William M. Tweed - Knowledge

739:, "their methods were curiously simple and primitive. There were no skilful manipulations of figures, making detection difficult ... Connolly, as Controller, had charge of the books, and declined to show them. With his fellows, he also 'controlled' the courts and most of the bar." Crucially, the new city charter allowed the Board of Audit to issue bonds for debt in order to finance opportunistic capital expenditures the city otherwise could not afford. This ability to float debt was enabled by Tweed's guidance and passage of the Adjusted Claims Act in 1868. Contractors working for the city – "Ring favorites, most of them – were told to multiply the amount of each bill by five, or ten, or a hundred, after which, with Mayor Hall's 'O. K.' and Connolly's endorsement, it was paid ... through a go-between, who cashed the check, settled the original bill and divided the remainder ... between Tweed, Sweeny, Connolly and Hall". 544:

especially after he tightened his hold on power by creating a small executive committee to run the club. Tweed then took steps to increase his income: he used his law firm to extort money, which was then disguised as legal services; he had himself appointed deputy street commissioner – a position with considerable access to city contractors and funding; he bought the New-York Printing Company, which became the city's official printer, and the city's stationery supplier, the Manufacturing Stationers' Company, and had both companies begin to overcharge the city government for their goods and services. Among other legal services he provided, he accepted almost $ 100,000 from the Erie Railroad in return for favors. He also became one of the largest owners of real estate in the city. He also started to form what became known as the "Tweed Ring", by having his friends elected to office: George G. Barnard was elected

44: 986: 701: 440: 503: 1002: 495:; Tweed and other supervisors forced vendors to pay a 15% overcharge to their "ring" in order to do business with the city. By 1853, Tweed was running the seventh ward for Tammany. The board also had six Democrats and six Republicans, but Tweed often just bought off one Republican to sway the board. One such Republican board member was Peter P. Voorhis, a coal dealer by profession who absented himself from a board meeting in exchange for $ 2,500 so that the board could appoint city inspectors. 468:

companies fought each other. Tweed became known for his ax-wielding violence, and was soon elected the Big Six foreman. Pressure from Alfred Carlson, the chief engineer, got him thrown out of the crew. However, fire companies were also recruiting grounds for political parties at the time, thus Tweed's exploits came to the attention of the Democratic politicians who ran the Seventh Ward. The Seventh Ward put him up for Alderman in 1850, when Tweed was 26. He lost that election to the

767: 970:"), which attacked Tammany by cutting off the city's funding. Property owners refused to pay their municipal taxes, and a judge—Tweed's old friend George Barnard—enjoined the city Comptroller from issuing bonds or spending money. Unpaid workers turned against Tweed, marching to City Hall demanding to be paid. Tweed doled out some funds from his own purse—$ 50,000—but it was not sufficient to end the crisis, and Tammany began to lose its essential base. 587: 882: 3007: 903: – regarding Nast's cartoons, Tweed reportedly said, "Stop them damned pictures. I don't care so much what the papers say about me. My constituents don't know how to read, but they can't help seeing them damned pictures!" – but their campaign had only limited success in gaining traction. They were able to force an examination of the city's books, but the blue-ribbon commission of six businessmen appointed by Mayor 720:, by proposing a new city charter which returned power to City Hall at the expense of the Republican-inspired state commissions. The new charter passed, thanks in part to $ 600,000 in bribes Tweed paid to Republicans, and was signed into law by Hoffman in 1870. Mandated new elections allowed Tammany to take over the city's Common Council when they won all fifteen aldermanic contests. 1050:, although he was allowed home visits. During one of these on December 4, 1875, Tweed escaped and fled to Spain, where he worked as a common seaman on a Spanish ship. The U.S. government discovered his whereabouts and arranged for his arrest once he reached the Spanish border, where he was recognized from Nast's political cartoons. He was turned over to an American warship, the 853:'s office and who also held and recorded the ring's books, died a week after his head was smashed by a horse in a sleigh accident on January 24, 1871. Although Tweed guarded Watson's estate in the week prior to Watson's death, and although another ring member attempted to destroy Watson's records, a replacement auditor, Matthew O'Rourke, associated with former sheriff 977:, an associate of Tilden, as his replacement. Green loosened the purse strings again, allowing city departments not under Tammany control to borrow money to operate. Green and Tilden had the city's records closely examined, and discovered money that went directly from city contractors into Tweed's pocket. The following day, they had Tweed arrested. 841:. By 1871, he was a member of the board of directors of not only the Erie Railroad and the Brooklyn Bridge Company, but also the Third Avenue Railway Company and the Harlem Gas Light Company. He was president of the Guardian Savings Banks and he and his confederates set up the Tenth National Bank to better control their fortunes. 759:, to provide much of the marble for the courthouse at great profit to himself. After the Tweed Charter to reorganize the city's government was passed in 1870, four commissioners for the construction of the New York County Courthouse were appointed. The commission never held a meeting, though each commissioner received a 20% 966:, who had been thrust aside by Tammany. The consensus was that the "wisest and best citizens" should take over the governance of the city and attempt to restore investor confidence. The result was the formation of the Executive Committee of Citizens and Taxpayers for Financial Reform of the city (also known as "the 826:. Tweed and two others from Tammany also received over half the private stock of the Bridge Company, the charter of which specified that only private stockholders had voting rights, so that even though the cities of Brooklyn and Manhattan put up most of the money, they essentially had no control over the project. 491:, the state capital, to control the Democratic-dominated New York City government, the power of the New York County Board of Supervisors was beefed up. The board had 12 members, six appointed by the mayor and six elected, and in 1858 Tweed was appointed to the board, which became his first vehicle for large-scale 866:. The parade was banned because of a riot the previous year in which eight people died when a crowd of Irish Catholic laborers attacked the paraders. Under strong pressure from the newspapers and the Protestant elite of the city, Tammany reversed course, and the march was allowed to proceed, with protection from 1185:

Tweed himself wanted no particular recognition of his achievements, such as they were. When it was proposed, in March 1871, when he was at the height of his power, that a statue be erected in his honor, he declared: "Statues are not erected to living men ... I claim to be a live man, and hope (Divine

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Although he held numerous important public offices and was one of a handful of senior leaders of Tammany Hall, as well as the state legislature and the state Democratic Party, Tweed was never the sole "boss" of New York City. He shared control of the city with numerous less famous people, such as the

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Except for Tweed's own very questionable "confession," there really was no evidence of a "Tweed Ring," no direct evidence of Tweed's thievery, no evidence, excepting the testimony of the informer contractors, of "wholesale" plunder by Tweed.... a conspiracy of self-justification of the corruption of

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Although Tammany's electoral power base was largely centered in the Irish immigrant population, it also needed both the city's general population and elite to acquiesce in its rule, and this was conditional on the machine's ability to control the actions of its people. The July riot showed that this

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in terms of more efficient city management. Much of the money he siphoned off from the city treasury went to needy constituents who appreciated the free food at Christmas time and remembered it at the next election, and to precinct workers who provided the muscle of his machine. As a legislator he

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In depictions of Tweed and the Tammany Hall organization, most historians have emphasized the thievery and conspiratorial nature of Boss Tweed, along with lining his own pockets and those of his friends and allies. The theme is that the sins of corruption so violated American standards of political

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Tweed was released on $ 1 million bail, and Tammany set to work to recover its position through the ballot box. Tweed was re-elected to the state senate in November 1871, due to his personal popularity and largesse in his district, but in general Tammany did not do well, and the members of the

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The exposé provoked an international crisis of confidence in New York City's finances, and, in particular, in its ability to repay its debts. European investors were heavily positioned in the city's bonds and were already nervous about its management – only the reputations of the underwriters

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Boss Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $ 25 million and $ 45 million from New York City taxpayers from political corruption, but later estimates ranged as high as $ 200 million (equivalent to $ 5 billion in 2023).

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Desperate and broken, Tweed now agreed to testify about the inner workings of the Tweed Ring to a special committee set up by the Board of Aldermen in return for his release, but after he did so, Tilden, now governor of New York, refused to abide by the agreement, and Tweed remained incarcerated.

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of which made it more expensive to improve. The ring also took their usual percentage of padded contracts, as well as raking off money from property taxes. Despite the corruption of Tweed and Tammany Hall, they did accomplish the development of upper Manhattan, though at the cost of tripling the

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It's hard not to admire the skill behind Tweed's system ... The Tweed ring at its height was an engineering marvel, strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points: the courts, the legislature, the treasury and the ballot box. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an

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in 1861 and was defeated, but became the chairman of the Democratic General Committee shortly after the election, and was then chosen to be the head of Tammany's general committee in January 1863. Several months later, in April, he became "Grand Sachem", and began to be referred to as "Boss",

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also obtained the accounts of the recently deceased James Watson, who was the Tweed Ring's bookkeeper, and these were published daily, culminating in a special four-page supplement on July 29 headlined "Gigantic Frauds of the Ring Exposed". In August, Tweed began to transfer ownership in his

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for many years. At the time, volunteer fire companies competed vigorously with each other; some were connected with street gangs and had strong ethnic ties to various immigrant communities. The competition could become so fierce, that burning buildings would sometimes be ignored as the fire

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Tweed recognized that the support of his constituency was necessary for him to remain in power, and as a consequence he used the machinery of the city's government to provide numerous social services, including building more orphanages, almshouses and public baths. Tweed also fought for the

672:. While serving in the State Senate, he split his time between Albany, New York and New York City. While in Albany, he stayed in a suite of seven rooms in Delevan House. Accompanying him in his rooms were his favorite canaries. Guests are presumed to have included members of the 1190: 3659: 1010:

Tweed Ring began to flee the jurisdiction, many going overseas. Tweed was re-arrested, forced to resign his city positions, and was replaced as Tammany's leader. Once again, he was released on bail—$ 8 million this time—but Tweed's supporters, such as

735:, who took over the Department of Public Parks – providing what became known as the Tweed Ring with even firmer control of the New York City government and enabling them to defraud the taxpayers of many more millions of dollars. In the words of 1620:"The Death of William M. Tweed.; Crowds Of People Around Mr. Douglass' House No One Admitted Except Relatives Tweed's Religious Faith Politicians Who Feel Relieved A Letter Written By John D. Townsend A Month Ago Asking For Tweed's Release" 1037:

in November resulted in convictions on 204 of 220 counts, a fine of $ 12,750 (the equivalent of $ 320,000 today) and a prison sentence of 12 years; a higher court, however, reduced Tweed's sentence to one year. After his release from

1225:. Tweed is portrayed as having contempt for the people he rules, at one point saying that once he would have been a Baron, with a castle, levying tribute on the people. But now, "'Boss', they call me – and they are glad to have me." 430:

and worked as a brushmaker for a company he had invested in, before eventually joining in the family business in 1852. On September 29, 1844, he married Mary Jane C. Skaden and lived with her family on Madison Street for two years.

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in 1867. "A carpenter was paid $ 360,751 (roughly $ 9.6 million in 2023) for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork ... a plasterer got $ 133,187 ($ 3.5 million) for two days' work". Tweed bought a

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worked to expand and strengthen welfare programs, especially those by private charities, schools, and hospitals. With a base in the Irish Catholic community, he opposed efforts of Protestants to require the reading of the

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Providence permitting) to survive in all my vigor, politically and physically, some years to come." One of Tweed's unwanted legacies is that he has become "the archetype of the bloated, rapacious, corrupt city boss".

455:, and joined a volunteer fire company, Engine No. 12. In 1848, at the invitation of state assemblyman John J. Reilly, he and some friends organized the Americus Fire Company No. 6, also known as the "Big Six", as a 617:

to live in at 41 West 36th Street, then a very fashionable area. He invested his now considerable illegal income in real estate, so that by the late 1860s he ranked among the biggest landowners in New York City.

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in the summer of that year did not help the ring's popularity. The riot was prompted after Tammany Hall banned a parade of Irish Protestants celebrating a historical victory against Catholicism, namely the

579:, who had produced the $ 2,500 to buy off the Republican Voorhis on the Board of Supervisors, was found to have stolen $ 150,000 in post office receipts, the responsibility for Fowler's arrest was given to 951:

were preventing a run on the city's securities. New York's financial and business community knew that if the city's credit were to collapse, it could potentially bring down every bank in the city with it.

3410: 583:, another Tammany operative who was serving as a United States marshal at the time. Rynders made enough ruckus upon entering the hotel where Fowler was staying that Fowler was able to escape to Mexico. 692:

by arranging for legislation that legitimized fake Erie stock certificates that Gould and Fisk had issued. In return, Tweed received a large block of stock and was made a director of the company.

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Tweed never signed his middle name with anything other than a plain "M.", and his middle name is often mistakenly listed as "Marcy". His actual middle name was Magear, his mother's maiden name.

1296:, a crooked politician in a 27th-century human settlement on the Moon assumes the name "Boss Tweed" in emulation of the 19th-century politician, and names his lunar headquarters "Tammany Hall". 426:

and "members of the old Rose Street Meeting house". At the age of 11, he left school to learn his father's trade, and then became an apprentice to a saddler. He also studied to be a

3205: 798: – thus increasing the value of the land, after which they sold and took their profits. The focus on the east side also slowed down the development of the west side, the 818:

approached Tweed to find out whether New York's aldermen would approve the proposal. Tweed's response was that $ 60,000 for the aldermen would close the deal, and contractor

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and hospitals. From 1869 to 1871, under Tweed's influence, the state of New York spent more on charities than for the entire time period from 1852 to 1868 combined.

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started to receive inside information from County Sheriff James O'Brien, whose support for Tweed had fluctuated during Tammany's reign. O'Brien had tried to

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The new charter put control of the city's finances in the hands of a Board of Audit, which consisted of Tweed, who was Commissioner of Public Works, Mayor

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and others who benefited from Tammany's actions, found that the books had been "faithfully kept", letting the air out of the effort to dethrone Tweed.

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in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.

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in 1867. However, Tweed's greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissions, his control over political

1178:, which both had ties to the Republican party. In part, the campaign against Tweed diverted public attention from Republican scandals such as the 3649: 1997: 1046:

against Tweed, attempting to recover $ 6 million in embezzled funds. Unable to put up the $ 3 million bail, Tweed was locked up in the

959: 782:. To the left of Tweed in the background are James H. Ingersoll and Andrew Garvey, city contractors involved with much of the city construction. 480:, the group of aldermen and assistant aldermen who, up to that point, were known as some of the most corrupt politicians in the city's history. 603:

With his new position and wealth came a change in style: Tweed began to favor wearing a large diamond in his shirtfront – a habit that

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A minority view that Tweed was mostly innocent is presented in a scholarly biography by history professor Leo Hershkowitz. He states:

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in September to discuss political reform: but for the first time, the conversation included not only the usual reformers, but also

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Nast shows Tweed's source of power: control of the ballot box. "As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it?"

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Board of Supervisors in 1858, the year that he became the head of the Tammany Hall political machine. He was also elected to the

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Map Showing the Portions of the City of New York and Westchester County under the Jurisdiction of the Department of Public Parks

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Anbinder, Tyler. "Tweed, William Magear (03 April 1823–12 April 1878), political 'boss' of New York City in the Civil War era."

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the law by the upholders of that law, of a venal irresponsible press and a citizenry delighting in the exorcism of witchery.

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club, in the 1860s. He brought in thousands of dollars per home game by dramatically increasing the cost of admission and

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has argued that, apart from the corruption he engaged in, Tweed was a modernizer who prefigured certain elements of the

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were developed and provided the necessary infrastructure – all to the benefit of the purses of the Tweed Ring.

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Nast depicts the Tweed Ring: "Who stole the people's money?" / "'Twas him." From left to right: William Tweed,

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Lankevich, George J. (December 1, 1977). "Hershkowitz, Leo, 'Tweed's New York, Another Look' (Book Review)".

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At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the

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in public schools, which was done deliberately to keep out Catholics. He facilitated the founding of the

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Tweed and his friends also garnered huge profits from the development of the Upper East Side, especially

43: 1442: 3619: 2527: 2508: 1156: 1137: 469: 17: 3020: 2539: 3599: 3050: 1910: 545: 418:. Tweed's religious affiliation was not widely known in his lifetime, but at the time of his funeral 407: 874:. The result was an even larger riot in which over 60 people were killed and more than 150 injured. 3478: 2969: 2800: 2292: 1132:, even though one of its founders, Samuel Tilden, was Tweed's sworn enemy in the Democratic Party. 756: 352: 2694: 3538: 3493: 3483: 3271: 3198: 2810: 2634: 1848: 1810: 1152: 1148: 1129: 838: 834: 576: 360: 2920: 3523: 3149: 2267: 98: 2746: 2476: 1804: 1766: 1674: 1646: 731:, both Tammany men. Hall also appointed other Tweed associates to high offices – such as 708:

After the election of 1869, Tweed took control of the New York City government. His protégé,

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Confusion derived from a Nast cartoon with a picture of Tweed supplemented with a quote from

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in 1852, but his two-year term was undistinguished. In an attempt by Republican reformers in

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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

676:, thirty state legislators whose votes were up for sale. In the Senate he helped financiers 312:(April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878) was an American politician most notable for being the 3609: 3604: 1486: 1292: 1287: 974: 938:. Shortly afterward, county auditor Matthew J. O'Rourke supplied additional details to the 908: 787: 736: 689: 386:

Unable to make bail, he escaped from jail once but was returned to custody. He died in the

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Boss Tweed: The rise and fall of the corrupt pol who conceived the soul of modern New York

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portrayed Tweed in the episode "The Man Who Stole New York City", about the campaign by

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Tweed's downfall began in 1871. James Watson, who was a county auditor in Comptroller

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During the Tweed era, the proposal to build a suspension bridge between New York and

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rectitude that they far overshadow Tweed's positive contributions to New York City.

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to the press, and when this failed he provided the evidence he had collected to the

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During Tweed's regime, the main business thoroughfare Broadway was widened between

1141: 1125: 963: 743: 622: 502: 492: 488: 351:, a significant stockholder in iron mines and gas companies, a board member of the 333: 163: 2598: 2215: 1443:"William Magear Tweed (American politician) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 3568: 3373: 3328: 3259: 2951: 2581: 2385: 2371: 2242:"Lower Manhattan : News | Landmark Tweed Courthouse Has a Checkered History" 1245: 1164: 1160: 1120: 942:, which was reportedly offered $ 5 million to not publish the evidence. The 918:

The response to the Orange riot changed everything, and only days afterwards the

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was elected City Comptroller. Other judicial members of the Tweed ring included

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to donate to private charities of all religious denominations, and subsidize

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from a French lithograph, a symbol which remained associated with Tweed and

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Kiss 'Em Goodbye: An ESPN Treasury of Failed, Forgotten, and Departed Teams

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talks about Tweed's takeover of the New York City parks system, from the

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elegance of structure: money-laundering, profit sharing and organization.

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villains depicted in Nast's famous circle of guilt cartoon shown above.

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A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to "Blow Over"—"Let Us Prey."

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newspaper, September 23, 1871. "Boss" Tweed and members of his ring,

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on the team. He has been credited with originating the practice of

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where he is the Grand Master of the American Templars during the

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featured Tweed in his 1940 novel of life in Gilded Age New York,

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He died in the Ludlow Street Jail on April 12, 1878, from severe

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Ticket to an 1859 "soiree" to benefit Tweed's Americus Engine Co.

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real-estate empire and other investments to his family members.

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Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government

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Index to Marriages and Deaths in the New York Herald: 1835–1855

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Although he was not trained as a lawyer, Tweed's friend, Judge

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to bring down Tweed. The episode aired on December 13, 1963.

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capability was not nearly as strong as had been supposed.

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was another Republican that was a part of the Tweed ring.

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Shortly thereafter, the Comptroller resigned, appointing

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Tweed was born April 3, 1823, at 1 Cherry Street, on the

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Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City

2575:"The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City" 2558:"The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City" 2027:"The Marble in the New Court-House A Very Rich Quarry" 1170:

Hershkowitz blames the implications of Thomas Nast in

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would not allow the flag at City Hall to be flown at

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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

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The Great Adventure: The Man Who Stole New York City

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Share, Allen J. "Tweed, William M(agear) 'Boss'" in

3101: 1313:, it was Tweed who made the suggestion to call the 837:, and stabled his horses, carriages and sleighs on 1638: 1349:Tweed appears as an antagonist in the 2016 novel, 1092:According to Tweed biographer Kenneth D. Ackerman: 980: 363:, and the president of the Guardian Savings Bank. 2680:"No father, no mother, she's just like the other" 1958: 1956: 1844:Under the March Sun: The Story of Spring Training 1321:, in order to read better in newspaper headlines. 1014:, felt the repercussions of his fall from power. 3695:Prisoners who died in New York (state) detention 3685:Democratic Party New York (state) state senators 3680:New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes 3591: 3425: 1803:Seymour, Harold; Mills, Dorothy Seymour (1989). 993:predicting Tweed could not be kept behind bars ( 607:used to great effect in his attacks on Tweed in 3635:American political bosses from New York (state) 2426:Research Guide to American Historical Biography 1998:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission 2836:The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History 2795: 2649:. Quote: "...JV's first – and finest – novel, 2105: 2103: 1953: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1594:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 803:city's bond debt to almost $ 90 million. 621:Tweed became involved in the operation of the 3411: 3206: 2664:"The Ophiuchi Notline Analysis – John Varley" 2170: 2168: 2118: 3097:U.S. House of Representatives 1886: 1884: 1802: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1676:'Boss' Tweed: The Story of a Grim Generation 1591:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 930:Tammany by threatening to expose the ring's 889:Tweed had for months been under attack from 328:that played a major role in the politics of 76:January 1, 1868 – December 31, 1873 2784:. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2446: 2100: 1914:website, n.d.g. Retrieved February 3, 2015. 1893: 1021:, in January 1873, ended when the jury was 648:(4th D.) from 1868 to 1873, sitting in the 393: 3630:American people who died in prison custody 3418: 3404: 3213: 3199: 2940:Boss Tweed: The story of a grim generation 2909:. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux. 2907:Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York 2806:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 2465:. February 2000. Oxford University Press. 2325:"'Boss Tweed': The Fellowship of the Ring" 2236: 2234: 2165: 822:put up the cash, which was delivered in a 742:For example, the construction cost of the 459:, which took as its symbol a snarling red 42: 3710:19th-century New York (state) politicians 2641:New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 1271. 2357: 2345:. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977), p 347. 1881: 1711: 1699:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 654, 724, 823. 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1317:by that name, instead of its formal name 857:, provided city accounts to O'Brien. The 613:beginning in 1869 – and he bought a 158:U.S. House of Representatives 3665:Escapees from New York (state) detention 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 1840: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1484: 1188: 1000: 984: 880: 814:project would go forward, State Senator 765: 699: 585: 501: 438: 3705:American people convicted of tax crimes 3640:American politicians convicted of fraud 2231: 1967:. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from 1907:"'Boss' Tweed Delivered to Authorities" 1679:. Transaction Publishers. p. 418. 1645:. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1539: 1307:. According to a review of the film in 1193:An 1869 cigar box label featuring Tweed 14: 3650:County legislators in New York (state) 3592: 2992:Green-Wood Cemetery page for WM Tweed 2474: 2322: 1731: 485:United States House of Representatives 368:United States House of Representatives 181:March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 3399: 3194: 3103:New York's 5th congressional district 2885:Th. Nast, His Period and His Pictures 2481:. New York: Free Press. p. 120. 2162:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 1008–1011. 2139: 2109:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 1003–1008. 1764: 1758: 1672: 1636: 1587: 1497: 1212: 637:in 1869 by sending the club south to 2727:O'Heheir, Andrew (January 19, 2003) 2360:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 2007:from the original on October 9, 2022 1568: 3625:American people of Scottish descent 2860:"William Marcy [sic] Tweed" 2831:. New York: Oxford University Press 2745:Rudolph, Chuck (January 20, 2002). 2678:Nicholls, James (October 30, 2016) 2639:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 2293:"Tweed, William Marcy, (1823–1878)" 2070:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 934–935. 2061:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 929–931. 1890:Burrows & Wallace, pp. 927–928. 1736:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. 1209:, the former governor of New York. 1025:. Tweed's defense counsel included 24: 3220: 2853:. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977), 2709:O'Connor, John J. (June 23, 1986) 2633:"Varley, John" in Clute, John and 2123:. Acsu.buffalo.edu. Archived from 2119:Bruce Jackson (November 2, 2000). 25: 3721: 3615:19th-century American legislators 2961: 2838:. Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2711:"'Liberty,' A Glimpse of History" 1962: 1546:The Encyclopedia of New York City 1406:Often erroneously referred to as 1351:Assassin's Creed Last Descendants 763:from the bills for the supplies. 664:, but not taking his seat in the 554:New York County District Attorney 3066:The New Student's Reference Work 3005: 2970:"William M. Tweed (id: T000440)" 2268:"Boss Tweed Escaped From Prison" 1419: 1228:In 1945, Tweed was portrayed by 907:, a Tammany man, which included 729:Richard "Slippery Dick" Connolly 670:96th New York State Legislatures 662:94th New York State Legislatures 2869:Mandelbaum, Seymour J. (1965). 2761:Rad, Chloi (February 18, 2016) 2755: 2739: 2721: 2703: 2688: 2672: 2656: 2624: 2607: 2599:"The Great Adventure (1963–64)" 2592: 2568: 2551: 2533: 2514: 2495: 2468: 2455: 2440: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2378: 2351: 2335: 2323:Hamill, Pete (March 27, 2005). 2316: 2307: 2285: 2260: 2222: 2208: 2186: 2177: 2112: 2091: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2037: 2019: 1983: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1872: 1834: 1796: 1725: 1702: 1693: 1666: 1485:Robinson, Gail (July 4, 2005). 1290:'s 1977 science-fiction novel, 1042:prison, New York State filed a 981:Imprisonment, escape, and death 434: 279: 27:American politician (1823–1878) 3645:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery 3036:New International Encyclopedia 2938:Lynch, Denis Tilden (2005) . 2851:Tweed's New York: Another Look 2449:Tweed's New York: Another Look 2343:Tweed's New York: Another Look 2194:"On This Day: January 6, 1872" 2087:. January 25, 1871. p. 1. 2081:"James Watson sleigh accident" 1722:Burrows & Wallace, p. 837. 1708:Burrows & Wallace, p. 823. 1630: 1612: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1435: 1400: 1319:Liberty Enlightening the World 1252:for a revival in 1947. In the 1197: 1087: 954:Thus, the city's elite met at 13: 1: 3095:Member of the 3080:U.S. House of Representatives 2827:Callow, Alexander B. (1966). 2729:"Not a Bridge-and-Tunnel Guy" 2451:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1773:Random House Publishing Group 1388: 1383:William J. Sharkey (murderer) 695: 447:Tweed became a member of the 3655:Criminals from New York City 3426:Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall 1991:"New York County Courthouse" 1673:Lynch, Denis Tilden (2002). 1033:. His retrial, again before 357:Third Avenue Railway Company 7: 2463:American National Biography 1361: 1155:, land was secured for the 1023:unable to deliver a verdict 1017:Tweed's first trial before 1005:Tomb in Green-Wood Cemetery 641:to prepare for the season. 310:William Magear "Boss" Tweed 10: 3726: 3051:Collier's New Encyclopedia 2580:November 18, 2018, at the 2528:Internet Broadway Database 2509:Internet Broadway Database 1841:Fountain, Charles (2009). 1732:Callow, Alexander (1981). 1373:Timothy "Big Tim" Sullivan 1157:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1138:New York State Legislature 844: 829:Tweed bought a mansion on 744:New York County Courthouse 644:Tweed was a member of the 330:19th-century New York City 3431: 3354: 3338: 3321: 3314: 3287: 3252: 3245: 3228: 3179: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3146: 3135: 3127: 3120: 3110: 3093: 3085: 3078: 2887:. Princeton: Pyne Press. 2883:Paine, Albert B. (1974). 2834:Ellis, Edward R. (2004). 2475:Nevius, Michelle (2009). 2447:Hershkowitz, Leo (1977). 2424:Muccigrosso, Robert ed., 1806:Baseball: The Early Years 1588:Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 1248:. The role was played by 546:Recorder of New York City 483:Tweed was elected to the 366:Tweed was elected to the 303: 289: 266: 256: 242: 218: 213: 209: 197: 185: 174: 154: 138: 126: 115: 104: 92: 80: 69: 57: 53: 41: 34: 3157:Party political offices 2968:United States Congress. 2873:. New York: John Wiley. 2780:Ackerman, K. D. (2005). 757:Sheffield, Massachusetts 394:Early life and education 359:, a board member of the 355:, a board member of the 353:Harlem Gas Light Company 3675:Leaders of Tammany Hall 3539:Christopher D. Sullivan 3494:Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler 3484:Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler 3272:Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler 3021:The American Cyclopædia 2811:Oxford University Press 2695:"Liberty: Full Credits" 2411:Mandelbaum, Seymour J. 2295:. bioguide.congress.gov 2272:www.americaslibrary.gov 1849:Oxford University Press 1811:Oxford University Press 1447:Encyclopædia Britannica 1130:New York Public Library 684:to take control of the 361:Brooklyn Bridge Company 3524:Charles Francis Murphy 2919:Staff (July 4, 2005). 2683:James Nicholls Reviews 2204:on September 19, 2018. 1765:Purdy, Dennis (2010). 1194: 1108: 1099: 1006: 998: 897:, the cartoonist from 886: 783: 705: 600: 532: 457:volunteer fire company 444: 3339:The State Legislators 3138:New York State Senate 3122:New York State Senate 3010:Texts on Wikisource: 3001:World Digital Library 2871:Boss Tweed's New York 2413:Boss Tweed's New York 1637:Maher, James (1987). 1551:Yale University Press 1487:"Looking Back at 100" 1303:in the 1986 TV movie 1256:, Tweed is played by 1192: 1117:Seymour J. Mandelbaum 1103: 1094: 1027:David Dudley Field II 1004: 988: 884: 769: 703: 646:New York State Senate 627:professional baseball 589: 505: 442: 376:New York State Senate 65:from the 4th district 3061:Tweed, William Marcy 3046:Tweed, William Marcy 3031:Tweed, William Marcy 3016:Tweed, William Marcy 2956:Boni & Liveright 2651:The Ophiuchi Hotline 2033:. December 25, 1866. 2000:. October 16, 1984. 1299:Tweed was played by 1293:The Ophiuchi Hotline 1223:Tassels On Her Boots 1068:, and was buried in 975:Andrew Haswell Green 968:Committee of Seventy 909:John Jacob Astor III 737:Albert Bigelow Paine 690:Cornelius Vanderbilt 343:, a director of the 223:William Magear Tweed 3700:American Freemasons 3574:Edward N. Costikyan 3346:Black Horse Cavalry 3266:Richard B. Connolly 2248:on February 5, 2012 2174:Ellis, pp. 347–348. 2097:Allen, pp. 118–125. 1941:Allen, pp. 111–112. 1541:Jackson, Kenneth T. 1270:The Great Adventure 1174:and the editors of 1074:Green-Wood Cemetery 864:Battle of the Boyne 859:Orange riot of 1871 820:William C. Kingsley 776:Richard B. Connolly 674:Black Horse Cavalry 558:Richard B. Connolly 525:Richard B. Connolly 345:Tenth National Bank 252:New York City, U.S. 3554:Edward V. Loughlin 3549:Michael J. Kennedy 2862:Encyclopedia.com ( 2849:Hershkowitz, Leo. 2733:The New York Times 2715:The New York Times 2602:Classic TV Archive 2541:Up in Central Park 2522:Up In Central Park 2503:Up In Central Park 2329:The New York Times 2228:Allen pp. 138–139. 2198:The New York Times 2085:The New York Times 2049:The New York Times 2031:The New York Times 1971:on October 8, 2009 1624:The New York Times 1420:§ Middle name 1368:Elbert A. Woodward 1355:American Civil War 1332:, a 2003 novel by 1326:The New York Times 1324:Andrew O'Hehir of 1310:The New York Times 1280:The New York Times 1238:Up in Central Park 1213:In popular culture 1195: 1176:The New York Times 1048:Ludlow Street Jail 1007: 999: 997:, January 6, 1872) 891:The New York Times 887: 816:Henry Cruse Murphy 784: 706: 601: 599:(October 21, 1871) 575:When Grand Sachem 533: 445: 420:The New York Times 388:Ludlow Street Jail 349:Metropolitan Hotel 3620:American escapees 3587: 3586: 3544:Charles H. Hussey 3449:George Buckmaster 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3362:George G. Barnard 3310: 3309: 3189: 3188: 3180:Succeeded by 3147:Succeeded by 3114:Thomas R. Whitney 3111:Succeeded by 2797:Burrows, Edwin G. 2747:Gangs of New York 2488:978-1-4165-8997-6 2341:Leo Hershkowitz, 2127:on March 14, 2008 2051:. April 13, 1871. 1965:"Digital History" 1858:978-0-19-974370-4 1820:978-0-19-983917-9 1782:978-0-345-52047-0 1743:978-0-313-22761-5 1686:978-1-4128-1600-7 1626:. April 14, 1878. 1339:Gangs of New York 1315:Statue of Liberty 1263:On the 1963–1964 1254:1948 film version 1250:Malcolm Lee Beggs 718:Union League Club 593:depicts Tweed in 537:George G. Barnard 326:political machine 307: 306: 204:Thomas R. Whitney 16:(Redirected from 3717: 3600:William M. Tweed 3579:J. Raymond Jones 3559:Frank J. Sampson 3534:James J. Dooling 3504:William M. Tweed 3464:Mordecai M. Noah 3420: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3319: 3318: 3250: 3249: 3236:William M. Tweed 3215: 3208: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3162:Preceded by 3128:Preceded by 3105: 3086:Preceded by 3076: 3075: 3070: 3055: 3040: 3025: 3009: 2983:William M. Tweed 2979: 2952:1927 1st edition 2824: 2769: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2725: 2719: 2707: 2701: 2692: 2686: 2676: 2670: 2660: 2654: 2628: 2622: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2537: 2531: 2518: 2512: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2438: 2437:Ackerman, p. 66. 2435: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2355: 2349: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2320: 2314: 2313:Ackerman, p. 28. 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2244:. Archived from 2238: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2216:"Noah Davis, Jr" 2212: 2206: 2205: 2200:. 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Tilden 962:bigwigs such as 727:and Comptroller 623:New York Mutuals 370:in 1852 and the 322:Democratic Party 283: 281: 249: 232: 230: 214:Personal details 200: 188: 179: 160: 141: 129: 120: 95: 83: 74: 63: 46: 36:William M. Tweed 32: 31: 21: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3569:Carmine DeSapio 3444:Teunis Wortmann 3427: 3424: 3394: 3385: 3374:John K. Hackett 3350: 3334: 3329:John T. Hoffman 3306: 3283: 3260:Peter B. Sweeny 3241: 3224: 3219: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3133: 3116: 3107: 3099: 3091: 3058: 3043: 3028: 3013: 2964: 2933:Further reading 2866:), May 23, 2018 2821: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2726: 2722: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2635:Nicholls, Peter 2629: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2597: 2593: 2582:Wayback Machine 2573: 2569: 2556: 2552: 2538: 2534: 2519: 2515: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428:(1988) 1538–42. 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2386:"William Tweed" 2384: 2383: 2379: 2356: 2352: 2340: 2336: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1963:Mintz, Steven. 1961: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1911:History Channel 1905: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1813:. p. 183. 1801: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1775:. p. 215. 1763: 1759: 1744: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1635: 1631: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1586: 1569: 1561: 1537: 1498: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466:Ackerman, p. 2. 1465: 1461: 1451: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1364: 1246:Sigmund Romberg 1215: 1200: 1172:Harper's Weekly 1165:Upper West Side 1161:Upper East Side 1121:Progressive Era 1090: 995:Harper's Weekly 983: 900:Harper's Weekly 847: 812:Brooklyn Bridge 796:Croton Aqueduct 772:Peter B. Sweeny 748:Alaska Purchase 733:Peter B. Sweeny 710:John T. Hoffman 698: 635:spring training 610:Harper's Weekly 596:Harper's Weekly 570:John K. Hackett 550:Peter B. Sweeny 521:Peter B. Sweeny 516:Harper's Weekly 478:"Forty Thieves" 437: 400:Lower East Side 396: 372:New York County 296:, businessman, 285: 282: 1844) 277: 273: 257:Political party 251: 247: 234: 228: 226: 225: 224: 198: 186: 180: 175: 161: 156: 139: 127: 121: 116: 93: 81: 75: 70: 64: 61:New York Senate 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3564:Hugo E. 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(1995). 1496: 1491:Gotham Gazette 1477: 1475:Allen, p. 116. 1468: 1459: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1322: 1297: 1284: 1275:Edward Andrews 1261: 1244:with music by 1242:musical comedy 1236:production of 1230:Noah Beery Sr. 1226: 1214: 1211: 1199: 1196: 1089: 1086: 982: 979: 868:city policemen 846: 843: 697: 694: 581:Isaiah Rynders 562:Albert Cardozo 474:Morgan Morgans 436: 433: 395: 392: 314:political boss 305: 304: 301: 300: 298:political boss 291: 287: 286: 275: 271: 270: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 250:(aged 55) 246:April 12, 1878 244: 240: 239: 222: 220: 216: 215: 211: 210: 207: 206: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 172: 171: 155:Member of the 152: 151: 149:John Morrissey 142: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 113: 112: 102: 101: 96: 90: 89: 84: 78: 77: 67: 66: 58:Member of the 55: 54: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3722: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529:John F. 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New Haven: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344:Jim Broadbent 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1258:Vincent Price 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1003: 996: 992: 987: 978: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 905:A. Oakey Hall 902: 901: 896: 892: 883: 879: 875: 873: 872:state militia 869: 865: 860: 856: 855:James O'Brien 852: 851:Dick Connolly 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 801: 797: 793: 789: 781: 777: 773: 768: 764: 762: 758: 754: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 725:A. Oakey Hall 721: 719: 715: 711: 704:Tweed c. 1869 702: 693: 691: 687: 686:Erie Railroad 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 616: 612: 611: 606: 598: 597: 592: 588: 584: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 538: 530: 529:A. 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New York: 2804: 2781: 2775:Bibliography 2774: 2773: 2765: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2731: 2723: 2713: 2705: 2690: 2682: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2570: 2560: 2553: 2540: 2535: 2521: 2516: 2502: 2497: 2477: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2389: 2380: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2342: 2337: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2297:. Retrieved 2287: 2277:December 24, 2275:. Retrieved 2271: 2262: 2250:. Retrieved 2246:the original 2224: 2210: 2202:the original 2197: 2188: 2179: 2129:. Retrieved 2125:the original 2114: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2009:. Retrieved 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1969:the original 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1909: 1874: 1862:. Retrieved 1843: 1836: 1824:. Retrieved 1805: 1798: 1786:. Retrieved 1767: 1760: 1733: 1727: 1704: 1695: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1640: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1590: 1544: 1490: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1452:November 17, 1450:. 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Mayor 1070:Brooklyn 1054:Franklin 808:Brooklyn 761:kickback 716:and the 631:gambling 451:and the 170:district 164:New York 99:John Fox 3069:. 1914. 3054:. 1921. 3039:. 1905. 3024:. 1879. 2864:Cengage 2698:TCM.com 2415:(1965). 2121:"lazio" 1864:July 5, 1826:July 5, 1788:July 5, 1752:7576014 1408:William 1330:Forever 1305:Liberty 1232:in the 845:Scandal 541:sheriff 424:Quakers 284: 276: 3288:Toughs 3100:from 2946: 2913: 2891: 2877: 2855:online 2842: 2817: 2788: 2667:eNotes 2662:Staff 2645: 2586:TV.com 2524:(1947) 2505:(1945) 2485: 2370: 2347:online 1855: 1817: 1779: 1750: 1740: 1683: 1661:Tweed. 1653: 1602: 1596:80–100 1557: 1336:, and 792:Harlem 778:, and 753:marble 660:, and 568:, and 556:; and 527:, and 489:Albany 453:Masons 320:, the 267:Spouse 238:, U.S. 2653:...". 2005:(PDF) 1994:(PDF) 1418:(see 1416:Tweed 1412:Marcy 1394:Notes 944:Times 940:Times 936:Times 924:Times 920:Times 688:from 493:graft 334:State 278:( 274: 162:from 2944:ISBN 2911:ISBN 2889:ISBN 2875:ISBN 2840:ISBN 2815:ISBN 2799:and 2786:ISBN 2643:ISBN 2620:IMDb 2483:ISBN 2399:2023 2301:2009 2279:2019 2254:2012 2133:2009 2013:2019 1977:2009 1866:2022 1853:ISBN 1828:2022 1815:ISBN 1790:2022 1777:ISBN 1748:OCLC 1738:ISBN 1681:ISBN 1651:ISBN 1600:ISBN 1555:ISBN 1454:2009 1240:, a 1163:and 1151:and 1029:and 893:and 870:and 833:and 790:and 680:and 668:and 666:95th 658:93rd 654:92nd 650:91st 470:Whig 332:and 243:Died 219:Born 147:and 3063:". 3048:". 3033:". 3018:". 2985:at 2766:IGN 2618:at 2544:at 2526:on 2507:on 1647:123 1286:In 1265:CBS 1072:'s 509:by 402:of 324:'s 316:of 168:5th 166:'s 108:of 3596:: 2972:. 2950:; 2923:, 2899:.) 2813:. 2388:. 2364:67 2362:. 2327:. 2270:. 2233:^ 2196:. 2167:^ 2141:^ 2102:^ 2083:. 2047:. 2029:. 1996:. 1955:^ 1895:^ 1883:^ 1847:. 1809:. 1771:. 1746:. 1713:^ 1659:. 1649:. 1622:. 1598:. 1570:^ 1553:. 1499:^ 1489:. 1445:. 1414:" 1182:. 1084:. 774:, 656:, 652:, 572:. 564:, 548:; 523:, 513:, 390:. 336:. 280:m. 3419:e 3412:t 3405:v 3214:e 3207:t 3200:v 3059:" 3044:" 3029:" 3014:" 2978:. 2846:, 2823:. 2792:. 2768:. 2752:. 2736:. 2718:. 2700:. 2685:. 2669:. 2604:. 2589:. 2565:. 2548:. 2530:. 2511:. 2491:. 2401:. 2374:. 2331:. 2303:. 2281:. 2256:. 2218:. 2135:. 2015:. 1979:. 1868:. 1830:. 1792:. 1754:. 1689:. 1608:. 1563:. 1493:. 1456:. 1422:) 1410:" 1357:. 1260:. 231:) 227:( 20:)

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