419:
234:
346:
495:
75:
241:
338:, perhaps because of the internal troubles in Bundu at that time, or perhaps because Maka Jiba was not greatly interested in the cause. Although he was an inspired religious leader, Karamoko Alfa was not qualified as a military leader. Ibrahim Sori took this role. Some of the population resisted conversion for many years, particularly the nomadic Fulbe herders. They rightly feared that the
166:; for this reason the new state was always a tenuous confederation. Karamoko Alfa ruled the theocratic state until 1748, when his excessive devotions caused him to become mentally unstable and Sori was selected as de facto leader. Karamokho Alfa died around 1751 and was formally succeeded by Ibrahim Sori, his cousin.
435:
Karamokho Alfa died around 1751 and was formally succeeded by
Ibrahim Sori, his cousin. Ibrahim Sori Mawdo was chosen after failure of Alfa Saliu, son of Karamoko Alfa, who was too young. Ibrahim Sori was an aggressive military commander who initiated a series of wars. After many years of conflict,
194:
farmers. Around that time, Fulbe herders began moving into the region, grazing their livestock on the plateaux. At first they peacefully accepted a subordinate position to the Susu and
Yalunka. The Fulbe and Mandé peoples intermixed to some extent, and the more sedentary of the Fulbe came to look
202:
Europeans began to establish trading posts on the upper Guinea coast in the seventeenth century, stimulating a growing trade in hides and slaves. The pastoral Fulbe expanded their herds to meet the demand for hides. They began to compete for land with the agriculturalists, and became interested in
451:
created a valuable supply of slaves from the defeated peoples that may have provided a motive for further conquests. The Fulbe ruling class became wealthy slave owners and slave traders. Slave villages were founded, whose inhabitants provided food for their Fulba masters to consume or sell. As of
623:
Ibrahima
Sambeghu's ancestor Mamadou Moktar Bari had two sons. Fode Seri was the ancestor of the Seriyanke of Fougumba, and Fode Seidi was ancestor of the Seidiyanke of Timbo. Fode Seidi's great-grandson Alfa Kikala was the grandfather of both Almami Sory and Karamoko
279:
also attracted some formerly non-Muslim Fulbe, who associated it not just with Islam but with freedom of the Fulbe from subordination to the Mandé peoples. It was opposed by other non-Muslim Fulbe and by non-Muslim
Yalunka leaders.
403:
Karamokho Alfa was known for his
Islamic scholarship and piety. He respected the rights of the old "masters of the soil", saying "it was Allah who had established them." Despite this ruling, the
415:
as a form of rent. Karamoko Alfa ruled the theocratic state until 1748, when his excessive devotions caused him to become mentally unstable and Sori was selected as de facto leader.
291:. A force of 99 Muslims defeated a non-Muslim force ten times greater, killing many of their opponents. After this victory the state was established at a meeting of nine Fulbe
510:, Kondé Buraima, opened Karamokho Alfa's tomb and cut off the left hand of the body. Blood poured from the severed wrist, causing Kondé Buraima to flee in terror.
222:
and some continued on to the Futa Jallon. The
Torodbe, the kinsmen of the Fulbe of the Futa Jallon, influenced them in embracing a more militant form of Islam.
409:
reserved the right to reassign land, since they held it in trust for the people. In effect the existing property owners were not displaced, but now had to pay
287:
symbolically launched the war in 1727 by destroying the great ceremonial drum of the
Yalunka people with his sword. The jihadists then won a major victory at
150:. Under his leadership, Futa Jallon became the first Muslim state to be founded by the Fulbe. Despite this, Karamokho Alfa was constrained by the other eight
447:
Under
Ibrahima Sori slaves were sold to obtain munitions needed for the wars. This was considered acceptable as long as the slaves were not Muslim. The
506:
Karamokho Alfa came to be thought of as a saint. A story is told of a miracle that occurred more than a hundred years after his death. The chief of the
331:
611:
297:
who each represented one of the Futa Jallon provinces. Ibrahima
Sambeghu, who became known as Karamokho Alfa, was the hereditary ruler of
322:
Karamoko Alfa managed to enlist disadvantaged groups such as gangs of young men, outlaws and slaves. Karamokho Alfa's maternal cousin was
138:
who each represented one of the Futa Jallon provinces. Ibrahima
Sambeghu, who became known as Karamokho Alfa, was the hereditary ruler of
599:
595:
499:
452:
2013 the Fulbe were the largest ethnic group in Guinea at 40% of the population, followed by the Malinke (30%) and the Susu (20%).
1617:
1590:
1563:
1536:
1509:
1482:
1455:
1428:
1401:
1374:
1341:
1314:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1200:
1173:
1146:
1119:
1092:
1050:
218:
clerical clan against the warriors, but by 1677 the movement had been defeated. Some of the Torodbe migrated south to
269:
was launched around 1726 or 1727. The movement was primarily religious, and its leaders included both Mandé and Fulbe
233:
372:
at its head, Karamokho Alfa being the first, with his political capital at Timbo. However, some of the other
249:
349:
Timbo and the sources of the Bafino - Fougumba to the northwest of the map, Timbo to the right of center.
1653:
548:
Ibrahima Sambeghu was given the name "Karamokho Alfa" as an adult. "Karamokho" means teacher in the
436:
Ibrahim Sori achieved a decisive victory in 1776 that consolidated the power of the Fulbe state. The
1526:
203:
the profitable slave trade. They were increasingly influenced by their Muslim trading partners.
1217:
102:
1580:
1553:
1472:
1418:
1391:
1331:
1306:
1271:
1190:
1109:
1040:
319:". Under his leadership Futa Jallon became the first Muslim state to be founded by the Fulbe.
1658:
1607:
1499:
1445:
1244:
1163:
1136:
1082:
1648:
1643:
1066:
1525:
Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M. (2012-01-05).
8:
210:
reformer Nasir al-Din launched a jihad to restore purity of religious observance in the
1111:
Imagining the End: Visions of Apocalypse from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America
120:
Alfa Ba, Karamoko Alfa's father, formed a coalition of Muslim Fulbe and called for the
418:
345:
1613:
1586:
1559:
1532:
1505:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1397:
1370:
1337:
1310:
1299:
1277:
1250:
1223:
1196:
1169:
1142:
1115:
1088:
1046:
549:
1366:
476:
507:
472:
464:
519:
219:
191:
1637:
1582:
Histoire générale de l'Afrique.: Volume V, L'Afrique du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle
553:
494:
381:
298:
254:
179:
163:
139:
74:
1359:
1004:
524:
484:
284:
183:
334:. However, there are no records of Bundu participation in the Futa Jallon
423:
207:
196:
187:
175:
114:
110:
94:
1528:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
917:
915:
400:
retained much autonomy, so the new state was always a loose federation.
376:
had more secular power than Karamokho Alfa, who directly ruled only the
158:
had more secular power than Karamokho Alfa, who directly ruled only the
128:
was launched around 1726-1727. After a crucial, concluding victory at
912:
323:
211:
488:
288:
271:
186:
rivers rise. In the fifteenth century the valleys were occupied by
129:
1555:
Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800
411:
1420:
História Geral da África – Vol. V – África do século XVI ao XVIII
749:
603:
480:
385:
327:
215:
591:
392:
sat. The council operated as a strong curb on the power of the
864:
368:
311:
258:
106:
1270:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21).
1165:
Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu
992:
607:
440:
had achieved its goals and Ibrahim Sori assumed the title of
293:
134:
98:
1524:
1501:
The Crown and the Turban: Muslims and West African Pluralism
1010:
980:
405:
316:
956:
642:
640:
132:, the state was established at a meeting of nine Fulbe
1578:
968:
934:
932:
930:
921:
876:
854:
852:
839:
837:
800:
798:
796:
783:
781:
779:
766:
764:
739:
737:
664:
1108:
Amanat, Abbas; Bernhardsson, Magnus T. (2002-02-09).
822:
712:
710:
685:
683:
681:
679:
652:
637:
479:
in 1808, stretching across what is now the north of
1016:
944:
810:
1393:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
927:
900:
888:
849:
834:
793:
776:
761:
734:
695:
206:In the last quarter of the seventeenth century the
1358:
1298:
1107:
1065:
998:
755:
722:
707:
676:
358:Karamokho Alfa was constrained by the other eight
214:region to the north. He gained support from the
124:in 1725, but died before the struggle began. The
1635:
1269:
870:
366:. The structure of the new Fulbe state had an
326:, the ruler of Bundu, and both men studied in
1134:
962:
362:, each of whom ruled their own province, or
1336:. Cambridge University Press. p. 418.
1249:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
1246:France and Islam in West Africa, 1860-1960
463:in Futa Toro between 1769 and 1776 led by
1551:
1242:
1135:Derman, William; Derman, Louise (1973).
1042:Pastoralists of the West African Savanna
986:
974:
573:, or "teacher". Karamokho Alfa was the
493:
417:
344:
73:
1609:Studies in West African Islamic History
1470:
1443:
1329:
1296:
1215:
882:
828:
670:
658:
646:
530:
1636:
1605:
1497:
1365:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
1356:
1305:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1301:A History of African Societies to 1870
1087:. Oxford University Press. p. 4.
1080:
1022:
950:
804:
743:
701:
240:
1579:U.N. Comité de culture (1999-01-01).
1161:
1038:
894:
816:
68:Founder of the Imamate of Futa Jallon
1416:
1389:
1243:Harrison, Christopher (2003-09-18).
1188:
938:
906:
858:
843:
787:
770:
728:
716:
689:
109:. This was one of the first of the
13:
1141:. University of California Press.
113:that established Muslim states in
14:
1670:
1444:Rashedi, Khorram (January 2009).
1297:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997-04-13).
459:in Futa Jallon was followed by a
422:Fulbe Jihad states around 1830 -
178:is the highland region where the
1162:Gomez, Michael A. (2002-07-04).
552:and "Alfa" means teacher in the
487:was established to the south of
239:
232:
1273:The Cambridge History of Islam:
1219:Encyclopedia of World Geography
1192:The Cambridge History of Africa
1138:Serfs, Peasants, and Socialists
1045:. Manchester University Press.
617:
584:
559:
384:. The religious capital was at
305:. He was elected leader of the
146:. He was elected leader of the
1558:. Cambridge University Press.
1471:Ruthven, Malise (2006-02-24).
1333:A History of Islamic Societies
1330:Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22).
1276:. Cambridge University Press.
1195:. Cambridge University Press.
1168:. Cambridge University Press.
871:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
756:Amanat & Bernhardsson 2002
542:
1:
1552:Thornton, John (1998-04-28).
1417:Ogot, Bethwell Allan (2010).
1390:Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1992).
342:would abuse their authority.
169:
1189:Gray, Richard (1975-09-18).
483:. The Fulbe Muslim state of
467:. The largest of the Fulani
253:Karamokho Alfa's capital of
7:
1606:Willis, John Ralph (1979).
1477:. Oxford University Press.
1039:Adamu, Mahdi (1988-11-01).
999:AFRICA :: GUINEA - CIA
922:U.N. Comité de culture 1999
513:
498:Children in the village of
388:, where the council of the
97:religious leader who led a
10:
1675:
1498:Sanneh, Lamin O. (1997).
1450:. Harmattan. p. 38.
1447:Histoire du Fouta-Djallon
565:The leaders of the Fulbe
430:
330:under the famous scholar
78:Canyon in the Futa Jallon
64:
56:
48:
40:
30:
23:
963:Derman & Derman 1973
353:
283:According to tradition,
225:
1423:. UNESCO. p. 346.
1396:. UNESCO. p. 289.
1357:Ndukwe, Pat I. (1996).
1216:Haggett, Peter (2002).
1067:"AFRICA :: GUINEA"
471:was led by the scholar
1222:. Marshall Cavendish.
1081:Alford, Terry (1977).
503:
502:in Futa Jallon in 2005
427:
350:
103:Imamate of Futa Jallon
93:; died c. 1751) was a
87:Ibrahima Musa Sambeghu
79:
35:Ibrahima Musa Sambeghu
497:
421:
348:
89:and sometimes called
77:
16:Fula religious leader
531:Notes and references
475:and established the
309:. He took the title
301:and one of the nine
250:class=notpageimage|
154:. Some of the other
142:and one of the nine
1084:Prince Among Slaves
1011:Stanton et al. 2012
590:The provinces were
1474:Islam in the World
989:, p. 315-316.
504:
428:
351:
80:
1654:History of Guinea
1619:978-0-7146-1737-4
1592:978-92-3-201711-6
1565:978-0-521-62724-5
1538:978-1-4129-8176-7
1511:978-0-8133-3058-7
1484:978-0-19-977039-7
1457:978-2-296-21852-9
1430:978-85-7652-127-3
1403:978-92-3-101711-7
1376:978-0-8239-1982-6
1343:978-0-521-77933-3
1316:978-0-521-45599-2
1283:978-0-521-29137-8
1256:978-0-521-54112-1
1229:978-0-7614-7306-0
1202:978-0-521-20413-2
1175:978-0-521-52847-4
1148:978-0-520-01728-3
1121:978-1-86064-724-6
1094:978-0-19-504223-8
1052:978-0-7190-2248-7
550:Mandinka language
101:that created the
72:
71:
1666:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1364:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1304:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
925:
919:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
847:
841:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
791:
785:
774:
768:
759:
753:
747:
741:
732:
726:
720:
714:
705:
699:
693:
687:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
625:
621:
615:
588:
582:
563:
557:
546:
477:Sokoto Caliphate
243:
242:
236:
21:
20:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1504:. Basic Books.
1489:
1487:
1485:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1072:
1070:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
928:
920:
913:
905:
901:
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
850:
842:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
794:
786:
777:
769:
762:
754:
750:
742:
735:
727:
723:
715:
708:
700:
696:
688:
677:
673:, p. 2316.
669:
665:
657:
653:
645:
638:
629:
628:
622:
618:
589:
585:
569:used the title
564:
560:
547:
543:
533:
516:
473:Usman dan Fodio
465:Sileymaani Baal
433:
356:
263:
262:
261:
252:
246:
245:
244:
228:
172:
105:in what is now
36:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1603:
1591:
1576:
1564:
1549:
1537:
1522:
1510:
1495:
1483:
1468:
1456:
1441:
1429:
1414:
1402:
1387:
1375:
1354:
1342:
1327:
1315:
1294:
1282:
1267:
1255:
1240:
1228:
1213:
1201:
1186:
1174:
1159:
1147:
1132:
1120:
1114:. I.B.Tauris.
1105:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1051:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1013:, p. 148.
1003:
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
941:, p. 209.
926:
924:, p. 331.
911:
909:, p. 292.
899:
887:
885:, p. 418.
875:
873:, p. 365.
863:
861:, p. 346.
848:
846:, p. 291.
833:
821:
819:, p. 244.
809:
792:
790:, p. 208.
775:
773:, p. 289.
760:
758:, p. 244.
748:
733:
731:, p. 206.
721:
719:, p. 205.
706:
694:
692:, p. 207.
675:
663:
661:, p. 264.
651:
649:, p. 301.
635:
627:
626:
616:
610:, Fugumba and
583:
558:
540:
539:
532:
529:
528:
527:
522:
520:Alfaya (party)
515:
512:
432:
429:
355:
352:
248:
247:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
227:
224:
195:down on their
171:
168:
83:Karamokho Alfa
70:
69:
66:
65:Known for
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
32:
28:
27:
25:Karamokho Alfa
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1671:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1025:, p. 78.
1024:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
987:Thornton 1998
983:
977:, p. 68.
976:
975:Harrison 2003
971:
965:, p. 20.
964:
959:
953:, p. 28.
952:
947:
940:
935:
933:
931:
923:
918:
916:
908:
903:
897:, p. 72.
896:
891:
884:
879:
872:
867:
860:
855:
853:
845:
840:
838:
831:, p. 38.
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
799:
797:
789:
784:
782:
780:
772:
767:
765:
757:
752:
746:, p. 48.
745:
740:
738:
730:
725:
718:
713:
711:
704:, p. 25.
703:
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1659:Fula history
1623:. Retrieved
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1554:
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1527:
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1500:
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1392:
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829:Rashedi 2009
824:
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807:, p. 4.
751:
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666:
659:Ruthven 2006
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173:
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111:Fulbe jihads
91:Alfa Ibrahim
90:
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82:
81:
18:
1649:Fula people
1644:1751 deaths
1023:Sanneh 1997
951:Willis 1979
805:Alford 1977
744:Ndukwe 1996
702:Willis 1979
426:to the west
424:Futa Jallon
176:Futa Jallon
115:West Africa
49:Nationality
1638:Categories
1625:2013-02-10
1598:2013-02-10
1585:. UNESCO.
1571:2013-02-10
1544:2013-02-10
1517:2013-02-10
1490:2013-02-10
1463:2013-02-11
1436:2013-02-10
1409:2013-02-10
1382:2013-02-10
1349:2013-02-10
1322:2013-02-10
1289:2013-02-10
1262:2013-02-10
1235:2013-03-04
1208:2013-02-10
1181:2013-02-10
1154:2013-02-10
1127:2013-02-10
1100:2013-02-10
1073:2013-02-10
1058:2013-02-11
895:Gomez 2002
817:Adamu 1988
612:Fode Haaji
396:, and the
315:, or "the
257:in modern
170:Background
57:Occupation
939:Gray 1975
907:Ogot 1992
859:Ogot 2010
844:Ogot 1992
788:Gray 1975
771:Ogot 1992
729:Gray 1975
717:Gray 1975
690:Gray 1975
632:Citations
598:, Timbi,
491:in 1818.
340:marabouts
324:Maka Jiba
272:marabouts
212:Futa Toro
199:cousins.
1612:. Cass.
1531:. SAGE.
514:See also
489:Timbuktu
289:Talansan
275:. The
197:pastoral
130:Talansan
1032:Sources
604:Kollade
600:Kebaali
481:Nigeria
386:Fugumba
328:Fugumba
216:Torodbe
192:Yalunka
180:Senegal
44:c. 1751
1616:
1589:
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1361:Fulani
1340:
1313:
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1199:
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1118:
1091:
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596:Buriya
571:"Alfa"
500:Doucky
485:Masina
469:jihads
442:almami
431:Legacy
394:almami
369:almami
312:almami
259:Guinea
208:Zawāyā
184:Gambia
107:Guinea
85:(born
60:Cleric
1069:. CIA
624:Alfa.
608:Koyin
579:Diwal
536:Notes
461:jihad
457:jihad
449:jihad
438:jihad
412:Zakāt
406:imams
398:ulama
390:alama
382:Timbo
378:diwal
374:Ulama
364:diwal
360:ulama
354:Ruler
336:jihad
307:jihad
303:ulama
299:Timbo
294:ulama
277:jihad
267:jihad
255:Timbo
226:Jihad
220:Bundu
164:Timbo
160:diwal
156:Ulama
152:ulama
148:jihad
144:ulama
140:Timbo
135:ulama
126:jihad
122:jihad
99:jihad
52:Fulbe
1614:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1047:ISBN
592:Labé
575:Alfa
567:diwe
455:The
317:Imam
265:The
190:and
188:Susu
182:and
174:The
95:Fula
41:Died
31:Born
1307:301
380:of
162:of
1640::
1369:.
1367:48
1309:.
929:^
914:^
851:^
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