917:
890:
468:) was sometimes restricted depending on the state of the resource in question. For example; if a river or creek had been fished regularly throughout the fishing season and fish supplies were down, fishing was limited or stopped entirely by the clan who owned that resource until fish were given a chance to recover. During this time, other resources were utilised for food. This ensured the sustained use of the resources available to them. As with most other Kulin territories, penalties such as spearings were enforced upon trespassers.
704:, which was a camp for sealers, as due to the latter's behavior. As late as 1833, nine Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung women, and a boy, Yonki Yonka, were kidnapped and ferried across to the sealers' Bass Strait island bases. Contact with sealers would have exposed the coastal tribes to European diseases, and this would have exercised a heavy impact on demographics, and the economic and social ties binding the Wurundjeri and Boonwurrung peoples, as would the possible effects of infectious diseases contracted from these sealers.
1342:
222:
533:
685:
545:, where they could gather swan eggs. In coastal and swamp areas there was plenty of bird life to hunt, including ducks and swans. There were abundant eels, yabbies, and fish in Stony and Kororoit creeks, and the Yarra River. Men were experts at spearing eels and Robinson notes in his diary in 1841 two men catching 40lbs of eel 'in a very short time'. The coast provided saltwater fish, mussels, cockles and small crabs.
1065:, whose maleficence could be conjured by sorcerers to harm people. An early colonist wrote: "Any plague is supposed to be brought on by the Mindye or some of its little ones. I have no doubt that, in generations gone by, there has been an awful plague of cholera or black fever, and that the wind at the time, or some other appearance from the north-west has given rise to this strange being." (
864:
to ordain the death of one of their warriors, whose name had been sung while a possum bone discarded after a
Boonwurrung meal, and encased in a kangaroo's leg bone, was roasted. Shortly afterward the named Boonwurrung man died, and the tribe revenged itself on the first Echuca tribesman who then came
734:
epidemic might have swept through the tribes around Port Philip before 1803, reducing the population. Broome puts forward that two epidemics of smallpox decimated the population of the Kulin tribes by perhaps killing half each time in the 1790s and again around 1830. This theory has been challenged,
587:
to come again, when they begin eating, and then the native thrusts the spear through them. β¦Saw several wild dogs on the settlement belonging to the country. β¦The aborigines tie up the fore foot of their dogs to prevent them going astray, instead of roping them round the neck as we do. At the native
276:
plenty of trees notched where they had climbed for opossums. β¦There are herds of forest kangaroo immensely large, a short distance from the settlement, also flocks of emus on the western plains fifty and sixty in a drove. β¦The country through which I travelled to the Salt Water (Maribyrnong) River
515:
The
Boonwurrung people have oral histories that recount in detail the flooding of Port Phillip Bay ten-thousand years ago. The boundaries of Boonwurrung territory are defined by further floods 5000 years ago. Prior to this time, the bay was scrub-filled and passable on foot, and the Boonwurrung
511:
The
Yalukit-willam clan of the Boonwurrung were semi-nomadic hunter gatherers who moved around to seasonal food sources in their territory to take advantage of seasonably available food resources. Their hunting equipment and techniques had been highly developed to the environment and they had a
667:
people, the conflict was a dispute over resources, which resulted in heavy casualties being suffered by the
Boonwurrung. Many Gunnai raids occurred to abduct Boonwurrung women. The Yowengerra had almost been completely annihilated by 1836, largely as a result of attacks from the Gunai. During
524:
The
Yalukit-willam would spend up to a few weeks in one spot, depending on the water and food supply. Major camps were often set up close to permanent fresh water, leaving archaeological evidence of the places they lived. These archaeological sites include surface scatters,
564:
and various fungi. Murnong grew all year was best eaten in spring. Tubers were collected in vast amounts in string bags. Fresh murnong could be eaten raw, or if less fresh, murnong could be roasted or baked in earth ovens. Murnong used to grow in great amounts along the
696:. The sealers' abduction of Boonwurrung women and taken to Bass Strait Islands and Tasmania may have caused inter-tribal conflicts, and by analogy, this may also apply to the Boonwurrung, whose coastlands were visited by sealers. A report by
583:
cherries in a certain spot under the tree, conceal themselves above with a clear place for them to thrust the spear down. At day dawn the emu is heard coming by the noise it makes, and if this is a tree they have been at before they are sure
784:
were never staffed by whites and were not permanent camps, but acted as distribution depots where rations and blankets were distributed, with the intention being to keep the tribes away from the growing settlement of
Melbourne. The
843:
Injury or death to a tribal member usually resulted in a conference to assess the facts, and, where thought unlawful, revenge was taken. In 1839, after one or two
Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung were killed, a party of 15 men left for
877:. Nine or ten of the killed Echuca tribesman's kinsmen threw spears and boomerangs at the Boonwurrung warrior, armed with a shield, until he was wounded in the flank by a reed-spear. An elder of another, observing tribe, the
540:
Men were the primary hunters. They hunted kangaroos, possums, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, wombats and lizards. They also caught fish and eels and collected shellfish. Some
Boonwurrung people made seasonal trips in canoes to
762:, also acted to protect the colonists as part of their duty of hospitality. Derrimut later became very disillusioned and died in the Benevolent Asylum at the age of about 54 years in 1864. A few colonists erected a
341:
with at least 10 Wathaurong victims, would be jointly managed above the 160 m (520 ft) line. However these new boundaries are disputed by some
Wurundjeri and Boonwurrung people, including N'arweet
1748:
2963:
1714:
573:
attributes the widespread fields of murrnong in certain areas to active farming by
Aboriginal peoples. Women collected large quantities of tadpoles which were cooked beneath a bed of hot coals.
512:
highly detailed knowledge of their Country. This knowledge was passed from one generation to the next. They had to work only about five hours a day. Dogs were important and ceremonially buried.
1793:
840:
Great enmity existed in particular between the Boonwurrung and the eastern Gunai, who were later deemed responsible for playing a role in the drastic reduction of the tribe's population.
916:
773:
By 1839, the Boonwurrung had been reduced to 80β90 people, with only 4 of 19 children under four years old, from a probable pre-contact population of greater than 500 people. By 1850
2300:
2719:
298:
1224:
508:
Information on traditional life has been passed down by Boonwurrung people from one generation to the next, and was also recorded by European settlers and administrators.
2954:
780:
In 1852, the Boonwurrung were allocated 340 hectares (840 acres) at Mordialloc Creek while the Woiwurrung gained 782 hectares along the Yarra at Warrandyte. The
2066:
3079:
369:
country, they required outsiders to observe certain ritual prohibitions and to learn their language if the newcomers were to enter their land without harm.
2293:
381:
that spoke the Boonwurrung language and were connected through cultural and mutual interests, totems, trading initiatives, and marriage ties. Each had an
2636:
1728:
1716:
Indigenous Cultural Heritage and History within the Metropolitan Melbourne Investigation Area: A report to the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council
213:, signifying either "lip" or "speech". This indicates that the Boonwurrung language may not be spoken outside of their Country - their clan's territory.
2698:
3114:
3137:
3107:
2286:
3072:
2935:
2113:
1926:
651:
Just before and overlapping the period of British exploration and settlement, the Boonwurrung were involved in a long-running dispute with the
735:
however, by modern historical diagnosticians, who argue that the observed symptoms in the early ethnographical literature are compatible with
2705:
294:
169:
569:
and other creeks in the area and covered the plain to the west. These murnong fields were destroyed by the introduction of sheep. Scholar
2242:
3086:
692:
The Boonwurrung people, living primarily along the Port Phillip and Western Port coast, may have had their livelihoods affected by
3100:
2856:
487:
3093:
2892:
2256:
2187:
2137:
2089:
2055:
2030:
1963:
1915:
1857:
1829:
1770:
1703:
1678:
580:
When the natives want to kill emu they get up a cherry tree before daylight with a large spear, and having put a quantity of
306:
3142:
157:
by the early settlers, and were in alliance with other tribes in the Kulin nation, having particularly strong ties to the
2652:
2219:
2159:
1784:
634:
593:
George Robinson 1840. The journals of George Augustus Robinson, chief protector, Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate.
2712:
1801:
1033:
750:, a Boonwurrung Elder, who informed early European settlers in October 1835 of an impending attack by clans from the
645:
604:
945:
931:
747:
280:
principal, the trees she-oak, wattle, honeysuckle. Saw a blue flower, thorny appearance. Numerous old native huts.β
1845:
A Bend in the Yarra: A History of the Merri Creek Protectorate Station and Merri Creek Aboriginal School 1841β1851
2764:
2201:
77:
1297:
2921:
2863:
2806:
622:
273:βSaw nothing but grassy country, open forest, plenty gum and wild cherry. Saw where the natives had encamped,
2792:
2750:
2743:
2244:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
302:
226:
1624:
Barwick, Diane E. (1984). McBryde, Isabel (ed.). "Mapping the past: an atlas of Victorian clans 1835β1904".
2914:
2799:
2757:
2730:
17:
1974:
2684:
786:
638:
165:
237:
whose lands, waters, and cosmos encompassed some 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) of territory around
3016:
2785:
2179:
2022:
1907:
1670:
767:
288:
1836. The journals of George Augustus Robinson, chief protector, Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate.
1946:
708:
697:
1927:"Melbourne's birth destroyed Bunurong and Wurundjeri boundaries. 185 years on, they've been redrawn"
3051:
3009:
1849:
1839:
1811:
1780:
557:
542:
285:
3037:
2778:
2541:
1664:
889:
821:
730:
in February 1803, reported smallpox scars on several aboriginal people he met, suggesting that a
338:
608:
424:
360:
258:
194:
122:
2016:
1763:
Aboriginal languages and clans: an historical atlas of western and central Victoria, 1800β1900
3152:
3147:
2666:
2309:
2173:
2041:
2012:
1901:
1880:
1867:
1843:
1815:
712:
435:
428:
322:
310:
1689:
865:
to visit their territory. It was arranged by word of mouth, passing from Echuca through the
648:, danced alone on a beach at Western Port for the natives, in a much more peaceful contact.
637:, wounding several fleeing Boonwurrung people. The following month, Captain Milius from the
1930:
925:
774:
693:
576:
Robinson's diary describes how the Yalukit-willam caught emus and restrained their dingos.
416:
356:
250:
242:
186:
181:
142:
61:
8:
3030:
3002:
2979:
2820:
2387:
2345:
781:
673:
652:
420:
406:
330:
1009:, a metaphor indicating the sneaky way they set up ambushes against the eastern tribes.)
2988:
2813:
2555:
2436:
2352:
2107:
1982:
1897:
1817:
A Peep at the Blacks': A History of Tourism at Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, 1863β1924
1635:
1626:
825:
614:
482:
439:
412:
400:
326:
318:
314:
130:
1648:
792:
In March 1863, after three years of upheaval, the surviving Kulin leaders, among them
789:
revoked these two reserves in 1862β1863, considering them now too close to Melbourne.
2885:
2673:
2604:
2359:
2252:
2183:
2155:
2133:
2095:
2085:
2051:
2026:
1991:
1959:
1948:'I Succeeded Once': The Aboriginal Protectorate on the Mornington Peninsula,1839β1840
1911:
1853:
1825:
1821:
1797:
1766:
1699:
1674:
1038:
719:
669:
561:
2995:
2659:
2534:
2401:
2380:
2230:
2210:
2197:
1786:
Scars in the Landscape: a register of massacre sites in western Victoria, 1803β1859
1695:
1660:
746:
One particularly notable person at the time of European settlement in Victoria was
668:
1833β34, around 60β70 Bunurong people, if a report has been correctly interpreted,
492:
472:
262:
238:
234:
65:
2043:
Assembling the Centre: Architecture for Indigenous Cultures: Australia and Beyond
1058:
553:
190:
2928:
2827:
2471:
2238:
2129:
1016:
941:
861:
701:
566:
396:
343:
334:
254:
134:
2203:
Historical records of Port Phillip: the first annals of the colony of Victoria
2099:
754:
group. The colonists armed themselves, and the attack was averted. Benbow and
3131:
2492:
2422:
2394:
2169:
2147:
2121:
1995:
951:
901:
and Pallian Creation Story: Bunjil is the Creator spirit of the Kulin People.
797:
777:
William Thomas estimated just 28 Bunurong people living on Boonwurrung land.
660:
101:
2229:. Melbourne: Robert S Brain Government Printer. pp. 84β100 – via
1875:
1225:"Traditional owners formalised in new boundaries covering central Melbourne"
881:, called it a day, the ordeal ended, and all celebrated a grand corroboree.
2834:
2689:
2485:
2324:
2071:
956:
878:
809:
755:
727:
570:
457:
446:
138:
126:
2771:
2625:
2583:
2569:
2527:
2506:
2450:
2443:
2408:
2338:
1057:
It is attested that in some Victorian tribes, such of those found in the
1006:
904:
874:
853:
813:
793:
723:
465:
450:
305:, agreed on a redrawing of their traditional boundaries developed by the
2964:
Wotjobaluk, Jaadwa, Jadawadjali, Wergaia and Jupagulk Peoples v Victoria
2278:
1639:
1608:
221:
3044:
3023:
2645:
2611:
2597:
2576:
2562:
2520:
2513:
1020:
870:
866:
849:
817:
805:
801:
759:
751:
664:
532:
201:
occasionally used in early writings to refer to the Bunwurrung, namely
158:
145:. Their territory includes part of what is now the city and suburbs of
97:
93:
89:
309:. The new borderline runs across the city from west to east, with the
2548:
2415:
2373:
2248:
2047:
1955:
1298:"MS 204 - Samuel Rawson Diary & Papers 1831-1857 Pp. 10 & 11"
829:
763:
656:
349:
In Boonwurrung belief, their territory was carved out by the creator
146:
2499:
2464:
2457:
2429:
2331:
1765:. Dept. of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University.
1573:
740:
736:
731:
351:
266:
246:
198:
2175:
A History of the Port Phillip District: Victoria Before Separation
1973:
Gaughwin, Denise; Sullivan, Hilary (1984). McBryde, Isabel (ed.).
2618:
2590:
845:
549:
392:
1323:
1087:
1085:
824:. Coranderrk was closed in 1924 and its occupants were moved to
625:
for shirts, mirrors and a steel axe, ended when the crew of the
1002:
935:
898:
857:
630:
526:
477:
382:
299:
Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation
1975:"Aboriginal boundaries and movement in Western Port, Victoria"
1513:
1405:
684:
2478:
1082:
618:
1453:
852:. In 1840, the Boonwurrung became convinced that a man from
2082:
Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the birth of agriculture
2067:"Actor Jack Charles: the tumultuous life of a stolen child"
1537:
2955:
Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v Victoria
1061:
the advent of the smallpox was associated with s serpent,
1884:. No. 9, 428. Melbourne. 1 September 1876. p. 7
1729:"Action plan to support Victoria's indigenous barristers"
1722:. Australian Cultural Heritage Management. pp. 1β48.
1549:
1477:
1465:
1429:
1381:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
464:
Access by other clans to land and resources (such as the
2273:
1525:
1359:
1357:
1266:
2126:
Aboriginal Melbourne. The lost land of the Kulin people
1607:
1579:
1114:
1112:
377:
Communities consisted of six land-owning groups called
1393:
1369:
1254:
1242:
1180:
1153:
1441:
1417:
1354:
1143:
1141:
1139:
552:(or yam daisy) was a favourite food. Others were the
277:
had a park-like appearance, kangaroo grass being the
1192:
1124:
1109:
2209:. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 15β30 – via
1750:
The Yalukit-Willam: The First People of Hobsons Bay
1489:
1278:
1097:
848:in order to retaliate against the malefactors, the
1903:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
1501:
1330:. Phillip Island & District Historical Society
1204:
1136:
2152:The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region
1713:Canning, Shaun; Thiele, Frances (February 2010).
1585:
1561:
907:Creation Story: formation of the Birrarung River.
820:Station, named after the Woiwurrung word for the
816:and requested ownership of the site. This became
804:(Goulburn River) and Boonwurrung people over the
700:in 1830 attributed the absence of Boonwurrung on
3129:
1972:
1519:
1411:
1091:
27:Australian Aboriginal people of the Kulin nation
603:Initial contact was made in February 1801 when
1023:, used for several western Boonwurrung tribes.
808:and squatted on a traditional camping site on
265:, and ran eastwards as far as the vicinity of
2294:
1712:
613:came ashore for fresh water near present-day
2274:Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation
980:Bunurong, Bunwurrung, Boonwerung, Boonoorong
707:James Fleming, one of the party of surveyor
295:Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation
170:Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation
2196:
2084:(New ed.). Broome, Western Australia.
2039:
1838:
1746:
1691:Aboriginal Victorians: A History Since 1800
1435:
1387:
1272:
1174:
168:representing the Boonwurrung people is the
2301:
2287:
2112:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1892:– via National Library of Australia.
920:Boonwurrung Elder N'Arweet Carolyn Briggs.
598:
516:people hunted kangaroo and possums on it.
2308:
2018:The Native Tribes of South-East Australia
1874:
1866:
346:of the Boonwurrung Land and Sea Council.
233:The Boonwurrung people are predominantly
2146:
2120:
1726:
1611:. Boon Wurrung Foundation. 6 August 2013
1399:
915:
888:
873:, for a meeting to have justice done at
683:
531:
220:
2237:
1924:
1659:
1646:
1623:
1459:
1375:
1321:
1260:
1248:
1210:
1147:
1103:
884:
670:may have been killed in a raid by Gunai
14:
3138:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)
3130:
2936:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
2857:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register
2220:"Letter 14. Account of the Aborigines"
2217:
2079:
2011:
2002:
1687:
1555:
1531:
1483:
1471:
1447:
1423:
1363:
1348:
1284:
1198:
1118:
1066:
672:when they were camped to the north of
629:panicked, resulting in spears flying,
498:
2893:Minister for Treaty and First Peoples
2282:
2064:
1896:
1810:
1779:
1760:
1591:
1567:
1543:
1507:
1495:
1222:
1186:
1130:
588:encampment, I saw two dogs thus tied.
333:on Bunurong land. It was agreed that
307:Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council
249:. To the southeast, it extended from
2249:Australian National University Press
2168:
2040:McGaw, Janet; Pieris, Anoma (2014).
1944:
1747:Clark, Ian; Briggs, Carolyn (2011).
963:
663:, the last traditional elder of the
51:Regions with significant populations
2653:Deen Maar Indigenous Protected Area
1876:"The Coranderrk Aboriginal Station"
1868:"Conversations with Richard Fidler"
1727:Chadwick, Vince (28 January 2013).
519:
503:
359:down to his final resting place at
24:
2225:. In Bride, Thomas Francis (ed.).
2005:The Good Country: Cranbourne Shire
1653:Australian Dictionary of Biography
529:, isolated artefacts and burials.
372:
245:. Its western boundary was set at
25:
3164:
2267:
1034:Australian Aboriginal enumeration
911:
321:included in Wurundjeri land, and
261:. Inland its borders reached the
1925:Dunstan, Joseph (26 June 2021).
679:
548:Women were primarily gatherers.
2765:Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
2227:Letters from Victorian Pioneers
1315:
1290:
1216:
1051:
893:Bunjil, the Wedge-tailed Eagle.
688:Yonki Yonka, a Boonwurrung man.
78:Australian Aboriginal mythology
2922:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
2864:Victoria Archaeological Survey
2807:Mount William stone axe quarry
2065:Munro, Kate (14 August 2014).
835:
229:, part of Boonwurrung Country.
13:
1:
2685:Registered Aboriginal Parties
1870:. ABC Radio. 1 February 2016.
1655:. Melbourne University Press.
1302:National Library of Australia
1223:Eddie, Rachel (1 July 2021).
938:β headman of the Boonwurrung.
556:gum, the pith of tree ferns,
303:registered Aboriginal Parties
227:Bunurong Marine National Park
2915:Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006
2800:Lake Bolac stone arrangement
2758:Carisbrook stone arrangement
1649:"Briggs, Louisa (1836β1925)"
1580:Boon Wurrung Foundation 2013
1520:Gaughwin & Sullivan 1984
1412:Gaughwin & Sullivan 1984
1092:Gaughwin & Sullivan 1984
1076:
475:classified people either as
195:Pama-Nyungan language family
7:
3143:History of Victoria (state)
1945:Fels, Marie Hansen (2011).
1756:. Hobsons Bay City Council.
1322:Grayden, Christine (2010).
1027:
1005:for the Bunjurong, meaning
787:Aboriginal Protection Board
365:and, as custodians of this
205:, is derived from the word
175:
166:Registered Aboriginal Party
141:in the Australian state of
46:Pre contact β at least 500.
10:
3169:
3017:Convincing Ground massacre
2180:Melbourne University Press
2023:Cambridge University Press
1908:Cambridge University Press
1671:Cambridge University Press
1600:
768:Melbourne General Cemetery
216:
179:
3061:
2978:
2945:
2909:
2902:
2877:
2844:
2738:
2729:
2683:
2635:
2316:
934:(c. 1810 β 28 May 1864),
633:shots and the use of the
466:Birrarung, or Yarra River
88:
83:
76:
71:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
3052:Murdering Gully massacre
3010:Campaspe Plains massacre
2218:Thomas, William (1898).
2198:Shillinglaw, John Joseph
1850:Aboriginal Studies Press
1688:Broome, Richard (2005).
1069:, pp. 84β85, 89β90)
1044:
822:Victorian Christmas bush
800:, led forty Wurundjeri,
149:. They were called the
3038:Mudgegonga rock shelter
2779:Grampians National Park
2239:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1842:; Heydon, Toby (2004).
1647:Barwick, Laura (2005).
1388:Clark & Heydon 2004
1273:Clark & Heydon 2004
1175:Clark & Briggs 2011
599:Early European invasion
2080:Pascoe, Bruce (2018).
2013:Howitt, Alfred William
921:
894:
698:Jules Dumont d'Urville
689:
607:and his crew from the
596:
537:
291:
230:
3067:By state or territory
2310:Aboriginal Victorians
2003:Gunson, Niel (1968).
1761:Clark, Ian D (1990).
1666:A History of Victoria
1546:, p. 163, n.101.
1324:"The Bunurong People"
919:
892:
694:European seal hunters
687:
617:. A wary exchange of
578:
535:
271:
224:
193:, and belongs to the
133:of the land from the
84:Related ethnic groups
1796:. pp. 135β139.
1462:, p. 116, n.17.
928:(1943β 2022), actor.
885:Boonwurrung Dreaming
536:Murnong (Yam Daisy).
445:Boonwurrung-Bulluk:
423:, and the area from
243:Mornington Peninsula
182:Boonwurrung language
62:Boonwurrung language
3031:Gippsland massacres
3003:Blood Hole massacre
2878:State organisations
2821:Sunbury earth rings
2154:. Harriland Press.
1898:Dixon, Robert M. W.
1558:, pp. 338β340.
1486:, pp. 126β127.
1474:, pp. 106β107.
1001:(an eastern tribal
782:Aboriginal reserves
674:Carrum Carrum Swamp
653:Gunai/Kurnai people
499:History and culture
407:Carrum Carrum Swamp
259:Wilson's Promontory
209:, meaning "no" and
37:
3080:Northern Territory
2814:New Guinea II cave
1983:Aboriginal History
1627:Aboriginal History
1534:, pp. 336ff..
994:Putnaroo, Putmaroo
922:
895:
690:
538:
385:, or clan leader.
293:In June 2021, the
231:
139:Wilsons Promontory
131:traditional owners
35:
3125:
3124:
3115:Western Australia
2974:
2973:
2886:Heritage Victoria
2873:
2872:
2674:Lake Boga mission
2258:978-0-708-10741-6
2189:978-0-522-85064-2
2139:978-0-869-14346-9
2091:978-1-921248-01-6
2057:978-1-317-59894-7
2032:978-1-108-00632-3
2007:. F. W. Cheshire.
1965:978-1-921-86212-0
1917:978-0-521-47378-1
1859:978-0-855-75469-3
1831:978-3-110-46824-3
1822:Walter de Gruyter
1772:978-0-909685-41-6
1705:978-1-74114-569-4
1696:Allen & Unwin
1680:978-1-107-29277-2
1661:Blainey, Geoffrey
1189:, p. v, map.
1039:Possum-skin cloak
964:Alternative names
720:Maribyrnong River
718:who explored the
646:Baudin expedition
605:Lieutenant Murray
434:Yallock-Bullock:
355:as he moved from
155:Port Philip tribe
123:Aboriginal people
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3160:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2996:Battle of Yering
2991:
2967:
2958:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2888:
2866:
2859:
2848:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2660:Ebenezer Mission
2655:
2648:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2542:Pallanganmiddang
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2402:Djargurd Wurrong
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2262:
2234:
2231:Internet Archive
2224:
2214:
2211:Internet Archive
2208:
2193:
2165:
2143:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2076:
2061:
2036:
2008:
1999:
1979:
1969:
1953:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1921:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1871:
1863:
1835:
1807:
1791:
1776:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1723:
1721:
1709:
1684:
1669:(2nd ed.).
1656:
1643:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1436:Shillinglaw 1879
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1151:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1070:
1055:
948:
594:
520:Food and hunting
504:Traditional life
339:massacre in 1836
337:, the site of a
289:
263:Dandenong Ranges
239:Western Port Bay
235:saltwater people
41:Total population
38:
34:
21:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3094:South Australia
3092:
3085:
3078:
3073:New South Wales
3071:
3066:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2989:Batman's Treaty
2987:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2312:
2307:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2222:
2206:
2190:
2162:
2161:978-064633150-8
2140:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2058:
2033:
1977:
1966:
1951:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1906:. Vol. 1.
1887:
1885:
1860:
1832:
1804:
1789:
1773:
1753:
1737:
1735:
1719:
1706:
1681:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:, pp. 7β9.
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:, pp. 5β6.
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:, pp. 3β6.
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1133:, p. xxxv.
1129:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1030:
966:
944:
914:
887:
838:
770:in his honour.
766:to Derrimut in
682:
659:. According to
601:
595:
592:
562:kangaroo apples
558:native cherries
522:
506:
501:
411:Ngaruk-Willam:
405:Mayone-bulluk:
388:The clans are:
375:
373:Clan structures
290:
286:George Robinson
284:
225:Eagles Nest in
219:
191:Kulin languages
184:
178:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2929:Half-Caste Act
2925:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2828:Tarragal Caves
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2699:Barengi Gadjin
2694:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2472:Krauatungalang
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2268:External links
2266:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2235:
2215:
2194:
2188:
2170:Shaw, A. G. L.
2166:
2160:
2148:Presland, Gary
2144:
2138:
2130:McPhee Gribble
2122:Presland, Gary
2118:
2090:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2037:
2031:
2009:
2000:
1970:
1964:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1894:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1836:
1830:
1808:
1802:
1777:
1771:
1758:
1744:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1657:
1644:
1634:(2): 100β131.
1621:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1378:, p. 119.
1368:
1353:
1341:
1314:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1263:, p. 117.
1253:
1251:, p. 114.
1241:
1215:
1203:
1201:, p. 127.
1191:
1179:
1152:
1135:
1123:
1121:, p. 338.
1108:
1096:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1010:
996:
991:
986:
977:
972:
965:
962:
961:
960:
954:
949:
942:Carolyn Briggs
939:
929:
913:
912:Notable people
910:
909:
908:
902:
886:
883:
837:
834:
709:Charles Grimes
702:Phillip Island
681:
678:
600:
597:
590:
567:Kororoit Creek
521:
518:
505:
502:
500:
497:
462:
461:
454:
443:
432:
409:
403:
397:Werribee River
393:Yalukit-willam
374:
371:
344:Carolyn Briggs
335:Mount Cottrell
282:
255:Anderson Inlet
218:
215:
189:is one of the
180:Main article:
177:
174:
135:Werribee River
129:, who are the
105:
104:
86:
85:
81:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:Land councils
2686:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:Girai wurrung
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:Djadjawurrung
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:Clark, Ian D.
1837:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:Clark, Ian D.
1809:
1805:
1803:0-85575-281-5
1799:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:Clark, Ian D.
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1522:, p. 83.
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 19.
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1438:, p. 28.
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1414:, p. 82.
1413:
1408:
1402:, p. 40.
1401:
1400:Presland 1994
1396:
1390:, p. 32.
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 88.
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1037:
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680:Dispossession
677:
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661:William Barak
658:
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636:
635:ship's cannon
632:
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113:, also spelt
112:
103:
102:Djadjawurrung
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
30:
19:
3153:Port Phillip
3148:Kulin nation
2962:
2953:
2845:
2835:Wurdi Youang
2388:Djab Wurrung
2366:
2346:Braiakaulung
2325:Barababaraba
2243:
2226:
2202:
2174:
2151:
2125:
2081:
2072:The Guardian
2070:
2042:
2017:
2004:
1990:(1): 80β98.
1987:
1981:
1947:
1934:. Retrieved
1902:
1886:. Retrieved
1879:
1844:
1816:
1785:
1762:
1749:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1715:
1690:
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1652:
1631:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1510:, p. 3.
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1460:Barwick 1984
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1376:Barwick 1984
1371:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:pidhs.org.au
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1287:, p. 5.
1280:
1275:, p. 9.
1268:
1261:Barwick 1984
1256:
1249:Barwick 1984
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:
1211:Dunstan 2021
1206:
1194:
1182:
1148:Tindale 1974
1126:
1106:, p. 8.
1104:Blainey 2013
1099:
1062:
1053:
1012:
1007:tiger snakes
998:
993:
988:
983:
979:
974:
969:
957:Maree Clarke
926:Jack Charles
879:Barababaraba
862:used sorcery
842:
839:
810:Badger Creek
791:
779:
772:
756:Billibellary
745:
728:Dights Falls
714:
706:
691:
650:
640:
639:French ship
626:
609:
602:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:Bruce Pascoe
554:black wattle
547:
539:
523:
514:
510:
507:
486:
476:
471:Boonwurrung
470:
463:
458:Tarwin River
456:Yowenjerre:
447:Point Nepean
425:Mount Martha
387:
378:
376:
367:marr-ne-beek
366:
361:
350:
348:
292:
279:
275:
272:
257:, as far as
232:
210:
206:
202:
185:
163:
154:
151:Western Port
150:
127:Kulin nation
118:
114:
110:
108:
32:Ethnic group
29:
18:Boon wurrung
2903:Legislation
2772:Cloggs Cave
2667:Framlingham
2637:Communities
2626:Yorta Yorta
2584:Wemba-Wemba
2570:Wadawurrung
2556:Tatungalung
2528:Ngooraialum
2507:Ladji Ladji
2451:Jardwadjali
2444:Gunditjmara
2437:Gunaikurnai
2409:Djilamatang
2367:Boonwurrung
2353:Brataualung
2339:Brabiralung
1556:Howitt 2010
1532:Howitt 2010
1484:Broome 2005
1472:Broome 2005
1448:Broome 2005
1424:Broome 2005
1364:Broome 2005
1351:, p. .
1349:Pascoe 2018
1285:Gunson 1968
1199:Howitt 2010
1119:Howitt 2010
1067:Thomas 1898
1059:Loddon area
1021:black snake
970:Boonerwrung
875:Merri Creek
867:Nirababaluk
836:Law and war
814:Healesville
794:Simon Wonga
758:, from the
724:Yarra River
641:Naturaliste
627:Lady Nelson
610:Lady Nelson
451:Cape Schank
429:Mount Eliza
357:Yarra Flats
323:Albert Park
253:through to
187:Boonwurrung
119:Bun wurrung
111:Boonwurrung
36:Boonwurrung
3132:Categories
3087:Queensland
3045:Munangabum
3024:Coranderrk
2751:Box Gulley
2720:Wurundjeri
2713:Wathaurung
2646:Coranderrk
2612:Wurundjeri
2605:Wotjobaluk
2598:Woiwurrung
2577:Warkawarka
2563:Taungurung
2521:Minyambuta
2514:Mardidjali
2360:Bungandidj
2100:1038067363
1609:"About Us"
1592:Clark 1990
1568:Munro 2014
1544:Clark 2015
1508:Clark 2015
1496:Clark 2015
1187:Clark 1995
1131:Dixon 2002
1019:term for '
871:Wurundjeri
850:Wathaurong
826:Lake Tyers
818:Coranderrk
806:Black Spur
802:Taungurung
760:Wurundjeri
752:Woiwurrung
726:as far as
715:Cumberland
665:Wurundjeri
623:stone axes
481:, that is
436:Bass River
417:Mordialloc
395:: East of
251:Mordialloc
159:Wurundjeri
98:Taungurong
94:Wathaurong
90:Woiwurrung
2793:Kow Swamp
2744:Bend Road
2549:Pangerang
2535:Ngurelban
2458:Jari Jari
2416:Gadubanud
2381:Dhudhuroa
2374:Dadi Dadi
2124:(1994) .
2108:cite book
2048:Routledge
2015:(2010) .
1996:0314-8769
1956:ANU Press
1888:28 August
1881:The Argus
1738:3 January
1615:20 August
1334:29 August
1307:29 August
1234:29 August
1077:Citations
905:Birrarung
830:Gippsland
775:Protector
764:tombstone
657:Gippsland
644:, in the
491:, namely
483:eaglehawk
421:Dandenong
331:Caulfield
147:Melbourne
121:, are an
56:Languages
3108:Victoria
3101:Tasmania
2847:See also
2706:Bunurong
2500:Kwatkwat
2465:Jupagalk
2430:Gulidjan
2332:Bidhawal
2241:(1974).
2200:(1879).
2172:(2003).
2150:(1997).
1931:ABC News
1900:(2002).
1814:(2015).
1783:(1995).
1663:(2013).
1640:24045800
1028:See also
989:Bunwurru
984:Bururong
959:(artist)
932:Derrimut
748:Derrimut
741:ringworm
737:impetigo
732:smallpox
722:and the
615:Sorrento
591:β
473:moieties
440:Tooradin
413:Brighton
401:St Kilda
352:Loo-errn
327:St Kilda
319:Hawthorn
315:Richmond
297:and the
283:β
267:Warragul
247:Werribee
241:and the
203:Bunwurru
199:ethnonym
176:Language
161:people.
143:Victoria
115:Bunurong
72:Religion
2980:History
2619:Yalukit
2591:Wergaia
2317:Peoples
1794:AIATSIS
1733:The Age
1601:Sources
1229:The Age
1013:Toturin
999:Thurung
975:Bunuron
854:a tribe
846:Geelong
550:Murnong
301:, both
217:Country
125:of the
66:English
2946:Cases:
2786:Keilor
2493:Kurung
2255:
2186:
2158:
2136:
2098:
2088:
2054:
2029:
1994:
1962:
1936:1 July
1914:
1856:
1828:
1800:
1769:
1702:
1677:
1638:
1063:Mindye
1003:exonym
936:arweet
899:Bunjil
858:Echuca
631:musket
619:spears
478:Bunjil
383:Arweet
362:Wamoon
197:. The
2731:Sites
2486:Kulin
2479:Koori
2223:(PDF)
2207:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1754:(PDF)
1720:(PDF)
1636:JSTOR
1045:Notes
1017:Gunai
812:near
655:from
493:raven
488:Waang
379:clans
211:wur:u
2253:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2114:link
2096:OCLC
2086:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2027:ISBN
1992:ISSN
1960:ISBN
1938:2021
1912:ISBN
1890:2017
1854:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1740:2019
1700:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1617:2022
1336:2022
1309:2022
1236:2022
982:and
869:and
860:had
796:and
739:and
713:HMS
621:and
438:and
329:and
317:and
207:bu:n
164:The
109:The
1015:(a
856:in
828:in
711:in
485:or
449:to
427:to
399:to
311:CBD
153:or
137:to
117:or
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1138:^
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