114:
19:
244:
Rather than rebuild the centre of
Pforzheim on the old street plan, the main thoroughfares were widened after the war. The rubble from the destruction was heaped into a large, high mound on the outskirts of the town and covered with soil and vegetation. It is officially named the "Wallberg". As with
104:
In
November 1944, Pforzheim was placed for the first time on a target list of the Allied Forces, but with the lowest priority of category five. In that report, the city was described as being suitable for a raid, because the road and rail communications through the easily spotted old city was known
228:
The inner city districts were almost totally depopulated. According to the State
Statistics Bureau (Statistisches Landesamt), in the Market Square area (Marktplatzviertel) in 1939 there were 4,112 registered inhabitants, in 1945 none. In the Old Town area (Altstadtviertel) in 1939 there were 5,109
100:
dated 28 June 1944, stated that
Pforzheim was "one of the centres of the German jewellery and watch making trade and is therefore likely to have become of considerable importance to the production of precision instruments ." An Allied report issued in August 1944 stated that "almost every house in
224:
After the attack, about 30,000 people had to be fed by makeshift public kitchens because their housing had been destroyed. Many
Pforzheim citizens were buried in common graves at Pforzheim's main cemetery because they could not be identified. There are many graves of complete families. The labour
101:
this town centre is a small workshop" and that there were a few larger factories in the south and one in the north of the city centre. An attack on the city would destroy the "built-up area, the associated industries and rail facilities". There were no war-crucial targets; only war-relevant ones.
212:
In an area about 3 km long and 1.5 km wide, all buildings were reduced to rubble. 17,600 citizens were officially counted as dead and thousands were injured. People died from the immediate impact of explosions, from burns due to burning incendiary materials that seeped through basement
208:
The German Army Report of
February 24, 1945 devoted only two lines to reporting the bombardment: "In the early evening hours of February 23, a forceful British attack was directed at Pforzheim". The post-war British Bombing Survey Unit estimated that 83 per cent of the town's built-up area was
188:), and another was assumed to have been accidentally hit by "friendly" bombs. At least two aircraft crashed not far from Pforzheim, and Swales' aircraft, which had been hit twice, crashed in France. One of the Lancasters that crashed near Pforzheim went down close to the village of
77:. These nuisance raids drove civilians into shelters and disturbed their sleep. Three consecutive raids occurred on the nights of October 2, 3 and 4, 1944 with a further three raids in October and one in November 1944. The RAF lost one aircraft in these raids.
121:
The large raid that almost destroyed the inner city district occurred on the evening of
February 23, 1945. The first bombs were dropped at 19:50 and the last one at 20:12. The attack on "Yellowfin", the RAF's code name for Pforzheim, included 379 aircraft.
50:(RAF) on the evening of February 23, 1945. Some 17,600 people, or 31.4% of the town's population, were killed. About 83% of the town's buildings were destroyed, two-thirds of the complete area of Pforzheim and between 80% and 100% of the inner city.
180:
broke out, reaching its most devastating phase about 10 minutes from the start of the raid. The smoke over the town rose to about 3,000 metres, and the returning bomber crews could still see the glare of the fire up to 160 km away.
485:
Pforzheimer
Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Sofortmeldung nach dem Angriff". Its original in German reads: "In den fruehen Abendstunden richtete sich ein schwerer britischer Angriff gegen
394:
The RAF gives the number of bombers lost for all raids that night, but not the specifics for this raid. But the figures are in line with total RAF losses. The number of 12 aircraft lost is reported in
236:
bailed out near
Pforzheim where they were captured, and six of them were shot at the nearby village of Huchenfeld. One member managed to escape but was later recaptured and taken to a POW camp.
62:(USAAF) bombers caused comparatively minor damage and killed 95 people. Further attacks by the USAAF followed, the largest on 24 December. Another on 21 January 1945 caused 56 casualties.
583:
221:
rivers into which they had jumped while trying to escape from the burning incendiary materials in the streets, but even the rivers were burning as the phosphorus floated on the water.
2720:
1202:
2789:
403:
165:
of the war for his actions on this night. Despite severe damage to his plane he remained over the target directing the raid and died when his
Lancaster crashed near
283:"“He did his Duty to the Last – Captain Edwin Swales VC” Article by David R. Bennett. The Journal of the Victoria Cross Society. 6th Edition, March 2005, pp 42-44.
434:
and elsewhere and has actually interviewed RAF crew members who participated in the Pforzheim air raid. She was born in Pforzheim in 1935 and grew up there. (see
225:
office of 1942 listed 2,980 foreigners in Pforzheim, and one source puts the number of foreign laborers who died in the bombings at 498 (among them 50 Italians).
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
493:
The number of dead 17,600 is taken from Groh. The rest of the paragraph is from the series of articles in Pforzheimer Zeitung pointed to at the bottom of the
232:
Some surviving Allied aircrew were killed after they fell into the hands of German civilians. Four weeks after the Pforzheim main raid, the British crew of a
2662:
685:
1195:
184:
Twelve aircraft of the bomber fleet did not return to their bases. Eleven of them were shot down by Luftwaffe fighters stationed at GroĂźsachsenheim (now
556:
Groh. The name of the "Wallberg" can be found on any decent map of Pforzheim, including the one at the official internet site of the City of Pforzheim (
2804:
1143:
1597:
752:
213:
windows into the cellars of houses where they hid, from poisonous gases, lack of oxygen, and collapsing walls of houses. Some of them drowned in the
84:
aircraft bombed the area around "Kupferhammer". On March 14, 16, 18th, 19th, 20th and 24th, the railway facilities were bombed. On March 17, the
229:
inhabitants, in 1945 only 2 persons were still living there. In the Leopold Square area, in 1939 there were 4,416 inhabitants, in 1945 only 13.
1188:
2264:
1492:
245:
other German cities which have similar mounds, it remains a visible reminder of the destruction brought upon the city during World War II.
577:
571:
2715:
1948:
192:. Three of its crew members bailed out, of whom two survived; the remaining crew members died. The other one crashed near the village of
154:
1847:
1702:
1507:
747:
1227:
2512:
2427:
209:
destroyed, "probably the greatest proportion in one raid during the war". In the centre, almost 90% of the buildings were destroyed.
1707:
678:
1652:
1582:
1376:
878:
757:
1477:
1442:
1427:
172:
The bomber stream attacked from a height of 8,000 feet (2,400 m). The bombs were, by now, a standard mix of high explosive and
1717:
2482:
1632:
1547:
1542:
1211:
818:
39:
589:
2571:
2529:
2422:
2417:
2402:
2207:
1995:
1687:
1637:
1552:
1467:
1396:
1592:
2507:
2487:
2246:
2212:
1802:
1762:
1612:
1417:
1371:
671:
2710:
2629:
2467:
2322:
1913:
1887:
1867:
1837:
1832:
1807:
1777:
1757:
1587:
1537:
1527:
1497:
1482:
1361:
1298:
1154:
833:
813:
411:
2437:
2462:
2397:
2282:
2276:
2234:
1974:
1822:
1742:
1627:
1572:
1447:
1432:
823:
653:
2496:
2392:
2270:
2026:
2016:
1897:
1877:
1827:
1817:
1792:
1697:
1602:
1532:
1381:
1293:
1257:
711:
595:
557:
80:
After the devastating air raid of February 23, 1945, there were smaller air raids on Pforzheim. On March 4, USAAF
2432:
2412:
2240:
1857:
1842:
803:
762:
2641:
1692:
2725:
2522:
1314:
1138:
113:
59:
1051:
2195:
1933:
778:
788:
2566:
1953:
1943:
1319:
947:
838:
81:
2779:
2317:
2200:
1161:
870:
1522:
350:
1437:
798:
419:
407:
663:
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2021:
1133:
415:
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1712:
398:
of February 23, 2005, under headline "Stadt gleicht Feuermeer" which was written by the author of
2647:
1852:
1767:
1329:
1056:
560:), where the Wallberg is indicated under this name with a height of 417.5 meters above sea level.
2739:
2613:
2608:
2345:
1232:
963:
783:
716:
1422:
2784:
2754:
2252:
2031:
1642:
927:
173:
66:
1737:
1562:
1517:
65:
The RAF also carried out several nighttime nuisance raids on Pforzheim and other towns with
2340:
2000:
1928:
1787:
1672:
1148:
912:
907:
726:
189:
1979:
1462:
1386:
73:
to respond. They also helped confuse the defences, diverting resources away from the main
8:
2477:
2371:
1938:
1622:
1502:
854:
601:
1752:
1647:
1607:
1567:
1180:
301:
2799:
2635:
2502:
2447:
2407:
2355:
1969:
1346:
1168:
983:
942:
902:
862:
793:
383:
The number of bombs, the height of smoke and the visibility of the fire is reported in
365:
Yellowfin from Groh, other information from RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945.
97:
2228:
1677:
1366:
2592:
2517:
2457:
2452:
2376:
2350:
2258:
2169:
2084:
2049:
1782:
1277:
1242:
1112:
1008:
978:
649:
481:
83% RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945, The German army report is taken from
85:
58:
The first Allied air raid on Pforzheim took place on April 1, 1944 when an attack by
1892:
1872:
1812:
1772:
1662:
1391:
637:
438:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, under headline "Ursula Moessner-Heckner").
2587:
2492:
2472:
2154:
2144:
2079:
1918:
1797:
1747:
1667:
1512:
1452:
1272:
1222:
1117:
1102:
1061:
1036:
1020:
993:
973:
937:
897:
146:
43:
1682:
1472:
1356:
660:
Movie "Code Yellowfin", documentary, Germany 2005, directed by Peter MĂĽller-Buchow
2442:
2164:
2134:
2104:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1066:
998:
922:
423:
142:
138:
134:
130:
88:
at Pforzheim was bombed, and on March 23 the area in Eutingen Valley was bombed.
47:
1923:
1862:
1577:
1487:
1457:
2545:
2312:
2159:
2119:
2109:
2089:
2054:
1617:
1003:
988:
932:
917:
808:
233:
218:
162:
126:
1557:
2773:
2174:
2149:
2099:
2094:
2074:
1041:
1015:
742:
74:
1412:
2114:
2064:
193:
166:
158:
35:
27:
2297:
2129:
1324:
1046:
968:
706:
185:
69:
light bombers. The raids, consisting of around six Mosquitos, forced the
18:
2124:
2069:
628:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 28, 2005, No.48, p. 28 (in German)
625:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005, No.46, p. 24 (in German)
622:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005, No.44, p. 22 (in German)
619:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 17, 2005, No.39, p. 18 (in German)
616:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 12, 2005, No.35, p. 25 (in German)
613:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 11, 2005, No.34, p. 20 (in German)
610:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005, No.33, p. 18 (in German)
150:
607:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005, No.32, p. 18 (in German)
530:
The number of foreign workers who died in the bombings is reported in
422:. She has conducted extensive research on this subject in archives in
400:
Pforzheim. Codename Yellowfin, Eine Analyse der Luftangriffe 1944 - 45
2139:
2059:
1247:
1237:
721:
693:
177:
70:
31:
372:
The tonnage of bombs and the height of the raid can be found in the
635:(Note: The series of Pforzheimer Zeitung articles can be found at "
631:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005, No.52, p. 20 (in German)
427:
646:
Pforzheim. Code Yellowfin. Eine Analyse der Luftangriffe 1944 - 45
586:
by Christian Groh, in: historicum.net dated 24.4.2005. In German.
431:
141:
Groups along with one Film Unit Lancaster, and 13 Mosquitos of
105:
to be flammable. Pforzheim was used in the transfer of troops.
42:
several times. The largest raid, one of the most devastating
545:
Groh, but must be from another source which is not recorded.
176:
bombs. The town centre suffered immediate destruction and a
508:
The 30,000 people fed by makeshift kitchens is reported in
197:
406:. Mrs. Moessner-Heckner is a historian who was trained at
302:
Tom Tate - Huchenfeld - The Village that asked Forgiveness
1210:
501:
Pforzheimer Zeitung of Febr. 4, Febr. 11, Febr. 17, 2005.
355:
214:
445:
Grosssachsenheim as the Luftwaffe base is reported in
161:, aged 29, who would be awarded Bomber Command's last
292:
Tail-End Charlies - John Nichol and Tony Rennell 2004
604:of February 4, 2005, No.28, p. 22 (in German)
2790:World War II strategic bombing by populated place
694:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War
2771:
489:
1196:
679:
149:). The master bomber for the raid was Major
91:
548:
504:
376:RAF Web Site: Campaign Diary February 1945.
1203:
1189:
1144:Air operations during the Battle of Europe
686:
672:
274:Bomber Command Campaign Diary October 1944
2805:World War II strategic bombing of Germany
2428:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
596:Documentation about the raid on Pforzheim
534:Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 10, 2005.
512:Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 25, 2005.
387:Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 23, 2005.
351:British Bombing Strategy in World War Two
320:Pforzheimer Zeitung of February 9, 2005.
117:The attack as seen from a British bomber
112:
17:
2538:
580:Bomber Command 60th Anniversary website
574:Bomber Command 60th Anniversary website
312:
203:
2772:
537:
1212:Strategic bombing during World War II
1184:
1139:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
667:
552:The information about Pforzheim from
526:
515:
441:
337:
330:
327:Pforzheimer Zeitung of March 4, 2005.
2305:
1134:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom
474:
344:
2747:
799:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)
648:, Thorbecke, Sigmaringen, Germany;
463:
452:
368:
46:of the war, was carried out by the
13:
1155:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command
638:Pforzheimer Zeitung online archive
379:
323:
14:
2816:
390:
784:Area bombing of cities (1942–43)
361:
125:The main force bombers were 367
712:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945
598:In German and partly in English
553:
542:
531:
520:
509:
498:
494:
482:
478:
435:
384:
373:
317:
22:The destroyed Pforzheim in 1946
519:The Foreign labour taken from
295:
286:
277:
268:
255:
53:
1:
717:Area Bombing Directive (1942)
641:" under "23. February 1945")
565:
541:These figures are similar to
316:Christian Groh Pforzheim and
261:Christian Groh Pforzheim and
60:United States Army Air Forces
584:Pforzheim - 23 February 1945
578:Campaign Diary February 1945
108:
26:During the latter stages of
7:
727:Casablanca directive (1943)
239:
10:
2821:
804:Battle of Berlin (1943–44)
748:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann
590:Report of magazine 'Stern'
2738:
2703:
2672:
2661:
2622:
2601:
2580:
2559:
2385:
2364:
2333:
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2221:
2185:
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2009:
1988:
1962:
1906:
1730:
1405:
1345:
1338:
1307:
1286:
1265:
1256:
1218:
1126:
1075:
1029:
956:
890:
847:
794:Battle of the Ruhr (1943)
771:
735:
699:
644:Ursula Moessner-Heckner:
420:San Jose State University
408:San Jose State University
92:Reasons for the main raid
34:, a town in southwestern
1228:Aerial bombing of cities
1118:Light Night Strike Force
416:United States of America
248:
656: ; (October 1997)
418:and who also taught at
404:Ursula Moessner-Heckner
1233:Area bombing directive
758:Sir Archibald Sinclair
743:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
722:Dehousing paper (1942)
169:on the return flight.
118:
96:A report compiled for
23:
903:Boston (Douglas DB-7)
789:U-boat pens (1943–44)
779:Oil targets (1940-45)
471:of February 28, 2005.
460:of February 12, 2005.
449:of February 23, 2005.
116:
67:de Havilland Mosquito
21:
1598:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
1330:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
1149:Defence of the Reich
558:Citymap of Pforzheim
265:of February 9, 2005.
204:Impact of the attack
190:Neuhausen (Enzkreis)
2673:Mandatory Palestine
1052:Intruder operations
866:("Dambusters" raid)
602:Pforzheimer Zeitung
572:Campaign Diary 1944
469:Pforzheimer Zeitung
458:Pforzheimer Zeitung
447:Pforzheimer Zeitung
396:Pforzheimer Zeitung
263:Pforzheimer Zeitung
1949:Rotterdam (Allied)
1169:Target for Tonight
753:Sir Charles Portal
707:Butt Report (1941)
467:Crash reported in
456:Crash reported in
119:
98:RAF Bomber Command
24:
2780:Conflicts in 1945
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2734:
2733:
2663:Mediterranean and
2657:
2656:
2555:
2554:
2292:
2291:
2065:Barrow-in-Furness
2050:Battle of Britain
1726:
1725:
1503:Freiburg (Allies)
1243:Strategic bombing
1178:
1177:
1113:No. 100 Group RAF
858:(Friedrichshafen)
196:near the town of
44:area bombardments
2812:
2745:
2744:
2670:
2669:
2567:Allied Singapore
2536:
2535:
2303:
2302:
2261:(Czechoslovakia)
1944:Rotterdam (Axis)
1343:
1342:
1263:
1262:
1258:European theatre
1223:Area bombardment
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1103:No. 6 Group RCAF
1037:Area bombardment
1021:Target indicator
994:Blockbuster bomb
809:Transport (1944)
688:
681:
674:
665:
664:
551:
540:
529:
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507:
492:
477:
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455:
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393:
382:
371:
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2795:1945 in Germany
2770:
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2759:
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2618:
2597:
2576:
2551:
2534:
2381:
2360:
2329:
2288:
2217:
2181:
2042:
2036:
2005:
1984:
1958:
1902:
1848:Reggio Calabria
1722:
1703:Wiener Neustadt
1508:Friedrichshafen
1498:Freiburg (Axis)
1401:
1348:
1334:
1303:
1282:
1252:
1214:
1209:
1179:
1174:
1122:
1108:No. 8 Group RAF
1098:No. 5 Group RAF
1093:No. 4 Group RAF
1088:No. 3 Group RAF
1083:No. 1 Group RAF
1071:
1067:Shuttle bombing
1025:
999:Earthquake bomb
952:
886:
843:
767:
731:
695:
692:
657:
568:
563:
424:Washington D.C.
348:Detlef Siebert
308:
307:
300:
296:
291:
287:
282:
278:
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269:
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256:
251:
242:
206:
127:Avro Lancasters
111:
94:
56:
48:Royal Air Force
12:
11:
5:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
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2582:
2578:
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2575:
2574:
2572:Axis Singapore
2569:
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2533:
2532:
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2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:Allied Rangoon
2320:
2313:Burma campaign
2309:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
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2203:
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2178:
2177:
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2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2055:Baedeker Blitz
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
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1728:
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1724:
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1715:
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1700:
1695:
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1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:Kaiserslautern
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
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1465:
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1455:
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1415:
1409:
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1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
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1351:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1162:Into the Storm
1158:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
996:
991:
989:"Monica" radar
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
894:
892:
888:
887:
885:
884:
876:
868:
860:
851:
849:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
775:
773:
769:
768:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
733:
732:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
703:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
683:
676:
668:
662:
661:
643:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
567:
564:
562:
561:
546:
535:
524:
513:
502:
487:
472:
461:
450:
439:
388:
377:
366:
359:
342:
335:
328:
321:
309:
306:
305:
294:
285:
276:
267:
253:
252:
250:
247:
241:
238:
234:Avro Lancaster
205:
202:
163:Victoria Cross
110:
107:
93:
90:
82:B-24 Liberator
75:bomber streams
55:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2650:(Philippines)
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:United States
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:10 March 1945
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:(Switzerland)
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Wilhelmshaven
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
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1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Gelsenkirchen
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Master Bomber
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Bomber stream
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Bouncing bomb
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
889:
883:
881:
877:
875:
873:
869:
867:
865:
861:
859:
857:
853:
852:
850:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
774:
770:
764:
763:Arthur Tedder
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
734:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
698:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
669:
666:
659:
658:
655:
654:3-7995-7402-6
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
559:
555:
550:
547:
544:
539:
536:
533:
528:
525:
522:
517:
514:
511:
506:
503:
500:
496:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
470:
465:
462:
459:
454:
451:
448:
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
389:
386:
381:
378:
375:
370:
367:
363:
360:
358:1 August 2001
357:
353:
352:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
322:
319:
314:
311:
310:
303:
298:
289:
280:
271:
264:
258:
254:
246:
237:
235:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
210:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:South African
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
115:
106:
102:
99:
89:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
20:
16:
2785:Firebombings
2740:North Africa
2642:Kuala Lumpur
2623:Other cities
2609:Pearl Harbor
2265:Schaffhausen
2222:Other cities
2010:Soviet Union
1657:
1443:Braunschweig
1423:Aschersleben
1406:Other cities
1167:
1160:
1153:
882:(PeenemĂĽnde)
879:
871:
863:
855:
828:
645:
636:
634:
549:
538:
527:
516:
505:
497:, including
490:
475:
468:
464:
457:
453:
446:
442:
399:
395:
391:
380:
369:
362:
349:
345:
338:
331:
324:
313:
297:
288:
279:
270:
262:
257:
243:
231:
227:
223:
211:
207:
194:Althengstett
183:
171:
167:Valenciennes
124:
120:
103:
95:
79:
64:
57:
28:World War II
25:
15:
2704:Other areas
2665:Middle East
2638:(Sri Lanka)
2298:Pacific War
2170:Southampton
2085:Bournemouth
1907:Netherlands
1738:Alessandria
1678:Schweinfurt
1673:SaarbrĂĽcken
1518:Halberstadt
1478:Dietzenbach
1428:Baden-Baden
1062:Pathfinders
1047:Firebombing
486:Pforzheim".
186:Sachsenheim
147:Pathfinders
143:No. 8 Group
54:Minor raids
2774:Categories
2644:(Malaysia)
2632:(Thailand)
2513:Utsunomiya
2273:(Bulgaria)
2241:Hammerfest
2186:Yugoslavia
2155:Nottingham
2145:Manchester
2080:Birmingham
2032:Stalingrad
1934:Middelburg
1653:PeenemĂĽnde
1633:Nordhausen
1583:Königsberg
1548:Hildesheim
1463:Crailsheim
1377:DĂĽsseldorf
1009:Grand Slam
957:Technology
943:Wellington
923:Manchester
848:Operations
592:In German.
566:References
554:References
543:References
532:References
521:References
510:References
499:References
495:References
483:References
479:References
436:References
385:References
318:References
174:incendiary
151:Ted Swales
2800:Pforzheim
2755:Fort Lamy
2721:Gibraltar
2581:Australia
2560:Singapore
2530:Yokkaichi
2523:June 1944
2503:Toyohashi
2423:Hiratsuka
2418:Hamamatsu
2365:Indonesia
2346:Hong Kong
2341:Chongqing
2285:(Croatia)
2279:(Austria)
2249:(Finland)
2237:(Ireland)
2231:(Hungary)
2208:Podgorica
2192:Belgrade
2165:Sheffield
2135:Liverpool
2105:Clydebank
2060:The Blitz
2022:Leningrad
1996:Bucharest
1954:The Hague
1929:Enkhuizen
1919:Eindhoven
1914:Amsterdam
1753:Benevento
1688:Stuttgart
1658:Pforzheim
1648:Paderborn
1643:OsnabrĂĽck
1638:Nuremberg
1608:Magdeburg
1568:Karlsruhe
1553:Innsbruck
1543:Heilbronn
1493:Frankfurt
1468:Darmstadt
1397:Wuppertal
1347:Battle of
1248:V-weapons
1238:Firestorm
969:H2S radar
918:Lancaster
872:Hurricane
856:Bellicose
839:The Hague
829:Pforzheim
819:Heilbronn
772:Campaigns
700:Overviews
374:Reference
178:firestorm
109:Main raid
71:Luftwaffe
32:Pforzheim
2695:Tel Aviv
2614:Unalaska
2548:(Taiwan)
2539:Colonies
2508:Toyokawa
2488:Shizuoka
2377:Surabaya
2372:Sukabumi
2356:Shanghai
2318:Mandalay
2255:(Norway)
2247:Helsinki
2243:(Norway)
2229:Budapest
2213:Sarajevo
2160:Plymouth
2120:Greenock
2110:Coventry
2090:Brighton
2001:Ploiești
1939:Nijmegen
1924:Enschede
1803:Grosseto
1788:Frascati
1763:Cagliari
1718:WĂĽrzburg
1613:Mannheim
1538:Hannover
1458:Chemnitz
1418:Augsburg
1372:Duisburg
1367:Dortmund
1349:the Ruhr
1320:Le Havre
1127:See also
933:Stirling
928:Mosquito
898:Blenheim
891:Aircraft
864:Chastise
428:Stanford
412:Berkeley
240:Post war
86:motorway
2711:Bahrain
2636:Colombo
2630:Bangkok
2546:Taihoku
2468:Okazaki
2448:Nagaoka
2408:Fukuoka
2351:Nanjing
2175:Swansea
2150:Norwich
2100:Cardiff
2095:Bristol
2075:Belfast
2043:Kingdom
1989:Romania
1970:Frampol
1893:Viterbo
1888:Vicenza
1873:Trieste
1868:Treviso
1838:Pescara
1833:Palermo
1813:Messina
1808:Livorno
1778:Ferrara
1773:Catania
1768:Cassino
1758:Bologna
1668:Rostock
1663:Potsdam
1623:MĂĽnster
1588:Leipzig
1528:Hamburg
1513:Giessen
1483:Dresden
1453:Breslau
1438:Bocholt
1392:Krefeld
1362:Cologne
1339:Germany
1299:Tallinn
1287:Estonia
1266:Denmark
1030:Tactics
1004:Tallboy
948:Whitley
938:Ventura
913:Hampden
908:Halifax
834:Dresden
814:Hamburg
736:Leaders
414:in the
354:Page 4
36:Germany
2716:Cyprus
2648:Manila
2593:Darwin
2588:Broome
2518:Yawata
2483:Sendai
2478:Rabaul
2463:Numazu
2453:Nagoya
2398:Aomori
2283:Zagreb
2277:Vienna
2259:Prague
2253:Namsos
2235:Dublin
2140:London
2115:Exeter
2041:United
1980:Wieluń
1975:Warsaw
1963:Poland
1883:Verona
1853:Rimini
1823:Naples
1783:Foggia
1743:Ancona
1683:Siegen
1628:Munich
1593:LĂĽbeck
1573:Kassel
1473:Dessau
1448:Bremen
1433:Berlin
1413:Aachen
1357:Bochum
1308:France
979:"Oboe"
874:(1944)
824:Kassel
652:
432:London
219:Nagold
137:, and
40:bombed
38:, was
2726:Malta
2690:Jaffa
2685:Haifa
2493:Tokyo
2473:Osaka
2403:Fukui
2393:Akita
2386:Japan
2334:China
2306:Burma
2271:Sofia
2130:Leeds
2027:Minsk
2017:Gorky
1898:Zadar
1878:Turin
1863:Terni
1828:Padua
1818:Milan
1798:Gorla
1793:Genoa
1731:Italy
1713:Worms
1698:Wesel
1618:Moers
1603:Mainz
1578:Kleve
1533:Hanau
1523:Halle
1488:Emden
1382:Essen
1325:Royan
1294:Narva
1278:Rønne
1076:Units
984:Gee-H
964:Chaff
880:Hydra
523:Groh.
249:Notes
145:(the
139:No. 8
135:No. 6
131:No. 1
2748:Chad
2680:Acre
2458:Naha
2443:Kure
2438:KĹŤfu
2433:Kobe
2413:Gifu
2201:1944
2196:1941
2125:Hull
2070:Bath
1858:Rome
1843:Pisa
1748:Bari
1558:Jena
1315:Caen
1273:Nexø
650:ISBN
410:and
341:Groh
334:Groh
198:Calw
157:, a
1693:Ulm
974:Gee
356:BBC
217:or
215:Enz
155:DFC
129:of
2776::
430:,
426:,
402:,
200:.
153:,
133:,
30:,
2499:)
2495:(
1204:e
1197:t
1190:v
687:e
680:t
673:v
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