603:, it was already populated by people speaking Austroasiatic and probably other language. Bodo-Kachari community traditions as well as scholars agree that they came from the north or the east; and current phylogenetic studies suggest that the Boro–Garo language descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman in Northern China near the Yellow River. Linguists suggest that the initial ingress took place 3000 years before present or earlier, and that the immigrant proto-Boro–Garo speakers were not as numerous as the natives. Linguists find the Boro–Garo languages remarkable in two aspects—they have a highly creolised grammar, and they extend over a vast region that radiates out into Nepal and Tripura from the Brahmaputra valley.
1803:"The Garo, the Rabha and at least some of the Koch are, like the Khasi, matrilineal and uxorilocal. These features are not attested elsewhere in populations speaking Tibeto-Burman languages. These cultural features are best explained either by the deep and long influence of Khasi people on those Garo, Rabha, and Koch (all people now living around Meghalaya), or by the event of language shift, if we suppose that at least some of these people had Khasi ancestors. They would have abandoned their earlier Mon-Khmer languages because of the influential new Tibeto Burman-speaking neighbours, but would have retained some important features of their social organization." (
1777:"The Garo, the Rabha and at least some of the Koch are, like the Khasi, matrilineal and uxorilocal. These features are not attested elsewhere in populations speaking Tibeto–Burman languages. These cultural features are best explained either by the deep and long influence of Khasi people on those Garo, Rabha, and Koch (all people now living around Meghalaya), or by the event of language shift, if we suppose that at least some of these people had Khasi ancestors. They would have abandoned their earlier Mon-Khmer languages because of the influential new Tibeto-Burman speaking neighbours, but would have retained some important features of their social organization." (
1435:"While all the sub-groups in this section of people reiterate their kindred affinities, a tendency is witnessed amongst them to establish their separate identities. In recent times, there has been an effort from a section of the Boros in resolving this ambivalence in nomenclature by adopting the common name of ‘Bodo’. This has been viewed with contempt by several sections of the groups as a design by the Boros to establish their pre-dominance over numerically and otherwise weaker sections of the group. Most of the resistance has come from the Dimasas, who often accuse the Boros of appropriating the history and language of the Dimasas." (
1639:): According to the “Northern China origin” hypothesis, the Sinitic languages form the primary branch near the root of Sino-Tibetan tree and all non-Sinitic languages descended from an ancient common ancestor (i.e. proto-Tibeto-Burman)6,7,8. Previously17, the initial divergence of Sino-Tibetan languages was associated with the geographic spread of millet agriculture from the Yellow River basin, based on the inferred age of Sino-Tibetan phylogenies. Here our inference replicates an early bifurcation into the Sinitic clade and the Tibeto-Burman clade and Sinitic languages forming the primary branch near the root.
1924:, Page 145, Surnames like Bora, Saikia, Kataki, Tamuli,etc. were found in Chutia kingdom. It is clearly stated in the Deodhai Buranji that when Ahom king Suhungmung attacked the Chutia kingdom on the banks of Dihing river, the Chutia army was led by one Manik Chandra Baruah. The surname "Neog" was probably derived from the Chutia "Nayak" whose duty was the same. Deori folklores also mention the myths behind the creation of each of these titles. For instance, "Bora" was said to be derived from the "Buruk" clan and acted either as a military official or a temple guard...
3137:
1816:"The Y haplogroup O2a is represented at a frequency of 77% in Austroasiatic groups in India and 47% in Tibeto-Burman groups of northeastern India (Sahoo et al. 2006). This patterning could suggest that Tibeto-Burman paternal lineages may have partially replaced indigenous Austroasiatic lineages in the northeast of the Indian Subcontinent and that Austroasiatic populations preceded the Tibeto-Burmans in this area, as linguists and ethnographers have speculated for over a century and a half." (
50:
1557:"While “Kachari” did formerly apply to a large part of plain tribes, and is still commonly used in this sense by outsiders, it is now assumed only by sections that, like the Sonowal Kacharis or Saraniya Kacharis, speak only Assamese and are fully integrated into Assamese caste society. Other “former” Kacharis now assume distinct ethnonyms such as Bodo or Dimasa." (
1751:"DeLancey (2012) argues that Proto-Boro–Garo may have in fact developed as a lingua franca within the Brahmaputra valley; we find this thesis compelling, as it would explain both the modern-day distribution of Boro–Garo languages and their simplified morphological profile by comparison with their more conservative Northern Naga neighbours." (
1710:"... (it shows) that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged."
655:
speakers and which are not found among other Tibeto-Burman speakers. Genetic studies too have shown that the Tibeto-Burman communities of
Northeast India harbour significant population that were originally Austroasiatic speaking—for example, genetic studies show presence of O2a-M95, a haplogroup associated with AA populations, among the
1305:"As (Hodgson) admits in the end, his way of seeing the "Bodos" is twofold: he starts by using "Bodo" to designate a wide range of people (“a numerous race”), then wonders if some others are not "Bodos in disguise". He ends on a cautionary note and refrains from unmasking the dubious tribes, registering only the Mechs and Kacharis,..." (
1764:"Briefly, I propose, following a suggestion by Burling (2007), that the Proto-Boro–Garo first as a lingua franca used for communication across the various linguistic communicates of the region and its striking simplicity and transparency reflect a period when it was widely spoken by communities for whom it was not a native language." (
1215:"Some advanced sections of the tribal population, like the Kacharis, also marginally grew wet rice of another variety in the submontane tracts. This variety was kharma ahu, which was irrigated but not always necessarily transplanted. At the same time, all ethnic groups without exception had also a varying interest in the dry
1673:"There are two very striking things about Boro–Garo, which make it stand out from other units of comparable size and divergence. One is its extreme creoloid grammar. The other is its considerable geographical spread: from the Meche language of Nepal in the west to Dimasa in eastern Assam is over 1200 kilometers." (
1622:"There is general agreement, among Tibeto-Burman communities in Assam and their traditions as well as among scholars, that Tibeto-Burman languages came into the Assam plain from the north and probably east, though opinions differ about how far north and/or east the original center of dispersal for the family is.(
481:. The umbrella name "Bodo", denoting the umbrella group, is resisted by numerically smaller groups such as the Dimasas. Unlike Hodgson's assumption, Boro is no longer considered as the "core" of the Boro–Garo languages. Therefore, it has been suggested that the whole group should not be called "Bodo".
1111:
kingdoms in the past. Today, the Boros, the
Tripuris, and the Garos have established a strong political and ethnic identity and are developing their language and literature. The Sonowal Kachari is also a branch of greater Kachari. They live in the districts of Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Sivasagar,
1048:
Tiwa (Lalung) is an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the states of Assam and
Meghalaya in northeastern India. They were known as Lalungs in the Assamese Buranjis, though members of the group prefer to call themselves Tiwa (meaning "the people who were lifted from below"). Some of their neighbors still
359:
These peoples aren't culturally uniform. Bodo, Deori, Tripuri and Reang follow patrilineal descent, Garo, Rabha and Koch follow
Matrilineal descent, Dimasa follows both bilateral descent, and Tiwa follows ambilineal descent. Some of the groups, such as Moran and Saraniya consider themselves as Hindus
649:
and post-Kamarupa kingdoms and polities of Assam, a proposition that other linguists find compelling, The Proto-Boro–Garo first as a lingua franca used for communication across the various linguistic communicates of the region and its striking simplicity and transparency reflect a period when it was
1033:
The Deoris (who were priests by profession) also have the Burok clan among them. They call themselves
Jimochayan (children of the sun) and have maintained their traditional culture and language. Historically, they lived in the joidaam and patkai foothills and upper valley of Brahmaputra. There are
1131:"The term Bodo is also used to denote a large number of tribes-the Garos of Meghalaya, Tippera of Tripura, and Boro Kachari, Koch, Rabha, Lalung, Dimasa, Hajong, Chutia, Deuri, and Moran of Assam and other parts of the Northeast. (M N Brahma, "The Bodo-Kacharis of Assam---A brief Introduction" in
654:
of the Valley must have been more a matter of language replacement than the wholesale population replacement. Some of the Boro–Garo speaking communities such as the matrilineal and uxorilocal Garo, Rabha, and to some extent Koch still retain cultural features that are found among
Austroasiatic
437:
emerged as an umbrella term both in anthropological and linguistic usage. This umbrella-group includes such sub-groups as Mech in Bengal and Nepal; Boros, Dimasa, Chutia, Sonowal, Moran, Rabha, Tiwa in Assam, and the
Kokborok people in Tripura and Bangladesh. This is in contrast to popular and
1474:
But recent developments make it imperative to redefine the term Bodo and its wider denotation deserves to be abandoned in recognition of the emerging socio-political vocabulary; the Bodo means the plain tribes of western and northern Assam known earlier as the Bodo-Kacharis of the
Brahmaputra
1019:. The present day Moran language is mostly used by mixing of modern day assamese and the Moran words which prevail have great similarities with Bodo and dimasa language. They were also known as Habungiya or Hasa where "Ha" means soil and "Sa" means son or Son of soil.
1583:"here is no question that whenever the first Tibeto-Burman speakers may have entered, the Brahmaputra valley was already well populated. Accounts of the prehistory of Assam and Bengal usually begin with Austroasiatic populations. (Kakati (1962) , van Dreim (1997))" (
598:
Today the peoples included in the Bodo-Kacharis speak either one of the languages from the Boro–Garo branch of Tibeto-Burman or an Indo-Aryan language such as
Assamese or Bengali. It is generally believed that when the first Tibeto-Burman speakers entered the
1983:"hill Tiwas, concentrated in the central Assam hills, all speak a Boro–Garo language (Tiwa); their villages are centred around youth dormitories (samadhi); their descent mode is ambilineal (see chapter 3) with a high incidence of matrilineality"(
1000:
belonged to the Burok Chutia clan. Surnames like Bora, Borha, Borua have their origins in the Chutia kingdom and are related to Bara/Bodo/Buruk. There is mention of Manik
Chandra Barua, Dhela Bora, Borhuloi Barua as commanders of Chutia army.
1176:"t seems that the term Bodo is used particularly to denote sections of people having an agnatic relationship in terms of speech practices and a strong sense of shared ancestry. This term the Bodo is more anthropological in its usage." (
1396:"The media at the regional and national level; officials at the Centre and the state political parties of all hues and the people, in general, have accepted what may be termed as a contraction of the original denotion." (
959:
The Mech are found in both Assam and Bengal. Hodgson (1847) wrote as "Mech is name imposed by strangers. This people call themselves as Bodo. Thus, Bodo is their proper designation" They speak mainly the
1596:"(T)he valley was not deserted when the first (known) speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages arrived; they encountered people who spoke Mon-Khmer languages, of which the Khasi languages are the remnants. (
637:, linguistic discontinuities and ethnic mixing. It is estimated that Austroasiatic languages were present even as late as 4th-5th centuries CE, which is also supported by paleographic evidence from the
996:, Burok means noble/great men. The Chutias who were thought to be healthy and strong was termed as Burok and took up the administrative and military roles in the Chutia kingdom. Even the Matak king
945:. The origin of Kachari term was unknown to Boro themselves, but known to others. They call themselves as Boro, Bada, Bodo, Barafisa. Barafisa translated as Children of the Bara (the great one).
1049:
call them Lalung. A striking peculiarity of the Tiwa is their division into two sub-groups, Hill Tiwa and Plains Tiwas, displaying contrasting cultural features. The hill Tiwas speak
1609:"However, may have been preceded by speakers of Austroasiatic languages, as suggested by a number of toponyms and areal loanwords (Kakati 1995; Diffl oth 2005; Konnerth 2014)." (
2567:
Shin, Jae-Eun (2020). "Descending from demons, ascending to kshatriyas: Genealogical claims and political process in pre-modern Northeast India, The Chutiyas and the Dimasas".
1544:
Endle was clear about what is to be understood by “Kachari”. He explains that we have Plains Kacharis, viz. the Bodos (or Boros), and the Hills Kacharis, viz. the Dimasas.(
1409:"One section of the same stock, Garo, a Tribe called themselves “Mande” means Man: another word Arleng (Karbi) is popularly used among Karbis, which literally means Man." (
978:
Dimasas have a ruling clan among themselves who are termed as Hasnusa. Some Dimasa scholars opined that they were also known as Hasnusa at some point of time in History.
169:
1296::15) The term Bodo finds its textual space first time in the book by Brian Hodgson, who wrote about a section of Tibeto-Burman speech group claiming themselves as Bodo.
2470:
1202:"Other scholars have pointed out that other river names such as Dibang, Dihang, Doyang and the like were mixture of Bodo di and -ong (Austric) which means water." (
3026:
530:, explain that there were plains Kacharis and hills Kacharis and a host of other ethnic groups that fall under the Kachari umbrella. Eventually the appellation
2685:
2418:
1357:
Chatterji uses Bodo for both the umbrella group as well as the Boro: "the Bodo speeches- Bodo, Moran,Mech, Rabha, Garo, Kachari and Tipra and a few more" (
493:
has been used through much of history to denote the same people who came to be termed as Bodo. One of the earliest usage can be found in the 16th century
2735:
1970:"Many Tiwas account for the cultural dichotomy between hill Tiwas and plains Tiwas in terms of an acculturation to the Assamese dominated plain culture"(
1015:
The Morans had their own kingdom before the arrival of Tai people and called their leader/chief as Bodousa (great son) where 'sa' means child or son in
650:
widely spoken by communities for whom it was not a native language. Among these ethnic groups some of the Rabha, and Koch may have Khasi ancestors. The
304:
The belief that Bodo–Kacharis were early settlers of the river valleys is taken from the fact that most of the rivers in the Brahmaputra valley in
964:
J.D Anderson wrote, "In Assam proper Hindus call them Kacharis, In Bengal they are known as Meches. Their own name for the race is Boro or Bodo."
2321:
DeLancey, Scott (12 December 2013). "Creolization in the Divergence of the Tibeto-Burman Languages". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan (eds.).
1531:'In Assamese chronicles and colonial documents, plain dwellers who today speak Boro–Garo languages were indistinctly referred to as "Kachari".' (
1053:
and follows matrilineality while the plain Tiwa who are more numerous in number speak Assamese and adhere to a patrilineal form of society.
3019:
1874:
The Dimasa were known as kachari who migrated to Dimapur region and settled on the banks of Dhansiri, and later came to be known as Dimasa
1790:"The Tibeto-Burmification of the Valley must have been more a matter of language replacement than the wholesale population replacement." (
1383:"In present-day socio-political terminology, the Bodo means the plains tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley known earlier as Bodo-Kachari." (
4271:
2529:
Post, Mark; Burling, Robbins (2017). "The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India". In Thurgood, G; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.).
1422:"The inception of the term 'Boro' may be traced from a Tibetan word 'Hbrogpa' an inhabitant of steppes belongs to Mongolean race." (
2155:
Burling, Robbins (2007). "The Lingua Franca Cycle: Implications for Language Shift, Language Change, and Language Classification".
3012:
2728:
2026:
1996:"Generally speaking, the much more numerous plains Tiwas (171,000) do not speak Tiwa; they follow a patrilineal descent pattern"(
4276:
4286:
2332:
1342:
2481:
4291:
1885:
17:
2226:"Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture"
2214:
4281:
2721:
4242:
2744:
2558:
2311:
2280:
2192:
2068:
2694:
2596:
van Driem, G (2007). "The diversity of the Tibeto-Burman language family and the linguistic ancestry of Chinese".
30:
This article is about a group of ethnic peoples. For the specific ethnic group sometimes called Boro-Kachari, see
4261:
2429:
1233:
2547:
Sharma, Chandan Kumar (2006), "Oral discourse and Bodo identity construction", in Muthukumaraswamy, M.D. (ed.),
2448:
Jacquesson, François (2017) . "The linguistic reconstruction of the past: The case of the Boro–Garo languages".
1648:"...Tibeto-Burman speakers arrived in the Brahmaputra Valley 3,000 years ago (or more, see van Driem 2001)..." (
3035:
2290:
DeLancey, Scott (2012). Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; w. Post, Mark (eds.). "On the Origin of Bodo-Garo".
2009:
1946:
1873:
1849:
Mech is name imposed by strangers. This people call themselves as Bodo. Thus, Bodo is their proper designation
1099:
had established powerful kingdoms in the past even the Ahom kingdom was founded in the kingdom gifted by
692:
1488:"On the other hand, for the larger part of history, this group of people is referred to as Kacharis." (
565:
Kachari is pronounced as Kachhāri or Kossāri. The origin of the name is most likely a self-designation
301:
range which includes the whole of Assam, Tripura, North Bengal of West Bengal and parts of Bangladesh.
263:
2394:
4296:
4266:
1256:"The Kinship Terminology of the Dimasa: Alternate Generation Equivalence in the Tibeto-Burman Area"
2390:
593:
390:
254:. Some Tibeto-Burman speakers who live closely in and around the Brahmaputra valley, such as the
247:
192:
133:
2123:
Memory History and polity a study of dimasa identity in colonial past and post colonial present
402:
382:
2408:
Guha, Amalendu (1982). "Medieval Economy of Assam". In Chaudhuri, Tapan; Habib, Irfan (eds.).
2180:
1189:"Ti- or di- (“water”) is a common affix used by Tibeto-Burman languages to designate rivers."(
2548:
1332:
892:
798:
686:
638:
497:
2030:
522:
and colonial documents Boro–Garo speakers who were from the plains were collectively called
3542:
2630:
8:
4085:
3199:
3166:
2798:
2521:
2324:
Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area
744:
333:
2634:
3557:
3419:
2672:
2659:
2618:
2584:
2378:
2252:
2225:
2164:
1717:
1275:
997:
600:
290:
2104:
2079:
3789:
3385:
3339:
3297:
3237:
3084:
2676:
2664:
2646:
2588:
2554:
2328:
2307:
2276:
2257:
2188:
2109:
2064:
2036:
1721:
1338:
1267:
1034:
four main geographical clans and 16-25 approx sub-clans( bojai) in deori community.
911:
896:
877:
862:
847:
832:
813:
775:
760:
720:
705:
494:
422:
309:
251:
137:
108:
2517:
Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times
1067:
The Tripuris are the inhabitants of the Tripura Kingdom. The Tripuri people through
3933:
3806:
3407:
3259:
3101:
2654:
2638:
2605:
2576:
2457:
2370:
2299:
2247:
2237:
2143:
2126:
2099:
2091:
622:
550:, whereas others who were formerly called Kacharis have assumed ethnonyms, such as
361:
298:
3853:
4190:
4105:
4055:
3985:
3617:
3552:
3479:
3403:
3004:
2515:
2501:
2322:
2303:
2270:
2203:
2058:
2050:
Tribal Polities and State Systems in Pre-colonial Eastern and North Eastern India
1068:
872:
857:
842:
756:
739:
546:
540:
535:
414:
283:
227:
3136:
2343:
2080:"Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure"
2048:
Bareh, Hamlet (1987), "Khasi-Jaintia State Formation", in Sinha, Surajit (ed.),
1896:
1103:
king Bodousa to his son in law Sukapha. The Tripuri kings had even defeated the
4225:
4205:
4175:
4135:
4100:
4015:
3891:
3861:
3733:
3627:
3602:
3577:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3459:
3315:
3140:
2993:
2818:
2642:
2511:
2480:. Barapani: Northeast India History Association. pp. 42–70. Archived from
1149:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1062:
1016:
906:
828:
724:
634:
430:
426:
406:
279:
271:
267:
200:
4035:
3502:
2609:
1448:" ...the long privilege of Boro as a core language for the group, dies out." (
4255:
4165:
4130:
4080:
4070:
4004:
3947:
3908:
3871:
3857:
3771:
3761:
3756:
3728:
3698:
3668:
3622:
3567:
3517:
3512:
3474:
3464:
3434:
3399:
3390:
3353:
3335:
3320:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3066:
3056:
3051:
2978:
2953:
2923:
2893:
2843:
2828:
2813:
2803:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2650:
2580:
2361:
George, Sudhir Jacob (1994). "The Bodo Movement in Assam: Unrest to Accord".
2176:
1725:
1271:
1104:
1050:
1043:
993:
987:
973:
961:
942:
887:
779:
751:
734:
700:
626:
558:
418:
410:
398:
325:
255:
2713:
2461:
2242:
2010:
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/69486/9/09_chapter%202.pdf
49:
4200:
4180:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4125:
4095:
4075:
4065:
3999:
3913:
3865:
3816:
3781:
3713:
3688:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3562:
3527:
3507:
3497:
3454:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3367:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3310:
3269:
3229:
3176:
3111:
3076:
2938:
2903:
2898:
2883:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2838:
2808:
2668:
2619:"Dated phylogeny suggests early Neolithic origin of Sino-Tibetan languages"
2261:
2113:
2040:
1100:
1092:
1028:
1010:
823:
808:
715:
321:
317:
313:
275:
259:
223:
222:) is a name used by anthropologist and linguists to define a collection of
174:
4185:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4195:
4170:
4115:
4090:
4040:
4025:
3881:
3831:
3821:
3811:
3801:
3795:
3785:
3776:
3766:
3703:
3693:
3678:
3673:
3655:
3632:
3572:
3522:
3449:
3439:
3395:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3287:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3224:
3214:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3080:
3071:
3061:
2988:
2983:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2888:
2848:
2833:
2793:
2773:
2763:
2758:
954:
928:
793:
770:
681:
656:
552:
515:
511:
243:
196:
118:
31:
2168:
2130:
1279:
1255:
477:). According to historians, the word "Bodo" is derived from the Tibetan
4215:
4120:
4110:
4060:
4050:
3826:
3708:
3637:
3415:
3375:
3325:
3305:
3279:
3121:
2933:
2878:
2412:. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. pp. 478–505.
2403:. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
2382:
2147:
2095:
783:
534:
was retained only by those groups that have been fully integrated into
262:, are not considered Bodo–Kachari. Many of these peoples have formed
4160:
4150:
3469:
3191:
2853:
2617:
Zhang, Hanzhi; Ji, Ting; Pagel, Mark; Mace, Ruth (27 November 2020).
1937:, Page 129, The Chutia army was led by Borhuloi Borua and Dhela Bora.
239:
98:
2401:
Tibeto-Burman family. Specimens of the Bodo, Nāgā, and Kachin groups
2374:
645:
of the Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic populations of pre-Kamarupa,
348:
and produce silk material and were considered to be associated with
3153:
2540:
People of the Margins: Across Ethnic Boundaries in North-East India
1501:
Srimandbhagavat, skandha 2, H Dattabaruah and Co., Nalbari, pp-38:
938:
646:
618:
447:
345:
156:
2471:"The Boros : Their Origin, Migration and Settlement in Assam"
4045:
3683:
3647:
3489:
3043:
2943:
1108:
933:
The Boro people, also called Bodo, are found concentrated in the
641:. The heavy creolisation occurred when Boro–Garo emerged as the
519:
289:
The speakers of Tibeto–Burman are considered to have reached the
235:
88:
3849:
3841:
3718:
3660:
2963:
2873:
2823:
2783:
506:
3748:
3738:
3723:
3330:
2973:
2747:
934:
356:(transplanted rice) was introduced from the Gangetic plains.
344:
in Austroasiatic. The Kacharis were the first people to rear
305:
294:
231:
78:
2426:
History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category
2205:
The place of Assam in the history and civilisation of India
606:
1847:. Calcutta: J. Thomas. pp. 105, 142, 154, 155, 156.
1334:
Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 1 Rabha
2272:
The Bodos: Emergence and Assertion of an ethnic minority
633:, a cycle which leads to mixed and creolised languages,
2052:, New Delhi: K P Bagchi & Company, pp. 261–306
1312:
405:
family, which included the languages of (1) Mech; (2)
1845:
Essay the first; On the Kocch, Bódo and Dhimál tribes
803:
Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland and Southeastern Nepal
2553:, National folklore support centre, pp. 73–94,
629:
today are in different stages in the development as
397:
to denote a section of the Assam-Burma group of the
2181:"The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India"
3034:
2478:Proceedings of Northeast India History Association
1253:
1172:
1170:
788:Lower Assam, Meghalaya,West Bengal and Bangladesh
312:today carry Tibeto–Burman names of Kachari origin—
1429:
4253:
2616:
2029:(1911). "Introduction". In Endle, Sidney (ed.).
1957:"the Tiwas, called Lalungs by their neighbours"(
1636:
2456:(1). Translated by van Breugel, Seino: 90–122.
2369:(10). University of California Press: 878–892.
1167:
442:denotes the politically dominant sub-group—the
2275:. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
710:Upper Assam, Central Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
3020:
2743:
2729:
2569:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
1254:Bouchery, Pascal; Longmailai, Monali (2018).
2140:Socio political institutions in bodo society
266:in the late Medieval era of Indian history (
2528:
1752:
1610:
1299:
1127:
1125:
352:rice culture in Assam before the advent of
3027:
3013:
2736:
2722:
2447:
2416:
2201:
1804:
1778:
1597:
1545:
1462:
1449:
1306:
48:
27:Group of ethnic peoples in Northeast India
2658:
2595:
2499:
2268:
2251:
2241:
2224:Chaubey, Gyaneshwar; et al. (2011).
2212:
2103:
1817:
1476:
1397:
1384:
1358:
1318:
1133:Bulletin of the Tribal Research Institute
3135:
2468:
2389:
2320:
2289:
2025:
1861:
1791:
1765:
1739:
1698:
1674:
1661:
1649:
1623:
1584:
1571:
1122:
581:(We are Korosa Aris, first-born sea race
2537:
2410:The Cambridge Economic History of India
2223:
2175:
2154:
2120:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1842:
1830:
1686:
1558:
1532:
1489:
1436:
1371:
1293:
1190:
1177:
614:
569:that is found in a very old Boro song:
461:in some of the cognate languages (Boro:
381:finds its first mention in the book by
246:. These peoples are speakers of either
14:
4254:
3852:(including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa,
2546:
2360:
2137:
1711:
1423:
1410:
1330:
1136:
765:Lower Assam, Meghalaya and Bangladesh
3008:
2717:
2450:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
2341:
2056:
2047:
1203:
2566:
2510:
2407:
2077:
1519:
1220:
297:and settled in the foothills of the
282:) and came under varying degrees of
73:Regions with significant populations
1503:kiraTa kachhaari khaachi gaaro miri
24:
2503:Reassertiveness of the Great Bodos
2035:. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
1836:
1331:Joseph, Umbavu (1 December 2006).
526:. Endle's 1911 ethnographic work,
385:in 1847, to refer to the Mech and
25:
4308:
4243:List of Scheduled Tribes in India
2687:Eighth Scheduled Indian Languages
336:, and many of these names end in
4272:Ethnic groups in Northeast India
2219:. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
1712:Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978).
1112:Lakhimpur, Golaghat and Jorhat.
1037:
916:Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh
2598:Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
2500:Narjinari, Hira Charan (2000).
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1951:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1878:
1867:
1854:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1704:
1691:
1680:
1667:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1495:
1482:
1468:
1455:
1442:
1416:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1364:
1351:
1324:
1234:"Handloom and Textile of Bodos"
867:Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
818:Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
729:Upper Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
3036:Hill tribes of Northeast India
2183:. In LaPolla, Randy J. (ed.).
2060:History of Assamese Literature
2057:Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1964).
1286:
1247:
1226:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1142:
367:
13:
1:
4277:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya
2417:Jacquesson, François (2008).
2138:Brahma, Nirjay Kumar (2008).
2018:
1933:Dr. Swarnalata Baruah(2004),
1920:Dr. Swarnalata Baruah(2004),
1714:Inscriptions of Ancient Assam
438:socio-political usage, where
65:
4287:Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland
2304:10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003
2292:Northeast Indian Linguistics
226:living predominantly in the
7:
4292:Ethnic groups in South Asia
2683:
2157:Anthropological Linguistics
2142:(PhD). Gauhati University.
2125:(PhD). Gauhati University.
1888:The Mataks and their Revolt
1260:Anthropological Linguistics
693:Bodoland Territorial Region
448:Bodoland Territorial Region
10:
4313:
3133:
2643:10.1038/s41598-020-77404-4
2538:Ramirez, Philippe (2014).
2531:The Sino-Tibetan languages
2396:Linguistic Survey of India
2348:. London: Macmillan and Co
2063:. East-West Center Press.
1078:
1060:
1056:
1041:
1026:
1008:
985:
971:
952:
926:
607:Emergence of Boro–Garo as
591:
587:
504:is used synonymously with
484:
469:) but not in others (Garo:
170:Bathou an Ethnic religions
29:
4282:Scheduled Tribes of Assam
4239:
4024:
3880:
3840:
3747:
3646:
3488:
3296:
3190:
3152:
3042:
2754:
2610:10.1163/2405478X-90000023
2399:. Vol. III, Part 2,
2269:Choudhury, Sujit (2007).
2213:Chatterji, S. K. (1974).
2202:Chatterjee, S.K. (1970).
981:
967:
662:
188:
183:
148:
143:
132:
127:
117:
107:
97:
87:
77:
72:
64:
59:
47:
2581:10.1177/0019464619894134
2542:. SPECTRUM PUBLICATIONS.
1720:. pp. xxiv–xxviii.
1115:
1022:
1004:
583:Our line is continuous)
510:in a list that mentions
3944:Khawathlang, Khothalong
2462:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van
2419:"Discovering Boro–Garo"
2121:Bathari, Uttam (2014).
2078:Basu, Analabha (2003).
1753:Post & Burling 2017
1611:Post & Burling 2017
1154:Encyclopedia Britannica
948:
922:
372:
4262:Social groups of Assam
3146:
2469:Mosahary, R N (1983).
2342:Endle, Sidney (1911).
2208:. Guwahati University.
2185:Sino-Tibetan languages
1935:Chutiya Jaatir Buranji
1843:Hodgson, B.H. (1847).
415:Dimasa (Hills Kachari)
328:, Doigrung etc.—where
3786:Khasi Synteng or Pnar
3234:Khasi Synteng or Pnar
3139:
2550:Folklore as Discourse
2327:. Walter de Gruyter.
2243:10.1093/molbev/msq288
1922:Chutia Jaatir Buranji
1507:yavana ka~Nka govaala
1337:. BRILL. p. 13.
639:Kamarupa inscriptions
457:generally stands for
184:Related ethnic groups
3934:Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol
3812:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
3573:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
3265:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
3107:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
1947:Moran chief Badaucha
652:Tibeto-Burmification
43:Bodo–Kachari peoples
18:Bodo-Kachari peoples
2745:Scheduled tribes of
2635:2020NatSR..1020792Z
2522:Motilal Banarsidass
2391:Grierson, George A.
1716:. Guwahati, Assam:
1241:G Brahma PhD Thesis
745:Dima Hasao district
617:has suggested that
594:Boro–Garo languages
578:Jong pari lari lari
574:Pra Ari, Korasa Ari
334:Boro-Garo languages
248:Bodo–Garo languages
134:Boro–Garo languages
44:
3807:Man (Tai speaking)
3260:Man (Tai speaking)
3147:
3102:Man (Tai speaking)
2623:Scientific Reports
2096:10.1101/gr.1413403
1718:Gauhati University
1073:Kingdom of Tripura
937:regions, north of
691:Assam (especially
601:Brahmaputra valley
291:Brahmaputra valley
68:12–14 million
42:
4249:
4248:
3782:Khasi and Jaintia
3298:Arunachal Pradesh
3230:Khasi and Jaintia
3077:Khasi and Jaintia
3002:
3001:
2334:978-3-11-031083-2
2090:(10): 2277–2290.
1902:on 19 August 2016
1637:Zhang et al. 2020
1439:, pp. 14–15)
1344:978-90-474-0469-9
998:Sarbananda Singha
920:
919:
538:society, such as
500:, where the word
495:Assamese language
401:languages of the
310:Arunachal Pradesh
299:eastern Himalayan
209:
208:
109:Arunachal Pradesh
16:(Redirected from
4304:
3762:Dimasa (Kachari)
3533:Koirao (Thangal)
3391:Singpho (Jingpo)
3210:Dimasa (Kachari)
3057:Dimasa (Kachari)
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2693:. Archived from
2692:
2680:
2662:
2613:
2592:
2563:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2507:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2475:
2465:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2435:on 3 August 2019
2434:
2428:. Archived from
2423:
2413:
2404:
2386:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2317:
2286:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2236:(2): 1013–1024.
2220:
2216:Kirata-Jana-Krti
2209:
2198:
2177:Burling, Robbins
2172:
2163:(3/4): 207–234.
2151:
2134:
2117:
2107:
2074:
2053:
2044:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1895:. Archived from
1894:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1135:, 1:1 , p.52)" (
1129:
673:Primary language
667:
666:
518:separately. In
362:Ekasarana Dharma
228:Northeast Indian
67:
60:Total population
52:
45:
41:
21:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4297:Tribes of India
4267:Tribes of Assam
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4028:
4020:
3884:
3876:
3836:
3788:, War, Bhoi or
3743:
3642:
3484:
3292:
3236:, War, Bhoi or
3186:
3148:
3142:
3131:
3083:, War, Bhoi or
3081:Synteng or Pnar
3038:
3033:
3003:
2998:
2750:
2742:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2700:on 5 March 2016
2697:
2690:
2561:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2421:
2375:10.2307/2644967
2351:
2349:
2335:
2314:
2283:
2230:Mol. Biol. Evol
2195:
2084:Genome Research
2071:
2027:Anderson, J. D.
2021:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1805:Jacquesson 2017
1802:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1779:Jacquesson 2017
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1598:Jacquesson 2017
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1546:Jacquesson 2008
1543:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1469:
1463:Jacquesson 2008
1460:
1456:
1450:Jacquesson 2008
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1307:Jacquesson 2008
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1252:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1150:"Bodo | people"
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:, p. 878f)
1130:
1123:
1118:
1081:
1069:Manikya dynasty
1065:
1059:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1013:
1007:
990:
984:
976:
970:
957:
951:
931:
925:
873:Thengal Kachari
858:Sonowal Kachari
843:Sarania Kachari
676:Primary Domain
665:
635:language shifts
612:
596:
590:
585:
582:
580:
576:
547:Sonowal Kachari
541:Sarania Kachari
487:
433:. Subsequently
427:Chutiya (Deuri)
393:took this term
375:
370:
332:means water in
284:Sanskritisation
205:
179:
161:
55:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4247:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:Haokip, Haupit
3919:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3832:Synteng (Pnar)
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Mishing (Miri)
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3412:
3411:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3361:
3343:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Dafla (Nyishi)
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3288:Synteng (Pnar)
3285:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3127:Synteng (Pnar)
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2681:
2614:
2604:(2): 211–270.
2593:
2564:
2559:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2512:Neog, Maheswar
2508:
2497:
2487:on 1 July 2019
2466:
2445:
2414:
2405:
2387:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2221:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2173:
2152:
2135:
2118:
2075:
2069:
2054:
2045:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1877:
1866:
1853:
1835:
1822:
1818:van Driem 2007
1809:
1796:
1783:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1703:
1690:
1687:Burling (2007)
1679:
1666:
1662:DeLancey (2012
1654:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1613:, p. 214)
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1494:
1481:
1477:Choudhury 2007
1467:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1398:Choudhury 2007
1389:
1385:Choudhury 2007
1376:
1363:
1359:Chatterji 1974
1350:
1343:
1323:
1319:Choudhury 2007
1311:
1298:
1285:
1246:
1225:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1166:
1141:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1080:
1077:
1063:Tripuri people
1061:Main article:
1058:
1055:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
1027:Main article:
1024:
1021:
1017:Moran language
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
986:Main article:
983:
980:
972:Main article:
969:
966:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
927:Main article:
924:
921:
918:
917:
914:
909:
903:
902:
901:Central Assam
899:
890:
884:
883:
880:
875:
869:
868:
865:
860:
854:
853:
850:
845:
839:
838:
835:
826:
820:
819:
816:
811:
805:
804:
801:
796:
790:
789:
786:
773:
767:
766:
763:
754:
748:
747:
742:
737:
731:
730:
727:
718:
712:
711:
708:
703:
697:
696:
689:
684:
678:
677:
674:
671:
664:
661:
631:lingua francas
615:Burling (2007)
611:
605:
589:
586:
571:
486:
483:
374:
371:
369:
366:
280:Twipra Kingdom
272:Dimasa Kingdom
268:Chutia Kingdom
207:
206:
204:
203:
189:
186:
185:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
166:
160:
159:
153:
146:
145:
141:
140:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
111:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
70:
69:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4309:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Mikir (Karbi)
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Lakher (Mara)
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Lushai (Mizo)
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Suhte (Paite)
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Mikir (Karbi)
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Khowa (Bugun)
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Mikir (Karbi)
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Lakher (Mara)
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Mikir (Karbi)
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Mikir (Karbi)
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2560:9788190148160
2556:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2313:9789382264521
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2282:9788179860540
2278:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2194:9781135797171
2190:
2187:. Routledge.
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2070:9780842611459
2066:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2006:
2000:, p. 20)
1999:
1993:
1987:, p. 19)
1986:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1862:Anderson 1911
1857:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1792:DeLancey 2012
1787:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1766:DeLancey 2012
1761:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1740:DeLancey 2013
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1699:DeLancey 2012
1694:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1675:DeLancey 2013
1670:
1664:, p. 13)
1663:
1658:
1651:
1650:DeLancey 2013
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1624:DeLancey 2013
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1585:DeLancey 2012
1580:
1573:
1572:Mosahary 1983
1567:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1044:Tiwa (Lalung)
1038:Tiwa (Lalung)
1035:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1002:
999:
995:
989:
988:Chutia people
979:
975:
974:Dimasa people
965:
963:
962:Boro language
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
930:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
764:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
726:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
668:
660:
658:
653:
648:
644:
643:lingua franca
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
610:
609:lingua franca
604:
602:
595:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
563:
561:
560:
555:
554:
549:
548:
543:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
496:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Lalung (Tiwa)
408:
404:
400:
399:Tibeto-Burman
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
365:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:Mising people
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:ethnic groups
221:
217:
213:
212:Bodo–Kacharis
202:
198:
194:
193:Tibeto-Burman
191:
190:
187:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
158:
155:
154:
151:
147:
142:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
71:
63:
58:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4086:Khiamniungan
3200:Bodo-Kachari
3167:Bodo-Kachari
3079:(inc. Khasi
2799:Bodo-Kachari
2702:. Retrieved
2695:the original
2686:
2629:(1): 20792.
2626:
2622:
2601:
2597:
2575:(1): 49–75.
2572:
2568:
2549:
2539:
2533:. Routledge.
2530:
2516:
2502:
2489:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2477:
2453:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2425:
2409:
2400:
2395:
2366:
2363:Asian Survey
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2345:The Kacharis
2344:
2323:
2295:
2291:
2271:
2233:
2229:
2215:
2204:
2184:
2160:
2156:
2139:
2131:10603/115353
2122:
2087:
2083:
2059:
2049:
2032:The Kacháris
2031:
2005:
1998:Ramirez 2014
1992:
1985:Ramirez 2014
1979:
1972:Ramirez 2014
1966:
1959:Ramirez 2014
1953:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1887:
1880:
1869:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1831:Chaubey 2011
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1713:
1706:
1693:
1682:
1669:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1559:Ramirez 2014
1553:
1540:
1533:Ramirez 2014
1527:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1490:Bathari 2014
1484:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1437:Bathari 2014
1431:
1418:
1405:
1400:, p. 1)
1392:
1387:, p. 1)
1379:
1372:Bathari 2014
1366:
1353:
1333:
1326:
1321:, p. 1.
1314:
1301:
1294:Bathari 2014
1288:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1198:
1191:Ramirez 2014
1185:
1178:Bathari 2014
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1132:
1082:
1066:
1047:
1032:
1029:Deori people
1014:
1011:Moran people
991:
977:
958:
932:
882:Upper Assam
852:Lower Assam
837:Lower Assam
651:
642:
630:
613:
608:
597:
577:
573:
572:
566:
564:
557:
551:
545:
539:
531:
528:The Kacharis
527:
523:
505:
501:
490:
488:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
443:
439:
434:
403:Sino-Tibetan
394:
386:
378:
376:
358:
353:
349:
341:
337:
329:
303:
288:
276:Koch dynasty
264:early states
260:Karbi people
219:
215:
211:
210:
175:Christianity
162:
149:
39:Ethnic group
36:
4026:Naga tribes
3882:Kuki tribes
3864:, Tromopa,
3822:Naga tribes
3798:(see below)
3796:Kuki Tribes
3714:Munda, Kaur
3396:Tai peoples
3364:Naga tribes
3340:Miju Mishmi
3311:Aka (Hruso)
3306:Abor (Galo)
3275:Naga tribes
3251:(see below)
3249:Kuki Tribes
3117:Naga tribes
3093:(see below)
3091:Kuki Tribes
2352:20 February
2148:10603/66535
1906:22 November
1424:Brahma 2008
1411:Brahma 2008
1219:culture." (
1137:George 1994
955:Mech people
929:Boro people
567:korosa aris
368:Etymologies
340:, which is
244:West Bengal
119:West Bengal
32:Boro people
4256:Categories
4056:Chakhesang
4029:including:
3885:including:
3827:Pawi (Lai)
3386:Sherdukpen
3284:Raba, Rava
3280:Pawi (Lai)
3122:Pawi (Lai)
2704:13 October
2019:References
1886:"Nath, D.
1266:(3): 228.
1204:Bareh 1987
1159:3 November
1071:ruled the
784:Kamatapuri
592:See also:
465:; Tripuri:
316:, Dihang,
230:states of
4241:See also
4226:Yimkhiung
4009:Thangngeu
3961:Lengthang
3941:Khawchung
3192:Meghalaya
3141:Yimkhiung
2677:227191604
2651:2045-2322
2589:213213265
2520:. Delhi:
1726:559914946
1520:Neog 1980
1272:0003-5483
1223::481–482)
1221:Guha 1982
1206::269–270)
498:Bhagavata
489:The term
453:The term
389:peoples.
377:The term
346:silkworms
240:Meghalaya
128:Languages
99:Meghalaya
54:Old photo
4191:Tangkhul
4106:Liangmai
3930:Hongsung
3905:Gamalhou
3899:Chongloi
3896:Changsan
3790:Lyngngam
3618:Tangkhul
3553:Liangmai
3480:Zekhring
3404:Khamyang
3238:Lyngngam
3154:Nagaland
3085:Lyngngam
2669:33247154
2514:(1980).
2439:23 March
2393:(1903).
2298:: 3–20.
2262:20978040
2179:(2013).
2169:27667609
2114:14525929
1475:Valley.(
1280:26773379
1107:and the
939:Goalpara
912:Kokborok
897:Assamese
878:Assamese
863:Assamese
848:Assamese
833:Assamese
814:Assamese
776:Assamese
761:Assamese
721:Assamese
706:Assamese
647:Kamarupa
619:Nagamese
536:Assamese
520:Buranjis
473:; Karbi:
446:—in the
429:and (8)
391:Grierson
252:Assamese
216:Kacharis
195:groups,
163:Minority
157:Hinduism
150:Majority
144:Religion
138:Assamese
4206:Thangal
4181:Sangtam
4176:Rongmei
4156:Pochury
4136:Monsang
4101:Lamkang
4096:Lainong
4016:Vaiphei
3996:Sitlhou
3993:Singson
3986:Sairhem
3976:Mangjel
3973:Lupheng
3970:Lhouvun
3967:Lhoujem
3964:Lhangum
3952:Kholhou
3918:Hanneng
3902:Doungel
3862:Tibetan
3854:Kagatey
3784:(inc.
3734:Tripuri
3684:Jamatia
3665:Chaimal
3648:Tripura
3628:Vaiphei
3603:Rongmei
3578:Monsang
3548:Lamkang
3538:Koireng
3490:Manipur
3460:Minyong
3400:Khampti
3354:Lishipa
3316:Apatani
3232:(inc.
3044:Mizoram
2994:Tripuri
2944:Mudugar
2924:Mishing
2819:Chenchu
2660:7695722
2631:Bibcode
2491:30 June
2383:2644967
2253:3355372
2041:3358569
1890:, p.13"
1109:Burmese
1105:Mughals
1085:Tripuri
1079:History
1057:Tripuri
994:Chutias
907:Tripuri
623:Jingpho
588:Origins
532:kachari
524:Kachari
502:Kachari
491:Kachari
485:Kachari
479:Hbrogpa
423:Tiprasa
387:Kachari
383:Hodgson
330:Di/Doi-
326:Doiyang
236:Tripura
89:Tripura
4221:Wancho
4211:Tikhir
4196:Tangsa
4171:Rengma
4166:Poumai
4131:Maring
4116:Makury
4091:Konyak
4081:Kharam
4071:Chothe
4041:Angami
3990:Selnam
3955:Kipgen
3948:Khelma
3938:Jongbe
3927:Hengna
3924:Haolai
3909:Gangte
3872:Lepcha
3858:Sherpa
3850:Bhutia
3842:Sikkim
3772:Hajong
3757:Chakma
3729:Santal
3719:Noatia
3699:Lepcha
3689:Khasia
3669:Chakma
3661:Bhutia
3623:Thadou
3568:Maring
3518:Gangte
3513:Chothe
3475:Puroik
3435:Khamba
3418:(inc.
3398:(inc.
3380:Wancho
3372:Tangsa
3366:(inc.
3350:Chugpa
3348:(inc.
3338:(inc.
3336:Mishmi
3326:Galong
3220:Hajong
3205:Chakma
3067:Hajong
3052:Chakma
2979:Santal
2964:Rabari
2894:Lepcha
2874:Khonds
2859:Irulas
2844:Hajong
2829:Dimasa
2824:Dhanka
2814:Chakma
2789:Birhor
2784:Bhutia
2779:Bhumij
2769:Bharia
2675:
2667:
2657:
2649:
2587:
2557:
2381:
2331:
2310:
2279:
2260:
2250:
2191:
2167:
2112:
2105:403703
2102:
2067:
2039:
1833::1015)
1724:
1341:
1278:
1270:
1243:: 139.
1097:Dimasa
1095:, and
1089:Chutia
992:Among
982:Chutia
968:Dimasa
943:Kamrup
757:Hajong
752:Hajong
740:Dimasa
735:Dimasa
701:Chutia
663:Groups
625:, and
559:Dimasa
507:Kirata
417:; (5)
413:; (4)
409:; (3)
360:under
322:Dihing
318:Dikhou
314:Dibang
214:(also
201:Kachin
4216:Tutsa
4201:Tarao
4151:Para
4146:Nocte
4141:Moyon
4126:Maram
4111:Lotha
4076:Inpui
4066:Chiru
4061:Chirr
4051:Chang
4012:Uibuh
4005:Thado
4000:Sukte
3982:Riang
3979:Misao
3914:Guite
3892:Biate
3866:Yolmo
3749:Assam
3739:Uchoi
3724:Riang
3679:Halam
3674:Garoo
3608:Simte
3598:Ralte
3593:Purum
3588:Paite
3583:Moyon
3563:Maram
3528:Inpui
3508:Chiru
3498:Aimol
3445:Memba
3430:Deori
3424:Padam
3408:Phake
3376:Tutsa
3368:Nocte
3358:Takpa
3346:Momba
3145:woman
2974:Reang
2969:Rabha
2954:Oraon
2939:Munda
2909:Mahli
2904:Lodha
2899:Limbu
2884:Korwa
2869:Khasi
2864:Karbi
2839:Gondi
2809:Bonda
2804:Boksa
2764:Baiga
2748:India
2698:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2684:GoI.
2673:S2CID
2585:S2CID
2485:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
2379:JSTOR
2165:JSTOR
1900:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1820::237)
1755::227)
1600::117)
1413::1–2)
1276:JSTOR
1237:(PDF)
1116:Notes
1101:Moran
1023:Deori
1005:Moran
935:duars
829:Rabha
824:Rabha
809:Moran
725:Deori
716:Deori
670:Group
657:Garos
475:Arlen
471:Mande
467:Borok
444:Boros
431:Moran
407:Rabha
342:water
306:Assam
295:Tibet
232:Assam
220:Bodos
79:Assam
4231:Zeme
4186:Sumi
4161:Phom
4036:Anāl
3958:Kuki
3777:Hmar
3767:Garo
3694:Kuki
3656:Bhil
3633:Zeme
3523:Hmar
3503:Anal
3450:Miji
3440:Lisu
3420:Bori
3244:Koch
3225:Hmar
3215:Garo
3182:Naga
3172:Kuki
3162:Garo
3143:Naga
3097:Mara
3072:Hmar
3062:Garo
2989:Toda
2984:Sora
2959:Pnar
2949:Naga
2929:Mizo
2919:Mech
2914:Mara
2889:Kuki
2849:Hmar
2834:Garo
2794:Bodo
2774:Bhil
2759:Asur
2706:2016
2665:PMID
2647:ISSN
2555:ISBN
2493:2019
2441:2020
2354:2013
2329:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2258:PMID
2189:ISBN
2110:PMID
2065:ISBN
2037:OCLC
1974::20)
1961::19)
1908:2019
1864::xv)
1807::99)
1794::13)
1781::99)
1742::57)
1722:OCLC
1701::13)
1677::55)
1652::56)
1626::56)
1587::12)
1574::47)
1561::17)
1548::28)
1522::75)
1492::14)
1465::45)
1452::42)
1374::14)
1361::23)
1339:ISBN
1309::21)
1268:ISSN
1180::14)
1161:2020
1093:Koch
1083:The
1051:Tiwa
949:Mech
941:and
923:Boro
893:Tiwa
888:Tiwa
799:Boro
794:Mech
780:Koch
771:Koch
687:Boro
682:Boro
627:Garo
553:Boro
516:Mech
514:and
512:Koch
463:Boro
455:Bodo
440:Bodo
435:Bodo
425:(7)
421:(6)
419:Garo
395:Bodo
379:Bodo
373:Bodo
354:sali
350:ashu
338:-ong
308:and
293:via
258:and
242:and
197:Naga
4121:Mao
3709:Mag
3638:Zou
3558:Mao
3543:Kom
3470:Nga
3416:Adi
2934:Mog
2879:Kol
2655:PMC
2639:doi
2606:doi
2577:doi
2458:doi
2371:doi
2300:doi
2248:PMC
2238:doi
2144:hdl
2127:hdl
2100:PMC
2092:doi
1768::3)
1535::9)
1426::2)
1217:ahu
1193::4)
556:or
459:man
250:or
218:or
123:n/a
113:n/a
103:n/a
93:n/a
83:n/a
4258::
4046:Ao
3860:,
3856:,
3422:,
3406:,
3402:,
3378:,
3374:,
3370:,
3356:,
3352:,
2854:Ho
2671:.
2663:.
2653:.
2645:.
2637:.
2627:10
2625:.
2621:.
2600:.
2583:.
2573:57
2571:.
2476:.
2454:40
2452:.
2424:.
2377:.
2367:34
2365:.
2306:.
2294:.
2256:.
2246:.
2234:28
2232:.
2228:.
2161:49
2159:.
2108:.
2098:.
2088:13
2086:.
2082:.
1505:/
1274:.
1264:60
1262:.
1258:.
1239:.
1169:^
1152:.
1124:^
1091:,
1087:,
1075:.
895:,
831:,
778:,
759:,
723:,
695:)
659:.
621:,
562:.
544:,
450:.
364:.
324:,
320:,
286:.
278:,
274:,
270:,
238:,
234:,
199:,
165::
152::
136:,
66:c.
3868:)
3792:)
3426:)
3410:)
3382:)
3360:)
3342:)
3240:)
3087:)
3028:e
3021:t
3014:v
2737:e
2730:t
2723:v
2708:.
2679:.
2641::
2633::
2612:.
2608::
2602:1
2591:.
2579::
2524:.
2506:.
2495:.
2464:.
2460::
2443:.
2385:.
2373::
2356:.
2337:.
2316:.
2302::
2296:4
2285:.
2264:.
2240::
2197:.
2171:.
2150:.
2146::
2133:.
2129::
2116:.
2094::
2073:.
2043:.
1910:.
1860:(
1829:(
1738:(
1728:.
1697:(
1635:(
1570:(
1518:(
1509:/
1479:)
1461:(
1370:(
1347:.
1292:(
1282:.
1163:.
782:,
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
