(represented today by the genera
910:Bovina (subtribe) § Taxonomy
751:had colonized North America from
720:Bubalina § The Fossil Record
410:and the wild cattle of the genus
1477:of selected species as follows:
1231:Wild cattle are usually massive
1051:analysis, autosomal introns and
713:
127:
39:
3129:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2633:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
2212:
2141:
1811:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1271:are dwarf species, such as the
406:, and a clade that consists of
394:. These include the enigmatic,
7299:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
3918:Central American red brocket (
2439:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011).
1860:
1287:the horns are round, while in
1201:) – Taurine and Asiatic cattle
526:
327:(Hassanin & Douzery, 1999)
1:
2046:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
2028:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
1922:. Princeton University Press.
1617:. Princeton University Press.
1594:
1291:they are flattened. Like the
424:. The largest species is the
4625:Large subfamily listed below
4613:Large subfamily listed below
4601:Large subfamily listed below
2084:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.009
698:, which belong to the tribe
478:
7:
3120:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3111:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1752:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.003
1649:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.009
1300:(with the exception of the
897:
10:
7320:
2679:"Restoring a Prairie Icon"
2677:Staff (November 7, 2017).
2109:Palaeontologia Electronica
1430:Genetics and hybridization
1362:. Forest-dwelling live in
907:
901:
723:
717:
598:(spiral-horned antelopes)
455:and leather, and serve as
402:, the African and Asiatic
7210:
7168:
7140:
7116:
7107:
7103:
7089:
7056:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7047:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7035:
6984:
6971:
6957:
6921:
6897:
6873:
6864:
6746:
6713:
6689:
6656:
6632:
6611:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6590:
6581:
6577:
6563:
6527:
6485:
6308:
6299:
6253:
6229:
6205:
6163:
6112:
6088:
6079:
6051:
6027:
6020:
5974:
5914:
5890:
5803:
5752:
5728:
5704:
5680:
5671:
5667:
5646:
5601:
5502:
5493:
5465:
5441:
5336:
5276:
5267:
5239:
5215:
5206:
5202:
5181:
5140:
5116:
5038:
5014:
4990:
4966:
4915:
4891:
4840:
4735:
4711:
4687:
4663:
4659:
4638:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4557:
4520:
4496:
4463:
4439:
4430:
4393:
4356:
4310:
4250:
4241:
4213:
4162:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4100:
4046:
4012:
3978:
3954:
3930:
3900:Amazonian brown brocket (
3834:
3801:
3777:
3744:
3720:
3696:
3687:
3623:
3572:
3548:
3515:
3464:
3431:
3407:
3275:
3262:
3246:
3233:Large family listed below
3226:
3221:Large family listed below
3214:
3198:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3141:
3099:
3075:
3066:
2975:
2920:
2896:
2887:
2850:
2846:
2832:
2794:
1413:All species of bovin are
1394:Behavior and reproduction
1346:and the montane-dwelling
1155:(Hamilton-Smith, 1827) –
978:
962:
955:
938:
931:
923:
839:(Sahni & Khan, 1968)
743:many species. During the
609:
593:
586:
562:
555:
545:
254:
249:
230:
223:
124:Scientific classification
122:
115:
106:
23:
5297:Domestic water buffalo (
3662:Central Asian red deer (
3287:Bornean yellow muntjac (
2527:Prothero, D. R. (2002).
2366:10.1186/1471-2164-10-177
1918:Castelló, J. R. (2016).
1694:10.1186/1471-2148-13-166
1681:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1308:Distribution and ecology
904:Bubalina § Taxonomy
846:(Sahni & Khan, 1968)
532:Placement within Bovinae
299:(Sahni & Khan, 1968)
6175:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5962:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4067:Yucatan brown brocket (
3296:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3180:Philippine mouse-deer (
2598:10.1023/A:1009254014526
2295:Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
1293:spiral-horned antelopes
869:Simatherium shungurense
862:Simatherium kohllarseni
821:(Geraads et al., 2008)
6885:White-lipped peccary (
6821:Philippine warty pig (
6446:Yellow-backed duiker (
6410:Black-fronted duiker (
6383:White-bellied duiker (
6004:Przewalski's gazelle (
5227:Four-horned antelope (
4025:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3584:Visayan spotted deer (
3443:European fallow deer (
3386:Northern red muntjac (
3332:Southern red muntjac (
2404:The Genetics of Cattle
2313:10.1098/rspb.1999.0720
1991:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1782:The Genetics of Cattle
1579:. In addition for the
1443:
1406:
1323:
1228:
1122:(Dung et al., 1993) –
828:(Geraads et al., 2008)
792:(Michaux et al., 1991)
378:are medium to massive
325:Subtribe Pseudorygina
288:(Geraads et al., 2008)
7261:Paleobiology Database
7065:Wild Bactrian camel (
6767:Bornean bearded pig (
6758:Palawan bearded pig (
6347:White-legged duiker (
5773:Red-fronted gazelle (
3452:Persian fallow deer (
3368:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3041:Himalayan musk deer (
2950:Reticulated giraffe (
2707:Nature Communications
2489:Estes, R. D. (1991).
1824:10.1093/molbev/mss092
1776:Hassanin, A. (2015).
1450:was probably a small
1437:
1401:
1315:
1222:
887:Udabnocerus georgicus
250:Subtribes and genera
7152:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6812:Oliver's warty pig (
6437:Red-flanked duiker (
5842:Erlanger's gazelle (
5562:Harnessed bushbuck (
5288:Wild water buffalo (
4765:East Caucasian tur (
4756:West Caucasian tur (
3909:Little red brocket (
3377:Truong Son muntjac (
3189:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3171:Greater mouse-deer (
3050:Siberian musk deer (
2247:Biochemical Genetics
2206:Alaska Dispatch News
1951:: e.T2890A46363360.
1613:Kingdon, J. (2015).
692:four-horned antelope
676:(Bibi et al., 2013)
569:four-horned antelope
467:, two subspecies of
6785:Celebes warty pig (
6776:Visayan warty pig (
6392:Red forest duiker (
6124:Günther's dik-dik (
5986:Mongolian gazelle (
5791:Heuglin's gazelle (
5782:Thomson's gazelle (
4936:Long-tailed goral (
4331:Mountain reedbuck (
4322:Southern reedbuck (
4174:East African oryx (
4076:White-tailed deer (
3855:Small red brocket (
3822:South Andean deer (
3765:Siberian roe deer (
3756:European roe deer (
3593:Philippine sambar (
3560:Père David's deer (
3162:Lesser mouse-deer (
3023:Kashmir musk deer (
2727:10.1038/ncomms13158
2719:2016NatCo...713158S
2586:Chromosome Research
2157:Quaternary Research
2076:2007PPP...248...60B
1868:"Counting Chickens"
1215:General description
1161:wild water buffalos
808:Eosyncerus ivericus
382:that are native to
6933:Collared peccary (
6803:Flores warty pig (
6644:Giant forest hog (
6506:Maxwell's duiker (
6428:Ruwenzori duiker (
6374:Jentink's duiker (
6283:Sharpe's grysbok (
6039:Tibetan antelope (
5944:Bright's gazelle (
5878:Goitered gazelle (
5851:Mountain gazelle (
5824:Cuvier's gazelle (
5764:Mongalla gazelle (
5152:Pyrenean chamois (
4578:Tibetan antelope (
4532:Black wildebeest (
3359:Reeves's muntjac (
3323:Sumatran muntjac (
3314:Gongshan muntjac (
3087:Water chevrotain (
3014:Alpine musk deer (
2941:Southern giraffe (
2932:Northern giraffe (
2259:10.1007/bf00570125
2151:and the origin of
1920:Bovids of the Word
1575:females following
1444:
1407:
1336:sub-Saharan Africa
1324:
1237:wild water buffalo
1229:
1143:(Hodgson, 1847) –
1134:(Rütimeyer, 1865)
778:(Gromolard, 1980)
757:Bering Land Bridge
7276:
7275:
7204:Taxon identifiers
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7164:
7163:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6909:Chacoan peccary (
6860:
6859:
6848:Javan warty pig (
6839:Timor warty pig (
6646:H. meinertzhageni
6620:Togian babirusa (
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6515:Walter's duiker (
6455:Abbott's duiker (
6419:Ogilby's duiker (
6365:Harvey's duiker (
6329:Brooke's duiker (
6295:
6294:
6075:
6074:
6016:
6015:
5953:Peter's gazelle (
5935:Grant's gazelle (
5869:Speke's gazelle (
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5519:
5489:
5488:
5477:African buffalo (
5308:B. depressicornis
5263:
5262:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
4945:Himalayan goral (
4767:C. cylindricornis
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4590:
4589:
4553:
4552:
4541:Blue wildebeest (
4475:Common tsessebe (
4426:
4425:
4389:
4388:
4352:
4351:
4264:K. ellipsiprymnus
4237:
4236:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4036:P. mephistophiles
3992:P. mephistophiles
3683:
3682:
3379:M. truongsonensis
3341:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3210:
3209:
3153:Java mouse-deer (
3062:
3061:
3032:Black musk deer (
3005:Dwarf musk deer (
2996:Anhui musk deer (
2971:
2970:
2934:G. camelopardalis
2883:
2882:
2683:National Wildlife
2645:10.1159/000151315
2441:Ungulate Taxonomy
2307:(1422): 893–900.
2187:978-0-520-25440-4
2100:Bibi, F. (2009).
2004:978-0-8018-8221-0
1675:Bibi, F. (2013).
1585:genetic diversity
1544:American bison: 2
1537:European bison: 2
1488:Forest buffalo: 2
1297:sexual dimorphism
1295:there is extreme
1053:mitochondrial DNA
1041:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
857:(Dietrich, 1941)
826:Jamous kolleensis
790:Alephis tigneresi
785:(Gromolard, 1980)
680:
679:
666:
665:
657:
656:
648:
647:
639:
638:
519:) and the suffix
365:
364:
359:
346:
345:(Rütimeyer, 1865)
328:
322:
311:
300:
289:
278:
267:
266:(Gromolard, 1980)
219:
7311:
7269:
7268:
7256:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7199:
7198:
7114:
7113:
7105:
7104:
7091:
7090:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6972:
6959:
6958:
6871:
6870:
6677:Common warthog (
6668:Desert warthog (
6588:
6587:
6579:
6578:
6565:
6564:
6464:Weyns's duiker (
6338:Peters' duiker (
6320:Aders's duiker (
6306:
6305:
6193:Royal antelope (
6151:Salt's dik-dik (
6142:Silver dik-dik (
6133:Kirk's dik-dik (
6086:
6085:
6063:Saiga antelope (
6025:
6024:
5964:N. soemmerringii
5833:Dorcas gazelle (
5678:
5677:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5648:
5647:
5535:Mountain nyala (
5518:
5517:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5455:P. nghetinhensis
5357:European bison (
5348:American bison (
5274:
5273:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5183:
5182:
5059:Domestic sheep (
4903:Himalayan tahr (
4870:Mainland serow (
4852:Japanese serow (
4661:
4660:
4654:
4640:
4639:
4564:
4563:
4437:
4436:
4400:
4399:
4363:
4362:
4340:Bohor reedbuck (
4248:
4247:
4227:A. nasomaculatus
4150:Sable antelope (
4127:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4102:
4101:
3864:Merida brocket (
3694:
3693:
3635:Thorold's deer (
3487:A. calamianensis
3370:M. rooseveltorum
3316:M. gongshanensis
3273:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3073:
3072:
2982:
2981:
2961:G. tippelskirchi
2894:
2893:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2713:(13158): 13158.
2697:
2691:
2690:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2580:
2569:
2568:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2238:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2169:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1985:"Family Bovidae"
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1826:
1817:(9): 2101–2104.
1802:
1796:
1795:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1734:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1509:Water buffalo: 2
1423:gestation period
1145:African buffalos
958:
957:
934:
933:
926:
925:
919:
918:
914:
913:
864:(Dietrich, 1941)
589:
588:
558:
557:
548:
547:
541:
540:
536:
535:
489:John Edward Gray
471:and perhaps the
353:
344:
326:
320:
310:(Dietrich, 1941)
309:
298:
287:
276:
265:
214:
132:
131:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7264:
7259:
7251:
7249:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7206:
7196:
7183:
7160:
7136:
7099:
7073:
7031:
6967:
6941:
6917:
6893:
6856:
6823:S. philippensis
6760:S. ahoenobarbus
6742:
6734:Red river hog (
6709:
6685:
6652:
6628:
6602:Buru babirusa (
6573:
6547:
6539:Common duiker (
6523:
6481:
6291:
6249:
6225:
6201:
6159:
6108:
6071:
6047:
6012:
5997:P. picticaudata
5970:
5910:
5886:
5880:G. subgutturosa
5799:
5748:
5724:
5700:
5663:
5652:
5630:
5597:
5589:Cape bushbuck (
5582:T. strepsiceros
5511:
5510:
5508:
5485:
5461:
5437:
5332:
5324:Mountain anoa (
5259:
5253:B. tragocamelus
5235:
5229:T. quadricornis
5198:
5187:
5169:
5136:
5112:
5068:Bighorn sheep (
5034:
5010:
4986:
4978:Mountain goat (
4962:
4954:Chinese goral (
4911:
4887:
4872:C. sumatraensis
4836:
4819:Siberian ibex (
4783:Domestic goat (
4731:
4707:
4683:
4675:Barbary sheep (
4655:
4644:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4586:
4549:
4516:
4492:
4459:
4422:
4385:
4348:
4306:
4233:
4209:
4183:Scimitar oryx (
4158:
4141:Roan antelope (
4112:
4106:
4084:
4042:
4034:Northern pudu (
4008:
4000:Southern pudu (
3990:Northern pudu (
3974:
3950:
3926:
3891:Pygmy brocket (
3873:Dwarf brocket (
3830:
3797:
3773:
3740:
3716:
3679:
3619:
3568:
3544:
3511:
3485:Calamian deer (
3460:
3454:D. mesopotamica
3427:
3403:
3397:M. vuquangensis
3395:Giant muntjac (
3305:Fea's muntjac (
3258:
3252:
3234:
3222:
3206:
3137:
3095:
3058:
3016:M. chrysogaster
2967:
2959:Masai giraffe (
2916:
2879:
2842:
2828:
2790:
2783:
2753:
2752:
2698:
2694:
2675:
2668:
2625:
2621:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2498:
2487:
2448:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2345:
2338:
2289:
2282:
2253:(11): 443–452.
2239:
2235:
2227:, Duane Froese
2217:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2170:
2166:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2120:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2005:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1774:
1767:
1735:
1720:
1673:
1664:
1629:
1622:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1502:Lowland anoa: 2
1495:Cape buffalo: 2
1458:has derivative
1432:
1396:
1310:
1217:
1212:
1210:Natural history
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
912:
906:
900:
871:(Geraads, 1995)
728:
722:
716:
667:
658:
649:
640:
534:
529:
481:
457:working animals
245:
236:
213:
126:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
16:Tribe of cattle
12:
11:
5:
7317:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7257:
7247:
7232:
7216:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7158:
7154:C. liberiensis
7148:
7146:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7128:Hippopotamus (
7124:
7122:
7111:
7109:Hippopotamidae
7101:
7100:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7062:
7058:C. dromedarius
7053:
7043:
7041:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7020:
7011:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6979:
6969:
6968:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6881:
6879:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6845:
6841:S. timoriensis
6836:
6827:
6818:
6809:
6800:
6794:Domestic pig (
6791:
6782:
6773:
6764:
6754:
6752:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6731:
6721:
6719:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6697:
6695:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6674:
6670:P. aethiopicus
6664:
6662:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6640:
6638:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:B. togeanensis
6617:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6585:
6575:
6574:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6535:
6533:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6512:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:Zebra duiker (
6470:
6461:
6452:
6448:C. silvicultor
6443:
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6401:Black duiker (
6398:
6389:
6385:C. leucogaster
6380:
6371:
6362:
6353:
6344:
6335:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6280:
6274:Cape grysbok (
6271:
6261:
6259:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6217:Klipspringer (
6213:
6211:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6148:
6144:M. piacentinii
6139:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6022:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:P. przewalskii
6001:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5926:Dama gazelle (
5922:
5920:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5860:Rhim gazelle (
5857:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5718:A. marsupialis
5712:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5675:
5665:
5664:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5622:Common eland (
5619:
5609:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5586:
5580:Greater kudu (
5577:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5408:
5399:
5393:Domestic yak (
5390:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5321:
5317:B. mindorensis
5312:
5306:Lowland anoa (
5303:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5223:
5221:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5026:Nilgiri tahr (
5022:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
4998:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4879:Taiwan serow (
4876:
4867:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4810:Iberian ibex (
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4699:Arabian tahr (
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4657:
4656:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4333:R. fulvorufula
4328:
4318:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4201:Arabian oryx (
4198:
4189:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4078:O. virginianus
4073:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3986:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:O. bezoarticus
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3884:M. gouazoubira
3882:Gray brocket (
3879:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3637:C. albirostris
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:E. cephalophus
3415:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3350:Leaf muntjac (
3347:
3343:M. puhoatensis
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:T. williamsoni
3195:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:M. moschiferus
3047:
3043:M. leucogaster
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3007:M. berezovskii
3002:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2852:Antilocapridae
2844:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2824:Laurasiatheria
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2692:
2666:
2619:
2592:(6): 481–492.
2570:
2546:
2534:
2496:
2446:
2424:
2409:
2390:
2336:
2280:
2233:
2211:
2193:
2186:
2164:
2140:
2118:
2089:
2051:
2033:
2018:
2003:
1972:
1925:
1885:
1874:. 27 July 2011
1859:
1797:
1790:
1765:
1746:(3): 766–775.
1718:
1662:
1643:(3): 896–907.
1635:Urbain 1937".
1620:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1577:Haldane's rule
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1464:submetacentric
1431:
1428:
1419:rutting period
1395:
1392:
1380:spotted hyenas
1344:American bison
1317:American bison
1309:
1306:
1249:European bison
1245:American bison
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1185:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1147:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
961:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
940:Pseudorygina (
937:
932:
930:
924:
922:
917:
899:
896:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
890:
874:
873:
872:
865:
849:
848:
847:
844:Probison dehmi
831:
830:
829:
813:
812:
811:
803:(Vekua, 1972)
795:
794:
793:
786:
715:
712:
678:
677:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
592:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
561:
556:
554:
546:
544:
539:
533:
530:
528:
525:
480:
477:
469:European bison
453:dairy products
363:
362:
361:
360:
347:
338:
337:
336:
323:
312:
301:
290:
279:
268:
252:
251:
247:
246:
237:
228:
227:
221:
220:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:Middle Miocene
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7316:
7305:
7304:Mammal tribes
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7267:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7088:
7070:
7068:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7049:C. bactrianus
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6938:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6850:S. verrucosus
6846:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6796:S. domesticus
6792:
6790:
6788:
6787:S. celebensis
6783:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6716:Potamochoerus
6712:
6706:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6613:B. celebensis
6609:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6544:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6497:Blue duiker (
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6412:C. nigrifrons
6408:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6394:C. natalensis
6390:
6388:
6386:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6340:C. callipygus
6336:
6334:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6267:R. campestris
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6244:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6219:O. oreotragus
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5862:G. leptoceros
5858:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5766:E. albonotata
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5742:A. cervicapra
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5645:
5627:
5625:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5613:Giant eland (
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5591:T. sylvaticus
5587:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5553:Lesser kudu (
5551:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5368:B. domesticus
5366:Bali cattle (
5364:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5180:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5070:O. canadensis
5066:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5017:Nilgiritragus
5013:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4980:O. americanus
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4905:H. jemlahicus
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4801:Nubian ibex (
4799:
4797:
4795:
4792:Alpine ibex (
4790:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4637:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Pantholopinae
4556:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4510:A. buselaphus
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4414:Grey rhebok (
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Aepycerotinae
4355:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4289:Nile lechwe (
4287:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Hippotraginae
4119:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4099:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3968:B. dichotomus
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3942:Pampas deer (
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3902:M. nemorivaga
3898:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3846:Red brocket (
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3815:H. antisensis
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3655:C. canadensis
3651:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:R. timorensis
3600:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3562:E. davidianus
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3529:R. duvaucelii
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3494:Bawean deer (
3492:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3419:Tufted deer (
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3352:M. putaoensis
3348:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3298:M. crinifrons
3294:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3245:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3191:T. versicolor
3187:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2998:M. anhuiensis
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2952:G. reticulata
2948:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2564:
2563:9788850652594
2560:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1873:
1872:The Economist
1869:
1863:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1791:9781780642215
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:X chromosomes
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:and her calf.
1441:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:. During the
1416:
1411:
1404:
1403:Water buffalo
1400:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:water buffalo
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:North America
1322:
1321:North America
1318:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:(Gray, 1821)
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:(Gray, 1821)
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:ribosomal DNA
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
966:
960:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
945:
943:
936:
935:
928:
927:
921:
920:
916:
915:
911:
905:
888:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
866:
863:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
841:
840:
838:
837:
832:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
810:(Vekua, 1972)
809:
805:
804:
802:
801:
796:
791:
787:
784:
783:Alephis lyrix
780:
779:
777:
776:
771:
770:
769:(Gray, 1821)
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
727:
721:
714:Fossil record
711:
709:
706:cores with a
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
675:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
644:
643:
635:
634:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
574:
570:
566:
560:
559:
553:
550:
549:
543:
542:
538:
537:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:North America
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
357:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
334:
330:
329:
324:
319:
318:
313:
308:
307:
302:
297:
296:
291:
286:
285:
280:
277:(Vekua, 1972)
275:
274:
269:
264:
263:
259:
256:
255:
253:
248:
244:
240:
235:
234:
229:
226:
222:
217:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
22:
19:
7211:
7153:
7141:
7130:H. amphibius
7129:
7119:Hippopotamus
7117:
7097:Whippomorpha
7066:
7057:
7048:
7036:
7024:
7015:
7006:
6997:
6985:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6898:
6886:
6874:
6849:
6840:
6831:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6795:
6786:
6778:S. cebifrons
6777:
6768:
6759:
6747:
6735:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6679:P. africanus
6678:
6669:
6659:Phacochoerus
6657:
6645:
6633:
6621:
6612:
6604:B. babyrussa
6603:
6591:
6540:
6528:
6516:
6508:P. maxwellii
6507:
6499:P. monticola
6498:
6486:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6439:C. rufilatus
6438:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6356:Bay duiker (
6349:C. crusalbum
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6309:
6301:Cephalophini
6284:
6276:R. melanotis
6275:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6186:N. moschatus
6185:
6176:
6164:
6152:
6143:
6134:
6126:M. guentheri
6125:
6113:
6102:D. megalotis
6101:
6089:
6064:
6052:
6041:P. hodgsonii
6040:
6028:
6005:
5996:
5988:P. gutturosa
5987:
5975:
5963:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5870:
5861:
5852:
5844:G. erlangeri
5843:
5834:
5825:
5817:G. bennettii
5816:
5804:
5792:
5784:E. thomsonii
5783:
5775:E. rufifrons
5774:
5765:
5753:
5741:
5729:
5717:
5705:
5693:
5681:
5623:
5615:T. derbianus
5614:
5602:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5546:T. eurycerus
5545:
5536:
5527:
5503:
5495:Tragelaphini
5478:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5430:
5421:
5413:B. javanicus
5412:
5403:
5395:B. grunniens
5394:
5385:
5377:B. frontalis
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5337:
5325:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5289:
5277:
5268:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5163:R. rupicapra
5162:
5154:R. pyrenaica
5153:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5105:
5096:
5095:Snow sheep (
5087:
5078:
5077:Dall sheep (
5069:
5060:
5051:
5039:
5028:N. hylocrius
5027:
5015:
5004:O. moschatus
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4946:
4937:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4828:Walia ibex (
4820:
4812:C. pyrenaica
4811:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4776:C. falconeri
4775:
4766:
4757:
4748:
4736:
4725:B. taxicolor
4724:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4580:P. hodgsonii
4579:
4567:
4542:
4533:
4523:Connochaetes
4521:
4509:
4508:Hartebeest (
4497:
4485:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4432:Alcelaphinae
4416:P. capreolus
4415:
4403:
4378:
4366:
4341:
4332:
4324:R. arundinum
4323:
4311:
4299:
4291:K. megaceros
4290:
4281:
4272:
4263:
4251:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4142:
4130:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4026:
4013:
4001:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3966:Marsh deer (
3955:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3848:M. americana
3847:
3835:
3823:
3814:
3804:Hippocamelus
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3758:C. capreolus
3757:
3745:
3733:
3732:Water deer (
3721:
3709:
3697:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3603:
3595:R. mariannus
3594:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3536:Eld's deer (
3528:
3527:Barasingha (
3516:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3388:M. vaginalis
3387:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3289:M. atherodes
3288:
3276:
3199:
3190:
3182:T. nigricans
3181:
3172:
3163:
3155:T. javanicus
3154:
3142:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3100:
3089:H. aquaticus
3088:
3076:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2985:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2921:
2910:O. johnstoni
2909:
2897:
2873:A. americana
2872:
2860:
2822:Superorder:
2816:Infraclass:
2787:Artiodactyla
2710:
2706:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2639:(1): 41–54.
2636:
2632:
2622:
2589:
2585:
2554:
2549:
2537:
2528:
2490:
2440:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2356:
2353:BMC Genomics
2352:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2204:
2196:
2177:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2134:
2112:
2108:
2070:(1): 60–72.
2067:
2063:
2045:
2027:
2021:
1993:
1989:Wilson, D.E.
1975:
1962:. Retrieved
1948:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1919:
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1844:
1837:Op. cit. in
1814:
1810:
1800:
1781:
1743:
1739:
1687:(166): 166.
1684:
1680:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1614:
1581:agricultural
1558:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1455:
1448:Y chromosome
1445:
1412:
1408:
1325:
1230:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1150:
1138:
1117:
1108:Tribe Bovini
1107:
1101:
1097:
1093:Late Miocene
1086:
1080:
1070:
1064:
1042:
990:
984:
979:
963:
939:
886:
877:
868:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
782:
773:
767:Tribe Bovini
766:
761:
736:Late Miocene
729:
688:Tragelaphini
681:
611:
610:
596:Tragelaphini
594:
563:
520:
516:
508:
507:(written as
504:
482:
461:habitat loss
445:last ice age
434:
429:
411:
375:
371:
366:
331:
315:
304:
293:
282:
271:
260:
231:
210:
181:Artiodactyla
117:Domestic cow
18:
7236:Wikispecies
7007:L. guanicoe
6866:Tayassuidae
6830:Wild boar (
6769:S. barbatus
6727:P. larvatus
6703:P. salvania
6701:Pygmy hog (
6635:Hylochoerus
6488:Philantomba
6376:C. jentinki
6358:C. dorsalis
6311:Cephalophus
6195:N. pygmaeus
6153:M. saltiana
6091:Dorcatragus
6065:S. tatarica
5955:N. petersii
5893:Litocranius
5793:E. tilonura
5740:Blackbuck (
5716:Springbok (
5659:Antilopinae
5657:(subfamily
5604:Taurotragus
5571:Sitatunga (
5564:T. scriptus
5555:T. imberbis
5512:(including
5505:Tragelaphus
5326:B. quarlesi
5208:Boselaphini
5192:(subfamily
5097:O. nivicola
4938:N. caudatus
4927:Red goral (
4918:Naemorhedus
4881:C. swinhoei
4861:Red serow (
4843:Capricornis
4821:C. sibirica
4758:C. caucasia
4749:C. aegagrus
4747:Wild goat (
4701:A. jayakari
4690:Arabitragus
4649:(subfamily
4620:Antilopinae
4543:C. taurinus
4486:D. pygargus
4379:A. melampus
4300:K. vardonii
4262:Waterbuck (
4203:O. leucoryx
4132:Hippotragus
4060:O. hemionus
4058:Mule deer (
3957:Blastocerus
3866:M. bricenii
3824:H. bisulcus
3791:R. tarandus
3767:C. pygargus
3689:Capreolinae
3671:Sika deer (
3613:R. unicolor
3602:Rusa deer (
3505:A. porcinus
3325:M. montanus
3122:M. kathygre
2871:Pronghorn (
2862:Antilocapra
2689:(1): 20–25.
1964:12 November
1937:Bos sauveli
1633:Bos sauveli
1460:metacentric
1452:acrocentric
1415:polyandrous
1049:chromosomal
967:(buffalos)
879:Udabnocerus
854:Simatherium
734:during the
700:Boselaphini
626:, and wild
565:Boselaphini
527:Systematics
511:, which is
435:Bovins and
376:wild cattle
317:Udabnocerus
306:Simatherium
197:Subfamily:
31:– present,
7283:Categories
7143:Choeropsis
7025:L. vicugna
6911:C. wagneri
6814:S. oliveri
6805:S. heureni
6541:S. grimmia
6530:Sylvicapra
6517:P. walteri
6430:C. rubidis
6421:C. ogilbyi
6367:C. harveyi
6331:C. brookei
6285:R. sharpei
6265:Steenbok (
6256:Raphicerus
6208:Oreotragus
6081:Neotragini
6030:Pantholops
5946:N. notatus
5904:L. walleri
5853:G. gazella
5826:G. cuvieri
5815:Chinkara (
5707:Antidorcas
5694:A. clarkei
5683:Ammodorcas
5673:Antilopini
5573:T. spekeii
5537:T. buxtoni
5528:T. angasii
5420:Wild yak (
5404:B. indicus
5359:B. bonasus
5299:B. bubalis
5242:Boselaphus
5218:Tetracerus
5088:O. gmelini
4956:N. griseus
4929:N. baileyi
4894:Hemitragus
4863:C. rubidus
4854:C. crispus
4803:C. nubiana
4666:Ammotragus
4569:Pantholops
4499:Alcelaphus
4484:Bontebok (
4477:D. lunatus
4466:Damaliscus
4453:B. hunteri
4342:R. redunca
4243:Reduncinae
4194:O. gazella
4143:H. equinus
4069:O. pandora
4049:Odocoileus
3933:Ozotoceros
3789:Reindeer (
3734:H. inermis
3723:Hydropotes
3646:C. elaphus
3644:Red deer (
3586:R. alfredi
3503:Hog deer (
3361:M. reevesi
3334:M. muntjak
3164:T. kanchil
3131:M. meminna
3078:Hyemoschus
3068:Tragulidae
3025:M. cupreus
2943:G. giraffa
2889:Giraffidae
2840:Ruminantia
2359:(1): 177.
2115:(3): 1–11.
1595:References
1571:males and
1523:Banteng: 2
1372:crocodiles
1289:bubalinans
908:See also:
902:See also:
800:Eosyncerus
740:South Asia
724:See also:
718:See also:
513:Late Latin
487:zoologist
430:Bos gaurus
273:Eosyncerus
225:Type genus
34:15–0
7095:Suborder
7005:Guanaco (
6977:Camelidae
6963:Suborder
6935:D. tajacu
6924:Dicotyles
6900:Catagonus
6887:T. pecari
6832:S. scrofa
6736:P. porcus
6725:Bushpig (
6593:Babyrousa
6569:Suborder
6466:C. weynsi
6457:C. spadix
6322:C. adersi
6243:O. ourebi
6177:N. batesi
6166:Neotragus
6135:M. kirkii
5937:N. granti
5902:Gerenuk (
5871:G. spekei
5835:G. dorcas
5692:Dibatag (
5479:S. caffer
5444:Pseudoryx
5431:B. taurus
5411:Banteng (
5386:B. gaurus
5315:Tamaraw (
5161:Chamois (
5143:Rupicapra
5130:P. nayaur
5106:O. vignei
5086:Mouflon (
4785:C. hircus
4774:Markhor (
4677:A. lervia
4442:Beatragus
4368:Aepyceros
4192:Gemsbok (
4185:O. dammah
4027:P. carlae
3920:M. temama
3911:M. rufina
3875:M. chunyi
3857:M. bororo
3747:Capreolus
3673:C. nippon
3664:C. hanglu
3551:Elaphurus
3496:A. kuhlii
3410:Elaphodus
3278:Muntiacus
3113:M. indica
3102:Moschiola
3034:M. fuscus
2977:Moschidae
2838:Suborder
2798:Kingdom:
2567:p. 18–20.
2174:"Bovidae"
2149:Pelorovis
1981:Grubb, P.
1551:Cattle: 2
1364:deciduous
1352:clearings
1269:Indonesia
1253:kilograms
1167:Subtribe
1130:Subtribe
1119:Pseudoryx
755:over the
732:Himalayas
479:Etymology
349:Subtribe
340:Subtribe
333:Pseudoryx
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
7250:BioLib:
7221:Wikidata
7067:C. ferus
7023:Vicuña (
7016:L. pacos
7014:Alpaca (
6998:L. glama
6965:Tylopoda
6475:C. zebra
6403:C. niger
5977:Procapra
5755:Eudorcas
5731:Antilope
5468:Syncerus
5429:Cattle (
5422:B. mutus
5350:B. bison
5290:B. arnee
5251:Nilgai (
5128:Bharal (
5119:Pseudois
5079:O. dalli
5061:O. aries
5052:O. ammon
5050:Argali (
5002:Muskox (
4969:Oreamnos
4947:N. goral
4830:C. walie
4714:Budorcas
4651:Caprinae
4596:Caprinae
4451:Hirola (
4395:Peleinae
4377:Impala (
4282:K. leche
4280:Lechwe (
4176:O. beisa
4152:H. niger
3813:Taruca (
3780:Rangifer
3710:A. alces
3611:Sambar (
3538:R. eldii
3518:Rucervus
3476:Chital (
3268:Cervinae
3255:Cervidae
3216:Cervidae
3144:Tragulus
2818:Eutheria
2812:Mammalia
2806:Chordata
2804:Phylum:
2800:Animalia
2745:27754477
2661:20910793
2653:18931485
2614:12293611
2606:10560971
2542:Chianina
2385:19393045
2331:10380679
2275:22075565
2013:62265494
1983:(2005).
1833:22422765
1760:23159894
1713:23927069
1657:15522811
1481:Saola: 2
1376:big cats
1368:tropical
1356:roughage
1348:wild yak
1285:bovinans
1281:antelope
1275:and the
1261:Chianina
1241:wild yak
1195:Linnaeus
1184:instead)
1159:and the
1140:Syncerus
1132:Bubalina
1066:Syncerus
1061:Bubalina
965:Bubalina
898:Taxonomy
836:Probison
745:Pliocene
620:buffalos
483:In 1821
404:buffalos
396:antelope
342:Bubalina
295:Probison
239:Linnaeus
187:Family:
171:Mammalia
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
7294:Bovines
7227:Q192205
7179:Cetacea
7170:Cetacea
7038:Camelus
6996:Llama (
6876:Tayassu
6692:Porcula
6241:Oribi (
6232:Ourebia
6115:Madoqua
6100:Beira (
6021:Saigini
5928:N. dama
5806:Gazella
5655:Bovidae
5653:Family
5624:T. oryx
5544:Bongo (
5526:Nyala (
5453:Saola (
5375:Gayal (
5279:Bubalus
5194:Bovinae
5190:Bovidae
5188:Family
5104:Urial (
4794:C. ibex
4723:Takin (
4647:Bovidae
4645:Family
4608:Bovinae
4534:C. gnou
4313:Redunca
4225:Addax (
4109:Bovidae
4107:Family
4015:Pudella
4002:P. pudu
3893:M. nana
3708:Moose (
3478:A. axis
3445:D. dama
3307:M. feae
3253:Family
3228:Bovidae
3173:T. napu
2987:Moschus
2923:Giraffa
2908:Okapi (
2810:Class:
2789:species
2785:Extant
2736:5071849
2715:Bibcode
2406:: 1–14.
2376:2694835
2322:1689916
2267:9126673
2243:Bubalus
2072:Bibcode
1852:2 April
1704:3751017
1573:fertile
1569:sterile
1565:beefalo
1516:Gaur: 2
1440:beefalo
1332:Eurasia
1302:banteng
1273:tamaraw
1265:buffalo
1152:Bubalus
1075:), and
1072:Bubalus
929:Bovini
876:Genus †
851:Genus †
833:Genus †
815:Genus †
797:Genus †
775:Alephis
772:Genus †
753:Eurasia
708:pedicle
684:Bovinae
674:Bovinae
552:Bovinae
517:bovinus
503:prefix
497:Bovinae
493:Bovidae
485:British
473:kouprey
465:aurochs
422:Bovidae
418:Bovinae
384:Eurasia
380:bovines
358:, 1821)
262:Alephis
207:Tribe:
201:Bovinae
191:Bovidae
177:Order:
167:Class:
7289:Bovini
7266:100490
7253:825081
7242:Bovini
7212:Bovini
6583:Suidae
6184:Suni (
5917:Nanger
5402:Zebu (
5384:Gaur (
5269:Bovini
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818:Jamous
696:nilgai
628:cattle
612:Bovini
573:nilgai
441:cattle
437:humans
398:-like
392:Africa
390:, and
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