253:, the Futa Jallon capital, with a detachment of troops. The French demanded the right to build roads through Futa Jallon, to instal a representative in Timbo, to vet all appointments of provincial chiefs and a trade monopoly. Bokar Biro resisted, but eventually pretended to sign a treaty in order to get the French out of the way while he dealt with his opponents. When the treaty document was examined in Saint Louis, it turned out that in place of his signature Bokar Biro had written "Bismillah", meaning "in the name of God". Once it was clear that Bokar Biro did not intend to yield to French demands, they decided to resort to armed force if necessary once the rainy season had passed. The French troops temporarily withdrew to Sangoya.
246:, which he accused of having looted a caravan belonging to a French ally. One of the village elders was killed. This incident fueled the hostility of Bokar Biro, who accused the French of a series of hostile actions, including suppression of the trade in slaves with the Sudan, and refusal to return runaway slaves. He was also suspicious of visits to Futa Jallon by French agents on the pretext of trading or making topographical studies, which he thought were in preparation for military intervention.
278:. The French artillery destroyed his army. A poet who described the battle said that Bokar Biro kept his word. He did not flee from the French, but was killed by the blast of the cannon. In fact, Bokar Biro managed to escape but was soon captured by some soldiers of his enemy, Sori Illili, and was decapitated. Bokar Biro's son died with him.
188:
Ibrahima Sori
Dongolfella ended with his death, triggering a power struggle. The Council of Elders selected Bokar Biro's elder brother as ruler. Bokar Biro took power in a coup after assassinating his brother, and began placing men loyal to him in positions of authority. Bokar Biro had to cope with
260:
came to an end in April 1896 he refused to hand over office. The power struggle escalated, with violent incidents, coming close to outright civil war, with calls for assistance reaching the French in
September and October. The French decided the time had come to make their move, breaking up Futa
273:
Troops were dispatched from
Senegal, Guinea and the Sudan, converging on Futa Jallon. A French column captured Timbo on 3 November 1896. Bokar Biro was unable to enlist the support of the chiefs in resisting the French. On 13 November 1896 Bokar Biro fought a pitched battle on the plain of
241:
At the end of 1894 the French sent Raoul de
Beeckman as their representative to meet with Bokar Biro and arrange a treaty. By March 1895 de Beeckman had spent almost three months on the border of Futa Jallon and was giving up hope of arranging a meeting. Without authorization, the French
157:
By the late nineteenth century the French were the dominant colonial power in the region, and were increasingly impatient with the Futa Jallon's hostility. They were angry with the support Futa Jallon was giving to
232:
province, whose chief gave him assistance in returning to Timbo. He managed to assemble a new army of 1,500 soldiers with which he defeated his enemies on 2 February 1896. The main chiefs went into hiding.
289:, became administrator and started a program to eliminate slavery. In 1904 the French removed the power of the chiefs. In 1905 they arrested Bokar Biro's arch rival Alfa Yaya and sent him into exile.
220:
Yaya of Labé began maneuvering for full independence of his province. On 13 December 1895 the disgruntled chiefs led by Modi
Abdoullaye Dhokhiré attacked and defeated Bokar Biro at
166:, which was also resisting French control. In 1889 the British made a treaty with the French that recognized that Futa Jallon was within the French sphere. However, the British in
209:
provinces to obtain more autonomy. Also, both slaves and ordinary free people were leaving the country for the less oppressive French-controlled zones.
243:
941:
229:
225:
202:
224:, and he only narrowly managed to escape. Several weeks later, when most people thought that Bokar Biro was dead, he emerged at
895:
868:
841:
814:
787:
754:
727:
699:
672:
645:
612:
585:
256:
Bokar Biro treated the French withdrawal as a victory. He initiated an aggressively anti-French policy. When his term as
140:, supporters of the descendants of the first two rulers. A power sharing arrangement evolved under which the position of
216:
faction. He assumed power once again in June 1894. Some of the chiefs asked for French help to overthrow him. The
926:
128:. The state was a loose federation of nine provinces, each headed by chief. Two political factions emerged, the
106:
The
Imamate of Futa Jallon was one of the last independent states in Senegambia, in the highlands where the
604:
Le Fuuta-Jaloo face à la colonisation: Conquête et mise en place de l'administration en Guinée (1880-1920)
637:
87:
71:
885:
858:
831:
804:
744:
717:
689:
602:
575:
931:
662:
95:
936:
921:
249:
De
Beeckman returned to Futa Jallon the next year. On 18 March 1896 de Beeckman arrived at
8:
630:
891:
864:
837:
810:
783:
750:
723:
695:
668:
641:
608:
581:
286:
779:
163:
632:
Serfs, Peasants, and
Socialists: A Former Serf Village in the Republic of Guinea
130:
121:
915:
282:
250:
179:
111:
182:, the capital of the Futa Jallon federation. In 1890, the long reign of the
772:
125:
107:
281:
With Bokar Biro's death, the French assumed a protectorate. In June 1897
242:
administrator crossed the border and attacked the village of Nanso, near
159:
275:
39:
170:, Sierra Leone, continued to give subsidies to Futa Jallon until 1895.
860:
L'afrique noire et la France au XIXe siècle. Conquêtes et résistances
833:
Territoire des mémoires: dans les terreurs de la révolution guinéenne
221:
261:
Jallon into smaller client states, with their ally Umar
Bademba as
167:
212:
In July 1892 Bokar Biro was forced to cede power to Amadu of the
206:
198:
86:) (died 13 November 1896) was the last independent ruler of the
184:
142:
136:
91:
553:
551:
116:
114:
both rise. It was established as a theocratic state in a
548:
351:
178:
Bokar Biro belonged to the Soriya faction. His base was
485:
502:
500:
475:
473:
460:
458:
456:
419:
417:
404:
402:
197:
political factions, and attempts by the rulers of the
98:, when his forces were destroyed by French artillery.
303:
536:
524:
512:
497:
470:
453:
441:
429:
414:
387:
806:
Africa from the
Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
399:
375:
363:
315:
771:
629:
339:
327:
146:, the head of state, was alternately filled by an
913:
746:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
863:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 164.
627:
557:
687:
357:
265:of what remained of the Timbo-based state.
636:. University of California Press. p.
628:Derman, William; Derman, Louise (1973).
173:
883:
577:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade
309:
914:
829:
778:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
769:
688:Fage, J. D.; Tordoff, William (2002).
660:
435:
393:
321:
236:
856:
742:
661:Diallo, El Hadj Maladho (June 2002).
607:(in French). Harmattan. p. 165.
600:
573:
542:
530:
518:
506:
491:
479:
464:
447:
423:
408:
381:
369:
802:
715:
345:
333:
124:, and consolidated by his successor
13:
14:
953:
285:, a former set designer for the
942:19th-century monarchs in Africa
857:Roche, Christian (2011-06-19).
743:Klein, Martin A. (1998-07-28).
719:The Cambridge History of Africa
228:, on the western border of the
884:Ruthven, Malise (2006-02-24).
749:. Cambridge University Press.
722:. Cambridge University Press.
580:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
803:Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1992).
292:
101:
716:Gray, Richard (1975-09-18).
7:
890:. Oxford University Press.
601:Barry, Ismaël (July 1997).
10:
958:
836:(in French). L'Harmattan.
667:. Harmattan. p. 77.
664:HISTOIRE DU FOUTA DJALLON
62:
54:
46:
25:
18:
574:Barry, Boubacar (1998).
558:Derman & Derman 1973
268:
809:. UNESCO. p. 289.
770:Ndukwe, Pat I. (1996).
358:Fage & Tordoff 2002
927:19th century in Guinea
189:struggles between the
88:Imamate of Futa Jallon
72:Imamate of Futa Jallon
830:Pepito, Benn (2010).
174:Almami of Futa Jallon
120:launched in 1725 by
691:A History of Africa
237:French intervention
887:Islam in the World
494:, p. 155-156.
96:Battle of Porédaka
94:. He died in the
897:978-0-19-977039-7
870:978-2-8111-3346-7
843:978-2-296-12695-4
816:978-92-3-101711-7
789:978-0-8239-1982-6
756:978-0-521-59678-7
729:978-0-521-20413-2
701:978-0-415-25248-5
674:978-2-296-29037-2
647:978-0-520-01728-3
614:978-2-296-33628-5
587:978-0-521-59760-9
77:
76:
949:
907:
905:
904:
880:
878:
877:
853:
851:
850:
826:
824:
823:
799:
797:
796:
777:
766:
764:
763:
739:
737:
736:
712:
710:
708:
684:
682:
681:
657:
655:
654:
635:
624:
622:
621:
597:
595:
594:
561:
555:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
495:
489:
483:
477:
468:
462:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
412:
406:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
164:Wassoulou Empire
80:Bokar Biro Barry
36:13 November 1896
35:
33:
20:Bokar Biro Barry
16:
15:
957:
956:
952:
951:
950:
948:
947:
946:
912:
911:
910:
902:
900:
898:
875:
873:
871:
848:
846:
844:
821:
819:
817:
794:
792:
790:
761:
759:
757:
734:
732:
730:
706:
704:
702:
679:
677:
675:
652:
650:
648:
619:
617:
615:
592:
590:
588:
564:
556:
549:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
513:
505:
498:
490:
486:
478:
471:
463:
454:
446:
442:
434:
430:
422:
415:
407:
400:
392:
388:
380:
376:
368:
364:
356:
352:
344:
340:
332:
328:
320:
316:
308:
304:
295:
271:
239:
176:
104:
90:in what is now
42:
37:
31:
29:
21:
12:
11:
5:
955:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
909:
908:
896:
881:
869:
854:
842:
827:
815:
800:
788:
767:
755:
740:
728:
713:
700:
685:
673:
658:
646:
625:
613:
598:
586:
570:
563:
562:
547:
545:, p. 164.
535:
533:, p. 293.
523:
521:, p. 292.
511:
509:, p. 148.
496:
484:
482:, p. 155.
469:
467:, p. 291.
452:
450:, p. 165.
440:
428:
426:, p. 290.
413:
411:, p. 289.
398:
396:, p. 331.
386:
384:, p. 147.
374:
372:, p. 287.
362:
360:, p. 200.
350:
348:, p. 291.
338:
336:, p. 209.
326:
314:
312:, p. 264.
301:
294:
291:
287:Folies Bergère
270:
267:
238:
235:
175:
172:
122:Karamokho Alfa
103:
100:
75:
74:
64:
63:Known for
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
27:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
954:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
899:
893:
889:
888:
882:
872:
866:
862:
861:
855:
845:
839:
835:
834:
828:
818:
812:
808:
807:
801:
791:
785:
781:
776:
775:
768:
758:
752:
748:
747:
741:
731:
725:
721:
720:
714:
703:
697:
694:. Routledge.
693:
692:
686:
676:
670:
666:
665:
659:
649:
643:
639:
634:
633:
626:
616:
610:
606:
605:
599:
589:
583:
579:
578:
572:
571:
569:
568:
560:, p. 44.
559:
554:
552:
544:
539:
532:
527:
520:
515:
508:
503:
501:
493:
488:
481:
476:
474:
466:
461:
459:
457:
449:
444:
438:, p. 77.
437:
432:
425:
420:
418:
410:
405:
403:
395:
390:
383:
378:
371:
366:
359:
354:
347:
342:
335:
330:
324:, p. 48.
323:
318:
311:
306:
302:
300:
299:
290:
288:
284:
283:Ernest Noirot
279:
277:
266:
264:
259:
254:
252:
247:
245:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
186:
181:
171:
169:
165:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:
139:
138:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
118:
113:
112:Senegal River
109:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Boubacar Biro
81:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
28:
24:
17:
932:Fula history
901:. Retrieved
886:
874:. Retrieved
859:
847:. Retrieved
832:
820:. Retrieved
805:
793:. Retrieved
773:
760:. Retrieved
745:
733:. Retrieved
718:
705:. Retrieved
690:
678:. Retrieved
663:
651:. Retrieved
631:
618:. Retrieved
603:
591:. Retrieved
576:
566:
565:
538:
526:
514:
487:
443:
431:
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
317:
310:Ruthven 2006
305:
297:
296:
280:
272:
262:
257:
255:
248:
240:
217:
213:
211:
194:
190:
183:
177:
156:
151:
147:
141:
135:
129:
126:Ibrahim Sori
115:
108:Gambia River
105:
83:
79:
78:
67:
937:Fula people
922:1896 deaths
436:Diallo 2002
394:Pepito 2010
322:Ndukwe 1996
160:Samori Ture
154:candidate.
47:Nationality
916:Categories
903:2013-02-10
876:2013-02-18
849:2013-02-18
822:2013-02-10
795:2013-02-10
762:2013-02-17
735:2013-02-10
707:9 February
680:2013-02-18
653:2013-02-18
620:2013-02-18
593:2013-02-17
543:Roche 2011
531:Barry 1998
519:Barry 1998
507:Klein 1998
492:Barry 1997
480:Barry 1997
465:Barry 1998
448:Barry 1997
424:Barry 1998
409:Barry 1998
382:Klein 1998
370:Barry 1998
293:References
244:Demukulima
102:Background
58:Politician
55:Occupation
32:1896-11-13
346:Ogot 1992
334:Gray 1975
298:Citations
222:Bantignel
276:Porédaka
168:Freetown
40:Porédaka
567:Sources
207:Fugumba
70:of the
894:
867:
840:
813:
786:
774:Fulani
753:
726:
698:
671:
644:
611:
584:
263:Almami
258:Almami
214:Alfaya
195:Soriya
191:Alfaya
185:Almami
152:Soriya
148:Alfaya
143:almami
137:Soriya
131:Alfaya
92:Guinea
68:Almami
269:Death
251:Timbo
230:Timbi
226:Keebu
203:Timbi
180:Timbo
117:jihad
66:Last
50:Fulbe
892:ISBN
865:ISBN
838:ISBN
811:ISBN
784:ISBN
751:ISBN
724:ISBN
709:2013
696:ISBN
669:ISBN
642:ISBN
609:ISBN
582:ISBN
218:Alfa
205:and
199:Labé
193:and
134:and
110:and
82:(or
26:Died
162:'s
150:or
918::
782:.
780:48
640:.
638:44
550:^
499:^
472:^
455:^
416:^
401:^
201:,
906:.
879:.
852:.
825:.
798:.
765:.
738:.
711:.
683:.
656:.
623:.
596:.
34:)
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.