Innovia Metro - Knowledge

42: 2147: 2265: 2204: 1302:) would keep the rail free of snow as the passing cars heated the rail. This proved not to be the case and in operations at just the wrong conditions close to freezing, the opposite occurred: when the train passed and heated the rail, microscopically thin layers of snow would be melted, and if the rail was below zero as a whole, the water would freeze to the rail and cause ice buildup. Another retrofit was required to solve this problem, by adding wooden covers over the rail, a system used throughout Toronto's subway system. Even with these covers in place, the line can be shut down by any heavy snowfall that covers the fourth rail to a depth that fills the distance between the rail and the linear motor. 2322: 2284: 888: 61: 2246: 907: 919: 2128: 1573:. Unlike the production cars, the demo cars lacked doors at either end of the vehicle. Test Vehicle 1 had windows in the centre and on the driver cab, while Test Vehicle 2 is a trailer car only had a centre window and no driver's cab. The paint scheme on the lead car was orange and white, while the trailer was grey and orange. The interior of the vehicle was unfinished (no seats, incomplete floor/ceiling and plywood panelling covering wiring). Only Test Vehicle 2 remained at the facility and in 2011 it was donated to the 683:, the Minister of Transportation and Communications. The site included a 1.9-kilometre (1.2 mi) oval test track that included at-grade, elevated and ramped sections, switches, and the automatic control centre. Phase III of the ICTS program ended on January 31, 1980, when testing on the prototype was completed at the Millhaven site, by this point the government had invested about $ 57.2 million, of a total $ 63 million spent on the product by the government and its industrial partners. 821:, a large engineering company in Montreal. Lavalin purchased the company for only CAD$ 50 million, less than the $ 70 million spent on the UTDC by the government up to 1981. The sale was highly controversial at the time, due to several non-performance payments due to the early problems on the ICTS that had to be paid out by the government, to the tune of $ 39 million. Soon after, Hawker Siddeley announced that they were selling their remaining interest in Can-Car to Lavalin as well. 2170: 2227: 1279:

the traditional Toronto solution of taking up the front-right corner of the cab left too little room for the operator to work in, and the entire front of the car had to be used up, reducing seating. Additionally, the Innovia ART 100 control system was based on "dumb" cars and "smart" control centres, so there was no system on the train itself for control or presenting information. These systems had to be retrofitted and were the cause of considerable expense and confusion.

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streetcar budget. Construction of the internal streetcar platform and a turn-around loop had already been completed at the station. The platform had to be raised to the higher floor height of the ICTS, but UTDC claimed the vehicle would be able to make its way around the existing 18-metre (59 ft) radius loop at 10 km/h (6.2 mph) without additional modification.

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producing buzzing noises when running at speed. Since the vehicles were brand-new, the TTC did not have a machine capable of grinding the small-diameter wheels, and one had to be purchased for $ 1.5 million. Another $ 250,000 was needed for a rail grinder to remove "totally unexpected rail corrugations". Additionally, the cars were found to be incapable of turning the

1341:. Vancouver's SkyTrain network continues to maintain on-time reliability over 95%. The Expo Line opened in late 1985, in time for Expo '86. With the opening of the Millennium Line in 2002, Vancouver added to its original Innovia ART 100 fleet the longer, articulated Innovia ART 200 trains first used in Kuala Lumpur, which allow for significantly greater rider capacities. 1321:, a subway line, from Kennedy station along a new route to Scarborough Centre. Line 3 Scarborough was scheduled to be decommissioned in November 2023, with bus service covering the route until the subway extension opens in 2030. However, an accident involving a car detachment and derailment on July 24, 2023, resulted in the TTC closing the line prematurely. 768:(DPM) program. After ten years, little actual development had taken place and UMTA was mandated to install systems with all possible speed. None of the high-tech developments funded by UMTA had been installed, nor developed to the point where they were ready for service. Instead, the Detroit system was favouring the 1407:

The resulting system offers service to a limited area of the downtown core along a 4.7-kilometre (2.9 mi) loop. The point-to-point distances are easily walkable, so the system sees low ridership levels on the order of 7,500 passengers a day. Originally designed to act as the hub of a system with

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In spite of Can-Car's success in other markets, as early as 1981 the government had considered selling UTDC to the private sector. Their concern was that without a manufacturing business, UTDC would find it difficult to make enough income to justify its Kingston operations. If the company did start a

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Sales of additional ICTS systems went nowhere, and the government began to worry about UTDC's continued successes. The government pushed any potential deployment to buy from UTDC, but with only one product, and that product having many problems in Toronto, there was little interest from other cities.

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in downtown Vancouver could be easily modified and split into two stacked tunnels. With UTDC interested in showcasing the system at the Expo, and the Expo backers interested in a transit solution that could be open in time for the show, a deal was quickly arranged that was attractive to both parties.

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Toronto was not the only city looking for such a solution, and there appeared to be a large market for automated transit systems in the 1970s and 80s. As GO-Urban was larger than most networks being considered, practically every company working on an AGT, or hoping to, submitted a proposal. The first

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In 2006, Bombardier was awarded a contract for 22 new four-car trains, with an option for an additional 13 trains if required. The order was expanded in 2007 with an additional purchase of 52 train sets. The first batch of new trains began service in December 2009, and by 2014, all 35 train sets had

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Although its Innovia ART 100 trains are capable of driving themselves, the TTC chose to run them semi-automatically with operators on board in order to keep peace with their main union. This conversion proved much more difficult than imagined; the small confines of the Innovia ART 100 car meant that

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By 2011, the Innovia ART 200 design has been updated and Bombardier is currently marketing the third generation as Innovia Metro 300 (retiring the ART branding). While three vehicle orders have been placed, new vehicles are still in the production stage. Vehicle dimensions are similar to the Innovia

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World's Fair, giving it the theme "Transportation and Communications". The city is newer than Toronto and more spread out, making a traditional subway unattractive – precisely the problem that the ICTS had been designed to solve. The ICTS vehicle design, with shorter vehicle heights, was also ideal,

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Between 1976 and 1980, three prototype cars were built. The first immediately demonstrated a problem with the rubber-wheeled bogies. The linear induction motor required very accurate positioning about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) above its "reaction rail" in order to work efficiently and the slight

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is a fully automated system, using the same Innovia ART 100 trains as Toronto and Vancouver. The system had originally been part of UMTA's buildout, which included lines radiating outward from a central circle into the suburbs. However, UMTA was dramatically "downfunded" in the early 1980s, and the

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Vancouver continues to be the largest operator of an Innovia ART system, with 49.5 km (30.8 mi) of operational lines in its SkyTrain network (Expo Line and Millennium Line). This network increased in 2016 with the opening of a 10.9-kilometre (6.8 mi) extension of the Millennium Line,

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provincial government convinced it, by threatening to withhold funding, to switch to the Innovia ART 100 technology. This would act as a demonstration system for other transit operators considering buying the trains. In exchange, the government agreed to pay for any cost overruns over the original

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for the Expo line, and a bored tunnel under Clarke Road for the Evergreen Extension), Kuala Lumpur's Kelana Jaya Line, and Beijing's Airport Express. The Scarborough RT in Toronto also includes a short tunnelled section, though there are no stations within it. The Kuala Lumpur and Beijing systems,

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By the late 1970s, it appeared there were no more technology issues to overcome and efforts turned to debugging the system and developing methods for mass production. As this process started, UTDC started its own efforts to market the design. Toronto, the inspiration for the system, was an obvious

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metro network, which has seen several major expansions over its lifetime. It operates just under 50 kilometres (31 mi) of track compatible with Innovia Metro trains. Vancouver was the first to order Innovia Metro 300 vehicles. Since then, vehicle orders for the latest Innovia Metro technology

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A series of financial difficulties caused by Lavalin's rapid expansion led to its bankruptcy. A clause in the original sales contract returned UTDC to Ontario crown control, and they quickly sold it to Bombardier in 1991. Bombardier started a redesign effort for the ICTS, resulting in the larger,

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agreed to do all vehicle construction in Ontario, and allow the local office to handle all sales efforts in North America – a stipulation most US companies were not willing to agree to. Local testing, construction and sales were centralized in the newly created "Ontario Transportation Development

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in the northeast, which the Millennium Line now re-routes to. Although at one point the extension was proposed to be a street-level LRT system that would not have used Innovia ART technology, in 2008 plans were changed back to the SkyTrain option by the provincial government to facilitate higher

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Local 113, rejected automated control as they felt this was the start of a switch to automating the entire fleet, thereby cutting some of the highest paid jobs in the TTC. This led to the Scarborough Rapid Transit vehicles being modified at a high cost to include operator cabins and conventional

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Entering operation, the problems continued. The braking system had been designed to be fully automated but was now being operated by manual control, and the brakes were being over-applied. This led to problems with the wheels being rubbed flat in spots when the brakes were applied too strongly,

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Instead of returning to their earlier submissions, the OTDC decided to press ahead with many portions of the existing ICTS design. On April 14, 1975, the Ministry of Transportation arranged financing for Phase I and II studies to develop the new version. In June 1975, OTDC announced that it had

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contract in Vancouver, Bombardier further improved the design by introducing an articulating section between adjacent cars, replacing the coupling and doors of the older Mark I design. The articulation allows passengers to move freely between the cars, as well as adding more internal space for

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The provincial government asked the TTC to switch the streetcar line to the ICTS. The TTC was uninterested until the government threatened to pull their financing, which accounted for 75% of its capital budget. In exchange, the government agreed to pay for any cost overruns above the original

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The latest version of the technology uses the name "Innovia Metro" and is marketed as a mid-size metro system. Innovia Metro is compatible with Bombardier's own CITYFLO 650 integrated transit automation system and is offered in variants compatible with both linear motor and electric rotary

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The Innovia Metro vehicle was built using a lightweight aluminum frame riding on two sets of articulated trucks using small steel wheels. The original Innovia ART 100 cars are 12.7 metres (41 ft 8 in) long. The second generation Innovia ART 200 cars are 16.7 metres (54 ft

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In the original system, the current loop also provided positioning by crossing the lines every metre, with an onboard sensor counting the number of times the polarity changed. Additional fine-tuning was available via a wheel rotation counter, which was used for positioning in stations.

1436:, Malaysia, is a fully automated rail line that opened in 1998. It uses the Innovia ART 200 technology, featuring articulated trains. The line spans 37 stations and covers a distance of 46.4 kilometres (28.8 mi), making it the longest linear induction motor technology-based line. 647:

give in the wheels was enough to make this a problem. The obvious solution to this would be to use steel wheels instead, but that would re-introduce the noise problem as the trains rounded curves in the tracks. A new solution was selected, using steel wheels with an

1133:(which is built to high-capacity, full metro standards). Furthermore, the CITYFLO and SelTrac signaling technologies are not specific to the Innovia Metro, but can also equip most conventional railway lines regardless of propulsion technology or carrying capacity. 667:

set up in the US as part of their own mass transit developments, the site would be open to use for any company that wanted to test new technologies without the need to build out their own testing sites. A 480-acre (190 ha) site in Millhaven, outside of

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out of many local projects, and they had formerly been a major supplier in the local market. The solution was to form a 50–50 combined company, Can-Car Rail, who marketed the combined product line. Hawker had a number of successful products, notably their

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started in late 1975, but shortly after this Krauss-Maffei announced that development funding provided by the German government was ending. Ontario was not willing to continue funding development of the system on their own, and cancelled the maglev plans.

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Detroit system lost the majority of the funding. Although most other cities on the UMTA list simply gave up on their plans, Detroit decided to press ahead with the portion they could build with the funds they already had, and completed the downtown loop.

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into the direction of the track and thereby avoid the rubbing between the flange and track that caused the screeching noise. UTDC bought two modern articulated bogie patents from a private developer in the United States, which were further developed by

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that was sweeping through the United States. This caused enormous traffic problems within the city, and a network of new highways to address the problem became part of the Official Plan in 1959. By the mid-1960s, there was a growing awareness that

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With the Innovia ART 100 fleet overdue for replacement and expensive upgrades to the line needed to handle the longer Innovia ART 200 trains, replacement of the line was decided upon. One proposal would have converted the line to use conventional

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The new Innovia Metro still offers linear motor propulsion as the advantageous option but an electric rotary propulsion version is also an option. The first rotary-powered Innovia Metro 300 system is being implemented in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Bombardier would later be purchased by Alstom, which continues to market the technology. The latest version is marketed as the Innovia Metro, while previous models are retroactively branded as Innovia ART. The largest system is part of the

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ART 200 vehicle, but passenger capacity has been increased through redesigned car layout. The vehicles appear sleeker, with larger windows on the sides of the train, and redesigned windows and headlights on the ends of the cars.

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that provides traction by using magnetic force to pull on a "fourth rail" (a flat aluminum slab) placed between the running rails. However, newer versions of the technology are available with standard electric rotary propulsion.

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The linear motors and steerable axles used in Innovia Metro trains are relatively rare, although similar Japanese designed linear motor propulsion technologies are also used on a number of subway lines in East Asia, such as the

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administration taking office in 1981, DPM was rapidly de-funded. Four of the five cities ended their development plans, but Detroit and Miami (using a different design) decided to press ahead with their deployments.

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Vancouver proved very interested in the system on its own merits. As early as 1978, the city had been planning a transportation-themed event for its centennial in 1986, and in 1980 they won the rights to host the

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opening in June 1999. By 2002, the line had served 150 million passengers, with an average daily ridership of 160,000. An extension of the line, spanning 17 kilometres (11 mi), was completed in 2016.

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would be too expensive to build and operate. Designed to have a design capacity half-way between buses and subways, the new system was referred to as the Intermediate Capacity Transit System or ICTS. The

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at one end of the line, in spite of UTDC's claims it could, which was going to have to be re-built at a cost of about $ 6 million. Instead, this portion of the track was simply abandoned.

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advanced rapid transit (ART) Mark II vehicle. Compared to the original ICTS (retroactively named Mark I), the newer ART cars are longer with more seating, and have a more open layout inside.

469:) after its acquisition of the technology. The company was much more active in developing and promoting this system, introducing a major new revision and winning several additional sales in 3391: 1459:

Following the line extension in 2016, a new order for 14 four-car Innovia Metro 300 trains was placed. The trains feature braking systems, monitoring, and diagnostic equipment developed by

1041:, allows the ART to be much closer to the ground than a traditional subway car. The motor is used for all control with the exception of final stopping and positioning using disc brakes and 3325:"The Light-Rapid Comfortable (LRC) Train and the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS): Two Case Studies of Innovation in the Urban Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry" 643:

for the design of the car bodies and a set of prototypes, and Canadair as the overall prime contractor. The arrangements, funding and final system definitions were in place by 1976.

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As the required capacity of the ALRT system rose, it eventually approached the size of conventional heavy rail, and ALRT was cancelled in favour of additional diesel units pulling

1521:, opened in July 2008, uses Innovia ART 200 technology, with a fleet of 40 locally manufactured vehicles. The route is 28 kilometres (17 mi) long and has four stations. 2203: 2508: 776:. The UTDC responded to a "buy American" clause in UMTA by opening a branch office in Detroit, and that immediately swung the decision in their favour. However, with the 833:

Vancouver uses the original Innovia ART 100; the Innovia ART 200 vehicles (pictured here), whose articulated design allows for a more spacious interior; and the ART 300.

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ridership from increased capacity, shortened travel times and to integrate seamlessly with the existing SkyTrain network. The extension opened on December 2, 2016.

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as the preferred solution. As a maglev, the system would be silent, addressing concerns about noise on elevated portions of the track. Additionally, the system's

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billion (US$ 385 million). The new trainsets were intended to replace the original Innovia Metro 200 trainsets that had been operating on the line since 1999.

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Prior to a change in approach to marketing and the introduction of the "Metro" branding, Innovia ART 100 and 200 technologies were sometimes referred to as "

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vehicles and seen it extended west by 19 kilometres (11.8 mi), but the city council voted to ask for provincial and federal funding to extend

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family of automated transit systems, the technology was rebranded as the Innovia ART 100 for the Mark I and Innovia ART 200 for the Mark II.

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of Quebec in 1986. Lavalin ran into serious financial difficulties and the UTDC returned to Ontario control, only to be immediately sold to

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in the track bed to signal to and from the vehicles, but this has been replaced in more modern versions with a variety of radio systems.

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running from those stations into the suburbs. Construction had already started on the streetcar system at the eastern end of the line at

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AppaRao refers to this vehicle as the "Advanced Light Rapid Transit" (ALRT). This is not in keeping with other allusions to the vehicle.

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manufacturing side, it would be inappropriate for the company to remain government owned. The Can-Car deal put this on hold for a time.

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arranged a consortium to continue the development of the ICTS, changing their name to "Urban Transportation Development Corporation" (

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to prevent ice buildup but this feature was later removed as a cost-cutting move. It was believed that the rapid operation (short

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Interior of Mark III car looking toward the centre. Notice the walkway and gangway are even wider than the Mark II 2nd generation.

41: 3848: 1470:, the operator of the Kelana Jaya Line, announced an order for 19 additional Innovia Metro 300 trainsets (76 cars) at a cost of 1408:

15 million riders a year, the 2 million riders it currently serves results in a very high cost-per-passenger. According to

3114: 2245: 2807: 2748: 2468:"History | Railway Systems | Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation | Transportation System History List" 1498: 540:

project. The government reconsidered and cancelled the construction of the Spadina Expressway and other planned expressways.

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has an anticipated opening date of 2028. A continuation of the Millennium Line from Arbutus station farther west to the

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project, which is widely considered a great success in spite of predictions to the contrary. After winning the SkyTrain

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passenger seating. These versions of the Mark II design won several more contracts, and are currently operating on the

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The result was essentially a larger, rubber-wheeled version of the original maglev vehicle. The consortium included of

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did not require physical contact for traction, which meant it would run with equal capacity in snow or icy conditions.

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system from Germany, but that company decided to pull out of the contest in order to focus on a larger development in

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Two demonstrator/prototype Innovia ART 100 cars were built and used for testing at the UTDC urban transit facility

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cut reduced the field to a still-large fourteen proposals. After a year-long selection process, GO selected the

555:" plan. GO-Urban called for a system of three advanced mass transit lines that would be run by the newly formed 3502: 2437: 1847: 1388: 1218: 1214: 1094: 810:, and as these other products were selling well through this period, interest in actively selling ICTS waned. 731:

with the addition of another station on each end of the line, and had planned to further extend the line with

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A test system in Toronto was the primary concern. With the GO-Urban concept having since been cancelled, and

450:. Further sales were not forthcoming and the Ontario government lost interest in the company, selling it to 3818: 3734: 3627: 2467: 1284: 595: 423: 3759: 3754: 3364: 2726: 3591: 3492: 2370: 1460: 1361: 673: 2703:"Hon Ms Wark-Martyn", Hansard (HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AMENDMENT ACT (FIREFIGHTERS)), December 7, 1994, pg. 2330 3823: 3440: 3430: 3404: 2966: 2009: 1852: 1581: 1333:

metro network has the largest Innovia Metro system in operation, and currently has two such lines: the

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Interior of Mark III car looking toward the end. Notice one side without seats and the larger windows.

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that closed its doors in 1969, and the city lobbied hard for the new company to locate to their city.

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by Disney Displays. This car was unpainted and non-operational. The fate of this vehicle is unknown.

1554: 1318: 988: 652: 455: 94: 1148:, as they in fact do for a portion of both Vancouver's Expo and Millennium Lines (using a converted 3586: 3564: 3497: 3462: 1646: 1259: 972:. SelTrac is a completely automated system, with centralized control. The system originally used a 965: 807: 624: 576: 296: 3774: 3764: 3477: 3297: 2213: 1820: 1207: 1102: 1042: 728: 321: 292: 237: 3749: 3739: 3615: 3571: 3537: 2364: 2352: 2096: 1633: 1158: 1018: 887: 802: 620: 583: 407: 333: 3369: 1130: 765: 3692: 3576: 2856:"Federal government providing up to $ 1.3 billion for Surrey-Langley SkyTrain extension" 1550: 1494: 1368: 1306: 1154: 419: 1593:

had an Innovia ART 200 test car delivered to test clearance in stations and tunnels for the

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began construction in 2020; completion is expected in 2027. The Expo Line's extension from

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Only two of Line 3's stations have ridership comparable to those of the TTC's conventional

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Detroit had been one of six cities selected for rapid development under the United States

612:) to avoid any "provinciality" during their efforts to market the design to other cities. 8: 2331: 1380: 1345: 871: 548: 3293: 3196:"SkyTrain prototype car awaits new home – News Radio 1130 Jun 08, 2012 23:10:48 pm" 1652:

The original ALRT design was never produced, as the ALRT program was cancelled in 1985.

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The network of Innovia ART 100, Innovia ART 200, and Innovia Metro 300 are supported by

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network. Those 47 vehicles will be equipped with Bombardier's MITRAC propulsion drives.

3672: 2358: 2133: 2045: 2013: 1584: 1570: 1538: 1505:. This service uses non-articulated Innovia ART 200 cars in trains of one or two cars. 1330: 1272: 906: 863: 579: 537: 426:. It was designed as a system that would provide economic rapid transit service in the 253: 2832: 2794: 1439:

Operation on the line began on September 1, 1998, between the Lembah Subang Depot and

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Innovia ART 200 train. SkyTrain cars can also be seen in the opening credits of

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LRT costs. The 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) six-station Scarborough RT (now called

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near Seoul in South Korea. When Bombardier started marketing ART as part of its

3719: 3632: 3596: 3517: 3177:"TransLink to buy 205 new SkyTrain cars from Bombardier for $ 723 million" 2808:"B.C. government picks construction group to build Vancouver's Broadway subway" 2293: 2156: 2087: 2041: 1518: 1177: 1173: 874:. The SkyTrain system uses a mixed fleet of Innovia ART 100, 200 and 300 cars. 785: 616: 571:(AGT) systems being designed in the late 1960s seemed like the right solution. 529: 379: 204: 174: 122: 402:. Innovia Metro systems run on conventional metal rails and pull power from a 3797: 3559: 3327:, University of Toronto/York University Joint Program in Transportation, 1982 3045: 2236: 1798: 1502: 944: 817:

In 1986 the new Ontario government announced their intention to sell UTDC to

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At the time, it was a somewhat controversial project and had its detractors.

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Spec Sheet for the Mark I with Electric Diagrams and Tractive Curves; French

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products, including braking as well as monitoring and diagnostic equipment.

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Construction of the Toronto and Vancouver systems proceeded apace, with the

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Michael Smith, "TTC seeking $ 27 million to repair Scarborough line",

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Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure, Province of British Columbia

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propulsion. Bombardier now markets the Innovia Metro alongside the larger

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Michael Keating, "$ 61 million experiment could go down the drain.",

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Max Allen (1997), "Ideas that Matter: The Worlds of Jane Jacobs", pg. 170

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automation system, but can also use other automation systems, such as

672:, was selected for the new test centre. Kingston had been home to the 3769: 3581: 2335: 2297: 2160: 1708: 1353: 1144:, though, allows them to perform equally well on ground level and in 898: 893:

Four-car Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 (ART Mark III) train parked at

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The first rotary-powered Innovia Metro 300 vehicles were ordered by

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The Innovia Metro 300 systems are marketed to use Bombardier's own

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on December 11, 1985, with passenger service starting in January.

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A dedicated test facility was desired; modelled after the similar

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have been made by transit authorities in Kuala Lumpur and Riyadh.

3724: 3687: 2937:"Kelana Jaya Line | Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad (Prasarana)" 2274: 2179: 2137: 2050: 1825: 1738: 1622: 1590: 1349: 1299: 1267: 1000: 961: 818: 773: 705: 657: 628: 474: 451: 447: 443: 307: 2682:

Heather Conn, "On track: the SkyTrain story", B.C. Transit, 1996

1414:, this was about $ 3 per ride, against a fare of only 50 cents. 3744: 3729: 3677: 3657: 3399: 2255: 1907: 1879: 1534: 1448: 1145: 1026: 693: 482: 427: 399: 100: 3059: 2981:"Rapid Rail to receive 19 new train sets for Kelana Jaya line" 2911:"Metro Vancouver mayors vote yes on SkyTrain extension to UBC" 2563:, "Toronto Sketches 5: The Way We Were", Dundurn Press, 1997, 3667: 1183:

that the term usually indicates in Europe and North America.

1114: 1038: 1029:

consisting of a thin aluminum plate mounted flat between the

992:

controls. No other Innovia Metro system uses manual control.

692:

target, but the company also found interest in the system in

636: 632: 486: 2106:

and in numerous other filmed productions shot in Vancouver.

1180: 761: 609: 313:

ART 200, Metro 300 and newer: IGBT–VVVF (Bombardier MITRAC)

1641:

be capable of high speeds needed for interurban operation

679:

The site was officially opened on September 29, 1978, by

2664:"TTC Rapid Transit and Streetcar Official Opening Dates" 1463:. The trains began entering service at the end of 2016. 1186: 414:

The design was originally developed in the 1970s by the

3453:

Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines)

1017:

The original versions of Innovia Metro were based on a

788:

opening for service on March 22, 1985, followed by the

511:

During the 1950s, Toronto experienced the same sort of

1655: 1617:

The ALRT car was a proposed rapid-transit vehicle for

1580:

A mock-up of an Innovia ART 100 car was stored at the

1391:

is pending the outcome of local public consultations.

3034:"Travel Advisory: A Train to the Plane, At Long Last" 3008:"More new trains for Kuala Lumpur's Kelana Jaya line" 1294:

Over $ 1 million was originally budgeted to heat the

1153:

along with New York's Airtrain JFK, also incorporate

532:

across North America. Activists inspired by urbanist

2886:"Surrey Langley SkyTrain Project - Project Overview" 2833:"Two major infrastructure projects reach milestones" 1638:

be an articulated version of the Scarborough RT car

727:(TTC). The TTC had recently extended the east–west 594:Construction of a test track on the grounds of the 3239: 3218: 2963:"Innovia Metro 300 enters service in Kuala Lumpur" 1037:, and its lack of a transmission connected to the 3795: 3260: 2008:A train derailment in July 2023 resulted in the 1348:, a 10.9-kilometre (6.8 mi) extension from 723:systems, the only suitable local market was the 3698:Unbuilt Rosemont personal rapid transit system 2795:Quester Tangent – SkyTrain for Fleet Operators 1367:An extension of the Millennium Line west from 858:in China (in four-car trains), and the YongIn 3385: 3269:"TTC ends Scarborough RT service permanently" 2065: 1447:, with the second section from Pasar Seni to 1344:In 2012, Vancouver began construction of the 936:Metro and has touted its system versatility. 801:At the same time, the buy-UTDC clause locked 3804:Electric multiple units of the United States 3528:UP Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System 2081:running in front of a mockup of a Vancouver 1172:power, however, they are unsuitable for the 416:Urban Transportation Development Corporation 3193: 1136:Innovia Metro lines are designed to run on 960:The ICTS was the original platform for the 3392: 3378: 2835:. Ministry of Transportation. May 24, 2024 2630:"UTDC Kingston Transit Development Center" 2438:"The night shift on the SkyTrain guideway" 3458:Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System 1237:Learn how and when to remove this message 955: 3809:Bombardier Transportation multiple units 3151:"December 17, 2020 Board Meeting Agenda" 3137:"SkyTrain prototype car awaits new home" 3005: 2690: 2688: 2495: 2493: 2432: 2430: 828: 762:Urban Mass Transportation Administration 627:(SEL) for the automatic control system, 528:being seen throughout the US leading to 3031: 2853: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2556: 2554: 2361:families of automated transit systems: 1262:serving the city's eastern district of 1033:. The small size and flat shape of the 65:Interior of Innovia Metro 300 train of 14: 3844:Electric multiple units of South Korea 3796: 3300:from the original on December 12, 2021 3245: 3224: 2805: 2790: 2788: 2579: 2577: 943:in Saudi Arabia for Line 3 of its new 524:from the city cores, resulting in the 3373: 3341:, University of Toronto Press, 2009, 3323:Isaiah Litvak and Christopher Maule, 2866:from the original on December 8, 2021 2685: 2644: 2635: 2490: 2427: 1499:John F. Kennedy International Airport 1187:Metros using Innovia Metro technology 536:rallied to oppose development of the 3550:List of airport people mover systems 3174: 3032:Stellin, Susan (December 14, 2003). 2929: 2706: 2613: 2595: 2551: 1625:in the early 1980s. The car was to: 1575:Canada Science and Technology Museum 1219:adding citations to reliable sources 1190: 841:ART technology was selected for the 506: 438:). The ICTS was chosen for lines in 436:Intermediate Capacity Transit System 3175:Chan, Kenneth (December 17, 2020). 2785: 2574: 1656:Delivered rolling stock and systems 547:and his new Minister of Transport, 24: 3648:Computer-controlled Vehicle System 3426:Hamersley & Robe River railway 3266: 2771:"The Future of Line 3 Scarborough" 2604: 2524: 2478:from the original on July 26, 2021 2448:from the original on July 22, 2018 1287:, 18-metre (59 ft 1 in) 1087: 25: 3865: 3834:Electric multiple units of Canada 3663:Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit 3353: 3294:"21 Jump Street Intro (Season 1)" 3006:Artymiuk, Simon (June 27, 2022). 2003: 18:Bombardier Advanced Rapid Transit 3839:Electric multiple units of China 3067:"AirTrain JFK opens for service" 2854:Weichel, Andrew (July 9, 2021). 2367:– automated people mover systems 2320: 2282: 2263: 2244: 2225: 2202: 2168: 2145: 2126: 1848:West Coast Railway Heritage Park 1603:West Coast Railway Heritage Park 1541:. The line connects the city to 1195: 1076: in) long each and come in 917: 905: 886: 877: 686: 59: 40: 3638:Aramis (personal rapid transit) 3421:List of automated train systems 3316: 3286: 3246:Harvey, Lex (August 17, 2023). 3202: 3187: 3168: 3143: 3129: 3107: 3091: 3075:. March 1, 2004. Archived from 3025: 2999: 2973: 2955: 2903: 2878: 2847: 2825: 2806:Little, Simon (July 17, 2020). 2799: 2763: 2737: 2720: 2697: 2676: 2657: 2622: 2586: 2404: 2395: 2386: 1417: 1206:needs additional citations for 1006: 856:Airport Express, Beijing Subway 3849:Rail transport in Saudi Arabia 3503:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) 2542: 2533: 2515: 2460: 2012:permanently closing Toronto’s 1389:University of British Columbia 1258:(TTC) was planning to build a 1095:Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line 824: 719:having turned to conventional 46:An Innovia Metro 300 train of 27:Automated rapid transit system 13: 1: 3296:. YouTube. January 26, 2009. 3225:Harvey, Lex (July 27, 2023). 3072:Railway Gazette International 3012:International Railway Journal 2420: 1689:Innovia Metro (future model) 1545:, South Korea's most popular 1275:) line opened in March 1985. 275:: 100 km/h (62 mph) 3735:High Speed Surface Transport 3628:Advanced Transit Association 3194:John Streit (June 8, 2012). 3117:. Bombardier. April 22, 2013 2773:. Toronto Transit Commission 2745:"TTC Other Transit Projects" 2373:– automated monorail systems 1941:1.88 km (1.17 mi) 1913:40.7 km (25.3 mi) 1885:18.1 km (11.2 mi) 1775:46.4 km (28.8 mi) 1714:59.5 km (37.0 mi) 1564: 1324: 1121:in France (and now owned by 1021:(LIM) using vehicle-mounted 964:automated control system by 596:Canadian National Exhibition 280:: 80 km/h (50 mph) 7: 3592:PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom) 3493:Harbour Island People Mover 2694:Litvak & Maule, pg. 105 2641:Litvak & Maule, pg. 103 2442:The Buzzer blog (TransLink) 2401:Locally designated the Y100 2392:Locally designated the QKZ5 2346: 2077:filmed in Vancouver, shows 1855:, British Columbia, Canada 1711:, British Columbia, Canada 1686:Innovia Metro 300 on order 1612: 1549:offering a transfer to the 1533:is an ART line, located in 1481: 674:Canadian Locomotive Company 10: 3870: 3854:Multiple units of Malaysia 3814:Automated guideway transit 3602:Véhicule Automatique Léger 3431:Iron Ore Company of Canada 3339:"The Shape of the Suburbs" 3139:. News 1130. June 8, 2012. 3115:"Inc. – Bombardier – Home" 2967:Metro Report International 2731:November 15, 2005, at the 2619:Litvak & Maule, pg. 99 2601:Litvak & Maule, pg. 88 2583:Litvak & Maule, pg. 93 2548:Litvak & Maule, pg. 72 2109: 2070:A scene in the 2003 movie 2066:Appearances in TV and film 2056:6.4 km (4.0 mi) 2010:Toronto Transit Commission 1831:27 km (16.8 mi) 1744:4.7 km (2.9 mi) 1647:Bombardier BiLevel Coaches 1582:Toronto Transit Commission 1508: 1421: 1394: 1256:Toronto Transit Commission 1249: 1056: 1010: 985:Toronto Transit Commission 729:Bloor-Danforth subway line 725:Toronto Transit Commission 602: 569:automated guideway transit 501: 3710: 3614: 3536: 3439: 3411: 2747:. .ttc.ca. Archived from 2027: 2024: 2021: 1994: 1989: 1957: 1930:Bombardier Transportation 1804:13 km (8.1 mi) 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1555:Seoul Metropolitan Subway 1524: 1377:station at Arbutus Street 950: 895:Stadium–Chinatown station 795: 518:the growth of the suburbs 461:Bombardier used the name 456:Bombardier Transportation 350: 343:600 V DC fifth rail (TTC) 320: 284: 268: 263: 214: 144: 136: 128: 118: 110: 81: 73: 58: 39: 34: 3587:PeopleMover (Disneyland) 3565:Metro-Airport Connection 3498:Krauss-Maffei Transurban 3463:Bombardier Innovia Metro 3360:Bombardier INNOVIA Metro 2669:August 10, 2010, at the 2379: 1599:BC Rapid Transit Company 1142:grade-separated guideway 1113:technology developed by 966:Standard Elektrik Lorenz 808:Bombardier BiLevel Coach 625:Standard Elektrik Lorenz 577:Krauss-Maffei Transurban 543:Instead of expressways, 3829:Linear induction motors 3765:Skyrail Midorizaka Line 3760:São Paulo Metro Line 17 3755:São Paulo Metro Line 15 3478:Docklands Light Railway 2410:Locally designated the 2214:Kelana Jaya LRT station 1821:Capital Airport Express 1159:automated people movers 398:system manufactured by 238:Capital Airport Express 3750:Palm Jumeirah Monorail 3740:Incheon Airport Maglev 3572:Barcelona Metro line 9 3405:fixed-guideway transit 2353:Medium capacity system 1537:, a major city in the 1103:Guangzhou Metro Line 5 1019:linear induction motor 956:Control and signalling 834: 803:Hawker Siddeley Canada 752:as the old heavy-rail 665:Transit Testing Center 651:that would steer each 621:linear induction motor 584:linear induction motor 463:Advanced Rapid Transit 408:linear induction motor 3775:Transport System Bögl 3693:Ultra (rapid transit) 3577:Cabletren Bolivariano 2444:. February 28, 2010. 1495:Long Island Rail Road 1319:Line 2 Bloor–Danforth 1155:platform screen doors 897:'s spare platform in 854:in Kuala Lumpur, the 832: 766:Downtown People Mover 591:Corporation" (OTDC). 420:Government of Ontario 406:but are powered by a 243:Line 3 (Riyadh Metro) 170:New York AirTrain JFK 3523:SkyTrain (Vancouver) 3334:, September 24, 1986 3181:Daily Hive Vancouver 2969:. December 31, 2016. 2751:on November 14, 2011 2511:on December 2, 2020. 2271:Beijing Airport Line 2176:Detroit People Mover 1734:Detroit People Mover 1597:. It was donated by 1491:New York City Subway 1401:Detroit People Mover 1215:improve this article 1025:and a track-mounted 302:ART 200 (original): 234:(Rapid Kuala Lumpur) 228:(Vancouver SkyTrain) 160:Detroit People Mover 3819:Linear motor metros 3560:Birmingham Air-Rail 3156:. December 10, 2020 2917:. February 15, 2019 2332:29th Avenue station 1381:King George station 1346:Evergreen Extension 1138:elevated structures 1131:Paris Métro Line 14 1129:technology used by 872:Evergreen Extension 549:Charles MacNaughton 3673:Schmid Peoplemover 3215:website (archived) 3079:on August 22, 2016 3038:The New York Times 2987:. October 26, 2022 2860:CTV News Vancouver 2652:The Globe and Mail 2505:www.bombardier.com 2359:Bombardier Innovia 2134:Line 3 Scarborough 2053:, Ontario, Canada 2046:Line 3 Scarborough 2014:Line 3 Scarborough 1938:, Ontario, Canada 1683:Innovia Metro 300 1585:St. Clair Carhouse 1571:Millhaven, Ontario 1539:Seoul Capital Area 1273:Line 3 Scarborough 1161:around the world. 1157:commonly found in 864:Bombardier Innovia 835: 538:Spadina Expressway 495:Vancouver SkyTrain 322:Electric system(s) 254:Line 3 Scarborough 165:Rapid Kuala Lumpur 155:Vancouver SkyTrain 140:1–4 cars trainsets 67:Vancouver SkyTrain 3824:ART people movers 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3706: 3705: 3683:SK (people mover) 3610: 3609: 2943:on March 30, 2014 2632:, Transit Toronto 2311:Innovia Metro 300 2094:and variously in 2063: 2062: 2001: 2000: 1551:Suin–Bundang Line 1466:In October 2022, 1373:Broadway corridor 1369:VCC–Clark station 1247: 1246: 1239: 1078:articulated pairs 1043:emergency braking 670:Kingston, Ontario 649:articulated bogie 522:flight of capital 507:Development stage 424:crown corporation 386: 385: 16:(Redirected from 3861: 3708: 3707: 3612: 3611: 3534: 3533: 3513:Nuremberg U-Bahn 3437: 3436: 3401:Automated trains 3394: 3387: 3380: 3371: 3370: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3222: 3216: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3155: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3104:, March 20, 2006 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2939:. Archived from 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2572: 2558: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2507:. Archived from 2497: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2434: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2371:Innovia Monorail 2324: 2286: 2267: 2248: 2229: 2206: 2172: 2149: 2130: 2093: 2036:Innovia ART 100 2019: 2018: 1765:Kelana Jaya line 1680:Innovia ART 200 1677:Innovia ART 100 1660: 1659: 1477: 1456:been delivered. 1430:Kelana Jaya Line 1424:Kelana Jaya line 1411:The Detroit News 1242: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1199: 1191: 1109:, including the 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 921: 909: 890: 852:Kelana Jaya Line 551:, outlined the " 382: 376: 374: 373: 369: 366: 358: 334:linear induction 256:(Toronto subway) 240:(Beijing Subway) 232:Kelana Jaya line 63: 44: 32: 31: 21: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3779: 3712: 3702: 3619: 3617: 3606: 3541: 3539: 3532: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3356: 3351: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3265: 3261: 3244: 3240: 3223: 3219: 3207: 3203: 3192: 3188: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3153: 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2196: 2195: 2193:Innovia ART 200 2188: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182:, United States 2173: 2164: 2150: 2141: 2131: 2120: 2119: 2117:Innovia ART 100 2112: 2091: 2068: 2006: 1910:, Saudi Arabia 1801:, New York, US 1741:, Michigan, US 1658: 1619:Greater Toronto 1615: 1595:Millennium Line 1567: 1559:Giheung Station 1527: 1515:Airport Express 1511: 1484: 1475: 1461:Quester Tangent 1426: 1420: 1399:The 13-station 1397: 1362:Quester Tangent 1339:Millennium Line 1327: 1252: 1243: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1212: 1200: 1189: 1090: 1088:Similar designs 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1015: 1009: 958: 953: 929: 928: 927: 926: 925: 922: 914: 913: 910: 902: 901: 891: 880: 847:Millennium Line 827: 798: 754:Dunsmuir Tunnel 737:Kennedy station 689: 605: 530:freeway revolts 509: 504: 378: 371: 367: 364: 362: 361:4 ft 360: 356: 346: 316: 285:Traction system 276: 259: 210: 180:Yongin EverLine 106: 69: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3867: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3720:Cairo Monorail 3716: 3714: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3633:Alden staRRcar 3630: 3624: 3622: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3597:U-Bahn Serfaus 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3546: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3518:Shanghai Metro 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3354:External links 3352: 3350: 3349: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3285: 3259: 3238: 3217: 3201: 3186: 3167: 3142: 3128: 3106: 3090: 3058: 3024: 2998: 2972: 2954: 2928: 2902: 2877: 2846: 2824: 2798: 2784: 2762: 2736: 2719: 2705: 2696: 2684: 2675: 2656: 2643: 2634: 2621: 2612: 2610:AppaRao, pg. 3 2603: 2594: 2585: 2573: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2530:Sewell, pg. 68 2523: 2521:Sewell, pg. 65 2514: 2489: 2459: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2403: 2394: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2294:Rupert station 2288: 2281: 2279: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2231: 2224: 2222: 2208: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2157:Holdom station 2151: 2144: 2142: 2132: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2088:21 Jump Street 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2042:Toronto subway 2038: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028:System length 2026: 2023: 2005: 2004:Former systems 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932:Test Facility 1926: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1904:– Orange Line 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882:, South Korea 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1850: 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311: 300: 288: 286: 282: 281: 270: 266: 265: 264:Specifications 261: 260: 258: 257: 245: 244: 241: 235: 229: 218: 216: 212: 211: 209: 208: 205:Toronto subway 196: 195: 183: 182: 177: 175:Beijing Subway 172: 167: 162: 157: 148: 146: 142: 141: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 105: 104: 103:(2021–present) 98: 92: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 64: 56: 55: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3866: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 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1469: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254:In 1981, the 1241: 1238: 1230: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1204:This section 1202: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 990: 986: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 948: 946: 945:rapid transit 942: 937: 935: 920: 908: 900: 896: 889: 878:Innovia Metro 875: 873: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 844: 839: 831: 822: 820: 815: 811: 809: 804: 793: 791: 787: 782: 779: 778:Ronald Reagan 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 755: 750: 744: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 687:Initial sales 684: 682: 677: 675: 671: 666: 661: 659: 654: 650: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 600: 597: 592: 589: 588:Krauss-Maffei 585: 581: 578: 572: 570: 567: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 499: 496: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471:New York City 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 409: 405: 401: 397: 396:rapid transit 394: 390: 389:Innovia Metro 381: 357:1,435 mm 355: 353: 349: 342: 339: 335: 332: 329:650–750 V DC 328: 327: 325: 323: 319: 312: 309: 305: 301: 298: 294: 290: 289: 287: 283: 279: 274: 271: 269:Maximum speed 267: 262: 255: 252: 251: 250: 249: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 223: 220: 219: 217: 213: 206: 203: 202: 201: 200: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 113: 109: 102: 99: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 62: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 35:Innovia Metro 33: 30: 19: 3332:Toronto Star 3331: 3317:Bibliography 3302:. Retrieved 3288: 3276:. Retrieved 3273:Toronto Star 3272: 3262: 3253:Toronto Star 3251: 3241: 3232:Toronto Star 3230: 3220: 3204: 3189: 3180: 3170: 3160:December 17, 3158:. Retrieved 3145: 3131: 3119:. Retrieved 3109: 3101: 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3077:the original 3070: 3061: 3051:December 21, 3049:. Retrieved 3037: 3027: 3015:. Retrieved 3011: 3001: 2989:. Retrieved 2984: 2975: 2957: 2945:. Retrieved 2941:the original 2931: 2921:February 16, 2919:. Retrieved 2914: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2889: 2880: 2868:. Retrieved 2859: 2849: 2837:. Retrieved 2827: 2815:. Retrieved 2811: 2801: 2775:. Retrieved 2765: 2755:November 17, 2753:. Retrieved 2749:the original 2739: 2722: 2699: 2678: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2637: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2509:the original 2504: 2480:. Retrieved 2471: 2462: 2450:. Retrieved 2441: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2310: 2233:AirTrain JFK 2218:Kuala Lumpur 2192: 2116: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2071: 2069: 2007: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1902:Riyadh Metro 1794:AirTrain JFK 1770:Kuala Lumpur 1651: 1644: 1616: 1607:Squamish, BC 1589: 1579: 1568: 1528: 1512: 1487:AirTrain JFK 1485: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1438: 1434:Kuala Lumpur 1427: 1418:Kuala Lumpur 1409: 1406: 1398: 1366: 1359: 1343: 1328: 1311: 1307:subway lines 1304: 1293: 1289:turning loop 1285:short radius 1281: 1277: 1253: 1233: 1224: 1213:Please help 1208:verification 1205: 1178:street-level 1163: 1135: 1126: 1107:light metros 1091: 1082: 1060: 1051: 1016: 1013:Linear motor 1007:Linear motor 994: 982: 978: 974:current loop 959: 941:Riyadh Metro 938: 930: 868: 843:AirTrain JFK 840: 836: 816: 812: 799: 783: 759: 745: 741: 714: 690: 678: 662: 645: 614: 606: 593: 573: 542: 513:urban sprawl 510: 491: 479:Kuala Lumpur 466: 462: 460: 435: 431: 413: 388: 387: 338:linear motor 277: 272: 247: 246: 215:Lines served 198: 197: 192:Riyadh Metro 185: 184: 149: 132:1981–present 82:Manufacturer 77:1985–present 52:Kuala Lumpur 29: 3653:HUD reports 3643:Cabinentaxi 3483:Dubai Metro 3473:Delhi Metro 2628:James Bow, 2571:, pg. 38–40 2365:Innovia APM 2103:The X-Files 2079:Ben Affleck 1772:, Malaysia 1577:in Ottawa. 1441:Kelana Jaya 1264:Scarborough 1174:unprotected 1119:Lille Metro 1047:track brake 997:CITYFLO 650 825:Innovia ART 770:Cabinentaxi 710:Los Angeles 534:Jane Jacobs 526:urban decay 352:Track gauge 331:fourth rail 207:(1985–2023) 194:(from 2024) 129:Constructed 119:Family name 97:(1992–2021) 91:(1981–1992) 3798:Categories 3711:Driverless 3468:Dashaveyor 3278:August 24, 3213:Bombardier 2561:Mike Filey 2421:References 2220:, Malaysia 2097:Smallville 1703:Millennium 1634:pantograph 1547:theme park 1468:Rapid Rail 1445:Pasar Seni 1371:under the 1315:light rail 1296:third rail 1266:, but the 1170:third-rail 1166:light rail 1125:) and the 870:named the 733:streetcars 721:heavy rail 717:GO Transit 681:James Snow 557:GO Transit 545:Bill Davis 418:(UTDC), a 404:third rail 226:Millennium 95:Bombardier 74:In service 3770:Slope car 3713:monorails 3582:MiniMetro 3538:Automated 3441:Automated 3412:Automated 3121:April 26, 3046:0362-4331 2985:malaymail 2336:Vancouver 2298:Vancouver 2161:Vancouver 2025:Location 1959:Subtotals 1936:Millhaven 1709:Vancouver 1666:Location 1629:be longer 1609:in 2012. 1565:Demo cars 1354:Coquitlam 1335:Expo Line 1325:Vancouver 899:Vancouver 702:Vancouver 653:wheel set 566:space age 520:led to a 440:Vancouver 393:automated 291:ART 100: 278:Operation 186:Upcoming: 145:Operators 137:Formation 3616:Personal 3555:Aerotrén 3508:Minitram 3488:Ford ACT 3443:guideway 3298:Archived 3083:July 23, 3017:March 2, 2991:March 2, 2947:June 12, 2915:CBC News 2895:June 11, 2864:Archived 2839:June 11, 2817:July 18, 2729:Archived 2667:Archived 2482:July 25, 2476:Archived 2452:July 26, 2446:Archived 2412:S series 2347:See also 2338:, Canada 2328:SkyTrain 2300:, Canada 2290:SkyTrain 2252:EverLine 2210:Rapid KL 2163:, Canada 2153:SkyTrain 2140:, Canada 2083:SkyTrain 2073:Paycheck 1875:EverLine 1853:Squamish 1828:, China 1761:Rapid KL 1695:SkyTrain 1613:ALRT car 1543:Everland 1531:EverLine 1482:New York 1337:and the 1331:SkyTrain 1300:headways 1117:for the 1045:using a 1023:windings 860:EverLine 790:SkyTrain 749:Expo '86 698:Hamilton 641:Canadair 631:for the 619:for the 553:GO-Urban 375: in 150:Current: 111:Designer 48:Rapid KL 3725:Jetrail 3688:SkyTran 3620:transit 3445:transit 3304:May 19, 3209:Article 2870:July 9, 2777:July 5, 2277:, China 2275:Beijing 2180:Detroit 2138:Toronto 2110:Gallery 2092: 2051:Toronto 2022:System 1826:Beijing 1739:Detroit 1663:System 1623:GO ALRT 1601:to the 1591:BC Rail 1553:of the 1517:of the 1509:Beijing 1395:Detroit 1385:Langley 1350:Burnaby 1268:Ontario 1250:Toronto 1146:tunnels 1123:Siemens 1071:⁄ 1057:Vehicle 1001:SelTrac 987:union, 962:SelTrac 819:Lavalin 774:Hamburg 764:(UMTA) 706:Detroit 658:Dofasco 629:Dofasco 603:Rebirth 502:History 485:, near 475:Beijing 452:Lavalin 448:Detroit 444:Toronto 428:suburbs 422:–owned 370:⁄ 310:linear) 308:Toshiba 306:–VVVF ( 248:Former: 199:Former: 123:Innovia 3745:Linimo 3730:H-Bahn 3678:Shweeb 3658:M-Bahn 3542:movers 3540:people 3414:trains 3345: 3044: 2567: 2357:Other 2256:Yongin 1908:Riyadh 1880:Yongin 1705:lines 1632:use a 1535:Yongin 1525:Yongin 1476: 1449:Gombak 1127:Météor 1039:bogies 1027:stator 970:Thales 951:Design 796:Hiatus 694:Ottawa 633:bogies 580:maglev 561:subway 483:Yongin 446:, and 400:Alstom 391:is an 299:(UTDC) 273:Design 101:Alstom 3668:ROMAG 3618:rapid 3154:(PDF) 2717:Smith 2673:, TTC 2654:p. P5 2380:Notes 2031:Type 1991:Total 1672:Type 1375:to a 1181:trams 1115:Matra 1035:motor 1031:rails 934:Movia 639:and 637:Alcan 487:Seoul 3403:and 3343:ISBN 3306:2013 3280:2023 3162:2020 3123:2013 3085:2016 3053:2016 3042:ISSN 3019:2023 2993:2023 2949:2014 2923:2019 2897:2024 2872:2021 2841:2024 2819:2020 2779:2023 2757:2011 2565:ISBN 2484:2021 2454:2021 1996:1162 1786:108 1780:210 1728:205 1720:108 1717:150 1699:Expo 1529:The 1513:The 1493:and 1474:1.72 1428:The 1329:The 1101:and 983:The 708:and 610:UTDC 481:and 432:ICTS 304:IGBT 297:VVVF 222:Expo 114:UTDC 89:UTDC 3211:on 2334:in 2330:at 2296:in 2292:at 2273:in 2254:in 2235:in 2216:in 2212:at 2178:in 2159:in 2155:at 2136:in 2059:28 1984:205 1979:202 1974:142 1969:421 1964:192 1922:94 1890:30 1836:40 1809:32 1783:56 1747:12 1723:84 1621:'s 1605:in 1557:at 1501:in 1497:to 1443:to 1432:in 1383:to 1352:to 1217:by 1111:VAL 989:ATU 489:. 467:ART 293:GTO 3800:: 3271:. 3250:. 3229:. 3179:. 3100:, 3069:. 3040:. 3036:. 3010:. 2983:. 2965:. 2913:. 2888:. 2862:. 2858:. 2810:. 2787:^ 2708:^ 2687:^ 2576:^ 2553:^ 2503:. 2492:^ 2474:. 2470:. 2440:. 2429:^ 2100:, 2044:– 1949:2 1944:2 1863:1 1858:– 1763:– 1701:, 1697:– 1561:. 1472:RM 1176:, 1097:, 1080:. 1049:. 1003:. 739:. 712:. 704:, 700:, 696:, 660:. 635:, 623:, 477:, 473:, 458:. 442:, 377:) 224:, 50:, 3393:e 3386:t 3379:v 3308:. 3282:. 3256:. 3235:. 3198:. 3183:. 3164:. 3125:. 3087:. 3055:. 3021:. 2995:. 2951:. 2925:. 2899:. 2874:. 2843:. 2821:. 2781:. 2759:. 2486:. 2456:. 2075:, 1240:) 1234:( 1229:) 1225:( 1211:. 1073:2 1069:1 1066:+ 1064:9 465:( 434:( 372:2 368:1 365:+ 363:8 359:( 340:) 336:( 295:– 20:)

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