36:
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254:. Flight software was then modified for flight testing, and the aircraft first flew in modified form on November 15, 2002. The aircraft successfully proved the viability of the concept in full scale during roll maneuver testing in 2004–2005. The test aircraft was re-designated X-53 on August 16, 2006, per memo by USAF Deputy Chief of Staff, Strategic Plans and Programs.
241:
237:
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If the controls can be used to eliminate the twisting and its negative effects on control input, the next step is to deliberately introduce some twisting which adds to the effect of the control deflection. When applied correctly, the wing will twist less and in an opposite direction to a conventional
183:
The pre-production version of the F/A-18 was an ideal aircraft for proving AAW technology, a relatively high wing aspect ratio for a fighter, with adequate strength, but no additional stiffness needed to be added to change its twisting behaviour. The X-53 F/A-18 was modified to allow two leading edge
214:
to provide more lift during certain portions of flight. By deploying the slats at the same time as the ailerons their twisting effect on the main structural parts of the wing, oppose one another which eliminates the twisting. This improves the ability of the ailerons to produce large rolling moments
239:
249:
To test the AAW theory, NASA and the USAF agreed to fund development of a single demonstrator, based on the F/A-18. Work started by taking an existing F/A-18 airframe modified with a preproduction wing, and added an outboard leading edge flap drive system and an updated flight control computer.
167:
twist at high speeds and dynamic pressures. By using multiple leading and trailing edge controls like "aerodynamic tabs", subtle amounts of aeroelastic twist can be controlled to provide large amounts of wing control power, while minimizing maneuver air loads at high wing strain conditions or
193:
192:
189:
557:
Pendleton, E., Flick, P., Voracek, D., Reichenbach, E., Griffin, K., Paul, D., "The X-53: A Summary of the Active
Aeroelastic Wing Flight Research Program", Paper 07-1855, Proceedings of the 48th AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, 23–26 April
194:
240:
191:
437:
Pendleton, E., Griffin, K., Kehoe, M., and Perry, B., "A Flight
Research Program for Active Aeroelastic Wing Technology ," Paper 96-1574, Proceedings of the 37th AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, 15–17 April
522:
Pendleton, E., Griffin, K., Kehoe, M., and Perry, B., "A Flight
Research Program for Active Aeroelastic Wing Technology", Paper 96-1574, Proceedings of the 37th AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, 15–17 April
546:
Edmund W. Pendleton, "How Active
Aeroelastic Wings are a Return to Aviation's Beginning and a Small Step to Future Bird-like Wings", Invited Paper, Japan Society of Aeronautical and Space Sciences Aircraft Symposium, Sendai, Japan, 11 October
238:
176:
Development of the initial concept was done with wind-tunnel testing in the mid 1980s under Air Force contract. The designation "X-52" was skipped in sequence to avoid confusion with Boeing's
190:
536:
Pendleton, E., Bessette, D., Field P., Miller, G., and
Griffin, K., "Active Aeroelastic Wing Flight Research Program: Technical Program & Model Analytical Development",
206:
of the wing, caused by deflecting one control surface, can be offset by deflecting other control surfaces. In particular, almost all modern aircraft use some form of
340:. AAW flight control laws were programmed into a research flight control computer modified to include independently actuated outboard leading edge control surfaces.
250:
Active aeroelastic wing control laws were developed to flex the wing, and flight instrumentation was used to accurately measure the aeroelastic performance of the
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control surfaces to work together with its two trailing edge surfaces to control wing aeroelastic twist and provide excellent high speed rolling performance.
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163:. Active Aeroelastic Wing Technology is a technology that integrates wing aerodynamics, controls, and structure to harness and control wing
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468:
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Pendleton, E., " Active
Aeroelastic Wing", AFRL Technology Horizons, Selected Science and Technology Articles, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2000.
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Zillmer, S., "Integrated
Multidisciplinary Optimization for Aeroelastic Wing Design", Wright Laboratory TR-97-3087, August 1997.
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on the aircraft. This means that less aileron deflection is needed to produce a required motion, which, in turn, will reduce
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aerodynamic drag at low wing strain conditions. This program was the first full-scale proof of AAW technology.
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wing during maneuvering. So this change, which can be accomplished in software, benefits overall performance.
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Integrated
Structure/Maneuver Design Procedure for Active Aeroelastic Wings, User's Manual
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The Active
Aeroelastic Wing Flight Research Program (The X-53) Final Report
417:"Active Aeroelastic Wing flight research vehicle receives X-53 designation"
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336:(now Boeing Phantom works) using an outboard actuation unit developed by
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low-bypass turbofan engines, 16,000 lbf (71 kN) thrust each
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469:"Boeing F/A-18 with Active Aeroelastic Wing Completes First Flight"
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and its associated unwanted tendency to cause the aircraft to
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Time lapsed film of Active
Aeroelastic Wing (AAW) loads test
152:
92:
519:, Rockwell-Aerospace Report No. NA 94-1731, December 1994.
245:
X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing (AAW) flight test, March 2005
554:, Volume 1 and II, AFRL-VA-WP-TR-2005-3082, October 2005.
159:, where the technology was flight tested on a modified
347:
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research project that was undertaken jointly by the
332:The leading edge flap drive system was modified at
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316:1,188 mph (1,912 km/h, 1,032 kn)
494:NASA F/A-18 Active Aeroelastic Wing Fact Sheet
202:AAW was developed from the knowledge that the
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594:Boeing X-53 (2006): Active Aeroelastic Wing
533:, Wright Laboratory TR-97-3087, March 1997.
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471:. Boeing. 18 November 2002. Archived from
19:"X53" redirects here. For other uses, see
2585:2000s United States experimental aircraft
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540:, Volume 37, Number 4, July–August 2000.
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186:
2590:Air Force Research Laboratory projects
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139:) development program is a completed
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510:Active Flexible Wing (AFW) Technology
598:Aviation Week & Space Technology
569:
583:Boeing Active Aeroelastic Wing page
279:38 ft 5 in (11.71 m)
13:
501:
285:15 ft 3 in (4.65 m)
14:
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563:
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1006:2012 Virginia Beach F/A-18 crash
350:
34:
2630:Variable-geometry-wing aircraft
2511:Vehicular communication systems
688:Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration
421:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
291:39,000 lb (17,690 kg)
161:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
124:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
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441:
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322:50,000 ft (15,000 m)
171:
1:
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157:Dryden Flight Research Center
145:Air Force Research Laboratory
2600:Aircraft first flown in 2006
1018:F/A-18 in Australian service
996:1982 Thunderbirds T-38 crash
517:AFW Design Methodology Study
415:Jordan, Holly (2006-12-11).
299:General Electric F404-GE-400
133:X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing
7:
2534:Automated vacuum collection
1023:Hugo Wolf F/A-18C simulator
1001:2008 San Diego F/A-18 crash
744:High Alpha Research Vehicle
382:High Alpha Research Vehicle
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10:
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570:Cole, William (May 2002).
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987:Accidents and incidents
375:Aeroelastic wing on the
2595:Aircraft configurations
2422:Pulse detonation engine
2392:Adaptive compliant wing
2236:Experimental/prototypes
2078:Patrol and surveillance
1095:Supersonic/special test
449:Active Aeroelastic Wing
366:Adaptive compliant wing
264:General characteristics
55:Technology Demonstrator
2615:Edwards Air Force Base
2491:Personal rapid transit
2412:High-altitude platform
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40:X-53 configured F/A-18
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16:Experimental aircraft
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2437:Supersonic transport
991:1966 NASA T-38 crash
550:The Boeing Company,
455:18 June 2006 at the
387:Parker variable wing
149:Boeing Phantom Works
79:Northrop Corporation
21:X53 (disambiguation)
2529:Pneumatic transport
2472:Ground-effect train
2397:Backpack helicopter
538:Journal of Aircraft
289:Max takeoff weight:
178:B-52 Stratofortress
46:General information
1135:"X" (1948–present)
475:on 6 November 2011
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515:Miller, G.D.,
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508:Miller, G.D.,
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427:on 2011-06-05.
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317:
314:Maximum speed:
303:
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286:
280:
274:
259:
258:Specifications
256:
232:
231:Flight testing
229:
204:aeroelasticity
173:
170:
127:
126:
121:
120:Developed from
117:
116:
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30:
15:
9:
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4:
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2620:NASA programs
2618:
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2019:
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2011:
2009:
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1996:
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936:CF-116 (CF-5)
934:
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757:Model numbers
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731:
728:
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722:
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628:
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584:
581:
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573:
568:
567:
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
539:
535:
532:
529:Zillmer, S.,
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
506:
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490:
474:
470:
464:
458:
454:
451:
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418:
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404:
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363:
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318:
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312:
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308:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
267:
265:
255:
253:
252:wing planform
228:
224:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
185:
181:
179:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
71:
67:
64:United States
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2561:
2486:Maglev train
2455:Airless tire
2312:
2248:Bird of Prey
1592:Not assigned
1459:
1133:Experimental
729:
593:
575:
551:
537:
530:
516:
509:
493:
489:
477:. Retrieved
473:the original
463:
447:
443:
433:
425:the original
420:
391:
377:Grumman X-29
327:
325:
319:
313:
306:
304:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
263:
261:
248:
225:
217:aileron drag
212:leading edge
201:
182:
175:
136:
132:
130:
112:First flight
99:Number built
89:Primary user
70:Manufacturer
2258:Phantom Ray
2253:Phantom Eye
2243:AFTI/F-111A
2185:Drones/UAVs
1285:26–50
914:Chung Cheng
698:F/A-18 line
307:Performance
295:Powerplant:
172:Development
165:aeroelastic
2579:Categories
2432:Spaceplane
2407:Flying car
1598:Unofficial
1390:X-44 (UAV)
1385:X-44 MANTA
1142:1–25
1028:In fiction
894:production
395:References
2477:Hyperloop
2375:Transport
1769:F/A-18E/F
1443:51–
958:Azarakhsh
400:Footnotes
277:Wingspan:
2625:Twinjets
2521:Pipeline
2481:Vactrain
2427:Scramjet
2417:Jet pack
2027:Trainers
1538:See also
928:(Canada)
925:Canadair
906:(Taiwan)
786:Northrop
654:F-5 line
646:Variants
640:families
453:Archived
344:See also
338:Moog Inc
328:Avionics
180:bomber.
147:(AFRL),
141:American
2496:Platoon
2197:CQM-121
2166:OC-135B
1783:Bombers
1654:PW-9/FB
1087:X-plane
892:Foreign
479:30 June
283:Height:
107:History
2384:Aerial
2367:Fields
2263:Skyfox
2192:YQM-94
2176:WC-135
2171:RC-135
2161:NC-135
2105:EC-135
2054:XAT-15
2018:KC-767
2003:KC-137
1998:KC-135
1932:CC-137
1805:Y1B-20
1774:EA-18G
1749:F-15EX
1639:Boeing
1033:F/A-18
981:Topics
968:Saeqeh
963:Kowsar
950:(Iran)
721:EA-18G
711:F/A-18
638:F/A-18
83:Boeing
2318:YAL-1
2222:MQ-28
2217:MQ-27
2212:MQ-25
2207:RQ-21
2202:MQ-18
2145:E-767
2110:EC-18
2049:PT-27
2044:PT-18
2039:PT-17
2034:PT-13
2013:KC-46
2008:KC-10
1993:KC-97
1988:KB-50
1983:KB-29
1967:CT-43
1952:VC-25
1937:YC-14
1927:C-137
1922:C-135
1906:C-108
1865:XB-59
1860:XB-56
1855:XB-55
1830:XB-44
1825:YB-40
1820:XB-39
1815:XB-38
1795:XB-15
1764:AV-8B
1754:YF-22
1744:F-15E
1734:XP-32
1719:XP-15
1580:XQ-67
1575:XQ-58
1570:M2-F3
1565:M2-F2
1560:M2-F1
1555:HL-10
1550:HiMAT
1417:X-47C
1412:X-47B
1381:X-44
1269:X-24C
862:N-321
857:N-311
852:N-307
847:N-306
842:N-305
837:N-304
832:N-303
827:N-302
822:N-301
817:N-300
812:N-267
807:N-205
795:N-156
558:2007.
547:2000.
523:1996.
438:1996.
271:Crew:
2563:List
2447:Land
2313:X-53
2308:X-51
2303:X-50
2298:X-48
2293:X-45
2288:X-40
2283:X-37
2278:X-36
2273:X-32
2268:X-20
2227:X-50
2140:E-10
2095:XP3B
2090:XPBB
2064:T-45
2059:T-43
1962:C-40
1957:C-32
1947:C-22
1942:C-17
1901:C-98
1896:C-97
1891:C-75
1886:C-73
1850:B-54
1845:B-52
1840:B-50
1835:B-47
1810:B-29
1800:B-17
1790:YB-9
1759:F-22
1729:P-29
1724:P-26
1714:P-12
1709:XP-9
1704:XP-8
1699:XP-7
1694:XP-4
1689:XF8B
1684:XF7B
1679:XF6B
1674:XF5B
1545:AD-1
1525:X-66
1520:X-65
1515:X-64
1510:X-63
1505:X-62
1500:X-61
1495:X-60
1490:X-59
1485:X-58
1480:X-57
1475:X-56
1470:X-55
1465:X-54
1460:X-53
1455:X-52
1450:X-51
1434:X-50
1429:X-49
1424:X-48
1407:X-47
1402:X-46
1397:X-45
1377:X-43
1372:X-42
1367:X-41
1362:X-40
1357:X-39
1352:X-38
1347:X-37
1342:X-36
1337:X-35
1332:X-34
1327:X-33
1322:X-32
1317:X-31
1312:X-30
1307:X-29
1302:X-28
1297:X-27
1292:X-26
1276:X-25
1264:X-24
1259:X-23
1254:X-22
1249:X-21
1244:X-20
1239:X-19
1234:X-18
1229:X-17
1224:X-16
1219:X-15
1214:X-14
1209:X-13
1204:X-12
1199:X-11
1194:X-10
1038:F-20
947:HESA
903:AIDC
879:P630
874:P600
869:P530
730:X-53
706:F-17
681:T-38
674:F-20
636:and
481:2011
297:2 Ă—
208:slat
153:NASA
151:and
131:The
93:NASA
51:Type
29:X-53
2135:E-8
2130:E-7
2125:E-6
2120:E-4
2115:E-3
2100:P-8
2085:XPB
2069:T-7
1870:B-1
1739:818
1669:F4B
1664:F3B
1659:F2B
1189:X-9
1184:X-8
1179:X-7
1174:X-6
1169:X-5
1164:X-4
1159:X-3
1154:X-2
1149:X-1
1124:S-5
1119:S-4
1114:S-3
1109:S-2
1104:S-1
775:267
716:E/F
662:F-5
634:F-5
221:yaw
155:'s
137:AAW
2581::
2479:/
574:.
419:.
407:^
223:.
2352:e
2345:t
2338:v
1631:e
1624:t
1617:v
1085:(
1074:e
1067:t
1060:v
800:T
667:G
626:e
619:t
612:v
578:.
483:.
273:1
135:(
102:1
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
